1
|
Coraggio F, Bhushan M, Roumeliotis S, Caroti F, Bevilacqua C, Prevedel R, Rapti G. Age-progressive interplay of HSP-proteostasis, ECM-cell junctions and biomechanics ensures C. elegans astroglial architecture. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2861. [PMID: 38570505 PMCID: PMC10991496 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46827-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Tissue integrity is sensitive to temperature, tension, age, and is sustained throughout life by adaptive cell-autonomous or extrinsic mechanisms. Safeguarding the remarkably-complex architectures of neurons and glia ensures age-dependent integrity of functional circuits. Here, we report mechanisms sustaining the integrity of C. elegans CEPsh astrocyte-like glia. We combine large-scale genetics with manipulation of genes, cells, and their environment, quantitative imaging of cellular/ subcellular features, tissue material properties and extracellular matrix (ECM). We identify mutants with age-progressive, environment-dependent defects in glial architecture, consequent disruption of neuronal architecture, and abnormal aging. Functional loss of epithelial Hsp70/Hsc70-cochaperone BAG2 causes ECM disruption, altered tissue biomechanics, and hypersensitivity of glia to environmental temperature and mechanics. Glial-cell junctions ensure epithelia-ECM-CEPsh glia association. Modifying glial junctions or ECM mechanics safeguards glial integrity against disrupted BAG2-proteostasis. Overall, we present a finely-regulated interplay of proteostasis-ECM and cell junctions with conserved components that ensures age-progressive robustness of glial architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Coraggio
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mahak Bhushan
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Spyridon Roumeliotis
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francesca Caroti
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carlo Bevilacqua
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Prevedel
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Rome, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Center of Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georgia Rapti
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Rome, Italy.
- Interdisciplinary Center of Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Peebles KE, LaFever KS, Page-McCaw PS, Colon S, Wang D, Stricker AM, Ferrell N, Bhave G, Page-McCaw A. Peroxidasin is required for full viability in development and for maintenance of tissue mechanics in adults. Matrix Biol 2024; 125:1-11. [PMID: 38000777 PMCID: PMC11108054 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Basement membranes are thin strong sheets of extracellular matrix. They provide mechanical and biochemical support to epithelia, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels, among other tissues. The mechanical properties of basement membranes are conferred in part by Collagen IV (Col4), an abundant protein of basement membranes that forms an extensive two-dimensional network through head-to-head and tail-to-tail interactions. After the Col4 network is assembled into a basement membrane, it is crosslinked by the matrix-resident enzyme Peroxidasin to form a large covalent polymer. Peroxidasin and Col4 crosslinking are highly conserved throughout the animal kingdom, indicating they are important, but homozygous mutant mice have mild phenotypes. To explore the role of Peroxidasin, we analyzed mutants in Drosophila, including a new CRISPR-generated catalytic null, and found that homozygotes were mostly lethal with 13 % viable escapers. Mouse mutants also show semi-lethality, with Mendelian analysis demonstrating ∼50 % lethality and ∼50 % escapers. Despite the strong mutations, the homozygous fly and mouse escapers had low but detectable levels of Col4 crosslinking, indicating the existence of inefficient alternative crosslinking mechanisms, probably responsible for the viable escapers. Fly mutant phenotypes are consistent with decreased basement membrane stiffness. Interestingly, we found that even after basement membranes are assembled and crosslinked in wild-type animals, continuing Peroxidasin activity is required in adults to maintain tissue stiffness over time. These results suggest that Peroxidasin crosslinking may be more important than previously appreciated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Elkie Peebles
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Kimberly S LaFever
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Patrick S Page-McCaw
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Selene Colon
- Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Dan Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Aubrie M Stricker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Nicholas Ferrell
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Gautam Bhave
- Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.
| | - Andrea Page-McCaw
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ivanov SV, Rose KL, Colon S, Hudson BG, Bhave G, Voziyan P. Mechanism of peroxidasin inactivation in hyperglycemia: Heme damage by reactive oxygen species. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 689:149237. [PMID: 37984175 PMCID: PMC10702573 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic complications present a serious health problem. Functional damage to proteins due to post-translational modifications by glycoxidation reactions is a known factor contributing to pathology. Extracellular proteins are especially vulnerable to diabetic damage because robust antioxidant defenses are lacking outside the cell. We investigated glucose-induced inactivation of peroxidasin (PXDN), a heme protein catalyzing sulfilimine crosslinking of collagen IV that reinforce the basement membranes (BM). Experiments using physiological diabetic glucose levels were carried out to exclude several potential mechanisms of PXDN inactivation i.e., direct adduction of glucose, reactive carbonyl damage, steric hindrance, and osmotic stress. Further experiments established that PXDN activity was inhibited via heme degradation by reactive oxygen species. Activity of another extracellular heme protein, myeloperoxidase, was unaffected by glucose because its heme was resistant to glucose-induced oxidative degradation. Our findings point to specific mechanisms which may compromise BM structure and stability in diabetes and suggest potential modes of protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Ivanov
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Kristie L Rose
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Selene Colon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Billy G Hudson
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA; Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Gautam Bhave
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA; Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Paul Voziyan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu Y, Li Q, Yan T, Chen H, Wang J, Wang Y, Yang Y, Xiang L, Chi Z, Ren K, Lin B, Lin G, Li J, Liu Y, Gu F. Adenine base editor-mediated splicing remodeling activates noncanonical splice sites. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105442. [PMID: 37949222 PMCID: PMC10704375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenine base editors (ABEs) are genome-editing tools that have been harnessed to introduce precise A•T to G•C conversion. The discovery of split genes revealed that all introns contain two highly conserved dinucleotides, canonical "AG" (acceptor) and "GT" (donor) splice sites. ABE can directly edit splice acceptor sites of the adenine (A) base, leading to aberrant gene splicing, which may be further adopted to remodel splicing. However, spliced isoforms triggered with ABE have not been well explored. To address it, we initially generated a cell line harboring C-terminal enhanced GFP (eGFP)-tagged β-actin (ACTB), in which the eGFP signal can track endogenous β-actin expression. Expectedly, after the editing of splice acceptor sites, we observed a dramatical decrease in the percentage of eGFP-positive cells and generation of splicing products with the noncanonical splice site. Furthermore, we manipulated Peroxidasin in mouse embryos with ABE, in which a noncanonical acceptor was activated to remodel splicing, successfully generating a mouse disease model of anophthalmia and severely malformed microphthalmia. Collectively, we demonstrate that ABE-mediated splicing remodeling can activate a noncanonical acceptor to manipulate human and mouse genomes, which will facilitate the investigation of basic and translational medicine studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Engineering Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Yan
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haoran Chen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiahua Wang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingyi Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yeqin Yang
- School of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lue Xiang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zailong Chi
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kaiqun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Engineering Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Lin
- School of Optometry, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ge Lin
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China; Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinsong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Feng Gu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Engineering Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China; Guangxiu Hospital Affiliated with Hunan Normal University (Hunan Guangxiu Hospital), Changsha, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ivanov SV, Rose KL, Colon S, Vanacore RM, Hudson BG, Bhave G, Voziyan P. Identification of brominated proteins in renal extracellular matrix: Potential interactions with peroxidasin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 681:152-156. [PMID: 37776746 PMCID: PMC10591789 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Peroxidasin (PXDN) is an extracellular peroxidase, which generates hypobromous acid to form sulfilimine cross-links within collagen IV networks. We have previously demonstrated that mouse and human renal basement membranes (BM) are enriched in bromine due to PXDN-dependent post-translational bromination of protein tyrosine residues. The goal of the present study was identification of specific brominated sites within renal BM. A comprehensive analysis of brominated proteome of mouse glomerular matrix had been performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We found that out of over 200 identified proteins, only three were detectably brominated, each containing a single distinct brominated tyrosine site i.e., Tyr-1485 in collagen IV α2 chain, Tyr-292 in TINAGL1 and Tyr-664 in nidogen-2. To explain this highly selective bromination, we proposed that these proteins interact with PXDN within the glomerular matrix. Experiments using purified proteins demonstrated that both TINAGL1 and nidogen-2 can compete with PXDN for binding to collagen IV and that TINAGL1 can directly interact with PXDN. We propose that a protein complex, including PXDN, TINAGL1, nidogen-2 and collagen IV, may exist in renal BM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Ivanov
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Kristie L Rose
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Selene Colon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Roberto M Vanacore
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Billy G Hudson
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA; Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Gautam Bhave
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA; Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Paul Voziyan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen J, Chen S, Zheng Y, Xu Y, Zhong X, Huang Y, Ng TK, Huang C. Association of body mass index and PXDNL gene variants with acute primary angle closure in southern Chinese population. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22240. [PMID: 38034647 PMCID: PMC10686858 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the association of body mass index (BMI) and the weight-related gene, peroxidasin-like (PXDNL), with acute primary angle closure (APAC) and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) in southern Chinese population. Total 4700 study subjects (1024 APAC, 781 PACG, and 2895 control subjects) with complete ophthalmic examinations were enrolled into this study. The association of BMI with APAC, PACG and ocular biometric parameters was evaluated. Three PXDNL missense variants were genotyped by TaqMan assay, and their association with APAC and PACG was also investigated. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that BMI and body weight were significantly associated with both APAC and PACG (P < 0.01). Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that each 1 kg/m2 increased in BMI was associated with 0.038 mm increase in axial length, 0.018 mm increase in central anterior chamber depth, 0.002 mm increase in lens position, 0.012 mm increase in corneal diameter and 0.014 mm decrease in lens thickness among the APAC subjects (P < 0.001), but not with PACG. Genetic association analysis identified that PXDNL rs11985241-rs16916207 CT haplotype conferred a higher risk to APAC (OR = 1.25, P = 0.004) than the TG haplotype, but not with PACG. The APAC subjects carrying the rs11985241 C or rs16916207 T alleles showed significantly lower weight than those carrying the corresponding protective alleles. In summary, this study revealed that lower BMI could be associated with higher risk of APAC. PXDNL could be a new associated gene for APAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Chen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaowan Chen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuqian Zheng
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanxuan Xu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Zhong
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuqiang Huang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tsz Kin Ng
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong China
| | - Chukai Huang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wyllie K, Panagopoulos V, Cox TR. The role of peroxidasin in solid cancer progression. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1881-1895. [PMID: 37801286 PMCID: PMC10657184 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Peroxidasin is a heme-containing peroxidase enzyme that plays a vital role in the cross-linking of collagen IV molecules in basement membranes. Collagen IV cross-links are essential for providing structure and mechanical stability throughout tissue development, homeostasis, and wound healing. During cancer progression, the basement membrane is degraded, and proteins typically found in the basement membrane, including peroxidasin and collagen IV, can be found spread throughout the tumour microenvironment where they interact with cancer cells and alter cell behaviour. Whilst peroxidasin is reported to be up-regulated in a number of different cancers, the role that it plays in disease progression and metastasis has only recently begun to be studied. This review highlights the current literature exploring the known roles of peroxidasin in normal tissues and cancer progression, regulators of peroxidasin expression, and the reported relationships between peroxidasin expression and patient outcome in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin Wyllie
- Matrix & Metastasis Lab, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research & the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Ecosystems Program, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vasilios Panagopoulos
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, Solid Tumour Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Thomas R. Cox
- Matrix & Metastasis Lab, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research & the Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Ecosystems Program, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kuang L, Zhang M, Wang T, Huang T, Li J, Gan R, Yu M, Cao W, Yan X. The molecular genetics of anterior segment dysgenesis. Exp Eye Res 2023; 234:109603. [PMID: 37495069 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Anterior segment dysgenesis is a severe developmental eye disorder that leads to blindness in children. The exact mechanisms underlying this condition remain elusive. Recently, an increasing amount of studies have focused on genes and signal transduction pathways that affect anterior segment dysgenesis;these factors include transcription factors, developmental regulators, extracellular matrix genes, membrane-related proteins, cytoskeleton proteins and other associated genes. To date, dozens of gene variants have been found to cause anterior segment dysgenesis. However, there is still a lack of effective treatments. With a broader and deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying anterior segment development in the future, gene editing technology and stem cell technology may be new treatments for anterior segment dysgenesis. Further studies on the mechanisms of how different genes influence the onset and progression of anterior segment dysgenesis are still needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longhao Kuang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, 518040, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232000, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, 518040, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, 518040, China
| | - Jin Li
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, 518040, China
| | - Run Gan
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, 518040, China
| | - Mingyu Yu
- Department of the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen Eye Hospital), Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Wenchao Cao
- Department of the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen Eye Hospital), Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Xiaohe Yan
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, 518040, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Peebles KE, LaFever KS, Page-McCaw PS, Colon S, Wang D, Stricker AM, Ferrell N, Bhave G, Page-McCaw A. Analysis of Drosophila and mouse mutants reveals that Peroxidasin is required for tissue mechanics and full viability. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.19.549730. [PMID: 37503104 PMCID: PMC10370120 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.19.549730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Basement membranes are thin strong sheets of extracellular matrix. They provide mechanical and biochemical support to epithelia, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels, among other tissues. The mechanical properties of basement membranes are conferred in part by Collagen IV (Col4), an abundant protein of basement membrane that forms an extensive two-dimensional network through head-to-head and tail-to-tail interactions. After the Col4 network is assembled into a basement membrane, it is crosslinked by the matrix-resident enzyme Peroxidasin to form a large covalent polymer. Peroxidasin and Col4 crosslinking are highly conserved, indicating they are essential, but homozygous mutant mice have mild phenotypes. To explore the role of Peroxidasin, we analyzed mutants in Drosophila, including a newly generated catalytic null, and found that homozygotes were mostly lethal with 13% viable escapers. A Mendelian analysis of mouse mutants shows a similar pattern, with homozygotes displaying ~50% lethality and ~50% escapers. Despite the strong mutations, the homozygous escapers had low but detectable levels of Col4 crosslinking, indicating that inefficient alternative mechanisms exist and that are probably responsible for the viable escapers. Further, fly mutants have phenotypes consistent with a decrease in stiffness. Interestingly, we found that even after adult basement membranes are assembled and crosslinked, Peroxidasin is still required to maintain stiffness. These results suggest that Peroxidasin crosslinking may be more important than previously appreciated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K. Elkie Peebles
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kimberly S. LaFever
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Patrick S. Page-McCaw
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Selene Colon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Dan Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Aubrie M. Stricker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nicholas Ferrell
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Gautam Bhave
- Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Andrea Page-McCaw
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Patel SD, Anand D, Motohashi H, Katsuoka F, Yamamoto M, Lachke SA. Deficiency of the bZIP transcription factors Mafg and Mafk causes misexpression of genes in distinct pathways and results in lens embryonic developmental defects. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:981893. [PMID: 36092713 PMCID: PMC9459095 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.981893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of the small Maf proteins Mafg and Mafk cause multiple defects, namely, progressive neuronal degeneration, cataract, thrombocytopenia and mid-gestational/perinatal lethality. Previous data shows Mafg -/-:Mafk +/- compound knockout (KO) mice exhibit cataracts age 4-months onward. Strikingly, Mafg -/-:Mafk -/- double KO mice develop lens defects significantly early in life, during embryogenesis, but the pathobiology of these defects is unknown, and is addressed here. At embryonic day (E)16.5, the epithelium of lens in Mafg -/-:Mafk -/- animals appears abnormally multilayered as demonstrated by E-cadherin and nuclear staining. Additionally, Mafg -/-:Mafk -/- lenses exhibit abnormal distribution of F-actin near the "fulcrum" region where epithelial cells undergo apical constriction prior to elongation and reorientation as early differentiating fiber cells. To identify the underlying molecular changes, we performed high-throughput RNA-sequencing of E16.5 Mafg -/-:Mafk -/- lenses and identified a cohort of differentially expressed genes that were further prioritized using stringent filtering criteria and validated by RT-qPCR. Several key factors associated with the cytoskeleton, cell cycle or extracellular matrix (e.g., Cdk1, Cdkn1c, Camsap1, Col3a1, Map3k12, Sipa1l1) were mis-expressed in Mafg -/-:Mafk -/- lenses. Further, the congenital cataract-linked extracellular matrix peroxidase Pxdn was significantly overexpressed in Mafg -/-:Mafk -/- lenses, which may cause abnormal cell morphology. These data also identified the ephrin signaling receptor Epha5 to be reduced in Mafg -/-:Mafk -/- lenses. This likely contributes to the Mafg -/-:Mafk -/- multilayered lens epithelium pathology, as loss of an ephrin ligand, Efna5 (ephrin-A5), causes similar lens defects. Together, these findings uncover a novel early function of Mafg and Mafk in lens development and identify their new downstream regulatory relationships with key cellular factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaili D. Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Deepti Anand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Hozumi Motohashi
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fumiki Katsuoka
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku University Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Salil A. Lachke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States,Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States,*Correspondence: Salil A. Lachke,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Resnikoff HA, Miller CG, Schwarzbauer JE. Implications of fibrotic extracellular matrix in diabetic retinopathy. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:1093-1102. [PMID: 35410521 PMCID: PMC9335512 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221087175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is an accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and fibers in a disordered fashion, which compromises cell and tissue functions. High glucose-induced fibrosis, a major pathophysiological change of diabetic retinopathy (DR), severely affects vision by compromising the retinal vasculature and ultimately disrupting retinal tissue organization. The retina is a highly vascularized, stratified tissue with multiple cell types organized into distinct layers. Chronically high blood glucose stimulates certain retinal cells to increase production and assembly of ECM proteins resulting in excess ECM deposition primarily in the capillary walls on the basal side of the endothelium. This subendothelial fibrosis of the capillaries is the earliest histological change in the diabetic retina and has been linked to the vascular dysfunction that underlies DR. Proteins that are not normally abundant in the capillary basement membrane (BM) matrix, such as the ECM protein fibronectin, are assembled in significant quantities, disrupting the architecture of the BM and altering its properties. Cell culture models have identified multiple mechanisms through which elevated glucose can stimulate fibronectin matrix assembly, including intracellular signaling pathways, alternative splicing, and non-enzymatic glycation of the ECM. The fibrotic subendothelial matrix alters cell adhesion and supports further accumulation of other ECM proteins leading to disruption of endothelial cell-cell junctions. We review evidence supporting the notion that these molecular changes in the ECM contribute to the pathogenesis of DR, including vascular leakage, loss of endothelial cells and pericytes, changes in blood flow, and neovascularization. We propose that the accumulation of ECM, especially fibronectin matrix, first around the vasculature and later in extravascular locations, plays a critical role in DR and vision loss. Strategies for DR prevention and treatment should consider the ECM a potential therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry A Resnikoff
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1014, USA
| | - Charles G Miller
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jean E Schwarzbauer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1014, USA,Jean E Schwarzbauer.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
El-Darzi N, Mast N, Buchner DA, Saadane A, Dailey B, Trichonas G, Pikuleva IA. Low-Dose Anti-HIV Drug Efavirenz Mitigates Retinal Vascular Lesions in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:902254. [PMID: 35721135 PMCID: PMC9198296 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.902254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A small dose of the anti-HIV drug efavirenz (EFV) was previously discovered to activate CYP46A1, a cholesterol-eliminating enzyme in the brain, and mitigate some of the manifestation of Alzheimer's disease in 5XFAD mice. Herein, we investigated the retina of these animals, which were found to have genetically determined retinal vascular lesions associated with deposits within the retinal pigment epithelium and subretinal space. We established that EFV treatment activated CYP46A1 in the retina, enhanced retinal cholesterol turnover, and diminished the lesion frequency >5-fold. In addition, the treatment mitigated fluorescein leakage from the aberrant blood vessels, deposit size, activation of retinal macrophages/microglia, and focal accumulations of amyloid β plaques, unesterified cholesterol, and Oil Red O-positive lipids. Studies of retinal transcriptomics and proteomics identified biological processes enriched with differentially expressed genes and proteins. We discuss the mechanisms of the beneficial EFV effects on the retinal phenotype of 5XFAD mice. As EFV is an FDA-approved drug, and we already tested the safety of small-dose EFV in patients with Alzheimer's disease, our data support further clinical investigation of this drug in subjects with retinal vascular lesions or neovascular age-related macular degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole El-Darzi
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Natalia Mast
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - David A. Buchner
- Departments of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Aicha Saadane
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Brian Dailey
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Georgios Trichonas
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Irina A. Pikuleva
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Cleveland, OH, United States,*Correspondence: Irina A. Pikuleva,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cheng G, Shi R. Mammalian peroxidasin (PXDN): From physiology to pathology. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 182:100-107. [PMID: 35219848 PMCID: PMC8957557 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Heme-containing peroxidases catalyze the oxidation of a variety of substrates by consuming hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and play diversified roles in physiology and pathology including innate immunity, the synthesis of thyroid hormone and the extracellular matrix, as well as the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases. Peroxidasin (PXDN), also known as Vascular Peroxidase-1 (VPO1), is a newly identified peroxidase and expresses in multiple cells and tissues including cardiovascular system and the lung. Recent studies imply its roles in the innate immunity, cardiovascular physiology and diseases, and extracellular matrix formation. Studies on the role of PXDN in human diseases are entering a new and exciting stage, and this review provides the insights into this emerging field of PXDN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangjie Cheng
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.
| | - Ruizheng Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sojoodi M, Erstad DJ, Barrett SC, Salloum S, Zhu S, Qian T, Colon S, Gale EM, Jordan VC, Wang Y, Li S, Ataeinia B, Jalilifiroozinezhad S, Lanuti M, Zukerberg L, Caravan P, Hoshida Y, Chung RT, Bhave G, Lauer GM, Fuchs BC, Tanabe KK. Peroxidasin Deficiency Re-programs Macrophages Toward Pro-fibrolysis Function and Promotes Collagen Resolution in Liver. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 13:1483-1509. [PMID: 35093588 PMCID: PMC9043497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS During liver fibrosis, tissue repair mechanisms replace necrotic tissue with highly stabilized extracellular matrix proteins. Extracellular matrix stabilization influences the speed of tissue recovery. Here, we studied the expression and function of peroxidasin (PXDN), a peroxidase that uses hydrogen peroxide to cross-link collagen IV during liver fibrosis progression and regression. METHODS Mouse models of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis patients were analyzed for the expression of PXDN in liver and serum. Pxdn-/- and Pxdn+/+ mice were either treated with carbon tetrachloride for 6 weeks to generate toxin-induced fibrosis or fed with a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined high-fat diet for 16 weeks to create nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis. Liver histology, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, collagen content, flowcytometry and immunostaining of immune cells, RNA-sequencing, and liver function tests were analyzed. In vivo imaging of liver reactive oxygen species (ROS) was performed using a redox-active iron complex, Fe-PyC3A. RESULTS In human and mouse cirrhotic tissue, PXDN is expressed by stellate cells and is secreted into fibrotic areas. In patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, serum levels of PXDN increased significantly. In both mouse models of liver fibrosis, PXDN deficiency resulted in elevated monocyte and pro-fibrolysis macrophage recruitment into fibrotic bands and caused decreased accumulation of cross-linked collagens. In Pxdn-/- mice, collagen fibers were loosely organized, an atypical phenotype that is reversible upon macrophage depletion. Elevated ROS in Pxdn-/- livers was observed, which can result in activation of hypoxic signaling cascades and may affect signaling pathways involved in macrophage polarization such as TNF-a via NF-kB. Fibrosis resolution in Pxdn-/- mice was associated with significant decrease in collagen content and improved liver function. CONCLUSION PXDN deficiency is associated with increased ROS levels and a hypoxic liver microenvironment that can regulate recruitment and programming of pro-resolution macrophages. Our data implicate the importance of the liver microenvironment in macrophage programming during liver fibrosis and suggest a novel pathway that is involved in the resolution of scar tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mozhdeh Sojoodi
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Derek J. Erstad
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen C. Barrett
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shadi Salloum
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shijia Zhu
- Liver Tumor Translational Research Program, Simmons 22 Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Tongqi Qian
- Liver Tumor Translational Research Program, Simmons 22 Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Selene Colon
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Eric M. Gale
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute for Innovation in Imaging (i3), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Veronica Clavijo Jordan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute for Innovation in Imaging (i3), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yongtao Wang
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shen Li
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bahar Ataeinia
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute for Innovation in Imaging (i3), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Michael Lanuti
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lawrence Zukerberg
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter Caravan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute for Innovation in Imaging (i3), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yujin Hoshida
- Liver Tumor Translational Research Program, Simmons 22 Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Raymond T. Chung
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gautam Bhave
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Georg M. Lauer
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bryan C. Fuchs
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kenneth K. Tanabe
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Kenneth K. Tanabe, Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114. tel: (617) 724-3868.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Characterization of the Proprotein Convertase-Mediated Processing of Peroxidasin and Peroxidasin-like Protein. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101565. [PMID: 34679700 PMCID: PMC8533639 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxidasin (PXDN) and peroxidasin-like protein (PXDNL) are members of the peroxidase-cyclooxygenase superfamily. PXDN functions in basement membrane synthesis by forming collagen IV crosslinks, while the function of PXDNL remains practically unknown. In this work, we characterized the post-translational proteolytic processing of PXDN and PXDNL. Using a novel knock-in mouse model, we demonstrate that the proteolytic cleavage of PXDN occurs in vivo. With the help of furin-specific siRNA we also demonstrate that the proprotein-convertase, furin participates in the proteolytic processing of PXDN. Furthermore, we demonstrate that only the proteolytically processed PXDN integrates into the extracellular matrix, highlighting the importance of the proteolysis step in PXDN’s collagen IV-crosslinking activity. We also provide multiple lines of evidence for the importance of peroxidase activity in the proteolytic processing of PXDN. Finally, we show that PXDNL does not undergo proteolytic processing, despite containing sequence elements efficiently recognized by proprotein convertases. Collectively, our observations suggest a previously unknown protein quality control during PXDN synthesis and the importance of the peroxidase activity of PXDN in this process.
Collapse
|
16
|
Jing Cao, Zhang G, Liu Z, Xu Q, Li C, Cheng G, Shi R. Peroxidasin promotes diabetic vascular endothelial dysfunction induced by advanced glycation end products via NOX2/HOCl/Akt/eNOS pathway. Redox Biol 2021; 45:102031. [PMID: 34116361 PMCID: PMC8192873 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from NADPH oxidases (NOX) plays an essential role in advanced glycation end products (AGEs)-induced diabetic vascular endothelial dysfunction. Peroxidasin (PXDN, VPO1) is one member of peroxidases family that catalyzes hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to hypochlorous acid (HOCl). This present study aimed to elucidate the role of PXDN in promoting vascular endothelial dysfunction induced by AGEs in diabetes mellitus. We found that, compared to non-diabetic (db/m) mice, PXDN expression was notably increased in db/db mice with impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation. Knockdown of PXDN in vivo through tail vein injection of siRNA restored the impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation function of db/db mice which is accompanied with up-regulation of eNOS Ser1177 phosphorylation and NO production. AGEs significantly elevated expression of PXDN and 3-Cl-Tyr, but decreased phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS and NO release in HUVECs. All these effects induced by AGEs were remarkable alleviated by silencing PXDN with small interfering RNAs. In addition, HOCl treatment alone as well as HOCl added with Akt inhibitor MK2206 inhibited phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS, reducing NO production. More importantly,AGEs-induced up-regulation of PXDN and 3-Cl-Tyr with endothelial dysfunction were transformed by NOX2 silencing and H2O2 scavengers. Thus, these results support the conclusion that PXDN promotes AGEs-induced diabetic vascular endothelial dysfunction by attenuating eNOS phosphorylation at Ser1177 via NOX2/HOCl/Akt pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410013, Changsha, China.
| | - Guogang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410013, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Zhaoya Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 410013, Changsha, China.
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China.
| | - Chan Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 41008, Changsha, China.
| | - Guangjie Cheng
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, 35294, AL, USA.
| | - Ruizheng Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 41008, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sakaue TA, Obata Y, Fujishima Y, Kozawa J, Otsuki M, Yamamoto T, Maeda N, Nishizawa H, Shimomura I. A Japanese patient with a 2p25.3 terminal deletion presented with early-onset obesity, intellectual disability and diabetes mellitus: A case report. J Diabetes Investig 2021; 13:391-396. [PMID: 34382350 PMCID: PMC8847130 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
2p25.3 deletion syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that accompanies various phenotypic features, including early‐onset obesity and intellectual disability. Here, we report the first Japanese case of this deletion associated with severe obesity and diabetes mellitus. Microarray‐based comparative genomic hybridization analysis identified a 3.1‐Mb deletion of distal chromosome band 2p25.3, which was suspected as de novo. The patient also presented bilateral cataracts and adolescent‐onset muscular weakness of the upper limbs, both of which were uncommon in previously reported cases. It is possible that these symptoms are also important clinical features suggestive of this syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taka-Aki Sakaue
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Obata
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuya Fujishima
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junji Kozawa
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Diabetes Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michio Otsuki
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yamamoto
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norikazu Maeda
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Graduate School of Medicine Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nishizawa
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Iichiro Shimomura
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kessel L, Bach-Holm D, Al-Bakri M, Roos L, Lund A, Grønskov K. Genetic disease is a common cause of bilateral childhood cataract in Denmark. Ophthalmic Genet 2021; 42:650-658. [PMID: 34169787 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2021.1941128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Bilateral childhood cataracts can be caused by a metabolic disease, constitute a part of a syndrome, run in families, be sporadic or iatrogenic. The amount of work-up needed to establish a cause is discussed and the aim of the present study was to evaluate causes of bilateral childhood cataract.Methods: Chart review of 211 Danish children with bilateral cataracts. Information on work-up was retrieved with special focus on general health, metabolic screening, evaluation for congenital infections and genetic testing.Results: Cataract was seen in combination with systemic disease in 40.8%, 29.4% had hereditary cataracts, 27.0% had isolated cataract, in 1.4% it was associated with ocular malformations and 1.4% had been born prematurely without any other sequelae than the cataract. A genetic cause could be demonstrated in 74 children.Conclusion: Systemic comorbidities are very common in children with cataract and are not always known prior to the diagnosis of cataract. Genetic evaluation, especially targeted analyses, provided a molecular genetic diagnosis in a large proportion of those tested but it also failed to provide a molecular genetic diagnosis in some patients with a family history suggesting autosomal dominant inheritance. Most importantly, in some patients, genetic work-up provided a diagnosis in patients where it had therapeutic consequences and where the systemic disease would have caused irreversible damage, had it not been treated timely. Given the high prevalence of systemic disease, it seems advisable to co-manage children with bilateral cataracts with a pediatrician and to include genetic evaluation as part of the work-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Line Kessel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniella Bach-Holm
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Moug Al-Bakri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laura Roos
- Departments of Clinical Genetics and Paediatrics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Lund
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Department of Paediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen Grønskov
- Departments of Clinical Genetics and Paediatrics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhu AY, Costain G, Cytrynbaum C, Weksberg R, Cohn RD, Ali A. Novel heterozygous variants in PXDN cause different anterior segment dysgenesis phenotypes in monozygotic twins. Ophthalmic Genet 2021; 42:624-630. [PMID: 33985410 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2021.1925929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since bi-allelic variants in the PXDN gene were first discovered in 2011 to be associated with anterior segment dysgenesis, a spectrum of ophthalmologic and systemic clinical manifestations has been described. This manuscript reports two distinct clinical phenotypes in monozygotic twin sisters, including the previously unreported ocular manifestation of bilateral primary aphakia, associated with novel compound heterozygous variants in the PXDN gene. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used genome sequencing to study a non-consanguineous family with monozygotic twin sister probands: one presenting with bilateral microphthalmia, primary aphakia, total corneal opacification, congenital glaucoma, and complex systemic comorbidities; the other with anterior persistent fetal vasculature in the right eye, and Peters anomaly type 2 with cataract and iris coloboma in the left eye but no systemic issues. These findings were compared to published reports of PXDN-related ocular diseases upon comprehensive review of prior literature. RESULTS In both affected sisters, genome sequencing identified two novel heterozygous variants in trans in the PXDN gene: c.1569_1570insT, predicting p.(Thr524TyrfsTer53), and c.3206 C > A, predicting p.(Ala1069Asp), respectively. No other potentially diagnostic variants were identified in any other genes. CONCLUSIONS This report on two novel compound heterozygous variants in the PXDN gene associated with previously unreported clinical manifestations further expands the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum associated with this gene. Our finding of distinctive clinical phenotypes associated with identical compound heterozygous PXDN variants in monozygotic twins emphasizes the significant clinical variability that can occur, suggesting a potential role for stochastic developmental and/or epigenetic factors in the ultimate pathophysiologic pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Y Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory Costain
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto and Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Genetics & Genome Biology, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cheryl Cytrynbaum
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Genetics & Genome Biology, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rosanna Weksberg
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto and Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Genetics & Genome Biology, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ronald D Cohn
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto and Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Genetics & Genome Biology, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Asim Ali
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Harding P, Cunha DL, Moosajee M. Animal and cellular models of microphthalmia. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN RARE DISEASE 2021; 2:2633004021997447. [PMID: 37181112 PMCID: PMC10032472 DOI: 10.1177/2633004021997447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Microphthalmia is a rare developmental eye disorder affecting 1 in 7000 births. It is defined as a small (axial length ⩾2 standard deviations below the age-adjusted mean) underdeveloped eye, caused by disruption of ocular development through genetic or environmental factors in the first trimester of pregnancy. Clinical phenotypic heterogeneity exists amongst patients with varying levels of severity, and associated ocular and systemic features. Up to 11% of blind children are reported to have microphthalmia, yet currently no treatments are available. By identifying the aetiology of microphthalmia and understanding how the mechanisms of eye development are disrupted, we can gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis. Animal models, mainly mouse, zebrafish and Xenopus, have provided extensive information on the genetic regulation of oculogenesis, and how perturbation of these pathways leads to microphthalmia. However, differences exist between species, hence cellular models, such as patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) optic vesicles, are now being used to provide greater insights into the human disease process. Progress in 3D cellular modelling techniques has enhanced the ability of researchers to study interactions of different cell types during eye development. Through improved molecular knowledge of microphthalmia, preventative or postnatal therapies may be developed, together with establishing genotype-phenotype correlations in order to provide patients with the appropriate prognosis, multidisciplinary care and informed genetic counselling. This review summarises some key discoveries from animal and cellular models of microphthalmia and discusses how innovative new models can be used to further our understanding in the future. Plain language summary Animal and Cellular Models of the Eye Disorder, Microphthalmia (Small Eye) Microphthalmia, meaning a small, underdeveloped eye, is a rare disorder that children are born with. Genetic changes or variations in the environment during the first 3 months of pregnancy can disrupt early development of the eye, resulting in microphthalmia. Up to 11% of blind children have microphthalmia, yet currently no treatments are available. By understanding the genes necessary for eye development, we can determine how disruption by genetic changes or environmental factors can cause this condition. This helps us understand why microphthalmia occurs, and ensure patients are provided with the appropriate clinical care and genetic counselling advice. Additionally, by understanding the causes of microphthalmia, researchers can develop treatments to prevent or reduce the severity of this condition. Animal models, particularly mice, zebrafish and frogs, which can also develop small eyes due to the same genetic/environmental changes, have helped us understand the genes which are important for eye development and can cause birth eye defects when disrupted. Studying a patient's own cells grown in the laboratory can further help researchers understand how changes in genes affect their function. Both animal and cellular models can be used to develop and test new drugs, which could provide treatment options for patients living with microphthalmia. This review summarises the key discoveries from animal and cellular models of microphthalmia and discusses how innovative new models can be used to further our understanding in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mariya Moosajee
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath
Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust,
London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS
Foundation Trust, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lee SW, Kim HK, Naidansuren P, Ham KA, Choi HS, Ahn HY, Kim M, Kang DH, Kang SW, Joe YA. Peroxidasin is essential for endothelial cell survival and growth signaling by sulfilimine crosslink-dependent matrix assembly. FASEB J 2020; 34:10228-10241. [PMID: 32543734 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902899r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Peroxidasin (PXDN) has been reported to crosslink the C-terminal non-collagenous domains of collagen IV (Col IV) by forming covalent sulfilimine bond. Here, we explored the physiological role of PXDN and its mechanism of action in endothelial cell survival and growth. Silencing of PXDN using siRNAs decreased cell proliferation without increase of the number of detached cells and decreased cell viability under serum-starved condition with increased fragmented nuclei and caspase 3/7 activity. Conditioned medium (CM) containing wild-type PXDN restored the proliferation of PXDN-depleted cells, but CM containing mutant PXDN with deletion of either N-terminal extracellular matrix (ECM) motifs or peroxidase domain failed to restore PXDN function. Accordingly, anti-PXDN antibody [raised against IgC2 (3-4) subdomain within ECM motifs] and peroxidase inhibitor phloroglucinol prevented the rescue of the PXDN-depleted cells by PXDN-containing CM. PXDN depletion resulted in loss of sulfilimine crosslinks, and decreased dense fibrillar network assembly of not only Col IV, but also fibronectin and laminin like in Col IV knockdown. Exogenous PXDN-containing CM restored ECM assembly as well as proliferation of PXDN-depleted cells. Accordingly, purified recombinant PXDN protein restored the proliferation and ECM assembly, and prevented cell death of the PXDN-depleted cells. PXDN depletion also showed reduced growth factors-induced phosphorylation of FAK and ERK1/2. In addition, siPXDN-transfected cell-derived matrix failed to provide full ECM-mediated activation of FAK and ERK1/2. These results indicate that both the ECM motifs and peroxidase activity are essential for the cellular function of PXDN and that PXDN is crucial for ECM assembly for survival and growth signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Woo Lee
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Life sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyung Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Life sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Purevjargal Naidansuren
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Life sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung A Ham
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Life sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Seok Choi
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Life sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Young Ahn
- Department of Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungshin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Kang
- Department of Life Sciences and Research Center for Cell Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Kang
- Department of Life Sciences and Research Center for Cell Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ae Joe
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Life sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
He C, Song W, Weston TA, Tran C, Kurtz I, Zuckerman JE, Guagliardo P, Miner JH, Ivanov SV, Bougoure J, Hudson BG, Colon S, Voziyan PA, Bhave G, Fong LG, Young SG, Jiang H. Peroxidasin-mediated bromine enrichment of basement membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15827-15836. [PMID: 32571911 PMCID: PMC7354931 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007749117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bromine and peroxidasin (an extracellular peroxidase) are essential for generating sulfilimine cross-links between a methionine and a hydroxylysine within collagen IV, a basement membrane protein. The sulfilimine cross-links increase the structural integrity of basement membranes. The formation of sulfilimine cross-links depends on the ability of peroxidasin to use bromide and hydrogen peroxide substrates to produce hypobromous acid (HOBr). Once a sulfilimine cross-link is created, bromide is released into the extracellular space and becomes available for reutilization. Whether the HOBr generated by peroxidasin is used very selectively for creating sulfilimine cross-links or whether it also causes oxidative damage to bystander molecules (e.g., generating bromotyrosine residues in basement membrane proteins) is unclear. To examine this issue, we used nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) imaging to define the distribution of bromine in mammalian tissues. We observed striking enrichment of bromine (79Br, 81Br) in basement membranes of normal human and mouse kidneys. In peroxidasin knockout mice, bromine enrichment of basement membranes of kidneys was reduced by ∼85%. Proteomic studies revealed bromination of tyrosine-1485 in the NC1 domain of α2 collagen IV from kidneys of wild-type mice; the same tyrosine was brominated in collagen IV from human kidney. Bromination of tyrosine-1485 was reduced by >90% in kidneys of peroxidasin knockout mice. Thus, in addition to promoting sulfilimine cross-links in collagen IV, peroxidasin can also brominate a bystander tyrosine. Also, the fact that bromine enrichment is largely confined to basement membranes implies that peroxidasin activity is largely restricted to basement membranes in mammalian tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuiwen He
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Wenxin Song
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Thomas A Weston
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Caitlyn Tran
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Ira Kurtz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jonathan E Zuckerman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Paul Guagliardo
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, University of Western Australia, 6009 Perth, Australia
| | - Jeffrey H Miner
- Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Sergey V Ivanov
- Vanderbilt Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Jeremy Bougoure
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, University of Western Australia, 6009 Perth, Australia
| | - Billy G Hudson
- Vanderbilt Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Selene Colon
- Vanderbilt Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212
| | - Paul A Voziyan
- Vanderbilt Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Gautam Bhave
- Vanderbilt Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212
- Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Loren G Fong
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Stephen G Young
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Haibo Jiang
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, 6009 Perth, Australia;
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Revealing hidden genetic diagnoses in the ocular anterior segment disorders. Genet Med 2020; 22:1623-1632. [PMID: 32499604 PMCID: PMC7521990 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-020-0854-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Ocular anterior segment disorders (ASDs) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous, and genetic diagnosis often remains elusive. In this study, we demonstrate the value of a combined analysis protocol using phenotypic, genomic, and pedigree structure data to achieve a genetic conclusion. Methods We utilized a combination of chromosome microarray, exome sequencing, and genome sequencing with structural variant and trio analysis to investigate a cohort of 41 predominantly sporadic cases. Results We identified likely causative variants in 54% (22/41) of cases, including 51% (19/37) of sporadic cases and 75% (3/4) of cases initially referred as familial ASD. Two-thirds of sporadic cases were found to have heterozygous variants, which in most cases were de novo. Approximately one-third (7/22) of genetic diagnoses were found in rarely reported or recently identified ASD genes including PXDN, GJA8, COL4A1, ITPR1, CPAMD8, as well as the new phenotypic association of Axenfeld–Rieger anomaly with a homozygous ADAMTS17 variant. The remainder of the variants were in key ASD genes including FOXC1, PITX2, CYP1B1, FOXE3, and PAX6. Conclusions We demonstrate the benefit of detailed phenotypic, genomic, variant, and segregation analysis to uncover some of the previously “hidden” heritable answers in several rarely reported and newly identified ocular ASD-related disease genes.
Collapse
|
24
|
Yan X, Atorf J, Ramos D, Thiele F, Weber S, Dalke C, Sun M, Puk O, Michel D, Fuchs H, Klaften M, Przemeck GKH, Sabrautzki S, Favor J, Ruberte J, Kremers J, de Angelis MH, Graw J. Mutation in Bmpr1b Leads to Optic Disc Coloboma and Ventral Retinal Gliosis in Mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:44. [PMID: 32106289 PMCID: PMC7329948 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.2.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The clinical phenotype of retinal gliosis occurs in different forms; here, we characterize one novel genetic feature, (i.e., signaling via BMP-receptor 1b). Methods Mouse mutants were generated within a recessive ENU mutagenesis screen; the underlying mutation was identified by linkage analysis and Sanger sequencing. The eye phenotype was characterized by fundoscopy, optical coherence tomography, optokinetic drum, electroretinography, and visual evoked potentials, by histology, immunohistology, and electron-microscopy. Results The mutation affects intron 10 of the Bmpr1b gene, which is causative for skipping of exon 10. The expression levels of pSMAD1/5/8 were reduced in the mutant retina. The loss of BMPR1B-mediated signaling leads to optic nerve coloboma, gliosis in the optic nerve head and ventral retina, defective optic nerve axons, and irregular retinal vessels. The ventral retinal gliosis is proliferative and hypertrophic, which is concomitant with neuronal delamination and the reduction of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs); it is dominated by activated astrocytes overexpressing PAX2 and SOX2 but not PAX6, indicating that they may retain properties of gliogenic precursor cells. The expression pattern of PAX2 in the optic nerve head and ventral retina is altered during embryonic development. These events finally result in reduced electrical transmission of the retina and optic nerve and significantly reduced visual acuity. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that BMPR1B is necessary for the development of the optic nerve and ventral retina. This study could also indicate a new mechanism in the formation of retinal gliosis; it opens new routes for its treatment eventually preventing scar formation in the retina.
Collapse
|
25
|
Novel PXDN biallelic variants in patients with microphthalmia and anterior segment dysgenesis. J Hum Genet 2020; 65:487-491. [PMID: 32015378 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-020-0726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microphthalmia, anophthalmia, and anterior segment dysgenesis are severe ocular developmental defects. There is a wide genetic heterogeneity leading to these ocular malformations. By using whole genome, exome and targeted sequencing in patients with ocular developmental anomalies, six biallelic pathogenic variants (including five novel variants) were identified in the PXDN gene in four families with microphthalmia and anterior segment dysgenesis. Only 11 different mutations (11 families) have been described in this gene to date. The phenotype of these patients is variable in severity, ranging from cataract and developmental glaucoma to complex microphthalmia. Interestingly, two unrelated patients of our series presented with an ocular phenotype including aniridia and microspherophakia. However, despite various phenotypic presentations and types of mutations, no genotype-phenotype correlation could be made. Thus, this work improves our knowledge of the recessive phenotype associated with biallelic variants in this gene and highlights the importance of screening PXDN in patients with anterior segment dysgenesis with or without microphthalmia.
Collapse
|
26
|
Kim HK, Ham KA, Lee SW, Choi HS, Kim HS, Kim HK, Shin HS, Seo KY, Cho Y, Nam KT, Kim IB, Joe YA. Biallelic Deletion of Pxdn in Mice Leads to Anophthalmia and Severe Eye Malformation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246144. [PMID: 31817535 PMCID: PMC6941041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxidasin (PXDN) is a unique peroxidase containing extracellular matrix motifs and stabilizes collagen IV networks by forming sulfilimine crosslinks. PXDN gene knockout in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) and Drosophila results in the demise at the embryonic and larval stages. PXDN mutations lead to severe eye disorders, including microphthalmia, cataract, glaucoma, and anterior segment dysgenesis in humans and mice. To investigate how PXDN loss of function affects organ development, we generated Pxdn knockout mice by deletion of exon 1 and its 5′ upstream sequences of the Pxdn gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Loss of both PXDN expression and collagen IV sulfilimine cross-links was detected only in the homozygous mice, which showed completely or almost closed eyelids with small eyes, having no apparent external morphological defects in other organs. In histological analysis of eye tissues, the homozygous mice had extreme defects in eye development, including no eyeballs or drastically disorganized eye structures, whereas the heterozygous mice showed normal eye structure. Visual function tests also revealed no obvious functional abnormalities in the eyes between heterozygous mice and wild-type mice. Thus, these results suggest that PXDN activity is essential in eye development, and also indicate that a single allele of Pxdn gene is sufficient for eye-structure formation and normal visual function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Kyung Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (H.-K.K.); (K.A.H.); (S.-W.L.); (H.S.C.)
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Kyung A Ham
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (H.-K.K.); (K.A.H.); (S.-W.L.); (H.S.C.)
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Lee
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (H.-K.K.); (K.A.H.); (S.-W.L.); (H.S.C.)
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Hong Seok Choi
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (H.-K.K.); (K.A.H.); (S.-W.L.); (H.S.C.)
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Hong-Sug Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering Mouse, Macrogen Inc, Seoul 08511, Korea;
| | - Hong Kyung Kim
- Korea Mouse Sensory Phenotyping Center (KMSPC), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.K.K.); (H.-S.S.); (K.Y.S.)
- Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hae-Sol Shin
- Korea Mouse Sensory Phenotyping Center (KMSPC), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.K.K.); (H.-S.S.); (K.Y.S.)
- Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Kyoung Yul Seo
- Korea Mouse Sensory Phenotyping Center (KMSPC), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.K.K.); (H.-S.S.); (K.Y.S.)
- Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Yejin Cho
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (Y.C.); (K.T.N.)
| | - Ki Taek Nam
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (Y.C.); (K.T.N.)
| | - In-Beom Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Young Ae Joe
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (H.-K.K.); (K.A.H.); (S.-W.L.); (H.S.C.)
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2258-7484; Fax: +82-2-593-2522
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dougan J, Hawsawi O, Burton LJ, Edwards G, Jones K, Zou J, Nagappan P, Wang G, Zhang Q, Danaher A, Bowen N, Hinton C, Odero-Marah VA. Proteomics-Metabolomics Combined Approach Identifies Peroxidasin as a Protector against Metabolic and Oxidative Stress in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3046. [PMID: 31234468 PMCID: PMC6627806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxidasin (PXDN), a human homolog of Drosophila PXDN, belongs to the family of heme peroxidases and has been found to promote oxidative stress in cardiovascular tissue, however, its role in prostate cancer has not been previously elucidated. We hypothesized that PXDN promotes prostate cancer progression via regulation of metabolic and oxidative stress pathways. We analyzed PXDN expression in prostate tissue by immunohistochemistry and found increased PXDN expression with prostate cancer progression as compared to normal tissue or cells. PXDN knockdown followed by proteomic analysis revealed an increase in oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and gluconeogenesis pathways. Additionally, Liquid Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based metabolomics confirmed that PXDN knockdown induced global reprogramming associated with increased oxidative stress and decreased nucleotide biosynthesis. We further demonstrated that PXDN knockdown led to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis. Finally, PXDN knockdown decreased colony formation on soft agar. Overall, the data suggest that PXDN promotes progression of prostate cancer by regulating the metabolome, more specifically, by inhibiting oxidative stress leading to decreased apoptosis. Therefore, PXDN may be a biomarker associated with prostate cancer and a potential therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jodi Dougan
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA.
| | - Ohuod Hawsawi
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA.
| | - Liza J Burton
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA.
| | - Gabrielle Edwards
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA.
| | - Kia Jones
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA.
| | - Jin Zou
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA.
| | - Peri Nagappan
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA.
| | - Guangdi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
| | - Alira Danaher
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA.
| | - Nathan Bowen
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA.
| | - Cimona Hinton
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA.
| | - Valerie A Odero-Marah
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mouse models for microphthalmia, anophthalmia and cataracts. Hum Genet 2019; 138:1007-1018. [PMID: 30919050 PMCID: PMC6710221 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-01995-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mouse mutants are a long-lasting, valuable tool to identify genes underlying eye diseases, because the absence of eyes, very small eyes and severely affected, cataractous eyes are easily to detect without major technical equipment. In mice, actually 145 genes or loci are known for anophthalmia, 269 for microphthalmia, and 180 for cataracts. Approximately, 25% of the loci are not yet characterized; however, some of the ancient lines are extinct and not available for future research. The phenotypes of the mutants represent a continuous spectrum either in anophthalmia and microphthalmia, or in microphthalmia and cataracts. On the other side, mouse models are still missing for some genes, which have been identified in human families to be causative for anophthalmia, microphthalmia, or cataracts. Finally, the mouse offers the possibility to genetically test the roles of modifiers and the role of SNPs; these aspects open new avenues for ophthalmogenetics in the mouse.
Collapse
|
29
|
Genetics of anophthalmia and microphthalmia. Part 1: Non-syndromic anophthalmia/microphthalmia. Hum Genet 2019; 138:799-830. [PMID: 30762128 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-01977-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Eye formation is the result of coordinated induction and differentiation processes during embryogenesis. Disruption of any one of these events has the potential to cause ocular growth and structural defects, such as anophthalmia and microphthalmia (A/M). A/M can be isolated or occur with systemic anomalies, when they may form part of a recognizable syndrome. Their etiology includes genetic and environmental factors; several hundred genes involved in ocular development have been identified in humans or animal models. In humans, around 30 genes have been repeatedly implicated in A/M families, although many other genes have been described in single cases or families, and some genetic syndromes include eye anomalies occasionally as part of a wider phenotype. As a result of this broad genetic heterogeneity, with one or two notable exceptions, each gene explains only a small percentage of cases. Given the overlapping phenotypes, these genes can be most efficiently tested on panels or by whole exome/genome sequencing for the purposes of molecular diagnosis. However, despite whole exome/genome testing more than half of patients currently remain without a molecular diagnosis. The proportion of undiagnosed cases is even higher in those individuals with unilateral or milder phenotypes. Furthermore, even when a strong gene candidate is available for a patient, issues of incomplete penetrance and germinal mosaicism make diagnosis and genetic counseling challenging. In this review, we present the main genes implicated in non-syndromic human A/M phenotypes and, for practical purposes, classify them according to the most frequent or predominant phenotype each is associated with. Our intention is that this will allow clinicians to rank and prioritize their molecular analyses and interpretations according to the phenotypes of their patients.
Collapse
|
30
|
Briem E, Budkova Z, Sigurdardottir AK, Hilmarsdottir B, Kricker J, Timp W, Magnusson MK, Traustadottir GA, Gudjonsson T. MiR-203a is differentially expressed during branching morphogenesis and EMT in breast progenitor cells and is a repressor of peroxidasin. Mech Dev 2019; 155:34-47. [PMID: 30508578 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs regulate developmental events such as branching morphogenesis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its reverse process mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET). In this study, we performed small RNA sequencing of a breast epithelial progenitor cell line (D492), and its mesenchymal derivative (D492M) cultured in three-dimensional microenvironment. Among the most downregulated miRNAs in D492M was miR-203a, a miRNA that plays an important role in epithelial differentiation. Increased expression of miR-203a was seen in D492, concomitant with increased complexity of branching. When miR-203a was overexpressed in D492M, a partial reversion towards epithelial phenotype was seen. Gene expression analysis of D492M and D492MmiR-203a revealed peroxidasin, a collagen IV cross-linker, as the most significantly downregulated gene in D492MmiR-203a. Collectively, we demonstrate that miR-203a expression temporally correlates with branching morphogenesis and is suppressed in D492M. Overexpression of miR-203a in D492M induces a partial MET and reduces the expression of peroxidasin. Furthermore, we demonstrate that miR-203a is a novel repressor of peroxidasin. MiR-203-peroxidasin axis may be an important regulator in branching morphogenesis, EMT/MET and basement membrane remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eirikur Briem
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Iceland
| | - Zuzana Budkova
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Iceland
| | - Anna Karen Sigurdardottir
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Iceland
| | - Bylgja Hilmarsdottir
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Iceland; Department of Tumor Biology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jennifer Kricker
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Iceland
| | - Winston Timp
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, USA
| | - Magnus Karl Magnusson
- Department of Laboratory Hematology, Landspitali - University Hospital, Iceland; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Iceland
| | - Gunnhildur Asta Traustadottir
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Iceland
| | - Thorarinn Gudjonsson
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Iceland; Department of Laboratory Hematology, Landspitali - University Hospital, Iceland.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P McAdoo
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles D Pusey
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hanmer KL, Mavri-Damelin D. Peroxidasin is a novel target of the redox-sensitive transcription factor Nrf2. Gene 2018; 674:104-114. [PMID: 29953917 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Peroxidasin (PXDN) facilitates peroxidative reactions via utilisation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and has been shown to crosslink collagen IV through sulfilimine bond formation in the presence of hypohalous acids. Aberrant PXDN expression has been associated with kidney fibrosis, cancer, congenital eye defects and various cardiovascular disorders. Since PXDN expression is modified by H2O2, we hypothesized that a major antioxidant response transcription factor, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), may regulate PXDN expression. PXDN expression in response to H2O2 and the Nrf2-specific inducers, tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) and sulforaphane (SFN), was determined by western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy, in HeLa and HEK293 cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays were used to investigate the regulation of PXDN by Nrf2. We observed elevated Nrf2 nuclear translocation and increased PXDN protein expression in response to H2O2, tBHQ and SFN, in both cell lines. We found that Nrf2 binds to and increases luciferase reporter gene expression from the PXDN promoter via a putative Nrf2-binding site. In summary, we show that PXDN is a novel target of the redox sensitive transcription factor Nrf2. This finding further highlights the role of PXDN in redox-related processes and compliments the currently understood pathophysiological functions of PXDN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry L Hanmer
- The School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag X3, WITS 2050, South Africa
| | - Demetra Mavri-Damelin
- The School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag X3, WITS 2050, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Funk SD, Lin MH, Miner JH. Alport syndrome and Pierson syndrome: Diseases of the glomerular basement membrane. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:250-261. [PMID: 29673759 PMCID: PMC6146048 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The glomerular basement membrane (GBM) is an important component of the kidney's glomerular filtration barrier. Like all basement membranes, the GBM contains type IV collagen, laminin, nidogen, and heparan sulfate proteoglycan. It is flanked by the podocytes and glomerular endothelial cells that both synthesize it and adhere to it. Mutations that affect the GBM's collagen α3α4α5(IV) components cause Alport syndrome (kidney disease with variable ear and eye defects) and its variants, including thin basement membrane nephropathy. Mutations in LAMB2 that impact the synthesis or function of laminin α5β2γ1 (LM-521) cause Pierson syndrome (congenital nephrotic syndrome with eye and neurological defects) and its less severe variants, including isolated congenital nephrotic syndrome. The very different types of kidney diseases that result from mutations in collagen IV vs. laminin are likely due to very different pathogenic mechanisms. A better understanding of these mechanisms should lead to targeted therapeutic approaches that can help people with these rare but important diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Funk
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Meei-Hua Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Miner
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sirokmány G, Kovács HA, Lázár E, Kónya K, Donkó Á, Enyedi B, Grasberger H, Geiszt M. Peroxidasin-mediated crosslinking of collagen IV is independent of NADPH oxidases. Redox Biol 2018; 16:314-321. [PMID: 29573705 PMCID: PMC5952998 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen IV is a major component of the basement membrane in epithelial tissues. The NC1 domains of collagen IV protomers are covalently linked together through sulfilimine bonds, the formation of which is catalyzed by peroxidasin. Although hydrogen peroxide is essential for this reaction, the exact source of the oxidant remains elusive. Members of the NOX/DUOX NADPH oxidase family are specifically devoted to the production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Our aim in this study was to find out if NADPH oxidases contribute in vivo to the formation of collagen IV sulfilimine crosslinks. We used multiple genetically modified in vivo model systems to provide a detailed assessment of this question. Our data indicate that in various peroxidasin-expressing tissues sulfilimine crosslinks between the NC1 domains of collagen IV can be readily detected in the absence of functioning NADPH oxidases. We also analyzed how subatmospheric oxygen levels influence the collagen IV network in collagen-producing cultured cells with rapid matrix turnover. We showed that collagen IV crosslinks remain intact even under strongly hypoxic conditions. Our hypothesis is that during collagen IV network formation PXDN cooperates with a NOX/DUOX-independent H2O2 source that is functional also at very low ambient oxygen levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Sirokmány
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, PO Box 259, H-1444 Budapest, Hungary; "Momentum" Peroxidase Enzyme Research Group of the Semmelweis University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hajnal A Kovács
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, PO Box 259, H-1444 Budapest, Hungary; "Momentum" Peroxidase Enzyme Research Group of the Semmelweis University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Enikő Lázár
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, PO Box 259, H-1444 Budapest, Hungary; "Momentum" Peroxidase Enzyme Research Group of the Semmelweis University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Kónya
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, PO Box 259, H-1444 Budapest, Hungary; "Momentum" Peroxidase Enzyme Research Group of the Semmelweis University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Donkó
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, PO Box 259, H-1444 Budapest, Hungary; "Momentum" Peroxidase Enzyme Research Group of the Semmelweis University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Enyedi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, PO Box 259, H-1444 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Helmut Grasberger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Miklós Geiszt
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, PO Box 259, H-1444 Budapest, Hungary; "Momentum" Peroxidase Enzyme Research Group of the Semmelweis University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
High expression of PXDN is associated with poor prognosis and promotes proliferation, invasion as well as migration in ovarian cancer. Ann Diagn Pathol 2018; 34:161-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
36
|
Shi R, Cao Z, Li H, Graw J, Zhang G, Thannickal VJ, Cheng G. Peroxidasin contributes to lung host defense by direct binding and killing of gram-negative bacteria. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007026. [PMID: 29775486 PMCID: PMC5979044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune recognition is classically mediated by the interaction of host pattern-recognition receptors and pathogen-associated molecular patterns; this triggers a series of downstream signaling events that facilitate killing and elimination of invading pathogens. In this report, we provide the first evidence that peroxidasin (PXDN; also known as vascular peroxidase-1) directly binds to gram-negative bacteria and mediates bactericidal activity, thus, contributing to lung host defense. PXDN contains five leucine-rich repeats and four immunoglobulin domains, which allows for its interaction with lipopolysaccharide, a membrane component of gram-negative bacteria. Bactericidal activity of PXDN is mediated via its capacity to generate hypohalous acids. Deficiency of PXDN results in a failure to eradicate Pseudomonas aeruginosa and increased mortality in a murine model of Pseudomonas lung infection. These observations indicate that PXDN mediates previously unrecognized host defense functions against gram-negative bacterial pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruizheng Shi
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Zehong Cao
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Hong Li
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Jochen Graw
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Guogang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Victor J. Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Guangjie Cheng
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhang B, Chen X, Zhou Q, Song Y, Sun S, Cheng H. Human gene expression microarray analysis of the HPV 6bE7-HaCaT stable cell line. Gene 2018; 657:60-68. [PMID: 29501815 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted agent in the world. HPV6b is a low-risk type of HPVs that causes benign verrucous hyperplastic lesions of the skin and anal genital mucosa. Previous research has indicated that HPV genotype 6 is sometimes associated with high-grade lesions and anal cancer. The pathogenesis of low-risk HPV infection and its relationship to high-risk HPV is not clear at present. The E7 protein, which is encoded by HPV early -expressing genes, plays an important role in HPV infection. The aim of this study is to investigate the human gene expression signature of the HPV6b E7-transfected HaCaT stable cell line. The identification of differentially expressed genes might provide a more comprehensive understanding of HPV6b infection and will allow us to explore the specific role of E7 protein. METHODS We established a stable cell line transfected with the HPV6b E7 gene and analyzed the line's genome-wide expression profile by microarray. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to verify the differentially expressed genes. GO enrichment analysis was applied for gene annotation according to functions. KEGG analysis, a system for analyzing gene function and genome information, was used to help us integrate differentially expressed genes into pathways. RESULTS A total of 3519 genes were identified to be significantly differentially expressed between the HPV 6bE7-HaCaT stable cell line and a control cell line, among which 1884 genes were up-regulated and 1635 genes were down-regulated with a fold-change > 2.0 between the two groups. The expression profiles of the top 20 up-regulated and the top 20 down-regulated genes in the HPV 6bE7-HaCaT stable cell line as analyzed by qRT-PCR were consistent with the microarray data. The most significantly enhanced genes HPV 6bE7-HaCaT cells were SIMC1, S100A8 and S100A9, whereas PXDN expression was markedly down-regulated. GO analysis showed that HPV 6bE7 primarily affected biological processes and that the most significant difference was in heart induction (GO:0003129). Many differentially expressed genes were linked to histone H4-K20 demethylation (GO:0035574). KEGG analysis showed that the most significant changes in gene expression were related to primary bile acid biosynthesis, and the most diverse biological processes were related to systemic lupus erythematosus pathogenesis. CONCLUSIONS The global gene expression profile of the HPV 6bE7-HaCaT stable cell line was analyzed, revealing the genes regulated by E7 protein and providing insight into the pathogenesis of HPV6b infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boya Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, China
| | - Xianzhen Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, China
| | - Yinjing Song
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, China
| | - Siyuan Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sitole BN, Mavri-Damelin D. Peroxidasin is regulated by the epithelial-mesenchymal transition master transcription factor Snai1. Gene 2018; 646:195-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
39
|
Colon S, Page-McCaw P, Bhave G. Role of Hypohalous Acids in Basement Membrane Homeostasis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:839-854. [PMID: 28657332 PMCID: PMC5647493 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Basement membranes (BMs) are sheet-like structures of specialized extracellular matrix that underlie nearly all tissue cell layers including epithelial, endothelial, and muscle cells. BMs not only provide structural support but are also critical for the development, maintenance, and repair of organs. Animal heme peroxidases generate highly reactive hypohalous acids extracellularly and, therefore, target BMs for oxidative modification. Given the importance of BMs in tissue structure and function, hypohalous acid-mediated oxidative modifications of BM proteins represent a key mechanism in normal development and pathogenesis of disease. Recent Advances: Peroxidasin (PXDN), a BM-associated animal heme peroxidase, generates hypobromous acid (HOBr) to form sulfilimine cross-links within the collagen IV network of BM. These cross-links stabilize BM and are critical for animal tissue development. These findings highlight a paradoxical anabolic role for HOBr, which typically damages protein structure leading to dysfunction. CRITICAL ISSUES The molecular mechanism whereby PXDN uses HOBr as a reactive intermediate to cross-link collagen IV, yet avoid collateral damage to nearby BM proteins, remains unclear. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The exact identification and functional impact of specific hypohalous acid-mediated modifications of BM proteins need to be addressed to connect these modifications to tissue development and pathogenesis of disease. As seen with the sulfilimine cross-link of collagen IV, hypohalous acid oxidative events may be beneficial in select situations rather than uniformly deleterious. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 839-854.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selene Colon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Patrick Page-McCaw
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Gautam Bhave
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bhave G, Colon S, Ferrell N. The sulfilimine cross-link of collagen IV contributes to kidney tubular basement membrane stiffness. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 313:F596-F602. [PMID: 28424209 PMCID: PMC5625101 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00096.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Basement membranes (BMs), a specialized form of extracellular matrix, underlie nearly all cell layers and provide structural support for tissues and interact with cell surface receptors to determine cell behavior. Both macromolecular composition and stiffness of the BM influence cell-BM interactions. Collagen IV is a major constituent of the BM that forms an extensively cross-linked oligomeric network. Its deficiency leads to BM mechanical instability, as observed with glomerular BM in Alport syndrome. These findings have led to the hypothesis that collagen IV and its cross-links determine BM stiffness. A sulfilimine bond (S = N) between a methionine sulfur and a lysine nitrogen cross-links collagen IV and is formed by the matrix enzyme peroxidasin. In peroxidasin knockout mice with reduced collagen IV sulfilimine cross-links, we find a reduction in renal tubular BM stiffness. Thus this work provides the first direct experimental evidence that collagen IV sulfilimine cross-links contribute to BM mechanical properties and provides a foundation for future work on the relationship of BM mechanics to cell function in renal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Bhave
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Selene Colon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Nicholas Ferrell
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee;
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Danford ID, Verkuil LD, Choi DJ, Collins DW, Gudiseva HV, Uyhazi KE, Lau MK, Kanu LN, Grant GR, Chavali VRM, O'Brien JM. Characterizing the "POAGome": A bioinformatics-driven approach to primary open-angle glaucoma. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 58:89-114. [PMID: 28223208 PMCID: PMC5464971 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a genetically, physiologically, and phenotypically complex neurodegenerative disorder. This study addressed the expanding collection of genes associated with POAG, referred to as the "POAGome." We used bioinformatics tools to perform an extensive, systematic literature search and compiled 542 genes with confirmed associations with POAG and its related phenotypes (normal tension glaucoma, ocular hypertension, juvenile open-angle glaucoma, and primary congenital glaucoma). The genes were classified according to their associated ocular tissues and phenotypes, and functional annotation and pathway analyses were subsequently performed. Our study reveals that no single molecular pathway can encompass the pathophysiology of POAG. The analyses suggested that inflammation and senescence may play pivotal roles in both the development and perpetuation of the retinal ganglion cell degeneration seen in POAG. The TGF-β signaling pathway was repeatedly implicated in our analyses, suggesting that it may be an important contributor to the manifestation of POAG in the anterior and posterior segments of the globe. We propose a molecular model of POAG revolving around TGF-β signaling, which incorporates the roles of inflammation and senescence in this disease. Finally, we highlight emerging molecular therapies that show promise for treating POAG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Danford
- Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Lana D Verkuil
- Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Daniel J Choi
- Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - David W Collins
- Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Harini V Gudiseva
- Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Katherine E Uyhazi
- Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Marisa K Lau
- Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Levi N Kanu
- Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Gregory R Grant
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA, Penn Center for Bioinformatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Venkata R M Chavali
- Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Joan M O'Brien
- Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Mao M, Kiss M, Ou Y, Gould DB. Genetic dissection of anterior segment dysgenesis caused by a Col4a1 mutation in mouse. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:475-485. [PMID: 28237965 PMCID: PMC5399567 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.027888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) describes a spectrum of clinically and genetically heterogeneous congenital disorders affecting anterior structures that often lead to impaired vision. More importantly, 50-75% of patients with ASD develop early onset and aggressive glaucoma. Although several genes have been implicated in the etiology of ASD, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Type IV collagen alpha 1 (COL4A1) is an extracellular matrix protein and a critical component of nearly all basement membranes. COL4A1 mutations cause multi-system disorders in patients, including ASD (congenital cataracts, Axenfeld-Rieger's anomaly, Peter's anomaly and microphthalmia) and congenital or juvenile glaucoma. Here, we use a conditional Col4a1 mutation in mice to determine the location and timing of pathogenic events underlying COL4A1-related ocular dysgenesis. Our results suggest that selective expression of the Col4a1 mutation in neural crest cells and their derivatives is not sufficient to cause ocular dysgenesis and that selective expression of the Col4a1 mutation in vascular endothelial cells can lead to mild ASD and optic nerve hypoplasia but only on a sensitized background. In contrast, lens-specific expression of the conditional Col4a1 mutant allele led to cataracts, mild ASD and optic nerve hypoplasia, and age-related intraocular pressure dysregulation and optic nerve damage. Finally, ubiquitous expression of the conditional Col4a1 mutation at distinct developmental stages suggests that pathogenesis takes place before E12.5. Our results show that the lens and possibly vasculature play important roles in Col4a1-related ASD and that the pathogenic events occur at mid-embryogenesis in mice, during early stages of ocular development. Summary: Key pathogenic events in anterior segment dysgenesis, a congenital ocular disease with complex etiology, are recapitulated in a mouse model of Col4a1-related ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mao Mao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Human Genetics, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Márton Kiss
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Középfasor 52, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - Yvonne Ou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Human Genetics, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Douglas B Gould
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Human Genetics, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA .,Department of Anatomy, Institute for Human Genetics, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Jones-Paris CR, Paria S, Berg T, Saus J, Bhave G, Paria BC, Hudson BG. Embryo implantation triggers dynamic spatiotemporal expression of the basement membrane toolkit during uterine reprogramming. Matrix Biol 2017; 57-58:347-365. [PMID: 27619726 PMCID: PMC5328942 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Basement membranes (BMs) are specialized extracellular scaffolds that influence behaviors of cells in epithelial, endothelial, muscle, nervous, and fat tissues. Throughout development and in response to injury or disease, BMs are fine-tuned with specific protein compositions, ultrastructure, and localization. These features are modulated through implements of the BM toolkit that is comprised of collagen IV, laminin, perlecan, and nidogen. Two additional proteins, peroxidasin and Goodpasture antigen-binding protein (GPBP), have recently emerged as potential members of the toolkit. In the present study, we sought to determine whether peroxidasin and GPBP undergo dynamic regulation in the assembly of uterine tissue BMs in early pregnancy as a tractable model for dynamic adult BMs. We explored these proteins in the context of collagen IV and laminin that are known to extensively change for decidualization. Electron microscopic analyses revealed: 1) a smooth continuous layer of BM in between the epithelial and stromal layers of the preimplantation endometrium; and 2) interrupted, uneven, and progressively thickened BM within the pericellular space of the postimplantation decidua. Quantification of mRNA levels by qPCR showed changes in expression levels that were complemented by immunofluorescence localization of peroxidasin, GPBP, collagen IV, and laminin. Novel BM-associated and subcellular spatiotemporal localization patterns of the four components suggest both collective pericellular functions and distinct functions in the uterus during reprogramming for embryo implantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celestial R Jones-Paris
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Aspirnaut, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Sayan Paria
- Aspirnaut, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Taloa Berg
- Aspirnaut, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Juan Saus
- Valencia University Medical School, Valencia, Spain; Fibrostatin, SL, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gautam Bhave
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Bibhash C Paria
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.
| | - Billy G Hudson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Valencia University Medical School, Valencia, Spain; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology Nashville, TN, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Impaired ADAMTS9 secretion: A potential mechanism for eye defects in Peters Plus Syndrome. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33974. [PMID: 27687499 PMCID: PMC5043182 DOI: 10.1038/srep33974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Peters Plus syndrome (PPS), a congenital disorder of glycosylation, results from recessive mutations affecting the glucosyltransferase B3GLCT, leading to congenital corneal opacity and diverse extra-ocular manifestations. Together with the fucosyltransferase POFUT2, B3GLCT adds Glucoseβ1-3Fucose disaccharide to a consensus sequence in thrombospondin type 1 repeats (TSRs) of several proteins. Which of these target proteins is functionally compromised in PPS is unknown. We report here that haploinsufficiency of murine Adamts9, encoding a secreted metalloproteinase with 15 TSRs, leads to congenital corneal opacity and Peters anomaly (persistent lens-cornea adhesion), which is a hallmark of PPS. Mass spectrometry of recombinant ADAMTS9 showed that 9 of 12 TSRs with the O-fucosylation consensus sequence carried the Glucoseβ1-3Fucose disaccharide and B3GLCT knockdown reduced ADAMTS9 secretion in HEK293F cells. Together, the genetic and biochemical findings imply a dosage-dependent role for ADAMTS9 in ocular morphogenesis. Reduced secretion of ADAMTS9 in the absence of B3GLCT is proposed as a mechanism of Peters anomaly in PPS. The functional link between ADAMTS9 and B3GLCT established here also provides credence to their recently reported association with age-related macular degeneration.
Collapse
|
45
|
Identification of Novel Variants in LTBP2 and PXDN Using Whole-Exome Sequencing in Developmental and Congenital Glaucoma. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159259. [PMID: 27409795 PMCID: PMC4943665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) is the most common form of glaucoma in children. PCG occurs due to the developmental defects in the trabecular meshwork and anterior chamber of the eye. The purpose of this study is to identify the causative genetic variants in three families with developmental and primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) with a recessive inheritance pattern. Methods DNA samples were obtained from consanguineous families of Pakistani ancestry. The CYP1B1 gene was sequenced in the affected probands by conventional Sanger DNA sequencing. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed in DNA samples of four individuals belonging to three different CYP1B1-negative families. Variants identified by WES were validated by Sanger sequencing. Results WES identified potentially causative novel mutations in the latent transforming growth factor beta binding protein 2 (LTBP2) gene in two PCG families. In the first family a novel missense mutation (c.4934G>A; p.Arg1645Glu) co-segregates with the disease phenotype, and in the second family a novel frameshift mutation (c.4031_4032insA; p.Asp1345Glyfs*6) was identified. In a third family with developmental glaucoma a novel mutation (c.3496G>A; p.Gly1166Arg) was identified in the PXDN gene, which segregates with the disease. Conclusions We identified three novel mutations in glaucoma families using WES; two in the LTBP2 gene and one in the PXDN gene. The results will not only enhance our current understanding of the genetic basis of glaucoma, but may also contribute to a better understanding of the diverse phenotypic consequences caused by mutations in these genes.
Collapse
|
46
|
YANG YANG, XING YIQIAO, LIANG CHAOQUN, HU LIYA, XU FEI, MEI QI. An examination of the regulatory mechanism of Pxdn mutation-induced eye disorders using microarray analysis. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:1449-56. [PMID: 27121343 PMCID: PMC4866968 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to identify biomarkers for peroxidasin (Pxdn) mutation-induced eye disorders and study the underlying mechanisms involved in this process. The microarray dataset GSE49704 was used, which encompasses 4 mouse samples from embryos with Pxdn mutation and 4 samples from normal tissues. After data preprocessing, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between Pxdn mutation and normal tissues were identified using the t-test in the limma package, followed by functional enrichment analysis. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed based on the STRING database, and the transcriptional regulatory (TR) network was established using the GeneCodis database. Subsequently, the overlapping DEGs with high degrees in two networks were identified, as well as the sub-network extracted from the TR network. In total, 121 (75 upregulated and 46 downregulated) DEGs were identified, and these DEGs play important roles in biological processes (BPs), including neuron development and differentiation. A PPI network containing 25 nodes such as actin, alpha 1, skeletal muscle (Acta1) and troponin C type 2 (fast) (Tnnc2), and a TR network including 120 nodes were built. By comparing the two networks, seven crucial genes which overlapped were identified, including cyclin‑dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (Cdkn1b), Acta1 and troponin T type 3 (Tnnt3). In the sub-network, Cdkn1b was predicted as the target of miRNAs such as mmu-miR-24 and transcription factors (TFs) including forkhead box O4 (FOXO4) and activating enhancer binding protein 4 (AP4). Thus, we suggest that seven crucial genes, including Cdkn1b, Acta1 and Tnnt3, play important roles in the progression of eye disorders such as glaucoma. We suggest that Cdkn1b exert its effects via the inhibition of proliferation and is mediated by mmu-miR-24 and targeted by the TFs FOXO4 and AP4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- YANG YANG
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - YIQIAO XING
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - CHAOQUN LIANG
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - LIYA HU
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - FEI XU
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - QI MEI
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Mao M, Smith RS, Alavi MV, Marchant JK, Cosma M, Libby RT, John SWM, Gould DB. Strain-Dependent Anterior Segment Dysgenesis and Progression to Glaucoma in Col4a1 Mutant Mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 56:6823-31. [PMID: 26567795 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mutations in the gene encoding collagen type IV alpha 1 (COL4A1) cause multisystem disorders including anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) and optic nerve hypoplasia. The penetrance and severity of individual phenotypes depends on genetic context. Here, we tested the effects of a Col4a1 mutation in two different genetic backgrounds to compare how genetic context influences ocular dysgenesis, IOP, and progression to glaucoma. METHODS Col4a1 mutant mice maintained on a C57BL/6J background were crossed to either 129S6/SvEvTac or CAST/EiJ and the F1 progeny were analyzed by slit-lamp biomicroscopy and optical coherence tomography. We also measured IOPs and compared tissue sections of eyes and optic nerves. RESULTS We found that the CAST/EiJ inbred strain has a relatively uniform and profound suppression on the effects of Col4a1 mutation and that mutant CASTB6F1 mice were generally only very mildly affected. In contrast, mutant 129B6F1 mice had more variable and severe ASD and IOP dysregulation that were associated with glaucomatous signs including lost or damaged retinal ganglion cell axons and excavation of the optic nerve head. CONCLUSIONS Ocular defects in Col4a1 mutant mice model ASD and glaucoma that are observed in a subset of patients with COL4A1 mutations. We demonstrate that different inbred strains of mice give graded severities of ASD and we detected elevated IOP and glaucomatous damage in 129B6F1, but not CASTB6F1 mice that carried a Col4a1 mutation. These data demonstrate that genetic context differences are one factor that may contribute to the variable penetrance and severity of ASD and glaucoma in patients with COL4A1 mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mao Mao
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy Institute for Human Genetics, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States
| | | | - Marcel V Alavi
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy Institute for Human Genetics, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Jeffrey K Marchant
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States 3Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Mihai Cosma
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States
| | - Richard T Libby
- Flaum Eye Institute, Department of Biomedical Genetics, The Center for Visual Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Simon W M John
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States 3Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 5The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bar Harbor, Main
| | - Douglas B Gould
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy Institute for Human Genetics, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Dash S, Dang CA, Beebe DC, Lachke SA. Deficiency of the RNA binding protein caprin2 causes lens defects and features of Peters anomaly. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:1313-27. [PMID: 26177727 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It was recently demonstrated that deficiency of a conserved RNA binding protein (RBP) and RNA granule (RG) component Tdrd7 causes ocular defects including cataracts in human, mouse and chicken, indicating the importance of posttranscriptional regulation in eye development. Here we investigated the function of a second conserved RBP/RG component Caprin2 that is identified by the eye gene discovery tool iSyTE. RESULTS In situ hybridization, Western blotting and immunostaining confirmed highly enriched expression of Caprin2 mRNA and protein in mouse embryonic and postnatal lens. To gain insight into its function, lens-specific Caprin2 conditional knockout (cKO) mouse mutants were generated using a lens-Cre deleter line Pax6GFPCre. Phenotypic analysis of Caprin2(cKO/cKO) mutants revealed distinct eye defects at variable penetrance. Wheat germ agglutinin staining and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that Caprin2(cKO/cKO) mutants have an abnormally compact lens nucleus, which is the core of the lens comprised of centrally located terminally differentiated fiber cells. Additionally, Caprin2(cKO/cKO) mutants also exhibited at 8% penetrance a developmental defect that resembles a human condition called Peters anomaly, wherein the lens and the cornea remain attached by a persistent stalk. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that a conserved RBP Caprin2 functions in distinct morphological events in mammalian eye development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soma Dash
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Christine A Dang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - David C Beebe
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Salil A Lachke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware.,Center for Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Using genetic mouse models to gain insight into glaucoma: Past results and future possibilities. Exp Eye Res 2015; 141:42-56. [PMID: 26116903 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
While all forms of glaucoma are characterized by a specific pattern of retinal ganglion cell death, they are clinically divided into several distinct subclasses, including normal tension glaucoma, primary open angle glaucoma, congenital glaucoma, and secondary glaucoma. For each type of glaucoma there are likely numerous molecular pathways that control susceptibility to the disease. Given this complexity, a single animal model will never precisely model all aspects of all the different types of human glaucoma. Therefore, multiple animal models have been utilized to study glaucoma but more are needed. Because of the powerful genetic tools available to use in the laboratory mouse, it has proven to be a highly useful mammalian system for studying the pathophysiology of human disease. The similarity between human and mouse eyes coupled with the ability to use a combination of advanced cell biological and genetic tools in mice have led to a large increase in the number of studies using mice to model specific glaucoma phenotypes. Over the last decade, numerous new mouse models and genetic tools have emerged, providing important insight into the cell biology and genetics of glaucoma. In this review, we describe available mouse genetic models that can be used to study glaucoma-relevant disease/pathobiology. Furthermore, we discuss how these models have been used to gain insights into ocular hypertension (a major risk factor for glaucoma) and glaucomatous retinal ganglion cell death. Finally, the potential for developing new mouse models and using advanced genetic tools and resources for studying glaucoma are discussed.
Collapse
|
50
|
Reis LM, Semina EV. Conserved genetic pathways associated with microphthalmia, anophthalmia, and coloboma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 105:96-113. [PMID: 26046913 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The human eye is a complex organ whose development requires extraordinary coordination of developmental processes. The conservation of ocular developmental steps in vertebrates suggests possible common genetic mechanisms. Genetic diseases involving the eye represent a leading cause of blindness in children and adults. During the last decades, there has been an exponential increase in genetic studies of ocular disorders. In this review, we summarize current success in identification of genes responsible for microphthalmia, anophthalmia, and coloboma (MAC) phenotypes, which are associated with early defects in embryonic eye development. Studies in animal models for the orthologous genes identified overlapping phenotypes for most factors, confirming the conservation of their function in vertebrate development. These animal models allow for further investigation of the mechanisms of MAC, integration of various identified genes into common developmental pathways and finally, provide an avenue for the development and testing of therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Elena V Semina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Cell Biology Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| |
Collapse
|