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Silventoinen K, Jelenkovic A, Latvala A, Sund R, Yokoyama Y, Ullemar V, Almqvist C, Derom CA, Vlietinck RF, Loos RJF, Kandler C, Honda C, Inui F, Iwatani Y, Watanabe M, Rebato E, Stazi MA, Fagnani C, Brescianini S, Hur YM, Jeong HU, Cutler TL, Hopper JL, Busjahn A, Saudino KJ, Ji F, Ning F, Pang Z, Rose RJ, Koskenvuo M, Heikkilä K, Cozen W, Hwang AE, Mack TM, Siribaddana SH, Hotopf M, Sumathipala A, Rijsdijk F, Sung J, Kim J, Lee J, Lee S, Nelson TL, Whitfield KE, Tan Q, Zhang D, Llewellyn CH, Fisher A, Burt SA, Klump KL, Knafo-Noam A, Mankuta D, Abramson L, Medland SE, Martin NG, Montgomery GW, Magnusson PKE, Pedersen NL, Dahl Aslan AK, Corley RP, Huibregtse BM, Öncel SY, Aliev F, Krueger RF, McGue M, Pahlen S, Willemsen G, Bartels M, van Beijsterveldt CEM, Silberg JL, Eaves LJ, Maes HH, Harris JR, Brandt I, Nilsen TS, Rasmussen F, Tynelius P, Baker LA, Tuvblad C, Ordoñana JR, Sánchez-Romera JF, Colodro-Conde L, Gatz M, Butler DA, Lichtenstein P, Goldberg JH, Harden KP, Tucker-Drob EM, Duncan GE, Buchwald D, Tarnoki AD, Tarnoki DL, Franz CE, Kremen WS, Lyons MJ, Maia JA, Freitas DL, Turkheimer E, Sørensen TIA, Boomsma DI, Kaprio J. Education in Twins and Their Parents Across Birth Cohorts Over 100 years: An Individual-Level Pooled Analysis of 42-Twin Cohorts. Twin Res Hum Genet 2017; 20:395-405. [PMID: 28975875 PMCID: PMC5969906 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2017.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Whether monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins differ from each other in a variety of phenotypes is important for genetic twin modeling and for inferences made from twin studies in general. We analyzed whether there were differences in individual, maternal and paternal education between MZ and DZ twins in a large pooled dataset. Information was gathered on individual education for 218,362 adult twins from 27 twin cohorts (53% females; 39% MZ twins), and on maternal and paternal education for 147,315 and 143,056 twins respectively, from 28 twin cohorts (52% females; 38% MZ twins). Together, we had information on individual or parental education from 42 twin cohorts representing 19 countries. The original education classifications were transformed to education years and analyzed using linear regression models. Overall, MZ males had 0.26 (95% CI [0.21, 0.31]) years and MZ females 0.17 (95% CI [0.12, 0.21]) years longer education than DZ twins. The zygosity difference became smaller in more recent birth cohorts for both males and females. Parental education was somewhat longer for fathers of DZ twins in cohorts born in 1990-1999 (0.16 years, 95% CI [0.08, 0.25]) and 2000 or later (0.11 years, 95% CI [0.00, 0.22]), compared with fathers of MZ twins. The results show that the years of both individual and parental education are largely similar in MZ and DZ twins. We suggest that the socio-economic differences between MZ and DZ twins are so small that inferences based upon genetic modeling of twin data are not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karri Silventoinen
- Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Aline Jelenkovic
- Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Antti Latvala
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reijo Sund
- Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yoshie Yokoyama
- Department of Public Health Nursing, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Vilhelmina Ullemar
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catarina Almqvist
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology Unit at Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catherine A. Derom
- Centre of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ghent University Hospitals, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Ruth J. F. Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christian Kandler
- Department of Psychology, MSB Medical School Berlin, School of Health and Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chika Honda
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fujio Inui
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Faculty of Health Science, Kio University, Nara, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Iwatani
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mikio Watanabe
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Esther Rebato
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Maria A. Stazi
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità – Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Corrado Fagnani
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità – Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Brescianini
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità – Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Yoon-Mi Hur
- Department of Education, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, South Korea
| | - Hoe-Uk Jeong
- Department of Education, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, South Korea
| | - Tessa L. Cutler
- The Australian Twin Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John L. Hopper
- The Australian Twin Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Kimberly J. Saudino
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciencies, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fuling Ji
- Department of Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention, Qingdao Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China
| | - Feng Ning
- Department of Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention, Qingdao Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China
| | - Zengchang Pang
- Department of Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention, Qingdao Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China
| | - Richard J. Rose
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Markku Koskenvuo
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kauko Heikkilä
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wendy Cozen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amie E. Hwang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas M. Mack
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sisira H. Siribaddana
- Institute of Research & Development, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka
- Faculty of Medicine & Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Matthew Hotopf
- NIHR Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, and Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Athula Sumathipala
- Institute of Research & Development, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka
- Research Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences, School for Primary Care Research (SPCR), Faculty of Health, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Fruhling Rijsdijk
- MRC Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Joohon Sung
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jina Kim
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jooyeon Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sooji Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tracy L. Nelson
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences and Colorado School of Public Health, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Qihua Tan
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Dongfeng Zhang
- Department of Public Health, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Clare H. Llewellyn
- Health Behaviour Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, UK
| | - Abigail Fisher
- Health Behaviour Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - David Mankuta
- Hadassah Hospital Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lior Abramson
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sarah E. Medland
- Genetic Epidemiology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Grant W. Montgomery
- Molecular Epidemiology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Patrik K. E. Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nancy L. Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna K. Dahl Aslan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Gerontology and Aging Research Network — Jönköping (ARN-J), School of Health and Welfare Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Robin P. Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Sevgi Y. Öncel
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Fazil Aliev
- Psychology and African American Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Faculty of Business, Karabuk University, Turkey
| | - Robert F. Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Shandell Pahlen
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Judy L. Silberg
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Lindon J. Eaves
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Hermine H. Maes
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Psychiatry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Per Tynelius
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura A. Baker
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Catherine Tuvblad
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- School of Law, Psychology and Social Work/Criminology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Juan R. Ordoñana
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan F. Sánchez-Romera
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Lucia Colodro-Conde
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Margaret Gatz
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David A. Butler
- Health and Medicine Division, The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jack H. Goldberg
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - K. Paige Harden
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - Glen E. Duncan
- Washington State Twin Registry, Washington State University – Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Dedra Buchwald
- Washington State Twin Registry, Washington State University – Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Adam D. Tarnoki
- Department of Radiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Hungarian Twin Registry, Budapest, Hungary
| | - David L. Tarnoki
- Department of Radiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Hungarian Twin Registry, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Carol E. Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - William S. Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - José A. Maia
- CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Duarte L. Freitas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Eric Turkheimer
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Thorkild I. A. Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research (Section on Metabolic Genetics), and Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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