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Bauer A, Martins RC, Hammerton G, Gomes H, Gonçalves H, Menezes AMB, Wehrmeister FC, Murray J. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gang Membership in a Brazilian Birth Cohort. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2440393. [PMID: 39432305 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.40393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance There is no longitudinal evidence on risk factors for gang membership in low- and middle-income countries, despite organized crime groups posing major challenges, including high homicide rates in Latin America. Furthermore, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been largely overlooked in gang-related research worldwide. Objectives To examine the associations of ACEs up to 15 years of age with past-year gang membership at 18 years of age and to compare crime and criminal justice involvement between gang members and non-gang members. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study assessed children from the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort-an ongoing population-based, prospective study. Assessments were undertaken perinatally (1993) and when the children were ages 11 (2004), 15 (2008), 18 (2011), and 22 (2015) years. All children born in 1993 were eligible (N = 5265), and 5249 (99.7%) were enrolled at birth. The study sample (N = 3794 [72.1%]) included those with complete data on ACEs. Data analyses were conducted from February to August 2024. Exposures Twelve ACEs were assessed up to 15 years of age via child self-report and/or maternal report, including physical neglect, physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, domestic violence, maternal mental illness, parental divorce, ever being separated from parents, parental death, poverty, discrimination, and neighborhood fear. These experiences were examined using a single adversity approach, cumulative risk, and latent classes. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome was past-year gang membership at 18 years of age, assessed via self-report and analyzed using multivariate imputation. Results Of 3794 participants, 1964 (51.8%) were female and 1830 (48.2%) were male, and 703 (18.5%) were Black, 2922 (77.0%) were White, and 169 (4.5%) were coded as "other" race or ethnicity (no additional details are available to further disaggregate the other category). On the basis of the imputed data, 1.6% (SE, 0.2 percentage points) of participants reported gang membership at 18 years of age. Physical abuse (odds ratio [OR], 2.76; 95% CI, 1.27-5.98), emotional abuse (OR, 2.76; 95% CI, 1.51-5.02), domestic violence (OR, 3.39; 95% CI, 1.77-6.48), parental divorce (OR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.17-3.54), and separation from parents (OR, 3.13; 95% CI, 1.54-6.37) were associated with an increased risk of gang membership. A dose-response association was observed, with 4 or more ACEs increasing the risk (OR, 8.86; 95% CI, 2.24-35.08). In latent class analysis, the class with child maltreatment and household challenges was associated with a higher risk of gang membership than the low-adversities class (OR, 7.10; 95% CI, 2.37-21.28). There was no robust evidence that children exposed to household challenges and social risks were at increased risk of gang membership (OR, 2.28; 95% CI, 0.46-11.25). Conclusions and Relevance In this prospective cohort study, ACEs, particularly child maltreatment and family conflict, were associated with gang involvement when examined individually, cumulatively, and as clusters in a high-crime environment in Brazil. These findings underscore the value of integrating the ACE framework into gang-related research and the potential to reduce gang-related crime by reducing ACEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bauer
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Human Development and Violence Research Centre (DOVE), Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Costa Martins
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Human Development and Violence Research Centre (DOVE), Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Gemma Hammerton
- Human Development and Violence Research Centre (DOVE), Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Hugo Gomes
- Human Development and Violence Research Centre (DOVE), Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helen Gonçalves
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Ana M B Menezes
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | - Joseph Murray
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Human Development and Violence Research Centre (DOVE), Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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Karwatowska L, Frach L, Schoeler T, Tielbeek JJ, Murray J, de Geus E, Viding E, Pingault JB. Resting heart rate and antisocial behaviour: a Mendelian randomisation study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10212. [PMID: 37353630 PMCID: PMC10290077 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37123-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Observational studies frequently report phenotypic associations between low resting heart rate (RHR) and higher levels of antisocial behaviour (ASB), although it remains unclear whether this relationship reflects causality. To triangulate evidence, we conducted two-sample univariable Mendelian randomisation (MR), multivariable MR and linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) analyses. Genetic data were accessed from published genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for RHR (n = 458,835) and ASB (n = 85,359) for the univariable analyses, along with a third GWAS for heart rate variability (HRV; n = 53,174) for all other analyses. Genome-wide significant (p < 5 × 10-8) single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with RHR (n = 278) were selected as instrumental variables and the outcome was a composite measure of ASB. No causal association was observed between RHR and ASB (BIVW = - 0.0004, p = 0.841). The multivariable MR analyses including RHR and HRV also suggested no causal associations (BIVW = 0.016, p = 0.914) and no genetic correlations between the heart rate measures and ASB were observed using LDSC (rg = 0.057, p = 0.169). Sensitivity analyses suggested that our results are not likely to be affected by heterogeneity, pleiotropic effects, or reverse causation. These findings suggest that individual differences in autonomic nervous system functioning indexed by RHR are not likely to directly contribute to the development of ASB. Therefore, previously observed associations between RHR and ASB may arise from confounding, reverse causation, and/or additional study characteristics. Further causally informative longitudinal research is required to confirm our findings, and caution should be applied when using measures of RHR in interventions targeting ASB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Karwatowska
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - Leonard Frach
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tabea Schoeler
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jorim J Tielbeek
- Department of Complex Trait Genomics, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph Murray
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Human Development and Violence Research Centre, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Eco de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Essi Viding
- Developmental Risk & Resilience Unit, Division of Psychology & Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jean-Baptiste Pingault
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
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Zhang S, Wang W, Wei M, Luo Y, Long W, Li L, Jiang C, Zhu T, Lin X, Jin B. Forensic characteristics of 4866 violent injury cases in Sichuan Province, China. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5959. [PMID: 37045886 PMCID: PMC10097724 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28806-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the characteristics of violent injury cases in Sichuan Province, China. Overall, 4866 violent injury cases in Sichuan province, China from 2014 to 2017 were included. The injury evaluation report was used to classify and summarize the injury information, case and injury characteristics, and to describe the characteristics for each risk factor. The majority of cases were males (n = 3851, 79.14%), aged 20-60 (n = 3867, 79.47%), and living in rural areas (n = 3094, 65.55%). Many cases occurred in public areas (n = 3351, 74.19%) and in the evening (n = 1005, 29.49%). Passion was the main motive for the violent injuries (n = 2098, 82.11%) and the main types of injuries were those to the brain, face, and auricula (n = 3075, 63.21%). Blunt instruments (n = 2951, 64.86%) were most commonly used to inflict injury, and the injury evaluation determined that the majority of injuries were simple (n = 2669, 54.85%) and slight (n = 1685, 34.63%). For cases resulting from passion and money, blunt instruments were more commonly used, while sharp instruments were more commonly used for injuries resulting from emotion and revenge (p < 0.05). Compared with grievous injuries, public and entertainment areas and the use of blunt instruments were risk factors for slight injuries. The use of blunt instruments was a risk factor for simple injuries. The cases of violent injury in the Sichuan Province of China have certain characteristics and causes. In order to reduce the frequency of such cases, corresponding intervention measures should be actively conducted at the identified high risk places, times, and populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilin Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medicine Sciences and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Basic Medicine Sciences and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxuan Wei
- Institute of Basic Medicine Sciences and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Luo
- Institute of Basic Medicine Sciences and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, People's Republic of China
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wu Long
- Institute of Basic Medicine Sciences and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, People's Republic of China
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Lincong Li
- Institute of Basic Medicine Sciences and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, People's Republic of China
- Qinghai Provincial Public Security Department, Xining, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyue Jiang
- Institute of Basic Medicine Sciences and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xia Lin
- Department of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medicine College, Nanchong, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medicine College, Nanchong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bo Jin
- Institute of Basic Medicine Sciences and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, People's Republic of China.
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Chen FR, Nowak MK. The role of arousal and stress physiological responses in the pathway from strains to violent and non-violent antisocial behavior. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Martins RC, Gonçalves H, Blumenberg C, Könsgen B, Houvèssou GM, Carone C, Gil JD, Lautenschläger P, Wehrmeister FC, Menezes AMB, Murray J. School Performance and Young Adult Crime in a Brazilian Birth Cohort. JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND LIFE-COURSE CRIMINOLOGY 2022; 8:647-668. [PMID: 36632057 PMCID: PMC9825356 DOI: 10.1007/s40865-022-00214-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Poor school performance may increase the risk of crime and violence via effects on self-esteem, risky behaviours, peer networks, and perceived stakes in society. Despite very high rates of violence in Latin America, no longitudinal research has addressed this issue in the region. Two aspects of educational performance (grade repetition and school completion) were examined during adolescence in a population-based Brazilian birth cohort study (n = 3584). Violent and non-violent crime were measured at age 22 years in confidential self-reports; sociodemographic, family, and individual confounders were measured between birth and age 11 years, and potential mediators were measured at age 18 years. The prevalence of violent and non-violent crimes at 22 years was 8.2% and 3.3%, respectively, referring to acts in the previous twelve months. For youth repeating school grades three times or more, the odds of violent crime were 2.4 (95%CI: 1.6-3.6) times higher than for those who had not repeated any school grade. Youth completing school had a lower risk for both violent (OR = 0.5; 95%CI: 0.4-0.7) and non-violent crime (OR = 0.3; 95%CI: 0.2-0.5), compared to those who did not finish school by the expected age. The protective effect of completing school was independent of the number of grades previously repeated. In conclusion, repeating school grades was associated with increased risk for crime; however, successfully managing to complete school by the expected age was an important protective factor against crime, even after multiple grade repetitions. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40865-022-00214-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Costa Martins
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, 1160 – 3rd floor, Marechal Deodoro, Brazil
- Human Development and Violence Research Centre (DOVE), Federal University of Pelotas, Marechal Deodoro, 1160 – 3 floor, Centro, Pelotas, RS 96020-220 Brazil
| | - Helen Gonçalves
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, 1160 – 3rd floor, Marechal Deodoro, Brazil
| | - Cauane Blumenberg
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, 1160 – 3rd floor, Marechal Deodoro, Brazil
| | - Bruno Könsgen
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, 1160 – 3rd floor, Marechal Deodoro, Brazil
| | - Gbènankpon M. Houvèssou
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, 1160 – 3rd floor, Marechal Deodoro, Brazil
| | - Caroline Carone
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, 1160 – 3rd floor, Marechal Deodoro, Brazil
| | - Jesus David Gil
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, 1160 – 3rd floor, Marechal Deodoro, Brazil
| | - Priscila Lautenschläger
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, 1160 – 3rd floor, Marechal Deodoro, Brazil
| | - Fernando C. Wehrmeister
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, 1160 – 3rd floor, Marechal Deodoro, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Baptista Menezes
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, 1160 – 3rd floor, Marechal Deodoro, Brazil
| | - Joseph Murray
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, 1160 – 3rd floor, Marechal Deodoro, Brazil
- Human Development and Violence Research Centre (DOVE), Federal University of Pelotas, Marechal Deodoro, 1160 – 3 floor, Centro, Pelotas, RS 96020-220 Brazil
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Sutton C. Adverse childhood experiences are important but not the only risk to child development: Revisiting a full risk/resilience matrix. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2022; 32:67-74. [PMID: 35778848 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Much research has sought to distinguish key interacting factors affecting children as they develop which influence later outcomes. Some factors, notably adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), pose serious risks for later health or mental health problems for the children or predispose them for involvement in offending behaviours. However, other experiences, alongside ACEs, also pose risks and yet others offer protection. A matrix showing interacting influences from the mother's pregnancy onwards was published earlier; a revised matrix has been developed, showing a fresh picture of cumulative risk and protective factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Sutton
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
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7
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de Looff PC, Cornet LJM, de Kogel CH, Fernández-Castilla B, Embregts PJCM, Didden R, Nijman HLI. Heart Rate and Skin Conductance Associations with Physical Aggression, Psychopathy, Antisocial Personality Disorder and Conduct Disorder: An Updated Meta-Analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 132:553-582. [PMID: 34774587 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The associations between physiological measures (i.e., heart rate and skin conductance) of autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity and severe antisocial spectrum behavior (AB) were meta-analyzed. We used an exhaustive partitioning of variables relevant to the ANS-AB association and investigated four highly relevant questions (on declining effect sizes, psychopathy subscales, moderators, and ANS measures) that are thought to be transformative for future research on AB. We investigated a broad spectrum of physiological measures (e.g., heart rate (variability), pre-ejection period) in relation to AB. The search date for the current meta-analysis was on January 1st, 2020, includes 101 studies and 769 effect sizes. Results indicate that effect sizes are heterogeneous and bidirectional. The careful partitioning of variables sheds light on the complex associations that were obscured in previous meta-analyses. Effects are largest for the most violent offenders and for psychopathy and are dependent on the experimental tasks used, parameters calculated, and analyses run. Understanding the specificity of physiological reactions may be expedient for differentiating between (and within) types of AB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C de Looff
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Fivoor, Science and Treatment Innovation, Den Dolder, the Netherlands; Expertcentre "De Borg", Den Dolder, the Netherlands.
| | - Liza J M Cornet
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Catharina H de Kogel
- Research and Documentation Centre (WODC), Ministry of Justice and Security, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | | | - Petri J C M Embregts
- Department of Tranzo, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Didden
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Expertcentre "De Borg", Den Dolder, the Netherlands; Trajectum, Specialized and Forensic Care, Zwolle, the Netherlands
| | - Henk L I Nijman
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Fivoor, Science and Treatment Innovation, Den Dolder, the Netherlands; Expertcentre "De Borg", Den Dolder, the Netherlands
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Zijlmans J, Marhe R, van Duin L, Luijks MJA, Bevaart F, Popma A. No Association Between Autonomic Functioning and Psychopathy and Aggression in Multi-Problem Young Adults. Front Psychol 2021; 12:645089. [PMID: 33796054 PMCID: PMC8008113 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.645089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant functioning of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is an important factor in the occurrence of antisocial behavior. Baseline autonomic functioning and the responsivity of the ANS have been related to psychopathic traits and aggression. Here we investigated whether a naturalistic sample of male multi-problem young adults (age 18-27) present with similar autonomic deficits in relation to their psychopathy and aggression as previous studies observed in clinical samples. Methods In a sample of 112 multi-problem young adults, baseline autonomic functioning and autonomic responsivity to emotional stimuli were assessed through four physiological measures: heart rate, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, pre-ejection period, and skin conductance. 27 control participants were included primarily to assess whether the task worked appropriately. Participants watched a neutral 5 min video to assess baseline autonomic functioning and watched two sad clips to assess autonomic reactivity to sadness. We investigated the association between autonomic functioning and self-reported psychopathic traits and aggression within the multi-problem group. Results We found no significant associations between autonomic functioning and psychopathy and aggression. Conclusion These null-findings highlight the importance of research in naturalistic samples in addition to research in clinical and general populations samples and underscore the complexity of translating research findings into practical and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josjan Zijlmans
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Reshmi Marhe
- School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Laura van Duin
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marie-Jolette A Luijks
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Floor Bevaart
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arne Popma
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Abstract
The generation of empirical evidence to explain offending by children and young people has been a central driver of criminological and sociological research for more than two centuries. Across the international field of youth justice, empirical research evidence has become an integral means of complementing and extending the knowledge and understanding of offending offered by the official enquiries and data collection of professional stakeholders and an essential tool for informing ‘evidence-based’ policy, practice and ‘effective intervention’. However, it will be argued that the hegemonic empirical evidence-base created by youth justice research over the past two decades has been generated through methodological reductionism - the oversimplification of complexity, the restriction of conceptual lens and the relative exclusion of competing explanatory paradigms and empirical methodologies, which in turn, has reduced the scope and validity of the policy and practice recommendations derived from it.
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Guimarães FS, Flores TR, Murray J, Bertoldi AD. [Sociodemographic and lifestyle factors related to violent behaviors among university students]. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2020; 26:3311-3322. [PMID: 34378718 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232021268.09212020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The scope of this study was to characterize the prevalence of violent behaviors such as aggression, robbery and carrying a weapon, according to sociodemographic and lifestyle variables such as physical inactivity, use of illicit drugs, harmful alcohol consumption, smoking habits and unhealthy food consumption among university students. A cross-sectional, census-type study was carried out with students aged 18 years or older, in face-to-face classrooms at a public higher education institution in southern Brazil. In the data analysis Poisson regression was used to calculate Prevalence Ratios (PR) with adjustment based on a hierarchical conceptual model. The prevalence of one or more violent behaviors was 15.1%. After adjustment, the prevalence was significantly greater for males [PR=1.40 (95%CI 1.10; 1.77), p=0.01]. Violence was associated with higher levels of physical activity, use of illicit drugs and harmful consumption of alcohol. The findings show the sociodemographic profile of students who perpetrate violent behaviors, and can be useful for planning health promotion interventions aimed at preventing modifiable risk factors associated with violent behavior in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Silva Guimarães
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas. R. Marechal Deodoro 1160, 3º Piso, Centro. 96020-220 Pelotas RS Brasil.
| | - Thaynã Ramos Flores
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas. R. Marechal Deodoro 1160, 3º Piso, Centro. 96020-220 Pelotas RS Brasil.
| | - Joseph Murray
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas. R. Marechal Deodoro 1160, 3º Piso, Centro. 96020-220 Pelotas RS Brasil.
| | - Andréa Dâmaso Bertoldi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas. R. Marechal Deodoro 1160, 3º Piso, Centro. 96020-220 Pelotas RS Brasil.
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Portnoy J, Jennings JR, Matthews KA, Pardini D, Raine A. The relationship between resting heart rate and aggression in males is racially variant. Aggress Behav 2020; 46:170-180. [PMID: 31957890 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Although resting heart rate is thought to be a generalizable risk factor for aggression, very little research has examined whether this relationship varies by race. We addressed this limitation using longitudinal data from the Pittsburgh Youth Study. Current data are from 197 men who participated in a teenage biosocial study (mean age = 15.7 years) and adult follow-up study (mean age = 32.1 years). Teenage resting heart rate interacted with race to predict teenage and adult aggression. The relationship between heart rate and aggression was significant in White, but not in Black males. To our knowledge, this is the first study to find that the relationship between resting heart rate and aggression is racially variant, suggesting that resting heart rate may not be a generalizable biomarker for conduct problems. At an intervention-level, findings could contribute to the development of more accurate risk assessment tools that take into account racial variance in risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Portnoy
- School of Criminology and Justice StudiesUniversity of Massachusetts LowellLowell Massachusetts
| | - J. Richard Jennings
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Karen A. Matthews
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, School of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Dustin Pardini
- School of Criminology and Criminal JusticeArizona State UniversityTempe Arizona
| | - Adrian Raine
- Departments of Criminology, Psychology, and PsychiatryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia Pennsylvania
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Kavish N, Fu QJ, Vaughn MG, Qian Z, Boutwell BB. Resting Heart Rate and Psychopathy Revisited: Findings From the Add Health Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2019; 63:543-557. [PMID: 30338720 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x18806748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the prior linkages of low resting heart rate to antisocial behavior broadly defined, less work has been done examining possible associations between heart rate to psychopathic traits. The small body of research on the topic that has been conducted so far seems to suggest an inverse relationship between the two constructs. A smaller number of studies has found the opposite result, however, and some of the previous studies have been limited by small sample sizes and unrepresentative samples. The current study attempts to help clarify the relationship between resting heart rate and psychopathic traits in a large, nationally representative sample (analytical N ranged from 14,173-14,220) using an alternative measure of psychopathic traits that is less focused on antisocial processes, and rooted in personality traits. No significant relationship between heart rate and psychopathic traits, or heart rate and a measure of cold-heartedness, was found. It is possible that previous findings of a link between heart rate and psychopathy have been driven by the inclusion of overt antisocial behavior in many traditional psychopathy measures. Further work is needed to confirm the associations (or lack thereof) between heart rate and the behavioral, affective, and personality trait aspects of psychopathy.
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Stoakley EM, Mathewson KJ, Schmidt LA, Cote KA. Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia During Sleep and Waking. J PSYCHOPHYSIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Abstract. Resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is related to individual differences in waking affective style and self-regulation. However, little is known about the stability of RSA between sleep/wake stages or the relations between RSA during sleep and waking affective style. We examined resting RSA in 25 healthy undergraduates during the waking state and one night of sleep. Stability of cardiac variables across sleep/wake states was highly reliable within participants. As predicted, greater approach behavior and lower impulsivity were associated with higher RSA; these relations were evident in early night Non-REM (NREM) sleep, particularly in slow wave sleep (SWS). The current research extends previous findings by establishing stability of RSA within individuals between wake and sleep states, and by identifying SWS as an optimal period of measurement for relations between waking affective style and RSA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen J. Mathewson
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Louis A. Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kimberly A. Cote
- Psychology Department, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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Hammerton G, Heron J, Mahedy L, Maughan B, Hickman M, Murray J. Low resting heart rate, sensation seeking and the course of antisocial behaviour across adolescence and young adulthood. Psychol Med 2018; 48:2194-2201. [PMID: 29310737 PMCID: PMC6533639 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717003683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low resting heart rate (RHR) is a consistent biological correlate of antisocial behaviour (ASB), however potential mechanisms have been largely unexplored. We hypothesise that lower RHR will be associated with higher ASB levels in mid-adolescence and persistence into adulthood, and that these associations will be explained, in part, by sensation seeking and callous-unemotional traits. METHODS ASB was assessed repeatedly with young people from ages 15 to 21 years in a population-based birth cohort (ALSPAC). A longitudinal trajectory was derived and showed ASB decreasing across adolescence before stabilising in early adulthood. RHR was recorded at age 12 years, and mediators were assessed at age 14 years. RESULTS After adjusting for socio-demographic confounders, there was evidence for a total effect of RHR on ASB levels in mid-adolescence [b(95% CI) = -0.08 (-0.14 to -0.02)], reflecting 0.08 more types of antisocial activity in the last year per 10 fewer heart beats per minute. This effect was almost entirely explained through sensation seeking [b(95% CI) = -0.06 (-0.08 to -0.04)]. After additionally adjusting for child and parent-related confounders, all effects weakened; however, there was still evidence of an indirect effect of RHR, via sensation seeking, on ASB levels in mid-adolescence [b(95% CI) = -0.01 (-0.03 to -0.003)]. There was no evidence for a total effect of RHR on ASB levels in early adulthood, and weak evidence of an indirect effect, via sensation seeking [b(95% CI) = -0.01 (-0.01 to -0.00)]. CONCLUSIONS Lower RHR in childhood was associated with higher ASB levels in mid-adolescence, indirectly via sensation seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Hammerton
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jon Heron
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Liam Mahedy
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Barbara Maughan
- MRC Social, Developmental and Genetic Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew Hickman
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Joseph Murray
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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Galán CA, Choe DE, Forbes EE, Shaw DS. Interactions between empathy and resting heart rate in early adolescence predict violent behavior in late adolescence and early adulthood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017; 58:1370-1380. [PMID: 28736814 PMCID: PMC5693752 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although resting heart rate (RHR) and empathy are independently and negatively associated with violent behavior, relatively little is known about the interplay between these psychophysiological and temperament-related risk factors. METHODS Using a sample of 160 low-income, racially diverse men followed prospectively from infancy through early adulthood, this study examined whether RHR and empathy during early adolescence independently and interactively predict violent behavior and related correlates in late adolescence and early adulthood. RESULTS Controlling for child ethnicity, family income, and child antisocial behavior at age 12, empathy inversely predicted moral disengagement and juvenile petitions for violent crimes, while RHR was unrelated to all measures of violent behavior. Interactive effects were also evident such that among men with lower but not higher levels of RHR, lower empathy predicted increased violent behavior, as indexed by juvenile arrests for violent offenses, peer-reported violent behavior at age 17, self-reported moral disengagement at age 17, and self-reported violent behavior at age 20. CONCLUSIONS Implications for prevention and intervention are considered. Specifically, targeting empathic skills among individuals at risk for violent behavior because of specific psychophysiological profiles may lead to more impactful interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erika E. Forbes
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, USA
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The Role of Heart Rate Levels in the Intergenerational Transmission of Crime. SOCIETIES 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/soc7030023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Murray J, Hallal PC, Mielke GI, Raine A, Wehrmeister FC, Barros F. Heart rate reactivity and antisocial behaviour. Int J Epidemiol 2016; 45:1687-1689. [PMID: 27892414 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Murray
- Postgraduate Programme in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pedro C Hallal
- Postgraduate Programme in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Gregore I Mielke
- Postgraduate Programme in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Adrian Raine
- Departments of Criminology, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fernando C Wehrmeister
- Postgraduate Programme in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Fernando Barros
- Postgraduate Programme in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.,Postgraduate Programme in Health and Behavior, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Palatini P. Association between low resting heart rate and violent behaviour. Int J Epidemiol 2016; 45:1686-1687. [PMID: 27892413 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Palatini
- Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, via Giustiniani, 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
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