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Zhang X, Wang Y, Li Y, Gui J, Mei Y, Yang X, Liu H, Guo LL, Li J, Lei Y, Li X, Sun L, Yang L, Yuan T, Wang C, Zhang D, Li J, Liu M, Hua Y, Zhang L. Four-years change of BMI and waist circumference are associated with metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and elderly Chinese. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10220. [PMID: 38702424 PMCID: PMC11068757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60172-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to determine whether changes in body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) in middle-aged and elderly Chinese are associated with metabolic syndrome. In this cohort investigation, 3697 middle-aged and elderly people aged 45 or over were recruited from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). The National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (2005) defined metabolic syndrome (MetS). With Cox regression analysis, we calculated hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for MetS based on BMI-WC change categories. To assess the prevalence of MetS, the changes in BMI and WC levels were classified into four quartiles based on their relative and absolute changes. In subjects whose BMI and WC decreased (HR = 0.338; 95% CIs 0.264, 0.433) as well as those whose BMI increased and their WC decreased (HR = 0.375; 95% CIs 0.228, 0.499), metabolic syndrome risk was significantly lower compared with those with increases in both BMI and WC. Regarding the absolute changes in BMI, the lowest percentile of BMI was significantly lower in both males (HR = 0.302; 95% CIs 0.204, 0.448) and females (HR = 0.486; 95% CIs 0.354, 0.667) for the risk of metabolic syndrome. Similar results were observed in the absolute changes in WC, with the lowest quantile of WC having a significant impact on MetS risk in males (HR = 0.170; 95% CIs 0.107, 0.270) and females (HR = 0.303; 95% CIs 0.217, 0.424). The risk of metabolic syndrome was significantly associated with changes in BMI and WC in middle-aged and elderly Chinese. A reduced BMI and WC are associated with lower metabolic syndrome risks in middle-aged and elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Zhang
- Department of Graduate School, Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchang West Road, Higher Education Park, Wuhu City, An Hui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Graduate School, Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchang West Road, Higher Education Park, Wuhu City, An Hui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Li
- Department of Graduate School, Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchang West Road, Higher Education Park, Wuhu City, An Hui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaofeng Gui
- Department of Graduate School, Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchang West Road, Higher Education Park, Wuhu City, An Hui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujin Mei
- Department of Graduate School, Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchang West Road, Higher Education Park, Wuhu City, An Hui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Graduate School, Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchang West Road, Higher Education Park, Wuhu City, An Hui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Liu
- Student Health Center, Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchang West Road, Higher Education Park, Wuhu City, An Hui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei-Lei Guo
- Department of Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, No.40, Section 3, Songpo Road, Linghe District, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlong Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety for Coal Industry in Hebei Province, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxiao Lei
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchang West Road, Higher Education Park, Wuhu City, An Hui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchang West Road, Higher Education Park, Wuhu City, An Hui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Sun
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchang West Road, Higher Education Park, Wuhu City, An Hui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchang West Road, Higher Education Park, Wuhu City, An Hui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Yuan
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchang West Road, Higher Education Park, Wuhu City, An Hui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Congzhi Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchang West Road, Higher Education Park, Wuhu City, An Hui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchang West Road, Higher Education Park, Wuhu City, An Hui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchang West Road, Higher Education Park, Wuhu City, An Hui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingming Liu
- Department of Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchang West Road, Higher Education Park, Wuhu City, An Hui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Hua
- Rehabilitation Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchang West Road, Higher Education Park, Wuhu City, An Hui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine Nursing, School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchang West Road, Higher Education Park, Wuhu City, An Hui Province, People's Republic of China.
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Nizamani S, McFarlane RA, Knight-Agarwal CR, Somerset S. Couples-based behaviour change interventions to reduce metabolic syndrome risk. A systematic review. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2022; 16:102662. [PMID: 36402071 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), is a major risk factor for non-communicable diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Although MetS risk is transferred via the epigenome from both biological parents, periconceptional lifestyle interventions are generally directed towards mothers. There is a need for interventions to reflect the shared nature of epigenetic MetS risk between both biological parents. Couples-based lifestyle interventions have previously been used to improve adherence to behaviour change in conditions with shared risk responsibility such as sexually transmitted diseases. This systematic literature review sought to answer the research question: Are couples-based interventions more effective than individual interventions to address overweight and obesity as the primary modifiable risk for MetS in addition to other associated factors. METHODS Couples-based studies involving randomised controlled trials, published between 01/01/1990-31/12/2021, were identified in Medline, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection, Cochrane, and Scopus. RESULTS After screening 4742 articles, only five eligible trials remained. Statistically significant post-intervention maintenance of low glycaemic levels was observed in one study. Otherwise, no statistically significant group differences between couples' groups and control groups were observed in any of the five included studies. CONCLUSIONS The included studies concluded that couple-based interventions can lead to weight reduction, maintenance, and adherence to modified health behaviours similar to interventions that target individuals. Overall, the findings indicate that, notwithstanding the paucity of authentic couples-based interventions, there is potential for such approaches to moderate MetS risk factors likely to flow onto epigenetic transmission of risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundus Nizamani
- Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Australia.
| | - R A McFarlane
- Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Shawn Somerset
- Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Australia; Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Australia
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Dai Y, Li Y, Yang S, Xu W, Jia H, Yang C. Association between weight change and risk of metabolic abnormalities in non-overweight/obese and overweight/obese population: A retrospective cohort study among Chinese adults. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1029941. [PMID: 36605936 PMCID: PMC9808089 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1029941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the effects of weight change on the risk of metabolic abnormalities in the Chinese population. METHODS A total of 1895 metabolically healthy adults aged 21-78 years completed anthropometric and biological measurements at baseline (2012) and at an eight year follow-up (2020). Based on absolute weight change and relative weight change, the participants were split into five classes. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the risk of metabolic abnormalities using stable weight as the reference group. Stratified analysis was used to explore this relationship in participants with different baseline body mass index (BMI) levels. RESULTS During the follow-up period, 35.41% of the participants retained a stable weight, and 10.71% had metabolic abnormalities. After covariate adjustment, for every kilogram gained over eight years, the risk of developing metabolic abnormalities increased by 22% (RR: 1.094; 95% CI: 1.063-1.127). Compared with stable weight participants, weight gain of 2-4 Kg and weight gain ≥ 4 Kg exhibited significantly higher risks of metabolic abnormalities, with RR of 1.700 (95% CI 1.150-2.513) and 1.981 (95% CI 1.372-2.859), respectively. A weight gain of ≥ 4 Kg had an opposite effect on the overweight/obesity and non-overweight/obesity groups, with an increased risk of metabolic abnormalities only in the non-overweight/obesity group (RR, 2.291; 95% CI, 1.331-3.942). Moreover, weight loss ≥ 4 Kg significantly reduced the risk of metabolic abnormalities only among overweight/obese adults (RR 0.373; 95% CI 0.154-0.906). Similar results were observed in relative body weight change analyses. CONCLUSIONS Long-term excessive body weight gain is positively associated with an increased risk of metabolic abnormalities among adults with non-overweight/obesity, whereas long-term body weight loss is a protective factor for metabolic health among adults with overweight/obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Dai
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yujuan Li
- Health Management Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Shu Yang
- School of Intelligent Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weiwei Xu
- Health Management Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hong Jia
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Chao Yang, ; Hong Jia,
| | - Chao Yang
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Chao Yang, ; Hong Jia,
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Hajhashemy Z, Shahdadian F, Moslemi E, Mirenayat FS, Saneei P. Serum vitamin D levels in relation to metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13223. [PMID: 33829636 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several epidemiological studies examined the association of serum vitamin D with metabolic syndrome (MetS), but the findings were inconsistent. We conducted a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis to quantify the association between blood vitamin D levels and MetS in adults. A systematic search up to December 2020 was conducted in MEDLINE (PubMed), ISI (Web of Science), Scopus, and Google Scholar databases for epidemiological studies that assessed the relation of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (as the exposure) and MetS (as the outcome) in adults. Eligible cross-sectional studies were restricted to those with representative populations. Finally, 43 studies were included in the analysis (38 cross-sectional, one nested case-control, and four cohorts studies). Combining 41 effect sizes from 38 cross-sectional studies included 298,187 general adult population revealed that the highest level of serum vitamin D, compared with the lowest level, was significantly related to a 43% decreased odds of MetS in developed countries (odds ratio [OR]: 0.57; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.49-0.65) and 40% in developing countries (OR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.52-0.70). Linear dose-response analysis (including 222,175 healthy individuals and 39,308 MetS patients) revealed that each 25 nmol/L increase in serum vitamin D level was significantly associated with a 15% decreased odds of MetS (OR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.80-0.91); however, we found no significant nonlinear association. Meta-analysis of five prospective studies with 11,019 participants revealed no significant relation (relative risk [RR]: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.37-1.32). This meta-analysis indicated an inverse association between serum vitamin D concentrations and risk of MetS in general adult populations in cross-sectional studies in a dose-response manner. However, no significant association was found in a small number of cohorts. More prospective studies are needed to confirm the causality of this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Hajhashemy
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farnaz Shahdadian
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Elham Moslemi
- Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fateme Sadat Mirenayat
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Parvane Saneei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Honda T, Ishida Y, Oda M, Noguchi K, Chen S, Sakata S, Oishi E, Furuta Y, Yoshida D, Hirakawa Y, Hata J, Kitazono T, Ninomiya T. Changes in Body Weight and Concurrent Changes in Cardiovascular Risk Profiles in Community Residents in Japan: the Hisayama Study. J Atheroscler Thromb 2021; 29:252-267. [PMID: 33455974 PMCID: PMC8803559 DOI: 10.5551/jat.59394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim:
We investigated the influence of weight change on concurrent changes in predicted cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and individual CVD risk factors over time.
Methods:
A total of 2,140 community-dwellers aged 40–74 years participated in both 2002 and 2007 health examinations. Obesity was defined as body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m
2
. Weight trajectories were classified as: “stable obese” (obese at both examinations), “obese to nonobese” (obese in 2002 but nonobese in 2007), “nonobese to obese” (nonobese in 2002 but obese in 2007), or “stable nonobese” (nonobese at both examinations). We compared changes in the model-predicted risk for CVD and individual CVD risk factors across weight-change categories.
Results:
The predicted risk for CVD increased during 5 years in all groups; the increment in the predicted risk for CVD was smallest in the obese to nonobese participants and steepest in the nonobese to obese subjects. Compared with the stable obese participants, the obese to nonobese participants had greater favorable changes in waist circumferences, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, serum triglycerides, and liver enzymes. For all these parameters, opposite trends were observed when comparing the nonobese to obese participants with the stable nonobese group.
Conclusions:
We demonstrated the favorable association of losing weight in obese people and avoiding excessive weight gain in nonobese people with global risk of future CVD and individual CVD risk factors in a real-world setting. The findings could improve behavioral lifestyle interventions that provide information on the health consequences of weight change at health checkups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Honda
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Yuki Ishida
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Masaaki Oda
- Clinical Science Division, R&D Janssen Pharmaceutical K. K
| | | | - Sanmei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Satoko Sakata
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University.,Center for Cohort Studies, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University.,Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Emi Oishi
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University.,Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Yoshihiko Furuta
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University.,Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University.,Department of Medical-Engineering Collaboration for Healthy Longevity, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Daigo Yoshida
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Yoichiro Hirakawa
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University.,Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Jun Hata
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University.,Center for Cohort Studies, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University.,Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Takanari Kitazono
- Center for Cohort Studies, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University.,Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Toshiharu Ninomiya
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University.,Center for Cohort Studies, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
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Patterns of Weight Change One Year after Delivery Are Associated with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors at Six Years Postpartum in Mexican Women. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12010170. [PMID: 31936138 PMCID: PMC7019329 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is a contributor to the obesity epidemic in women, probably through postpartum weight retention (PPWR), weight gain (PPWG), or a combination of both (PPWR + WG). The contribution of these patterns of postpartum weight change to long-term maternal health remains understudied. In a secondary analysis of 361 women from the prospective cohort PROGRESS, we evaluated the associations between patterns of weight change one year after delivery and cardiometabolic risk factors at six years postpartum. Using principal component analysis, we grouped cardiometabolic risk factors into: (1) body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), triglycerides (TG), and glucose; (2) systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP); and (3) low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol. Using path analysis, we studied direct (patterns of weight change-outcomes) and indirect associations through BMI at six years postpartum. Around 60% of women returned to their pregestational weight (reference) by one year postpartum, 6.6% experienced PPWR, 13.9% PPWG, and 19.9% PPWR + WG. Women with PPWR + WG, vs. the reference, had higher BMI and WC at six years (2.30 kg/m2, 95% CI [1.67, 2.93]; 3.38 cm [1.14, 5.62]). This was also observed in women with PPWR (1.80 kg/m2 [0.80, 2.79]; 3.15 cm [−0.35, 6.65]) and PPWG (1.22 kg/m2 [0.53, 1.92]; 3.32 cm [0.85, 5.78]). PPWR + WG had a direct association with HOMA-IR (0.21 units [0.04, 0.39]). The three patterns of weight change, vs. the reference, had significant indirect associations with HOMA-IR, glucose, TG, HDL-c, SBP, and DBP through BMI at six years. In conclusion, women with PPWR + WG are at high-risk for obesity and insulin resistance. Interventions targeting women during pregnancy and the first year postpartum may have implications for their long-term risk of obesity and cardiovascular disease.
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Liu X, Zhang J, Wu J, Xu X, Tao L, Sun Y, Chen S, Han Y, Luo Y, Yang X, Guo X. The Impact of BMI Categories on Metabolic Abnormality Development in Chinese Adults Who are Metabolically Healthy: A 7-Year Prospective Study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:819-834. [PMID: 32256097 PMCID: PMC7090202 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s237550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine what metabolic abnormalities develop frequently among metabolically healthy adults over time according to different baseline body mass index (BMI) categories. PATIENTS AND METHODS A prospective cohort study was performed on 10,805 adults, who were metabolically healthy at the time of the 2008 survey. Participants were divided into four groups: metabolically healthy obese (MHO), metabolically healthy overweight (MHOW), metabolically healthy normal-weight (MHN), and metabolically healthy underweight (MHU). Modified Poisson regression models were used to evaluate the relationship of BMI with the development of metabolic abnormalities. Association rule mining was used to identify the most frequent abnormalities that developed over time. RESULTS Compared with the MHN group, the adjusted relative risks of the MHO group were 1.57 (95% CI: 1.09-2.27) and 2.08 (95% CI: 1.59-2.73) for developing elevated fasting glucose and elevated blood pressure, respectively, after adjusting for lifestyle behaviours and dietary factors. At the end of follow-up, 33 (19.1%) MHO subjects and 342 (16.6%) MHOW subjects had elevated blood pressure as the predominant metabolic syndrome component, whereas 236 (9.0%) MHU subjects had elevated plasma glucose. The results were similar after stratification by sex. CONCLUSION MHO and MHOW subjects developed elevated blood pressure most frequently, and MHU subjects developed elevated blood glucose most commonly, regardless of sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangtong Liu
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingbo Zhang
- Beijing Physical Examination Center, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingwei Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Temple University, PA, USA
| | - Xiaolin Xu
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lixin Tao
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Beijing Physical Examination Center, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yumei Han
- Beijing Physical Examination Center, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanxia Luo
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinghua Yang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuhua Guo
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xiuhua Guo School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, You Anmen, Fengtai District, Beijing100069, People’s Republic of China Tel/Fax +86 010 8391 1508 Email
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Early weight gain predicts later metabolic syndrome in depressed patients treated with antidepressants: Findings from the METADAP cohort. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 107:120-127. [PMID: 30390577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a major public health issue. We assessed whether early weight gain predicts later MetS in depressed patients treated with antidepressants. METHODS In the 6-month prospective METADAP cohort, 260 non-overweight patients with a Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and a current Major Depressive Episode (MDE) were assessed for early weight gain (>5%) after one month of treatment, and for the later incidence of MetS after three and six months of treatment. Outcome variables were MetS, the number of MetS criteria, and each MetS criterion (high Waist Circumference (WC), high Blood Pressure (BP), high triglyceridemia (TG), low HDL-Cholesterolemia, and high Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG). Multivariate models were adjusted for age, sex, previous MDD duration, severity of current MDE, and antidepressants. RESULTS 24.6% of patients had early weight gain. Compared to those without weight gain, patients with early weight gain had higher MetS incidence: 16.7% vs. 6.9% after 3 months (p = 0.07), and 23.8% vs. 7.1% after 6 months (p = 0.02). Among completers (n = 120), early weight gain was significantly associated with later MetS incidence (OR: 5.5) and a higher number of MetS criteria (IRR: 1.7). This effect was driven by the WC, TG, and HDL-C criteria. CONCLUSION Compared to Non-early weight gainers, patients with early weight gain in the first month of antidepressant treatment have a significant higher risk of developing MetS during the 6 months of treatment. Early weight monitoring is recommended in order to set preventive measures to avoid new metabolic syndromes in depressed patients treated with antidepressants.
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Song YM, Sung J, Lee K. Associations Between Adiposity and Metabolic Syndrome Over Time: The Healthy Twin Study. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2017; 15:124-129. [PMID: 28135128 DOI: 10.1089/met.2016.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the association between changes in adiposity traits including anthropometric and fat mass indicators and changes in metabolic syndrome traits including metabolic syndrome clustering and individual components over time. We also assessed the shared genetic and environmental correlations between the two traits. METHODS Participants were 284 South Korean twin individuals and 279 nontwin family members had complete data for changes in adiposity traits and metabolic syndrome traits of the Healthy Twin study. Mixed linear model and bivariate variance-component analysis were applied. RESULTS Over a period of 3.1 ± 0.6 years of study, changes in adiposity traits [body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, total fat mass, and fat mass to lean mass ratio] had significant associations with changes in metabolic syndrome clustering [high blood pressure, high serum glucose, high triglycerides (TG), and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol] after adjusting for intra-familial and sibling correlations, age, sex, baseline metabolic syndrome clustering, and socioeconomic factors and health behaviors at follow-up. Change in BMI associated significantly with changes in individual metabolic syndrome components compared to other adiposity traits. Change in metabolic syndrome component TG was a better predictor of changes in adiposity traits compared to changes in other metabolic components. These associations were explained by significant environmental correlations but not by genetic correlations. CONCLUSIONS Changes in anthropometric and fat mass indicators were positively associated with changes in metabolic syndrome clustering and those associations appeared to be regulated by environmental influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Mi Song
- 1 Department of Family Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University , School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joohon Sung
- 2 Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Seoul National University , Seoul, South Korea .,3 Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University , Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kayoung Lee
- 4 Department of Family Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University , College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
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Tsay YC, Chen CH, Pan WH. Ages at Onset of 5 Cardiometabolic Diseases Adjusting for Nonsusceptibility: Implications for the Pathogenesis of Metabolic Syndrome. Am J Epidemiol 2016; 184:366-77. [PMID: 27543092 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwv449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To shed light on the etiology of metabolic syndrome development, it is important to understand whether its 5 component disorders follow certain onset sequences. To explore disease progression of the syndrome, we studied the ages at onset of 5 cardiometabolic diseases: abdominal obesity, diabetes, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypo-α-lipoproteinemia. In analyzing longitudinal data from the Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Two-Township Study (1989-2002) in Taiwan, we adjusted for nonsusceptibility, utilizing the logistic-accelerated failure time location-scale mixture regression models for left-truncated and interval-censored data to simultaneously estimate the associations of township and sex with the susceptibility probability and the age-at-onset distribution of susceptible individuals for each disease. We then validated the onset sequences of 5 cardiometabolic diseases by comparing the overall probability density curves across township-sex strata. Visualization of these curves indicates that women tended to have onsets of abdominal obesity and hypo-α-lipoproteinemia in young adulthood, hypertension and hypertriglyceridemia in middle age, and diabetes later; men tended to have onsets of abdominal obesity, hypo-α-lipoproteinemia, and hypertriglyceridemia in young adulthood, hypertension in middle age, and diabetes later. Different onset patterns of abdominal obesity, hypo-α-lipoproteinemia, and male hypertension were identified between townships. Our proposed method provides a novel strategy for investigating both pathogenesis and preventive measures of complex syndromes.
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Blüher S, Schwarz P. Metabolically healthy obesity from childhood to adulthood - Does weight status alone matter? Metabolism 2014; 63:1084-92. [PMID: 25038727 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Up to 30% of obese people do not display the "typical" metabolic obesity-associated complications. For this group of patients, the term "metabolically healthy obese (MHO)" has been established during the past years and has been the focus of research activities. The development and severity of insulin resistance as well as (subclinical) inflammations seems to play a key role in distinguishing metabolically healthy from metabolically non-healthy individuals. However, an internationally consistent and accepted classification that might also include inflammatory markers as well as features of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is missing to date, and available data - in terms of prevalence, definition and severity - are heterogeneous, both during childhood/adolescence and during adulthood. In addition, the impact of MHO on future morbidity and mortality compared to obese, metabolically non-healthy as well as normal weight, metabolically healthy individuals is absolutely not clear to date and even conflicting. This review summarizes salient literature related to that topic and provides insight into our current understanding of MHO, covering all age spans from childhood to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Blüher
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Peter Schwarz
- Technical University Dresden, Department of Prevention and Care of Diabetes, Germany; Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Germany
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Rutter MK, Sullivan LM, Fox CS, Wilson PW, Nathan DM, Vasan RS, D'Agostino RB, Meigs JB. Baseline levels, and changes over time in body mass index and fasting insulin, and their relationship to change in metabolic trait clustering. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2014; 12:372-80. [PMID: 25007010 PMCID: PMC4209491 DOI: 10.1089/met.2013.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple abnormal metabolic traits are found together or "cluster" within individuals more often than is predicted by chance. The individual and combined role of adiposity and insulin resistance (IR) on metabolic trait clustering is uncertain. We tested the hypothesis that change in trait clustering is a function of both baseline level and change in these measures. METHODS In 2616 nondiabetic Framingham Offspring Study participants, body mass index (BMI) and fasting insulin were related to a within-person 7-year change in a trait score of 0-4 Adult Treatment Panel III metabolic syndrome traits (hypertension, high triglycerides, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hyperglycemia). RESULTS At baseline assessment, mean trait score was 1.4 traits, and 7-year mean (SEM) change in trait score was +0.25 (0.02) traits, P<0.0001. In models with BMI predictors only, for every quintile difference in baseline BMI, the 7-year trait score increase was 0.14 traits, and for every quintile increase in BMI during 7-year follow-up, the trait score increased by 0.3 traits. Baseline level and change in fasting insulin were similarly related to trait score change. In models adjusted for age-sex-baseline cluster score, 7-year change in trait score was significantly related to both a 1-quintile difference in baseline BMI (0.07 traits) and fasting insulin (0.18 traits), and to both a 1-quintile 7-year increase in BMI (0.21 traits) and fasting insulin (0.18 traits). CONCLUSIONS Change in metabolic trait clustering was significantly associated with baseline levels and changes in both BMI and fasting insulin, highlighting the importance of both obesity and IR in the clustering of metabolic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin K Rutter
- The Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Group, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, and Manchester Diabetes Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa M. Sullivan
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Caroline S. Fox
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Framingham (Mass) Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - David M. Nathan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- General Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ramachandran S. Vasan
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Framingham (Mass) Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ralph B. D'Agostino
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics/Consulting Unit, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James B. Meigs
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- General Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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13
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Fish consumption is inversely associated with the metabolic syndrome. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 68:474-80. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kaess BM, Jóźwiak J, Nelson CP, Lukas W, Mastej M, Windak A, Tomasik T, Grzeszczak W, Tykarski A, Gąsowski J, Ślęzak-Prochazka I, Ślęzak A, Charchar FJ, Sattar N, Thompson JR, Samani NJ, Tomaszewski M. The relation of rapid changes in obesity measures to lipid profile - insights from a nationwide metabolic health survey in 444 Polish cities. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86837. [PMID: 24497983 PMCID: PMC3908946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The impact of fast changes in obesity indices on other measures of metabolic health is poorly defined in the general population. Using the Polish accession to the European Union as a model of political and social transformation we examined how an expected rapid increase in body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference relates to changes in lipid profile, both at the population and personal level. Methods Through primary care centres in 444 Polish cities, two cross-sectional nationwide population-based surveys (LIPIDOGRAM 2004 and LIPIDOGRAM 2006) examined 15,404 and 15,453 adult individuals in 2004 and 2006, respectively. A separate prospective sample of 1,840 individuals recruited in 2004 had a follow-up in 2006 (LIPIDOGRAM PLUS). Results Two years after Polish accession to European Union, mean population BMI and waist circumference increased by 0.6% and 0.9%, respectively. This tracked with a 7.6% drop in HDL-cholesterol and a 2.1% increase in triglycerides (all p<0.001) nationwide. The direction and magnitude of the population changes were replicated at the personal level in LIPIDOGRAM PLUS (0.7%, 0.3%, 8.6% and 1.8%, respectively). However, increases in BMI and waist circumference were both only weakly associated with HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides changes prospectively. The relation of BMI to the magnitude of change in both lipid fractions was comparable to that of waist circumference. Conclusions Moderate changes in obesity measures tracked with a significant deterioration in measures of pro-atherogenic dyslipidaemia at both personal and population level. These associations were predominantly driven by factors not measureable directly through either BMI or waist circumference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard M. Kaess
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Deutsches Herzzentrum, Technische Universität, Munich, Germany
- Department for Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jacek Jóźwiak
- Department of Public Health, Częstochowa University of Technology, Częstochowa, Poland
- Silesian Analytical Laboratories, Katowice, Poland
| | - Christopher P. Nelson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- The NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Disease, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Witold Lukas
- Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
| | | | - Adam Windak
- Department of Family Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Tomasik
- Department of Family Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Władysław Grzeszczak
- Department of Internal Diseases, Diabetology and Nephrology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Andrzej Tykarski
- Department of Hypertension, Vascular Diseases, and Internal Diseases, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jerzy Gąsowski
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gerontology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Ślęzak
- Department of Public Health, Częstochowa University of Technology, Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Fadi J. Charchar
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- School of Health Sciences, University of Ballarat, Ballarat, Australia
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - John R. Thompson
- The NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Disease, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Nilesh J. Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- The NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Disease, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Maciej Tomaszewski
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- The NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Disease, Leicester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Predictive ability of metabolic syndrome for incident cardiovascular disease in non-diabetic subjects. Int J Cardiol 2014; 172:255. [PMID: 24439852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.12.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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la Bastide-van Gemert S, Stolk RP, van den Heuvel ER, Fidler V. Causal inference algorithms can be useful in life course epidemiology. J Clin Epidemiol 2013; 67:190-8. [PMID: 24275501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Life course epidemiology attempts to unravel causal relationships between variables observed over time. Causal relationships can be represented as directed acyclic graphs. This article explains the theoretical concepts of the search algorithms used for finding such representations, discusses various types of such algorithms, and exemplifies their use in the context of obesity and insulin resistance. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING We investigated possible causal relations between gender, birth weight, waist circumference, and blood glucose level of 4,081 adult participants of the Prevention of REnal and Vascular ENd-stage Disease study. The latter two variables were measured at three time points at intervals of about 3 years. RESULTS We present the resulting causal graphs, estimate parameters of the corresponding structural equation models, and discuss usefulness and limitations of this methodology. CONCLUSION As an exploratory method, causal graphs and the associated theory can help construct possible causal models underlying observational data. In this way, the causal search algorithms provide a valuable statistical tool for life course epidemiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha la Bastide-van Gemert
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ronald P Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin R van den Heuvel
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Václav Fidler
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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Matsushita Y, Nakagawa T, Yamamoto S, Takahashi Y, Yokoyama T, Mizoue T, Noda M. Effect of longitudinal changes in visceral fat area on incidence of metabolic risk factors: the Hitachi health study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:2126-9. [PMID: 23408393 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the incidences of metabolic risk factors according to changes in visceral fat area (VFA) in a large Japanese population. DESIGN AND METHODS The subjects were 973 men who received a computed tomography (CT) examination in health checkups twice (2004-2005 and 2007-2008), and not having two or more of metabolic risk factors (except for the waist circumference) in 2004-2005. VFA was measured using CT. To assess the potential influence of changes in VFA for the 3-year incidences of each metabolic risk factor and clustering metabolic risk factors, logistic regression analyses were used. RESULTS A significant association was observed between the change in VFA and the components of the metabolic risk factors. Incidences of the components of the metabolic risk factors were significantly higher among subjects with a larger increase in VFA and were significantly lower among subjects with a larger decrease in VFA (trend P < 0.001). Significant increases in the odds ratios for the incidences of high triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level were observed among subjects with ≥50 cm(2) VFA increase. CONCLUSIONS The adoption of a lifestyle that does not increase the VFA is important for preventing metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Matsushita
- Department of Clinical Research, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of weight gain on cardiovascular risk factors among younger (25 to 44 years) and older (45 to 64 years) Japanese male workers in terms of population attributable risk percentage (PAR%). METHODS Using the 2008 and 2009 health examination data, 49,587 eligible male workers aged 25 to 64 years were examined for their 1-year changes in body weight and cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS Mean weight change was significantly greater than zero in the younger group (+0.27 kg) but not in the older group (-0.08 kg). The PAR% due to weight gain for the development and maintenance of cardiovascular risk factors was estimated at 21.8% and 5.4%, respectively, in the younger and older groups. CONCLUSIONS The age-stratified PAR% estimates suggest that weight gain prevention programs will make greater contributions to cardiovascular health in younger than in older male workers.
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Perkins E, Murphy SK, Murtha AP, Schildkraut J, Jirtle RL, Demark-Wahnefried W, Forman MR, Kurtzberg J, Overcash F, Huang Z, Hoyo C. Insulin-like growth factor 2/H19 methylation at birth and risk of overweight and obesity in children. J Pediatr 2012; 161:31-9. [PMID: 22341586 PMCID: PMC3360130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether aberrant DNA methylation at differentially methylated regions (DMRs) regulating insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) expression in umbilical cord blood is associated with overweight or obesity in a multiethnic cohort. STUDY DESIGN Umbilical cord blood leukocytes of 204 infants born between 2005 and 2009 in Durham, North Carolina, were analyzed for DNA methylation at two IGF2 DMRs by using pyrosequencing. Anthropometric and feeding data were collected at age 1 year. Methylation differences were compared between children >85th percentile of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts weight-for-age (WFA) and children ≤ 85th percentile of WFA at 1 year by using generalized linear models, adjusting for post-natal caloric intake, maternal cigarette smoking, and race/ethnicity. RESULTS The methylation percentages at the H19 imprint center DMR was higher in infants with WFA >85th percentile (62.7%; 95% CI, 59.9%-65.5%) than in infants with WFA ≤ 85th percentile (59.3%; 95% CI, 58.2%-60.3%; P = .02). At the intragenic IGF2 DMR, methylation levels were comparable between infants with WFA ≤ 85th percentile and infants with WFA >85th percentile. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that IGF2 plasticity may be mechanistically important in early childhood overweight or obese status. If confirmed in larger studies, these findings suggest aberrant DNA methylation at sequences regulating imprinted genes may be useful identifiers of children at risk for the development of early obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Perkins
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Matsushita Y, Nakagawa T, Yamamoto S, Takahashi Y, Yokoyama T, Mizoue T, Noda M. Effect of longitudinal changes in visceral fat area and other anthropometric indices to the changes in metabolic risk factors in Japanese men: the Hitachi Health Study. Diabetes Care 2012; 35:1139-43. [PMID: 22432120 PMCID: PMC3329817 DOI: 10.2337/dc11-1320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of longitudinal changes in the visceral fat area (VFA), and other anthropometric indices, on the risk factors of metabolic syndrome were not studied. We calculated the changes in metabolic risk factors in relation to changes in certain anthropometric indices in a large-scale study of Japanese men. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The subjects were 1,106 men participating in the Hitachi Health Study who received a computed tomography examination in both 2004 and 2007. VFA, subcutaneous fat area (SFA), and waist circumference were measured using the computed tomography. We examined how longitudinal changes in each anthropometric index over a 3-year period influenced the value of each metabolic risk factor. RESULTS Changes (Δ) over a 3-year period in body weight, SFA, and waist circumference strongly correlated, while the changes in body weight and VFA were weakly correlated. Changes in the VFA were associated with changes in metabolic risk factors, especially changes in triglyceride and HDL; we found these changes to be independent of the body weight and waist circumference. CONCLUSIONS Change in body weight is not a precise surrogate marker of VFA, and repeated VFA measurements over time are useful. Adopting a lifestyle that does not increase the VFA is important in preventing metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Matsushita
- Department of Clinical Research Coordination, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Lee DC, Sui X, Church TS, Lavie CJ, Jackson AS, Blair SN. Changes in fitness and fatness on the development of cardiovascular disease risk factors hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 59:665-72. [PMID: 22322083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought examine the independent and combined associations of changes in fitness and fatness with the subsequent incidence of the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors of hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and hypercholesterolemia. BACKGROUND The relative and combined contributions of fitness and fatness to health are controversial, and few studies are available on the associations of changes in fitness and fatness with the development of CVD risk factors. METHODS We followed up 3,148 healthy adults who received at least 3 medical examinations. Fitness was determined by using a maximal treadmill test. Fatness was expressed by percent body fat and body mass index. Changes in fitness and fatness between the first and second examinations were categorized into loss, stable, or gain groups. RESULTS During the 6-year follow-up after the second examination, 752, 426, and 597 adults developed hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and hypercholesterolemia, respectively. Maintaining or improving fitness was associated with lower risk of developing each outcome, whereas increasing fatness was associated with higher risk of developing each outcome, after adjusting for possible confounders and fatness or fitness for each other (all p for trend <0.05). In the joint analyses, the increased risks associated with fat gain appeared to be attenuated, although not completely eliminated, when fitness was maintained or improved. In addition, the increased risks associated with fitness loss were also somewhat attenuated when fatness was reduced. CONCLUSIONS Both maintaining or improving fitness and preventing fat gain are important to reduce the risk of developing CVD risk factors in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duck-Chul Lee
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA.
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22
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Orthotopic Heart Transplantation in Patients With Metabolic Risk Factors. Ann Thorac Surg 2012; 93:718-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2011.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a combination of medical disorders that, in concert, increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes. It affects about one in four people in the Middle East, and prevalence increases with age. The aim of current review is to discuss the prevalence of MS and its component in different regions in the Middle East. The recorded high prevalence of the MS and its key cardiovascular risk factors (15-60%) among Middle East population mandates the need for a national and international prevention programs to combat obesity, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking and related comorbidities. Consideration of early prevention and control is of utmost importance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seham Ahmed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt
| | - Nader Nemr
- Department of Endemic and Infectious Disease, Suez Canal University, Egypt
| | - Iman El-Sherif
- Department of Internal Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt
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Abstract
AbstractIntroduction: Data on long-term patterns of weight change in relation to the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS) are scarce. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of weight change on the risk of MetS in men. Material and Methods: Prospective longitudinal observation (17.9 ± 8.1 years) of apparently healthy 324 men aged 18–64 years. Metabolic risk was assessed in weight gain (⩾ 2.5 kg), stable weight (> −2.5 kg and < 2.5 kg) and weight loss (⩽ −2.5 kg) groups. Adjusted relative risk (RR) of MetS was analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of MetS over follow-up was 22.5%. There was a strong relationship between weight gain and worsening of MetS components among baseline overweight men. Long-term increase in weight was most strongly related with the risk of abdominal obesity (RR=7.26; 95% CI 2.98–18.98), regardless of baseline body mass index (BMI). Weight loss was protective against most metabolic disorders. Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) with energy expenditure > 2000 metabolic equivalent/min/week was associated with a significantly lower risk of MetS. Conclusions: Reducing weight among overweight and maintaining stable weight among normal-weight men lower the risk of MetS. High LTPA level may additionally decrease the metabolic risk regardless of BMI.
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Verhelst J, Mattsson AF, Luger A, Thunander M, Góth MI, Koltowska-Häggström M, Abs R. Prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in 2479 hypopituitary patients with adult-onset GH deficiency before GH replacement: a KIMS analysis. Eur J Endocrinol 2011; 165:881-9. [PMID: 21969523 DOI: 10.1530/eje-11-0599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in adult GH deficiency (GHD) may be related to hypopituitarism but also to the presence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Our objective was to investigate the characteristics and prevalence of MetS as well as its comorbidities in adult GHD. Design In KIMS (Pfizer International Metabolic Database) 2479 patients with severe adult-onset GHD, naïve to GH replacement, with complete information on all MetS components were found. MetS was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP) and the International Diabetes Foundation (IDF). METHODS The prevalence of MetS was calculated and compared with previously published data from the normal population. Associations were assessed between background variables, baseline variables, comorbidities, and MetS. RESULTS MetS was present in 43.1% (NCEP) and in 49.1% (IDF) of patients, clearly higher than data from the normal population (20-30%). MetS prevalence was related to age, GHD duration, and body mass index (BMI), but not to GHD severity, extent of hypopituitarism, or etiology of pituitary disease. Adjusted for age, gender, and BMI, patients with MetS had a higher prevalence ratio for diabetes mellitus: 4.65 (95% confidence interval (CI): 3.29-6.58), for cardiovascular morbidity: 1.91 (95% CI: 1.33-2.75), and for cerebrovascular morbidity: 1.77 (95% CI: 1.09-2.87) than patients without MetS. CONCLUSIONS MetS is highly prevalent in GHD and is associated with a higher prevalence ratio for comorbidities. The presence of MetS in GHD may therefore contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality found in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Verhelst
- Department of Endocrinology, ZNA Middelheim Antwerp, Lindendreef 1, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Montonen J, Boeing H, Schleicher E, Fritsche A, Pischon T. Association of changes in body mass index during earlier adulthood and later adulthood with circulating obesity biomarker concentrations in middle-aged men and women. Diabetologia 2011; 54:1676-83. [PMID: 21468642 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The objective of our study was to investigate whether changes in BMI during earlier adulthood are more strongly associated with levels of circulating obesity biomarkers in middle age than are BMI changes during later adulthood. METHODS The study included 1,612 participants from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study. The associations of BMI changes based on recalled BMI for the age ranges 25-40 years (earlier adulthood) and 40-55 years (later adulthood) with later biomarker levels were compared using a linear model, adjusted for BMI at age 25 years and conventional risk factors. RESULTS BMI changes during both time periods as well as BMI at age 25 years were significantly associated with circulating levels of adiponectin, γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) in both sexes, and of HbA(1c) in women. However, BMI gain for the age range 25-40 years was significantly more strongly associated with unfavourable levels of adiponectin, hs-CRP, HDL-C and HbA(1c) in men and women, and of GGT and ALT in men (p difference <0.05) than BMI gain for the age range 40-55 years. The percentage change in biomarker levels per unit gain in BMI for the age range 25-40 years ranged from 0.81% (HbA(1c)) to 9.80% (hs-CRP) in men, and from 0.75% (HbA(1c)) to 14.7% (hs-CRP) in women, whereas for the age range 40-55 years, values ranged from -0.15% to 4.82% in men and from 0.25% to 7.06% in women. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The results support the hypothesis that an increase in BMI in earlier adulthood is more strongly associated with unfavourable circulating levels of obesity biomarkers later in life than is an increase in BMI in later adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Montonen
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
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Kassi E, Pervanidou P, Kaltsas G, Chrousos G. Metabolic syndrome: definitions and controversies. BMC Med 2011; 9:48. [PMID: 21542944 PMCID: PMC3115896 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-9-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 847] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex disorder defined by a cluster of interconnected factors that increase the risk of cardiovascular atherosclerotic diseases and diabetes mellitus type 2. Currently, several different definitions of MetS exist, causing substantial confusion as to whether they identify the same individuals or represent a surrogate of risk factors. Recently, a number of other factors besides those traditionally used to define MetS that are also linked to the syndrome have been identified. In this review, we critically consider existing definitions and evolving information, and conclude that there is still a need to develop uniform criteria to define MetS, so as to enable comparisons between different studies and to better identify patients at risk. As the application of the MetS model has not been fully validated in children and adolescents as yet, and because of its alarmingly increasing prevalence in this population, we suggest that diagnosis, prevention and treatment in this age group should better focus on established risk factors rather than the diagnosis of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kassi
- Department of Biochemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Pervanidou
- First Department of Paediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gregory Kaltsas
- Department of Pathophysiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Chrousos
- First Department of Paediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article examined whether occupational factors predicted 4-year change in body mass index (BMI) in a sample of full-time Australian employees. METHODS Data from 1670 full-time Australian employees were collected through the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine whether several occupational factors at baseline predicted changes in BMI at 4-year follow up; several health and demographic covariates were controlled. RESULTS Inflexible working hours (odds ratio = 1.54, 95% confidence interval [1.14 to 2.09]) and weekend work (odds ratio = 1.33, 95% confidence interval [1.04 to 1.68]) significantly predicted increased BMI. CONCLUSIONS This article demonstrates that certain occupational factors (ie, inflexible work hours and weekend work) significantly predicted increased BMI. Targeting these factors may play a role in combating obesity and related health problems among employees.
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Lin YC, Chen JD, Chen PC. Excessive 5-year weight gain predicts metabolic syndrome development in healthy middle-aged adults. World J Diabetes 2011; 2:8-15. [PMID: 21537445 PMCID: PMC3083901 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v2.i1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To quantitatively examine the impacts of an easy-to-measure parameter - weight gain - on metabolic syndrome development among middle-aged adults.
METHODS: We conducted a five-year interval observational study. A total of 1384 middle-aged adults not meeting metabolic syndrome (MetS) criteria at the initial screening were included in our analysis. Baseline data such as MetS-components and lifestyle factors were collected in 2002. Body weight and MetS-components were measured in both 2002 and 2007. Participants were classified according to proximal quartiles of weight gain (WG) in percentages (%WG ≤ 1%, 1% < %WG ≤ 5%, 5% < %WG ≤ 10% and %WG > 10%, defined as: control, mild-WG, moderate-WG and severe-WG groups, respectively) at the end of the follow-up. Multivariate models were used to assess the association between MetS outcome and excessive WG in the total population, as well as in both genders.
RESULTS: In total, 175 (12.6%) participants fulfilled MetS criteria within five years. In comparison to the control group, mild-WG adults had an insignificant risk for MetS development while adults having moderate-WG had a 3.0-fold increased risk for progression to MetS [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.8-5.1], and this risk was increased 5.4-fold (95% CI, 3.0-9.7) in subjects having severe-WG. For females having moderate- and severe-WG, the risk for developing MetS was 3.6 (95% CI, 1.03-12.4) and 5.5 (95% CI, 1.4-21.4), respectively. For males having moderate- and severe-WG, the odds ratio for MetS outcome was respectively 3.0 (95% CI, 1.6-5.5) and 5.2 (95% CI, 2.6-10.2).
CONCLUSION: For early-middle-aged healthy adults with a five-year weight gain over 5%, the severity of weight gain is related to the risk for developing metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Lin
- Yu-Cheng Lin, The Department of Occupational Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City, 23742, Taiwan, China
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Zyriax BC, Schoeffauer M, Klipstein-Grobusch K, Boeing H, Windler E. Differential association of anthropometric parameters with coronary risk in women--data of the CORA study. Obes Facts 2011; 4:358-64. [PMID: 22166755 PMCID: PMC6444810 DOI: 10.1159/000333964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The predictive value of weight gain, BMI, waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) as to cardiovascular risk factors and coronary heart disease (CHD) is still controversial. METHODS 200 consecutive pre- and postmenopausal women with incident CHD (cases) were compared with 255 randomized age-matched population-based controls recruited from corresponding neighborhoods of Hamburg between 1997 and 2001. RESULTS At the time of recruitment cases and controls did not differ in BMI, but at any BMI in WC and WHR. Both parameters of central obesity were related to coronary risk. However, after adjustment for conventional risk factors, the odds ratio of WC for CHD lost its significance while the odds ratio of WHR was still 2.20 per 0.1 unit (95% confidence interval 1.48-3.27; p = 0.0001). The pattern of weight gain differed considerably in women with WHR ≥0.85 or <0.85 and closely matched that of women with or without CHD. The dietary pattern did not distinguish women with elevated WC or WHR. CONCLUSION In women, an elevated WHR was closely associated with the risk for CHD independent of BMI and conventional risk factors over and above an elevated WC. An increased WC predominantly seems to reflect the presence of components of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit-Christiane Zyriax
- Endocrinology and Metabolism of Ageing, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Joseph J, Svartberg J, Njølstad I, Schirmer H. Incidence of and risk factors for type-2 diabetes in a general population: The Tromsø Study. Scand J Public Health 2010; 38:768-75. [DOI: 10.1177/1403494810380299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aims: To determine the gender-specific incidence and risk factors of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a general population. Methods: The study is based on 12,431 men and 13,737 women aged 25-98 years, attending the Tromsø Study in 1994 and followed through 2005, who did not have diabetes when entering the study. Sex-specific hazard ratios were estimated from Cox proportional hazard models. Results: A total of 522 cases of T2DM were registered, 308 among men and 214 among women. The age-standardised incidence rate was higher in men than in women, 2.6 (95% CI 2.32—2.90) and 1.6 (95% CI 1.40—1.83) per 1000 person-years, respectively. In multivariate survival analysis, age, body mass index (BMI), triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, hypertension, family history of diabetes, low education and smoking were independent predictors of T2DM in both genders (p>0.05). Total cholesterol and lack of leisure-time physical activity were independent predictors in men only. We found an interaction between HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels (p>0.001) and between triglyceride levels and a positive family history of diabetes (p = 0.04). These interactions were independent of BMI. A positive family history combined with triglycerides in the highest tertile and BMI >25 kg/m2 conveyed a 10-year risk of T2DM of 10% (95% CI 8—12%) vs. 0.2% (95% CI 0.08—0.31%) for the lowest risk group. Conclusions: A family history of diabetes, elevated BMI, and high triglyceride levels identifies independent of cardiovascular risk factors, a group with especially high risk of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josepha Joseph
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway,
| | - Johan Svartberg
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Inger Njølstad
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Henrik Schirmer
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Parker B, Bruce IN. The Metabolic Syndrome in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2010; 36:81-97, viii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Weight change over five-year periods and number of components of the metabolic syndrome in a Dutch cohort. Eur J Epidemiol 2010; 25:125-33. [PMID: 20091093 PMCID: PMC2821620 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-009-9419-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity are associated with the metabolic syndrome (MetS). We studied the association of weight change over three consecutive 5-year periods with the number of MetS components in people aged 20–59 years. 5735 participants from the Doetinchem Cohort Study were included. Weight was measured in round 1 and at each 5-year interval follow-up (round 2, 3 and 4). Weight change was defined as the absolute weight change between two consecutive measurements. The number of MetS components (assessed in round 2, 3 and 4) was based on the presence of the following components of the MetS: central obesity, raised blood pressure, reduced high density lipoprotein cholesterol and elevated glucose. Associations of weight change and the number of components of the MetS were analyzed with Generalized Estimating Equations for Poisson regression, stratified for 10-year age groups. For each age group, 1 kg weight gain was positively associated with the number of components of the MetS, independent of sex and measurement round. The association was stronger in 30–39 years (adjusted rate ratio: 1.044; 95%CI: 1.040–1.049) and smaller in older age groups. Compared to stable weight (>−2.5 kg and < 2.5 kg), weight loss (≤−2.5 kg) and weight gain (≥2.5 kg) was associated with a lower and higher rate ratio respectively, for the number of components of the MetS. Our results support the independent association of weight change with the number of MetS components with a more pronounced association in younger people.
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Inada F, Moriguchi J, Okuda T, Ide Y, Ejima K, Sakuragi S, Takeda K, Ohashi F, Ikeda M. Risk for non-obese Japanese workers to develop metabolic syndrome. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2010; 48:487-494. [PMID: 20720341 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.ms1120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
With regard to metabolic syndrome-related risks (MS risks), obese workers have been the focus of attention, and less attention has been paid to non-obese subjects as if they were free from the risks. The present analysis was initiated to know if no-obesity means no-MS risks. Participants of the study were 804 male workers, who showed no pathological findings in 12 MS-related and other health parameters in 2003, and had complete sets of data in 2008. They were classified by BMI in 2003 into lean (< 18.5), normal (> or = 18.5 to < 25) and obese groups (> or =25). Proportion of MS in 2008 was examined by use of the second phase of MS criteria. Proportions for the lean, normal and obese subjects who met MS criteria in 2008 were 3.2, 4.8 and 5.3%, respectively, with no significant difference in proportions among them. In the non-obese (i.e., lean+normal) group, age was not significantly influential to increase BMI. Thus, the MS risk exists even in non-obese young workers. Anti-MS effort should be directed not only to obese but to non-obese workers, and care should be extended irrespective of ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumi Inada
- Kyoto Industrial Health Association (Mibu Office)
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Long-term weight gain and metabolic syndrome, adiponectin and C-reactive protein in women aged 50-60 years. Adv Med Sci 2010; 55:186-90. [PMID: 21097445 DOI: 10.2478/v10039-010-0047-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the weight change during 30-40 year follow-up on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) components, C-reactive protein (CRP) and adiponectin. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 153 women. Blood pressure, anthropometric and laboratory measures were done at the age of 50-60 years. All women declared normal body weight at age 20. The MS was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF 2005). Women were divided into four groups according to weight gain: < 10 kg, 10-19 kg, 20-29 kg, > 30 kg. RESULTS The highest values of waist circumference, BMI, WHR, CRP, glucose, HOMA index, insulin, triglycerides, blood pressure and the lowest concentrations of adiponectin and HDL-cholesterol were observed in the group with the highest weight gain (above 30 kg). Odds ratio for MS was tenfold higher in group with weight gain 10-19 kg and 20-29 kg and twenty fold higher in group with weight gain above 30 kg. In multiple regression analysis CRP was most significantly correlated with weight gain. CONCLUSIONS Among biochemical parameters of metabolic syndrome CRP seems to be the most significantly related to weight gain. The risk of metabolic syndrome is significantly increased even when the weight gain is 10 kg in middle-aged women characterized by a normal BMI at the age of 20.
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Metabolic syndrome and vascular risk in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. J Vasc Surg 2009; 50:61-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2008.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zabetian A, Hadaegh F, Sarbakhsh P, Azizi F. Weight change and incident metabolic syndrome in Iranian men and women; a 3 year follow-up study. BMC Public Health 2009; 9:138. [PMID: 19435528 PMCID: PMC2696430 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although the association of weight gain and developing metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been reported in the Western and Asian populations, data on the gender-stratified effects of weight change (including weight loss) on incident MetS and its components in the Middle East Caucasians is still scarce. Methods A total of 1431 men and 2036 women aged ≥ 20 years with BMI > 18.5 kg/m2 were followed over 3 years. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the relative risk (RR) of MetS and its components (the Adult Treatment Panel III definition) associated with gender-stratified quintiles of percent weight change. Subjects with MetS at baseline were excluded for analyzing the RR of MetS. Results There was 20.4% (95% CI, 19.6–21.2) age-adjusted incident MetS (18.4% male vs. 23.1% women). In men, mild weight gain (WG) predicted high waist circumference (WC) and high triglyceride; moderate WG predicted MetS (RR 2.5, 95% CI 1.4–4.3), high WC and high blood pressure (BP); large WG predicted MetS (RR 3.2, 95% CI 1.8–5.7) and its components, except for high fasting plasma glucose. In women, mild WG predicted MetS (RR 2.5, 95% CI 1.4–4.3), high WC and high BP; moderate WG predicted Mets (RR 4.6, 95% CI 2.7–8.0), high WC and high triglyceride; large WG predicted MetS (RR 6.6, 95% CI 3.8–11.3) and its components except for low HDL-cholesterol. Mild weight loss had protective effect on high WC in both genders and MetS in men (RR 0.5, 95% CI 0.26–0.97, P = 0.04). Conclusion Weight change showed different effects on MetS in men and women. In women, mild WG predicted MetS; however, mild weight loss was protective against MetS in men and high WC in both genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Zabetian
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Cameron AJ, Boyko EJ, Sicree RA, Zimmet PZ, Söderberg S, Alberti KGMM, Tuomilehto J, Chitson P, Shaw JE. Central obesity as a precursor to the metabolic syndrome in the AusDiab study and Mauritius. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16:2707-16. [PMID: 18820650 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from epidemiologic studies that central obesity precedes future metabolic change and does not occur concurrently with the appearance of the blood pressure, glucose, and lipid abnormalities that characterize the metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been lacking. Longitudinal surveys were conducted in Mauritius in 1987, 1992, and 1998, and in Australia in 2000 and 2005 (AusDiab). This analysis included men and women (aged > or = 25 years) in three cohorts: AusDiab 2000-2005 (n = 5,039), Mauritius 1987-1992 (n = 2,849), and Mauritius 1987-1998 (n = 1,999). MetS components included waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, fasting and 2-h postload plasma glucose, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin sensitivity (HOMA-S) (representing insulin sensitivity). Linear regression was used to determine which baseline components predicted deterioration in other MetS components over 5 years in AusDiab and 5 and 11 years in Mauritius, adjusted for age, sex, and ethnic group. Baseline waist circumference predicted deterioration (P < 0.01) in four of the other six MetS variables tested in AusDiab, five of six in Mauritius 1987-1992, and four of six in Mauritius 1987-1998. In contrast, an increase in waist circumference between baseline and follow-up was only predicted by insulin sensitivity (HOMA-S) at baseline, and only in one of the three cohorts. These results suggest that central obesity plays a central role in the development of the MetS and appears to precede the appearance of the other MetS components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Cameron
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Cornier MA, Dabelea D, Hernandez TL, Lindstrom RC, Steig AJ, Stob NR, Van Pelt RE, Wang H, Eckel RH. The metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev 2008; 29:777-822. [PMID: 18971485 PMCID: PMC5393149 DOI: 10.1210/er.2008-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1234] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The "metabolic syndrome" (MetS) is a clustering of components that reflect overnutrition, sedentary lifestyles, and resultant excess adiposity. The MetS includes the clustering of abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and elevated blood pressure and is associated with other comorbidities including the prothrombotic state, proinflammatory state, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and reproductive disorders. Because the MetS is a cluster of different conditions, and not a single disease, the development of multiple concurrent definitions has resulted. The prevalence of the MetS is increasing to epidemic proportions not only in the United States and the remainder of the urbanized world but also in developing nations. Most studies show that the MetS is associated with an approximate doubling of cardiovascular disease risk and a 5-fold increased risk for incident type 2 diabetes mellitus. Although it is unclear whether there is a unifying pathophysiological mechanism resulting in the MetS, abdominal adiposity and insulin resistance appear to be central to the MetS and its individual components. Lifestyle modification and weight loss should, therefore, be at the core of treating or preventing the MetS and its components. In addition, there is a general consensus that other cardiac risk factors should be aggressively managed in individuals with the MetS. Finally, in 2008 the MetS is an evolving concept that continues to be data driven and evidence based with revisions forthcoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Andre Cornier
- University of Colorado Denver, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Mail Stop 8106, 12801 East 17 Avenue, Room 7103, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
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Urinary albumin excretion is a risk factor for diabetes mellitus in men, independently of initial metabolic profile and development of insulin resistance. The DESIR Study. J Hypertens 2008; 26:2198-206. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e328310ddff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Williams PT. Increases in weight and body size increase the odds for hypertension during 7 years of follow-up. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16:2541-8. [PMID: 18756262 PMCID: PMC4108283 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Changes in BMI and body size were compared to incident hypertension in 24,550 men and 10,111 women followed prospectively as part of the National Runners' Health Study to test whether long-term weight change affects hypertension risk. Incident hypertensions were reported by 2,143 men and 430 women during (mean +/- s.d.) 7.8 +/- 1.8 and 7.5 +/- 2.0 years of follow-up, respectively. Despite being active, men's and women's BMI increased 1.15 +/- 1.70 and 0.95 +/- 1.89 kg/m(2), respectively, and their waist circumferences increased 2.97 +/- 5.02 and 3.29 +/- 6.67 cm, respectively. Compared to those whose BMI declined, those who gained >or=2.4 kg/m(2) had an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 1.68 (1.45, 1.94) for becoming hypertensive if male and 1.42 (1.05, 1.92) if female. Men whose waist circumference increased >or=6 cm had an odds ratio of 1.22 (1.01, 1.47) for becoming hypertensive compared to those whose waists decreased. In both sexes, the odds for hypertension were significantly related to BMI at follow-up when adjusted for baseline BMI, but generally not to baseline BMI when adjusted for follow-up BMI. In the subset whose weights remained relatively unchanged during follow-up (+/-0.4 kg/m(2)), each kg/m(2) increment in BMI was associated with an odds ratio for becoming hypertensive of 1.19 (1.14, 1.24) in men and 1.11 (1.02, 1.20) in women. Thus, even among lean, physically active individuals: (i) weight gain increases hypertension risk; (ii) higher body weight increases the hypertension risk in a dose-dependent manner in the absence of any weight change; and (iii) there is no advantage carried forward to having been previously lean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Williams
- Donner Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
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Sujets « métaboliquement obèses » de poids normal. Première partie: diagnostic, physiopathologie et prévalence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11690-008-0137-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Sociodemographic risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome in a Mediterranean population. Public Health Nutr 2008; 11:1372-8. [PMID: 18702840 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980008003492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the sociodemographic risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the Mediterranean population of Catalonia, Spain. DESIGN AND SETTING Data from the cross-sectional, population-based 2002-2003 Health Survey of Catalonia were analysed. The survey used a structured questionnaire to collect information on demographics, lifestyle and medical history. In a sub-sample of the original survey population anthropometrics and blood pressure were measured and blood samples were taken to determine HDL cholesterol, TAG and fasting glucose. SUBJECTS The analysis included the 1,104 individuals aged 18-74 years from this sub-sample who had complete information on all variables necessary to define MetS using the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. RESULTS MetS prevalence was 28.5 % and 24.8 % according to IDF and ATP III criteria, respectively. MetS was significantly (P = 0.05) more common in males than females. MetS prevalence increased significantly (P<0.001) with age and degree of adiposity and as social class decreased. In general, MetS prevalence decreased as physical activity increased, which was significant (P = 0.0253) when applying ATP III criteria. After taking into account important confounders, MetS prevalence was significantly positively associated with male gender, age, BMI, physical inactivity and lower social class. Smoking status, marital status and working situation were not independently associated with MetS. CONCLUSIONS Age, sex, degree of adiposity, physical activity and social class are the sociodemographic risk factors independently associated with MetS in this Mediterranean population. Understanding which factors predict MetS is important considering likely increasing MetS trends, and is useful for determining public health strategies.
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Five-year alterations in BMI are associated with clustering of changes in cardiovascular risk factors in a gender-dependant way: the Stanislas study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008; 32:1279-88. [PMID: 18607382 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2008.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present longitudinal study was to describe the associations between the 5-year changes in body mass index (BMI) and alterations in the clusters of metabolic syndrome (MS)-related factors. METHODS The study population comprised 1099 middle-aged adults drawn from the Stanislas study. Individuals were stratified into four groups according to the 5-year changes in BMI (weight loss (<0 kg/m(2)), and weight gain (0-1, 1-2 and >2 kg/m(2))). Changes in various MS-related variables and clusters were compared between groups: anthropometric indices, blood pressure, lipid and inflammatory markers, liver enzymes, uric acid and the five summary factors extracted by using factor analysis ('risk lipids', 'liver enzymes', 'inflammation', 'protective lipids' and 'blood pressure'). RESULTS There was a strong linear trend between increasing BMI and worsening of risk lipids and blood pressure factors for both men and women (P<or=0.001). In men only, liver enzymes and protective lipids factors were significantly related to the 5-year gain of BMI (P<or=0.001), whereas inflammation factor positively increased across the four BMI-change groups, in women only. Interaction terms for sex were statistically significant for inflammation and liver enzymes clusters. CONCLUSION In our population, there was a strong linear trend between increasing BMI and worsening of various MS-related variables. More interestingly, the identification of five factors associated with BMI changes dependent to gender, support the hypothesis that weight gain, and probably obesity, trigger metabolic mechanisms that differ between men and women.
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Wierzbicki AS, Nishtar S, Lumb PJ, Lambert-Hammill M, Crook MA, Marber MS, Gill J. Insulin resistance phenotypes and coronary artery disease in a native Pakistani cohort. Int J Clin Pract 2008; 62:701-7. [PMID: 18341566 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01722.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between insulin resistance (IR) and atheroma burden in Pakistanis. METHODS A prospective case-control study of 400 patients selected for the presence/absence of angiographic disease. Coronary atheroma burden was quantified and IR and cardiovascular risk factors were measured. RESULTS The patients were divided into two groups by QuickI score. Waist circumference (90 +/- 10 vs. 90 +/- 9 cm; p = 0.7) was similar but the groups differed in body mass index (26.5 +/- 3.7 vs. 24.2 +/- 3.5 kg/m(2); p < 0.001) and waist:hip ratio (0.94 +/- 0.09 vs. 0.90 +/- 0.06; p < 0.001). Lipid parameters showed similar high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (0.77 +/- 0.23 vs. 0.82 +/- 0.22 mmol/l; p = 0.1) differences in triglycerides [1.32 (0.08-3.98) vs. 1.12 (0.37-3.61) mmol/l; p = 0.01], but no difference in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (2.75 +/- 1.00 vs. 2.90 +/- 0.94 mmol/l; p = 0.14). In insulin-resistant patients C-reactive protein (CRP) [6.8 (0.3-175.1) vs. 3.9 (0.2-57.9) mg/l: p < 0.001], sialic acid (82 +/- 14 vs. 77 +/- 15 mg/l; p < 0.001) aspartate transaminase [24 (7-171) vs. 21 (7-83) IU/l; p < 0.001] and gamma-glutamyl transferase [27 (8-482) vs. 21 (7-168) IU/l; p = 0.005] levels were increased. In insulin-resistant patients (n = 187), coronary artery disease (CAD) burden correlated (r = 0.55) with age (beta = 1.62; p < 0.001), HDL-C (beta = -53.2; p < 0.001), lipoprotein (a) (beta = 11.4; p = 0.007), smoking (beta = 7.98; p = 0.004), CRP (beta = 6.06; p = 0.03) and QuickI index (beta = -146; p = 0.04). In contrast in insulin-sensitive patients (n = 178) CAD burden (r = 0.46) correlated with LDL-C (beta = 10.0; p = 0.02), CRP (beta = 7.13; p = 0.03), HDL-C (beta = -38.1; p = 0.03), and weakly with age (beta = 0.73; p = 0.07) and smoking (beta = 5.52; p = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS Indian Asians show a dichotomous insulin-resistance phenotype. Atheroma is associated with low HDL-C and inflammation associated in all but LDL-C is a factor in the insulin sensitive in contrast to age and extent of IR in the insulin resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Wierzbicki
- Department of Chemical Pathology, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
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Bo S, Ciccone G, Baldi C, Benini L, Dusio F, Forastiere G, Lucia C, Nuti C, Durazzo M, Cassader M, Gentile L, Pagano G. Effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention on metabolic syndrome. A randomized controlled trial. J Gen Intern Med 2007; 22:1695-703. [PMID: 17922167 PMCID: PMC2219825 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-007-0399-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2007] [Revised: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intensive lifestyle intervention significantly reduces the progression to diabetes in high-risk individuals. OBJECTIVE It is not known whether a program of moderate intervention might effectively reduce metabolic abnormalities in the general population. DESIGN Two-arm randomized controlled 1-year trial. PATIENTS Three hundred and thirty-five patients participated from a dysmetabolic population-based cohort of 375 adults aged 45-64 years in northwestern Italy. MEASUREMENTS We compared the effectiveness of a general recommendation-based program of lifestyle intervention carried out by trained professionals versus standard unstructured information given by family physicians at reducing the prevalence of multiple metabolic and inflammatory abnormalities. RESULTS At baseline, clinical/anthropometric/laboratory and lifestyle characteristics of the intervention (n = 169) and control (n = 166) groups were not significantly different. The former significantly reduced total/saturated fat intake and increased polyunsaturated fat/fiber intake and exercise level compared to the controls. Weight, waist circumference, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and most of the metabolic syndrome components decreased in the intervention group and increased in the controls after 12 months. Lifestyle intervention significantly reduced metabolic syndrome (odds ratio [OR] = 0.28; 95% CI 0.18-0.44), with a 31% (21-41) absolute risk reduction, corresponding to 3.2 (2-5) patients needing to be treated to prevent 1 case after 12 months. The intervention significantly reduced the prevalence of central obesity (OR = 0.33; 0.20-0.56), and hypertriglyceridemia (OR = 0.48; 0.31-0.75) and the incidence of diabetes (OR = 0.23; 0.06-0.85). CONCLUSION A lifestyle intervention based on general recommendations was effective in reducing multiple metabolic/inflammatory abnormalities. The usual care by family physicians was ineffective at modifying progressive metabolic deterioration in high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Bo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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Balkau B, Valensi P, Eschwège E, Slama G. A review of the metabolic syndrome. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2007; 33:405-13. [PMID: 17981485 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While the concept of this syndrome has been described more than 60 years ago, and more formally almost 20 years ago, the controversy continues as to its utility, which of the various syndrome definitions should be used and their ability to predict diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease. The metabolic syndrome, of cardiovascular risk factors, provides an early warning of at risk subjects and emphasises the need to treat more aggressively (by at least lifestyle modification) patients with multiple abnormalities even though the abnormalities might be slight. Further, the syndrome can be easily used in clinical practice and when it is assessed against the background of the patient's age, sex and smoking habits, it provides an evaluation of potential cardiovascular risk. Prospective intervention studies are the only means of definitively accepting or refuting the usefulness of the syndrome. The metabolic syndrome is an entity which merits attention from both the medical profession and public health authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Balkau
- Inserm U780-IFR69, 16, avenue Paul-Vaillant-Couturier, 94807 Villejuif cedex, France.
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Thyfault JP, Rector RS, Noland RC. Metabolic inflexibility in skeletal muscle: a prelude to the cardiometabolic syndrome? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 1:184-9. [PMID: 17679820 DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-4564.2006.05629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral insulin resistance, which is largely dependent on skeletal muscle, is closely linked to the development of the cardiometabolic syndrome. Metabolic flexibility is the capacity for skeletal muscle to acutely shift its reliance between lipids or glucose during fasting or postprandial conditions. Obese and insulin-resistant individuals display elevated intramuscular lipids, impaired vasculature function, decreased fatty add oxidation during fasting, and reduced postprandial glucose metabolism. Impairments in metabolic flexibility are linked to physical inactivity, excess energy intake and obesity, and genetic predisposition. Each of these factors precludes the development of insulin resistance and the cardiometabolic syndrome by mechanistic links that are not fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Thyfault
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Harry S. Truman VA Hospital, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Balkau B, Picard P, Vol S, Fezeu L, Eschwège E. Consequences of change in waist circumference on cardiometabolic risk factors over 9 years: Data from an Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome (DESIR). Diabetes Care 2007; 30:1901-3. [PMID: 17468349 DOI: 10.2337/dc06-2542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Beverley Balkau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 780-IFR69, Epidemiological and Biostatistical Research, Villejuif, France.
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Abstract
Many studies have shown a link between elevated glucose levels and cardiovascular disease. It is thought that elevated blood glucose levels trigger a vicious cycle of events resulting in micro and macrovascular complications. Macrovascular complications are apparent at blood glucose levels lower than those that define diabetes. Tight glucose control benefits the cardiovascular system in many ways; however, the evidence that lowering blood glucose can reduce cardiovascular risk is limited for patients with type 1 diabetes and has not yet been established for those with type 2 diabetes. Nonetheless, treating hyperglycaemia may reduce the incidence of lipid abnormalities, vascular abnormalities and hypertension. This new understanding of the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes may help in addressing the underlying processes at an earlier stage of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Marre
- Groupe Hospitalier Bichat - Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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