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Sempach L, Doll JPK, Limbach V, Marzetta F, Schaub AC, Schneider E, Kettelhack C, Mählmann L, Schweinfurth-Keck N, Ibberson M, Lang UE, Schmidt A. Examining immune-inflammatory mechanisms of probiotic supplementation in depression: secondary findings from a randomized clinical trial. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:305. [PMID: 39048549 PMCID: PMC11269721 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-03030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
We recently indicated that four-week probiotic supplementation significantly reduced depression along with microbial and neural changes in people with depression. Here we further elucidated the biological modes of action underlying the beneficial clinical effects of probiotics by focusing on immune-inflammatory processes. The analysis included a total of N = 43 participants with depression, from which N = 19 received the probiotic supplement and N = 24 received a placebo over four weeks, in addition to treatment as usual. Blood and saliva were collected at baseline, at post-intervention (week 4) and follow-up (week 8) to assess immune-inflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-6, CRP, MIF), gut-related hormones (ghrelin, leptin), and a stress marker (cortisol). Furthermore, transcriptomic analyses were conducted to identify differentially expressed genes. Finally, we analyzed the associations between probiotic-induced clinical and immune-inflammatory changes. We observed a significant group x time interaction for the gut hormone ghrelin, indicative of an increase in the probiotics group. Additionally, the increase in ghrelin was correlated with the decrease in depressive symptoms in the probiotics group. Transcriptomic analyses identified 51 up- and 57 down-regulated genes, which were involved in functional pathways related to enhanced immune activity. We identified a probiotic-dependent upregulation of the genes ELANE, DEFA4 and OLFM4 associated to immune activation and ghrelin concentration. These results underscore the potential of probiotic supplementation to produce biological meaningful changes in immune activation in patients with depression. Further large-scale mechanistic trials are warranted to validate and extend our understanding of immune-inflammatory measures as potential biomarkers for stratification and treatment response in depression. Trial Registration: www.clinicaltrials.gov , identifier: NCT02957591.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Sempach
- Translational Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Research (DKF), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Jessica P K Doll
- Translational Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Research (DKF), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Verena Limbach
- Translational Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Research (DKF), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Flavia Marzetta
- Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna-Chiara Schaub
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Translational Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Research (DKF), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Else Schneider
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Experimental Cognitive and Clinical Affective Neuroscience (ECAN) Laboratory, Department of Clinical Research (DKF), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cedric Kettelhack
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laura Mählmann
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Mark Ibberson
- Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Undine E Lang
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - André Schmidt
- Translational Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Research (DKF), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Pan X, Gao Y, Guan K, Chen J, Ji B. Ghrelin/GHSR System in Depressive Disorder: Pathologic Roles and Therapeutic Implications. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:7324-7338. [PMID: 39057075 PMCID: PMC11275499 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46070434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Depression is the most common chronic mental illness and is characterized by low mood, insomnia, and affective disorders. However, its pathologic mechanisms remain unclear. Numerous studies have suggested that the ghrelin/GHSR system may be involved in the pathophysiologic process of depression. Ghrelin plays a dual role in experimental animals, increasing depressed behavior and decreasing anxiety. By combining several neuropeptides and traditional neurotransmitter systems to construct neural networks, this hormone modifies signals connected to depression. The present review focuses on the role of ghrelin in neuritogenesis, astrocyte protection, inflammatory factor production, and endocrine disruption in depression. Furthermore, ghrelin/GHSR can activate multiple signaling pathways, including cAMP/CREB/BDNF, PI3K/Akt, Jak2/STAT3, and p38-MAPK, to produce antidepressant effects, given which it is expected to become a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingli Pan
- School of Biological Sciences, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China;
| | - Yuxin Gao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China; (Y.G.); (K.G.)
| | - Kaifu Guan
- School of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China; (Y.G.); (K.G.)
| | - Jing Chen
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Bingyuan Ji
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
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Chang L, He Y, Tian T, Li B. Nucleus accumbens ghrelin signaling controls anxiety-like behavioral response to acute stress. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2024; 20:18. [PMID: 38965529 PMCID: PMC11225390 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-024-00244-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety disorders are one of the most common mental disorders. Ghrelin is a critical orexigenic brain-gut peptide that regulates food intake and metabolism. Recently, the ghrelin system has attracted more attention for its crucial roles in psychiatric disorders, including depression and anxiety. However, the underlying neural mechanisms involved have not been fully investigated. METHODS In the present study, the effect and underlying mechanism of ghrelin signaling in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core on anxiety-like behaviors were examined in normal and acute stress rats, by using immunofluorescence, qRT-PCR, neuropharmacology, molecular manipulation and behavioral tests. RESULTS We reported that injection of ghrelin into the NAc core caused significant anxiolytic effects. Ghrelin receptor growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) is highly localized and expressed in the NAc core neurons. Antagonism of GHSR blocked the ghrelin-induced anxiolytic effects. Moreover, molecular knockdown of GHSR induced anxiogenic effects. Furthermore, injection of ghrelin or overexpression of GHSR in the NAc core reduced acute restraint stress-induced anxiogenic effects. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that ghrelin and its receptor GHSR in the NAc core are actively involved in modulating anxiety induced by acute stress, and raises an opportunity to treat anxiety disorders by targeting ghrelin signaling system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Chang
- Women and Children's Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yecheng He
- Department of Preclinical Medicine, Suzhou Vocational Health College, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Child Health Care, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Bin Li
- Women and Children's Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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Fahed R, Schulz C, Klaus J, Ellinger S, Walter M, Kroemer NB. Ghrelin is associated with an elevated mood after an overnight fast in depression. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 175:271-279. [PMID: 38759494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) comprises subtypes with distinct symptom profiles. For example, patients with melancholic and atypical MDD differ in the direction of appetite and body weight changes as well as mood reactivity. Despite reported links to altered energy metabolism, the role of circulating neuropeptides from the gut in modulating such symptoms remains largely elusive. METHODS We collected data from 103 participants, including 52 patients with MDD and 51 healthy control participants (HCP). After an overnight fast, we measured plasma levels of (acyl and des-acyl) ghrelin and participants reported their current metabolic and mood states using visual analog scales (VAS). Furthermore, they completed symptom-related questionnaires (i.e., STAI-T). RESULTS Patients with atypical versus melancholic MDD reported less negative affect (p = 0.025). Higher levels of acyl ghrelin (corrected for BMI) were associated with improved mood (p = 0.012), specifically in patients with MDD. These associations of ghrelin were not mood-item specific and exceeded correlations with trait markers of negative affectivity. In contrast to associations with mood state, higher levels of ghrelin were not associated with increased hunger per se or changes in appetite in patients with MDD. LIMITATIONS The study is limited by the cross-sectional design without an intervention. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal potentially mood-enhancing effects of ghrelin in fasting individuals that exceed associations with metabolic state ratings. These associations with circulating neuropeptides might help explain anti-depressive effects of fasting interventions and could complement conventional treatments in patients with melancholic MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rauda Fahed
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Corinna Schulz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Klaus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Ellinger
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Human Nutrition, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Halle-Jena-Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Nils B Kroemer
- Section of Medical Psychology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Tübingen, Germany.
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Dong H, Wang S, Hu C, Wang M, Zhou T, Zhou Y. Neuroprotective Effects of Intermittent Fasting in the Aging Brain. ANNALS OF NUTRITION & METABOLISM 2024; 80:175-185. [PMID: 38631305 DOI: 10.1159/000538782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders is old age. Nutritional interventions that delay aging, such as calorie restriction (CR) and intermittent fasting (IF), as well as pharmaceuticals that affect the pathways linking nutrition and aging processes, have been developed in recent decades and have been shown to alleviate the effects of aging on the brain. SUMMARY CR is accomplished by alternating periods of ad libitum feeding and fasting. In animal models, IF has been shown to increase lifespan and slow the progression and severity of age-related pathologies such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. According to recent research, dietary changes can help older people with dementia retain brain function. However, the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effect of IF on the aging brain and related questions in this area of study (i.e., the potential of IF to treat neurodegenerative disorders) remain to be examined. KEY MESSAGES This review addresses the hypothesis that IF may have translational potential in protecting the aged brain while summarizing the research supporting the putative neuroprotective mechanisms of IF in animal models. Additionally, given the emerging understanding of the connection between aging and dementia, our investigations may offer a fresh perspective on the use of dietary interventions for enhancing brain function and preventing dementia in elderly individuals. Finally, the absence of guidelines regarding the application of IF in patients hampers its broad utilization in clinical practice, and further studies are needed to improve our knowledge of the long-term effects of IF on dementia before it can be widely prescribed. In conclusion, IF may be an ancillary intervention for preserving memory and cognition in elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiyan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenji Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medical Equipment, Ba Yi Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Xindu District People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
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Lipp HP, Krackow S, Turkes E, Benner S, Endo T, Russig H. IntelliCage: the development and perspectives of a mouse- and user-friendly automated behavioral test system. Front Behav Neurosci 2024; 17:1270538. [PMID: 38235003 PMCID: PMC10793385 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1270538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
IntelliCage for mice is a rodent home-cage equipped with four corner structures harboring symmetrical double panels for operant conditioning at each of the two sides, either by reward (access to water) or by aversion (non-painful stimuli: air-puffs, LED lights). Corner visits, nose-pokes and actual licks at bottle-nipples are recorded individually using subcutaneously implanted transponders for RFID identification of up to 16 adult mice housed in the same home-cage. This allows for recording individual in-cage activity of mice and applying reward/punishment operant conditioning schemes in corners using workflows designed on a versatile graphic user interface. IntelliCage development had four roots: (i) dissatisfaction with standard approaches for analyzing mouse behavior, including standardization and reproducibility issues, (ii) response to handling and housing animal welfare issues, (iii) the increasing number of mouse models had produced a high work burden on classic manual behavioral phenotyping of single mice. and (iv), studies of transponder-chipped mice in outdoor settings revealed clear genetic behavioral differences in mouse models corresponding to those observed by classic testing in the laboratory. The latter observations were important for the development of home-cage testing in social groups, because they contradicted the traditional belief that animals must be tested under social isolation to prevent disturbance by other group members. The use of IntelliCages reduced indeed the amount of classic testing remarkably, while its flexibility was proved in a wide range of applications worldwide including transcontinental parallel testing. Essentially, two lines of testing emerged: sophisticated analysis of spontaneous behavior in the IntelliCage for screening of new genetic models, and hypothesis testing in many fields of behavioral neuroscience. Upcoming developments of the IntelliCage aim at improved stimulus presentation in the learning corners and videotracking of social interactions within the IntelliCage. Its main advantages are (i) that mice live in social context and are not stressfully handled for experiments, (ii) that studies are not restricted in time and can run in absence of humans, (iii) that it increases reproducibility of behavioral phenotyping worldwide, and (iv) that the industrial standardization of the cage permits retrospective data analysis with new statistical tools even after many years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Peter Lipp
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sven Krackow
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Emir Turkes
- Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Seico Benner
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, Japan
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Rayatpour A, Radahmadi M, Izadi MS, Ghasemi M. Effects of sub-chronic CRH administration into the hypothalamic paraventricular and central amygdala nuclei in male rats with a focus on food intake biomarkers. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20200221. [PMID: 38088701 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320200221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
CRH neurons are found in the paraventricular nucleus(PVN) and central amygdala(CeA) nuclei. This study investigated the effects of sub-chronic CRH administration into the PVN and CeA nuclei on food intake biomarkers in rats divided into five groups: control, two shams, and two CRH-PVN and CRH-CeA groups(receiving CRH in nuclei for seven days). The CRH-PVN group had significantly higher cumulative food intake and food intake trends than the CRH-CeA group. The CRH-CeA and CRH-PVN groups exhibited significant increases in food intake during hours 1 and 2, respectively. Moreover, to be time-dependent, food intake is modulated by different brain nuclei. The CRH signaling pathway appeared to be activated later in the PVN than CeA. Both groups exhibited significantly higher leptin levels, the CRH-PVN group exhibited higher ghrelin levels and lower glucose levels. Repetitive administration of CRH into the PVN and CeA significantly reduced body weight differences. CRH administration into the PVN affected both leptin and ghrelin levels, but ghrelin had a greater impact on glucose variations and cumulative food intake than leptin. Finally, CRH administration into the PVN and CeA likely activated the HPA axis, and the CeA had a greater impact on the stress circuit than on food intake behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Rayatpour
- Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Hezar Jerib street, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Radahmadi
- Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Hezar Jerib street, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mina S Izadi
- Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Hezar Jerib street, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maedeh Ghasemi
- Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Hezar Jerib street, Isfahan, Iran
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Tseng YT, Schaefke B, Wei P, Wang L. Defensive responses: behaviour, the brain and the body. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023; 24:655-671. [PMID: 37730910 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00736-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Most animals live under constant threat from predators, and predation has been a major selective force in shaping animal behaviour. Nevertheless, defence responses against predatory threats need to be balanced against other adaptive behaviours such as foraging, mating and recovering from infection. This behavioural balance in ethologically relevant contexts requires adequate integration of internal and external signals in a complex interplay between the brain and the body. Despite this complexity, research has often considered defensive behaviour as entirely mediated by the brain processing threat-related information obtained via perception of the external environment. However, accumulating evidence suggests that the endocrine, immune, gastrointestinal and reproductive systems have important roles in modulating behavioural responses to threat. In this Review, we focus on how predatory threat defence responses are shaped by threat imminence and review the circuitry between subcortical brain regions involved in mediating defensive behaviours. Then, we discuss the intersection of peripheral systems involved in internal states related to infection, hunger and mating with the neurocircuits that underlie defence responses against predatory threat. Through this process, we aim to elucidate the interconnections between the brain and body as an integrated network that facilitates appropriate defensive responses to threat and to discuss the implications for future behavioural research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Tseng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behaviour, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bernhard Schaefke
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pengfei Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liping Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behaviour, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
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Wittekind DA, Kratzsch J, Mergl R, Wirkner K, Baber R, Sander C, Witte AV, Villringer A, Kluge M. Childhood sexual abuse is associated with higher total ghrelin serum levels in adulthood: results from a large, population-based study. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:219. [PMID: 37349303 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02517-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is an orexigenic peptide hormone synthesized in times of stress and hunger and alterations of the ghrelin system following acute stressors could be repeatedly shown in humans. However, little data exists on long-term effects of trauma on the ghrelin system. We aimed to investigate the influence of childhood trauma on total ghrelin serum levels in a large, population-based study. Total serum ghrelin was measured in 1666 participants of a population-based cross-sectional study ('LIFE study'). The Childhood Trauma Screener (CTS) was used for the assessment of childhood trauma in the final sample (n = 1086; mean age: 57.10 ± 16.23 years; 632 males, 454 females). Multiple linear regression analyses and generalized linear models were chosen to examine the association between childhood trauma and total serum ghrelin concentrations. Childhood sexual abuse went along with significantly higher ghrelin serum levels in the total sample (β = 0.114, t = 3.958; p = 0.00008) and in women (β = 0.142, t = 3.115; p = 0.002), but not in men (β = 0.055; t = 1.388; p = 0.166). Women with severe emotional neglect in the childhood had higher ghrelin levels than those without (odds ratio = 1.204; p = 0.018). For the CTS Sum Score and other CTS sub-scale scores, no significant association with ghrelin serum levels was found. Our study is the first to show associations between childhood sexual trauma and total ghrelin levels in adults in a large, community-based sample. Our results should initiate further research of the role of ghrelin in human stress response in prospective study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Alexander Wittekind
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Kratzsch
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roland Mergl
- Institute of Psychology, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wirkner
- Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ronny Baber
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Sander
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - A Veronica Witte
- Clinic of Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig, and Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Clinic of Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig, and Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Kluge
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Rudolf-Virchow-Hospital, Glauchau, Germany
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Chovel Sella A, Hadaway N, Stern C, Becker KR, Holsen LM, Eddy KT, Micali N, Misra M, Thomas JJ, Lawson EA. Lower Ghrelin Levels Are Associated With Higher Anxiety Symptoms in Adolescents and Young Adults With Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2023; 84:22m14482. [PMID: 37134126 PMCID: PMC10336648 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.22m14482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is associated with increased risk for anxiety, which may adversely affect prognosis. The appetite-stimulating hormone, ghrelin, increases in response to stress, and exogenous ghrelin decreases anxiety-like behaviors in animal models. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between ghrelin levels and measures of anxiety in youth with ARFID. We hypothesized that lower ghrelin levels would be associated with increased anxiety symptoms. Methods: We studied a cross-sectional sample of 80 subjects with full and subthreshold ARFID diagnosed by DSM-5 criteria, aged 10-23 years (female, n = 39; male, n = 41). Subjects were enrolled in a study of the neurobiology of avoidant/restrictive eating conducted from August 2016 to January 2021. We assessed fasting ghrelin levels and anxiety symptoms (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory [STAI] and STAI for Children [STAI-C] measuring general trait anxiety; Beck Anxiety Inventory [BAI] and BAI for youth [BAI-Y] assessing cognitive, emotional, and somatic symptoms of anxiety; and Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale [LSAS] assessing symptoms of social anxiety). Results: Consistent with our hypothesis, ghrelin levels were inversely associated with anxiety symptoms as assessed by STAI/STAI-C T scores (r = -0.28, P = .012), BAI/BAI-Y T scores (r = -0.28, P = .010), and LSAS scores (r = -0.3, P = .027), all with medium effect sizes. Findings held in the full threshold ARFID group when adjusting for body mass index z scores (STAI/STAI-C T scores, β = -0.27, P = .024; BAI/BAI-Y T scores, β = -0.26, P = .034; LSAS, β = -0.34, P = .024). Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that lower levels of ghrelin are associated with more severe anxiety symptoms in youth with ARFID and raise the question of whether ghrelin pathways could be targeted in the treatment of ARFID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aluma Chovel Sella
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mass General for Children, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Natalia Hadaway
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Casey Stern
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kendra R Becker
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laura M Holsen
- Division of Women's Health, Department of Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kamryn T Eddy
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nadia Micali
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Pediatrics Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Madhusmita Misra
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mass General for Children, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Indicates shared senior authorship
| | - Jennifer J Thomas
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Indicates shared senior authorship
| | - Elizabeth A Lawson
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Corresponding author: Elizabeth A. Lawson, MD, MMSc, Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114
- Indicates shared senior authorship
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11
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Fritz EM, Pierre A, De Bundel D, Singewald N. Ghrelin receptor agonist MK0677 and overnight fasting do not rescue deficient fear extinction in 129S1/SvImJ mice. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1094948. [PMID: 36846243 PMCID: PMC9947350 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1094948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The hunger hormone ghrelin has been implicated in the modulation of anxiety- and fear-related behaviors in rodents and humans, while its dysregulation may be associated with psychiatric illness. Along these lines, the ghrelin system has been suggested as a potential target to facilitate fear extinction, which is the main mechanism underlying cognitive behavioral therapy. So far, this hypothesis has not been tested in individuals that have difficulties to extinguish fear. Thus, we investigated pharmacological (ghrelin receptor agonist MK0677) and non-pharmacological (overnight fasting) strategies to target the ghrelin system in the 129S1/SvImJ (S1) mouse strain, which models the endophenotype of impaired fear extinction that has been associated with treatment resistance in anxiety and PTSD patients. MK0677 induced food intake and overnight fasting increased plasma ghrelin levels in S1 mice, suggesting that the ghrelin system is responsive in the S1 strain. However, neither systemic administration of MK0677 nor overnight fasting had an effect on fear extinction in S1 mice. Similarly, our groups previously reported that both interventions did not attenuate fear in extinction-competent C57BL/6J mice. In summary, our findings are in contrast to several studies reporting beneficial effects of GHSR agonism and overnight fasting on fear- and anxiety-related behaviors in rodents. Rather, our data agree with accumulating evidence of divergent behavioral effects of ghrelin system activation and underscore the hypothesis that potential benefits of targeting the ghrelin system in fear extinction may be dependent on factors (e.g., previous stress exposure) that are not yet fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Maria Fritz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and CMBI, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anouk Pierre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dimitri De Bundel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Singewald
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and CMBI, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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12
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Jerlhag E. Animal studies reveal that the ghrelin pathway regulates alcohol-mediated responses. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1050973. [PMID: 36970276 PMCID: PMC10030715 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1050973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is often described as repeated phases of binge drinking, compulsive alcohol-taking, craving for alcohol during withdrawal, and drinking with an aim to a reduce the negative consequences. Although multifaceted, alcohol-induced reward is one aspect influencing the former three of these. The neurobiological mechanisms regulating AUD processes are complex and one of these systems is the gut-brain peptide ghrelin. The vast physiological properties of ghrelin are mediated via growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR, ghrelin receptor). Ghrelin is well known for its ability to control feeding, hunger, and metabolism. Moreover, ghrelin signaling appears central for alcohol-mediated responses; findings reviewed herein. In male rodents GHSR antagonism reduces alcohol consumption, prevents relapse drinking, and attenuates the motivation to consume alcohol. On the other hand, ghrelin increases the consumption of alcohol. This ghrelin-alcohol interaction is also verified to some extent in humans with high alcohol consumption. In addition, either pharmacological or genetic suppression of GHSR decreases several alcohol-related effects (behavioral or neurochemical). Indeed, this suppression blocks the alcohol-induced hyperlocomotion and dopamine release in nucleus accumbens as well as ablates the alcohol reward in the conditioned place preference model. Although not fully elucidated, this interaction appears to involve areas central for reward, such as the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and brain nodes targeted by VTA projections. As reviewed briefly, the ghrelin pathway does not only modulate alcohol-mediated effects, it regulates reward-related behaviors induced by addictive drugs. Although personality traits like impulsivity and risk-taking behaviors are common in patients with AUD, the role of the ghrelin pathway thereof is unknown and remains to be studied. In summary, the ghrelin pathway regulates addiction processes like AUD and therefore the possibility that GHSR antagonism reduces alcohol or drug-taking should be explored in randomized clinical trials.
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13
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Hu G, Zhang M, Wang Y, Yu M, Zhou Y. Potential of Heterogeneous Compounds as Antidepressants: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213776. [PMID: 36430254 PMCID: PMC9692659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a globally widespread disorder caused by a complicated interplay of social, psychological, and biological factors. Approximately 280 million people are suffering from depression worldwide. Traditional frontline antidepressants targeting monoamine neurotransmitters show unsatisfactory effects. The development and application of novel antidepressants for dissimilar targets are on the agenda. This review characterizes the antidepressant effects of multiple endogenous compounds and/or their targets to provide new insight into the working mechanism of antidepressants. We also discuss perspectives and challenges for the generation of novel antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonghui Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- Institute of Brain Sciences and Related Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- Institute of Brain Sciences and Related Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yuyang Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Ming Yu
- Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Institute, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- Institute of Brain Sciences and Related Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Institute, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China
- Correspondence:
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14
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Herrington JA, Guss Darwich J, Harshaw C, Brigande AM, Leif EB, Currie PJ. Elevated ghrelin alters the behavioral effects of perinatal acetaminophen exposure in rats. Dev Psychobiol 2022; 64:e22252. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.22252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Herrington
- Department of Psychology Reed College 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd, Portland OR 97202, USA Portland Oregon USA
| | - Janet Guss Darwich
- Department of Psychology Reed College 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd, Portland OR 97202, USA Portland Oregon USA
| | - Christopher Harshaw
- Department of Psychology University of New Orleans New Orleans Louisiana USA
| | - Alev M. Brigande
- Department of Psychology Reed College 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd, Portland OR 97202, USA Portland Oregon USA
| | - Erica B. Leif
- Department of Psychology Reed College 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd, Portland OR 97202, USA Portland Oregon USA
| | - Paul J. Currie
- Department of Psychology Reed College 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd, Portland OR 97202, USA Portland Oregon USA
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15
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Chen X, Dong J, Jiao Q, Du X, Bi M, Jiang H. "Sibling" battle or harmony: crosstalk between nesfatin-1 and ghrelin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:169. [PMID: 35239020 PMCID: PMC11072372 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin was first identified as an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) in 1999, with the function of stimulating the release of growth hormone (GH), while nesfatin-1 was identified in 2006. Both peptides are secreted by the same kind of endocrine cells, X/A-like cells in the stomach. Compared with ghrelin, nesfatin-1 exerts opposite effects on energy metabolism, glucose metabolism, gastrointestinal functions and regulation of blood pressure, but exerts similar effects on anti-inflammation and neuroprotection. Up to now, nesfatin-1 remains as an orphan ligand because its receptor has not been identified. Several studies have shown the effects of nesfatin-1 are dependent on the receptor of ghrelin. We herein compare the effects of nesfatin-1 and ghrelin in several aspects and explore the possibility of their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Jiao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xixun Du
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxia Bi
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Tufvesson-Alm M, Shevchouk OT, Jerlhag E. Insight into the role of the gut-brain axis in alcohol-related responses: Emphasis on GLP-1, amylin, and ghrelin. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1092828. [PMID: 36699502 PMCID: PMC9868418 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1092828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) contributes substantially to global morbidity and mortality. Given the heterogenicity of this brain disease, available pharmacological treatments only display efficacy in sub-set of individuals. The need for additional treatment options is thus substantial and is the goal of preclinical studies unraveling neurobiological mechanisms underlying AUD. Although these neurobiological processes are complex and numerous, one system gaining recent attention is the gut-brain axis. Peptides of the gut-brain axis include anorexigenic peptide like glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and amylin as well as the orexigenic peptide ghrelin. In animal models, agonists of the GLP-1 or amylin receptor and ghrelin receptor (GHSR) antagonists reduce alcohol drinking, relapse drinking, and alcohol-seeking. Moreover, these three gut-brain peptides modulate alcohol-related responses (behavioral and neurochemical) in rodents, suggesting that the alcohol reduction may involve a suppression of alcohol's rewarding properties. Brain areas participating in the ability of these gut-brain peptides to reduce alcohol-mediated behaviors/neurochemistry involve those important for reward. Human studies support these preclinical studies as polymorphisms of the genes encoding for GLP-1 receptor or the ghrelin pathway are associated with AUD. Moreover, a GLP-1 receptor agonist decreases alcohol drinking in overweight patients with AUD and an inverse GHSR agonist reduces alcohol craving. Although preclinical and clinical studies reveal an interaction between the gut-brain axis and AUD, additional studies should explore this in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Tufvesson-Alm
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olesya T Shevchouk
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Jerlhag
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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17
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Börchers S, Krieger JP, Maric I, Carl J, Abraham M, Longo F, Asker M, Richard JE, Skibicka KP. From an Empty Stomach to Anxiolysis: Molecular and Behavioral Assessment of Sex Differences in the Ghrelin Axis of Rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:901669. [PMID: 35784535 PMCID: PMC9243305 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.901669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, a stomach-produced hormone, is well-recognized for its role in promoting feeding, controlling energy homeostasis, and glucoregulation. Ghrelin's function to ensure survival extends beyond that: its release parallels that of corticosterone, and ghrelin administration and fasting have an anxiolytic and antidepressant effect. This clearly suggests a role in stress and anxiety. However, most studies of ghrelin's effects on anxiety have been conducted exclusively on male rodents. Here, we hypothesize that female rats are wired for higher ghrelin sensitivity compared to males. To test this, we systematically compared components of the ghrelin axis between male and female Sprague Dawley rats. Next, we evaluated whether anxiety-like behavior and feeding response to endogenous or exogenous ghrelin are sex divergent. In line with our hypothesis, we show that female rats have higher serum levels of ghrelin and lower levels of the endogenous antagonist LEAP-2, compared to males. Furthermore, circulating ghrelin levels were partly dependent on estradiol; ovariectomy drastically reduced circulating ghrelin levels, which were partly restored by estradiol replacement. In contrast, orchiectomy did not affect circulating plasma ghrelin. Additionally, females expressed higher levels of the endogenous ghrelin receptor GHSR1A in brain areas involved in feeding and anxiety: the lateral hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala. Moreover, overnight fasting increased GHSR1A expression in the amygdala of females, but not males. To evaluate the behavioral consequences of these molecular differences, male and female rats were tested in the elevated plus maze (EPM), open field (OF), and acoustic startle response (ASR) after three complementary ghrelin manipulations: increased endogenous ghrelin levels through overnight fasting, systemic administration of ghrelin, or blockade of fasting-induced ghrelin signaling with a GHSR1A antagonist. Here, females exhibited a stronger anxiolytic response to fasting and ghrelin in the ASR, in line with our findings of sex differences in the ghrelin axis. Most importantly, after GHSR1A antagonist treatment, females but not males displayed an anxiogenic response in the ASR, and a more pronounced anxiogenesis in the EPM and OF compared to males. Collectively, female rats are wired for higher sensitivity to fasting-induced anxiolytic ghrelin signaling. Further, the sex differences in the ghrelin axis are modulated, at least partly, by gonadal steroids, specifically estradiol. Overall, ghrelin plays a more prominent role in the regulation of anxiety-like behavior of female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina Börchers
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jean-Philippe Krieger
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ivana Maric
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Jil Carl
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maral Abraham
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Francesco Longo
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mohammed Asker
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jennifer E. Richard
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karolina P. Skibicka
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Karolina P. Skibicka,
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18
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Shevchouk OT, Tufvesson-Alm M, Jerlhag E. An Overview of Appetite-Regulatory Peptides in Addiction Processes; From Bench to Bed Side. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:774050. [PMID: 34955726 PMCID: PMC8695496 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.774050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a substantial need for new pharmacological treatments of addiction, and appetite-regulatory peptides are implied as possible candidates. Appetite regulation is complex and involves anorexigenic hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and amylin, and orexigenic peptides like ghrelin and all are well-known for their effects on feeding behaviors. This overview will summarize more recent physiological aspects of these peptides, demonstrating that they modulate various aspects of addiction processes. Findings from preclinical, genetic, and experimental clinical studies exploring the association between appetite-regulatory peptides and the acute or chronic effects of addictive drugs will be introduced. Short or long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists independently attenuate the acute rewarding properties of addictive drugs or reduce the chronic aspects of drugs. Genetic variation of the GLP-1 system is associated with alcohol use disorder. Also, the amylin pathway modulates the acute and chronic behavioral responses to addictive drugs. Ghrelin has been shown to activate reward-related behaviors. Moreover, ghrelin enhances, whereas pharmacological or genetic suppression of the ghrelin receptor attenuates the responses to various addictive drugs. Genetic studies and experimental clinical studies further support the associations between ghrelin and addiction processes. Further studies should explore the mechanisms modulating the ability of appetite-regulatory peptides to reduce addiction, and the effects of combination therapies or different diets on substance use are warranted. In summary, these studies provide evidence that appetite-regulatory peptides modulate reward and addiction processes, and deserve to be investigated as potential treatment target for addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesya T Shevchouk
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maximilian Tufvesson-Alm
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Jerlhag
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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19
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Peris-Sampedro F, Le May MV, Stoltenborg I, Schéle E, Dickson SL. A skeleton in the cupboard in ghrelin research: Where are the skinny dwarfs? J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e13025. [PMID: 34427011 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Based on studies delivering ghrelin or ghrelin receptor agonists, we have learned a great deal about the importance of the brain ghrelin signalling system for a wide range of physiological processes that include feeding behaviours, growth hormone secretion and glucose homeostasis. Because these processes can be considered as essential to life, the question arises as to why mouse models of depleted ghrelin signalling are not all skinny dwarfs with a host of behavioural and metabolic problems. Here, we provide a systematic detailed review of the phenotype of mice with deficient ghrelin signalling to help better understand the relevance and importance of the brain ghrelin signalling system, with a particular emphasis on those questions that remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Peris-Sampedro
- Department of Physiology/Endocrine, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie V Le May
- Department of Physiology/Endocrine, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Iris Stoltenborg
- Department of Physiology/Endocrine, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Schéle
- Department of Physiology/Endocrine, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Suzanne L Dickson
- Department of Physiology/Endocrine, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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20
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Peris-Sampedro F, Stoltenborg I, Le May MV, Zigman JM, Adan RAH, Dickson SL. Genetic deletion of the ghrelin receptor (GHSR) impairs growth and blunts endocrine response to fasting in Ghsr-IRES-Cre mice. Mol Metab 2021; 51:101223. [PMID: 33798772 PMCID: PMC8102639 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The orexigenic hormone ghrelin exerts its physiological effects by binding to and activating the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). The recent development of a Ghsr-IRES-Cre knock-in mouse line has enabled to genetically access GHSR-expressing neurons. Inserting a Cre construct using a knock-in strategy, even when following an upstream internal ribosome entry site (IRES) can, however, interfere with expression of a targeted gene, with consequences for the phenotype emerging. This study aimed to phenotype, both physically and metabolically, heterozygous and homozygous Ghsr-IRES-Cre mice, with a view to discovering the extent to which the ghrelin signalling system remains functional in these mice. METHODS We assessed feeding and arcuate nucleus (Arc) Fos activation in wild-type, heterozygous and homozygous Ghsr-IRES-Cre mice in response to peripherally-administered ghrelin. We also characterised their developmental and growth phenotypes, as well as their metabolic responses upon an overnight fast. RESULTS Insertion of the IRES-Cre cassette into the 3'-untranslated region of the Ghsr gene led to a gene-dosage GHSR depletion in the Arc. Whereas heterozygotes remained ghrelin-responsive and more closely resembled wild-types, ghrelin had reduced orexigenic efficacy and failed to induce Arc Fos expression in homozygous littermates. Homozygotes had a lower body weight accompanied by a shorter body length, less fat tissue content, altered bone parameters, and lower insulin-like growth factor-1 levels compared to wild-type and heterozygous littermates. Moreover, both heterozygous and homozygous Ghsr-IRES-Cre mice lacked the usual fasting-induced rise in growth hormone (GH) and displayed an exaggerated drop in blood glucose and insulin compared to wild-types. Unexpectedly, fasting acyl-ghrelin levels were allele-dependently increased. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that (i) heterozygous but not homozygous Ghsr-IRES-Cre mice retain the usual responsiveness to administered ghrelin, (ii) the impact of fasting on GH release and glucose homeostasis is altered even when only one copy of the Ghsr gene is non-functional (as in heterozygous Ghsr-IRES-Cre mice) and (iii) homozygous Ghsr-IRES-Cre mice exhibit growth retardation. Of the many transgenic models of suppressed ghrelin signalling, Ghsr-IRES-Cre mice emerge as best representing the full breadth of the expected phenotype with respect to body weight, growth, and metabolic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Peris-Sampedro
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Iris Stoltenborg
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie V Le May
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jeffrey M Zigman
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Roger A H Adan
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne L Dickson
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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21
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Expression of ghrelin or growth hormone secretagogue receptor in the brain of postpartum stress mice. Neuroreport 2021; 32:678-685. [PMID: 33913930 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Postpartum depression is one of the most common mental diseases that occur in women after childbirth; this disorder is extremely painful for women and represents a major burden on the society. Therefore, we designed this study to explore the possible material basis of the disease, and provide potential novel antidepressants therapy using a mouse model. We established a postpartum immobilization stress model. Maternal body weight changes and food intake were recorded for half a month after delivery, and levels of ghrelin and its receptor, growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) were measured. The mice in the immobilization stress group showed stress activity as well as low body weight and low feeding status. Ghrelin expression was elevated in blood whereas ghrelin or GHSR expression decreased in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of the immobilization stress mice, and the number of ghrelin-active and GHSR cells reduced.
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Khelifa MS, Skov LJ, Holst B. Biased Ghrelin Receptor Signaling and the Dopaminergic System as Potential Targets for Metabolic and Psychological Symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:734547. [PMID: 34646236 PMCID: PMC8503187 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.734547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a complex disease that impairs the metabolic, mental and physiological health of affected individuals in a severe and sometimes lethal way. Many of the common symptoms in AN patients, such as reduced food intake, anxiety, impaired gut motility or overexercising are connected to both the orexigenic gut hormone ghrelin and the dopaminergic system. Targeting the ghrelin receptor (GhrR) to treat AN seems a promising possibility in current research. However, GhrR signaling is highly complex. First, the GhrR can activate four known intracellular pathways Gαq, Gαi/o, Gα12/13 and the recruitment of β-arrestin. Biased signaling provides the possibility to activate or inhibit only one or a subset of the intracellular pathways of a pleiotropic receptor. This allows specific targeting of physiological functions without adverse effects. Currently little is known on how biased signaling could specifically modulate GhrR effects. Second, GhrR signaling has been shown to be interconnected with the dopaminergic system, particularly in the context of AN symptoms. This review highlights that a biased agonist for the GhrR may be a promising target for the treatment of AN, however extensive and systematic translational studies are still needed and the connection to the dopaminergic system has to be taken into account.
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Xiao X, Bi M, Jiao Q, Chen X, Du X, Jiang H. A new understanding of GHSR1a--independent of ghrelin activation. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 64:101187. [PMID: 33007437 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a), a member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, is a functional receptor of ghrelin. The expression levels and activities of GHSR1a are affected by various factors. In past years, it has been found that the ghrelin-GHSR1a system can perform biological functions such as anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, and anti-oxidative stress. In addition to mediating the effect of ghrelin, GHSR1a also has abnormally high constitutive activity; that is, it can still transmit intracellular signals without activation of the ghrelin ligand. This constitutive activity affects brain functions, growth and development of the body; therefore, it has profound impacts on neurodegenerative diseases and some other age-related diseases. In addition, GHSR1a can also form homodimers or heterodimers with other GPCRs, affecting the release of neurotransmitters, appetite regulation, cell proliferation and insulin release. Therefore, further understanding of the constitutive activities and dimerization of GHSR1a will enable us to better clarify the characteristics of GHSR1a and provide more therapeutic targets for drug development. Here, we focus on the roles of GHSR1a in various biological functions and provide a comprehensive summary of the current research on GHSR1a to provide broader therapeutic prospects for age-related disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xiao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingxia Bi
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Jiao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xixun Du
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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Cornejo MP, Mustafá ER, Barrile F, Cassano D, De Francesco PN, Raingo J, Perello M. THE INTRIGUING LIGAND-DEPENDENT AND LIGAND-INDEPENDENT ACTIONS OF THE GROWTH HORMONE SECRETAGOGUE RECEPTOR ON REWARD-RELATED BEHAVIORS. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 120:401-416. [PMID: 33157147 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) highly expressed in the brain, and also in some peripheral tissues. GHSR activity is evoked by the stomach-derived peptide hormone ghrelin and abrogated by the intestine-derived liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2). In vitro, GHSR displays ligand-independent actions, including a high constitutive activity and an allosteric modulation of other GPCRs. Beyond its neuroendocrine and metabolic effects, cumulative evidence shows that GHSR regulates the activity of the mesocorticolimbic pathway and modulates complex reward-related behaviors towards different stimuli. Here, we review current evidence indicating that ligand-dependent and ligand-independent actions of GHSR enhance reward-related behaviors towards appetitive stimuli and drugs of abuse. We discuss putative neuronal networks and molecular mechanisms that GHSR would engage to modulate such reward-related behaviors. Finally, we briefly discuss imaging studies showing that ghrelin would also regulate reward processing in humans. Overall, we conclude that GHSR is a key regulator of the mesocorticolimbic pathway that influences its activity and, consequently, modulates reward-related behaviors via ligand-dependent and ligand-independent actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María P Cornejo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA). National University of La Plata], 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emilio R Mustafá
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology of the IMBICE, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Franco Barrile
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA). National University of La Plata], 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Cassano
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA). National University of La Plata], 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo N De Francesco
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA). National University of La Plata], 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jesica Raingo
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology of the IMBICE, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mario Perello
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA). National University of La Plata], 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Fritz EM, Singewald N, De Bundel D. The Good, the Bad and the Unknown Aspects of Ghrelin in Stress Coping and Stress-Related Psychiatric Disorders. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2020; 12:594484. [PMID: 33192444 PMCID: PMC7652849 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2020.594484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is a peptide hormone released by specialized X/A cells in the stomach and activated by acylation. Following its secretion, it binds to ghrelin receptors in the periphery to regulate energy balance, but it also acts on the central nervous system where it induces a potent orexigenic effect. Several types of stressors have been shown to stimulate ghrelin release in rodents, including nutritional stressors like food deprivation, but also physical and psychological stressors such as foot shocks, social defeat, forced immobilization or chronic unpredictable mild stress. The mechanism through which these stressors drive ghrelin release from the stomach lining remains unknown and, to date, the resulting consequences of ghrelin release for stress coping remain poorly understood. Indeed, ghrelin has been proposed to act as a stress hormone that reduces fear, anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in rodents but some studies suggest that ghrelin may - in contrast - promote such behaviors. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature on the role of the ghrelin system in stress coping. We discuss whether ghrelin release is more than a byproduct of disrupted energy homeostasis following stress exposure. Furthermore, we explore the notion that ghrelin receptor signaling in the brain may have effects independent of circulating ghrelin and in what way this might influence stress coping in rodents. Finally, we examine how the ghrelin system could be utilized as a therapeutic avenue in stress-related psychiatric disorders (with a focus on anxiety- and trauma-related disorders), for example to develop novel biomarkers for a better diagnosis or new interventions to tackle relapse or treatment resistance in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Maria Fritz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and CMBI, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nicolas Singewald
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and CMBI, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dimitri De Bundel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Stone LA, Harmatz ES, Goosens KA. Ghrelin as a Stress Hormone: Implications for Psychiatric Illness. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 88:531-540. [PMID: 32912426 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The stress response is an adaptive means of maintaining physiological homeostasis in the face of changing environmental conditions. However, protracted recruitment of stress systems can precipitate wear and tear on the body and may lead to many forms of disease. The mechanisms underlying the connection between chronic stress and disease are not fully understood and are likely multifactorial. In this review, we evaluate the possibility that the hormone ghrelin may contribute to the pathophysiology that follows chronic stress. Since ghrelin was discovered as a pro-hunger hormone, many additional roles for it have been identified, including in learning, memory, reward, and stress. We describe the beneficial effects that ghrelin exerts in healthy mammals and discuss that prolonged exposure to ghrelin has been linked to maladaptive responses and behaviors in the realm of psychiatric disease. In addition, we consider whether chronic stress-associated altered ghrelin signaling may enhance susceptibility to posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid conditions such as major depressive disorder and alcohol use disorder. Finally, we explore the possibility that ghrelin-based therapeutics could eventually form the basis of a treatment strategy for illnesses that are linked to chronic stress and potentially also ghrelin dysregulation, and we identify critical avenues for future research in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ki A Goosens
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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Yamada C, Iizuka S, Nahata M, Hattori T, Takeda H. Vulnerability to psychological stress-induced anorexia in female mice depends on blockade of ghrelin signal in nucleus tractus solitarius. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4666-4682. [PMID: 32754963 PMCID: PMC7520439 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Women have a higher incidence of eating disorders than men. We investigated whether the effects of ghrelin on feeding are affected by sex and stress, and to elucidate the mechanisms that may cause sex differences in stress‐mediated anorexia, focusing on ghrelin. Experimental Approach Acylated ghrelin was administered to naïve and psychologically stressed male and female C57BL/6J mice, followed by measurements of food intake and plasma hormone levels. Ovariectomy was performed to determine the effects of ovary‐derived oestrogen on stress‐induced eating disorders in female mice. The numbers of Agrp or c‐Fos mRNA‐positive cells and estrogen receptor α/c‐Fos protein‐double‐positive cells were assessed. Key Results Ghrelin administration to naïve female mice caused a higher increase in food intake, growth hormone secretion, Agrp mRNA expression in the arcuate nucleus and c‐Fos expression in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) than in male mice. In contrast, psychological stress caused a more sustained reduction in food intake in females than males. The high sensitivity of naïve females to exogenous ghrelin was attenuated by stress exposure. The stress‐induced decline in food intake was not abolished by ovariectomy. Estrogen receptor‐α but not ‐β antagonism prevented the decrease in food intake under stress. Estrogen receptor‐α/c‐Fos‐double‐positive cells in the NTS were significantly increased by stress only in females. Conclusion and Implications Stress‐mediated eating disorders in females may be due to blockade of ghrelin signalling via estrogen receptor‐α activation in the NTS. Targeting the ghrelin signal in the brain could be a new treatment strategy to prevent these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Yamada
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ami-machi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Seiichi Iizuka
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ami-machi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Miwa Nahata
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ami-machi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hattori
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ami-machi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takeda
- Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Hokkaido University Hospital Gastroenterological Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Influence of subliminal intragastric fatty acid infusion on subjective and physiological responses to positive emotion induction in healthy women: A randomized trial. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 108:43-52. [PMID: 31226660 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subliminal intragastric fatty acid infusion attenuates subjective and brain responses to negative emotion induction. However, the underlying gut-brain signaling mechanisms remain unclear, and it is unknown whether such effect equally applies to positive emotion. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the interaction between fatty acid-induced gut-brain signaling and subjective responses to positive emotion, and the potential mediational role of gastrointestinal (GI) hormones. DESIGN Twelve fasting healthy women underwent intragastric infusion of 2.5 g lauric acid or saline, after which either positive or neutral emotion was induced for 30 min, in 4 separate visits. Appetite-related sensations, subjective emotional state, and GI hormones were measured at baseline and every 10 min after infusion. Heart rate variability was measured at baseline and at t = 20-30 min to quantify vagal tone (root mean square of successive differences, RMSSD), and sympathovagal balance (low frequency to high frequency ratio, LF/HF). RESULTS Fatty acid infusion did not influence appetite-related sensations (as expected), nor emotional state ratings (contrary to expectations). As anticipated, fatty acid stimulated release of CCK at t = 20-40 min (p < 0.001), and GLP1 at t = 30-40 min (p < 0.001), but not PYY. Interestingly, positive emotion induction suppressed plasma octanoylated ghrelin at t = 20-40 min (p = 0.020). Further, both positive emotion and fatty acid attenuated RMSSD (p = 0.012 & 0.0073, respectively). Positive emotion attenuated LF/HF after fatty acid (p = 0.0006), but raised LF/HF after saline (p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Subliminal fatty acid did not influence subjective responses to positive emotion induction. However, positive emotion induction suppressed octanoylated ghrelin release. Moreover, both positive emotion and subliminal fatty acid decreased cardiac vagal tone. Further, the fatty acid reversed the effect of positive emotion on sympathovagal balance.
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Acute But Not Chronic Calorie Restriction Defends against Stress-Related Anxiety and Despair in a GHS-R1a-Dependent Manner. Neuroscience 2019; 412:94-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Han QQ, Huang HJ, Wang YL, Yang L, Pilot A, Zhu XC, Yu R, Wang J, Chen XR, Liu Q, Li B, Wu GC, Yu J. Ghrelin exhibited antidepressant and anxiolytic effect via the p38-MAPK signaling pathway in hippocampus. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 93:11-20. [PMID: 30853341 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, a peptide derived from stomach, is an endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). So far, the exact role of ghrelin in depression and anxiety is still being debated. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK) is known to be activated in response to various stress stimuli. Thus, we hypothesize that ghrelin has an antidepressant effect, to which the p38-MAPK signaling pathway significantly contributes. To test this hypothesis, chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) was used as a model of depression. We employed the adeno-associated virus-mediated siRNA approach to down-regulate GHSR expression in the hippocampus of mice in vivo. Both ghrelin and the p38 inhibitor, SB203580, were administered to identify the effect of ghrelin on depressive-like behavior of stressed mice and to better assess the role of the p38-MAPK signaling pathway in this process. We found that CSDS activated the endogenous ghrelin-GHSR in hippocampal neurons, which possibly resulted in opposing the formation of depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in mice. Furthermore, the p38-MAPK signaling pathway had an important role in the antidepressant effect of ghrelin. Therefore, we conclude that ghrelin may reduce CSDS-induced depression- and anxiety-like behaviors via inhibiting the p38-MAPK signaling pathway in hippocampal neurons of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Qin Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China; Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hui-Jie Huang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ya-Lin Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Adam Pilot
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Cang Zhu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rui Yu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Chen
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention of Shanghai, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bing Li
- Center Laboratories, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Gen-Cheng Wu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Skov LJ, Ratner C, Hansen NW, Thompson JJ, Egerod KL, Burm H, Dalbøge LS, Hedegaard MA, Brakebusch C, Pers TH, Perrier JF, Holst B. RhoA in tyrosine hydroxylase neurones regulates food intake and body weight via altered sensitivity to peripheral hormones. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12761. [PMID: 31237372 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine-producing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) neurones in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) have recently been shown to be involved in ghrelin signalling and body weight homeostasis. In the present study, we investigate the role of the intracellular regulator RhoA in hypothalamic TH neurones in response to peripheral hormones. Diet-induced obesity was found to be associated with increased phosphorylation of TH in ARC, indicating obesity-associated increased activity of ARC TH neurones. Mice in which RhoA was specifically knocked out in TH neurones (TH-RhoA-/- mice) were more sensitive to the orexigenic effect of peripherally administered ghrelin and displayed an abolished response to the anorexigenic hormone leptin. When TH-RhoA-/- mice were challenged with a high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet, they became hyperphagic and gained more body weight and fat mass compared to wild-type control mice. Importantly, lack of RhoA prevented development of ghrelin resistance, which is normally observed in wild-type mice after long-term HFHS diet feeding. Patch-clamp electrophysiological analysis demonstrated increased ghrelin-induced excitability of TH neurones in lean TH-RhoA-/- mice compared to lean littermate control animals. Additionally, increased expression of the orexigenic hypothalamic neuropeptides agouti-related peptide and neuropeptide Y was observed in TH-RhoA-/- mice. Overall, our data indicate that TH neurones in ARC are important for the regulation of body weight homeostasis and that RhoA is both a central effector in these neurones and important for the development of obesity-induced ghrelin resistance. The obese phenotype of TH-RhoA-/- mice may be a result of increased sensitivity to ghrelin and decreased sensitivity to leptin, resulting in increased food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise J Skov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Nutrient and Metabolite Sensing, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cecilia Ratner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Nutrient and Metabolite Sensing, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj W Hansen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan J Thompson
- Human Genomics and Metagenomics in Metabolism, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer L Egerod
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Nutrient and Metabolite Sensing, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hayley Burm
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Nutrient and Metabolite Sensing, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Morten A Hedegaard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Nutrient and Metabolite Sensing, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cord Brakebusch
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, BRIC, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tune H Pers
- Human Genomics and Metagenomics in Metabolism, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Birgitte Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Nutrient and Metabolite Sensing, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Cavalcante DP, Turones LC, Camargo-Silva G, Santana JS, Colugnati DB, Pansani AP, Xavier CH, Henschel Pobbe RL. Role of dorsal raphe nucleus GHS-R1a receptors in the regulation of inhibitory avoidance and escape behaviors in rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 365:178-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Guo L, Niu M, Yang J, Li L, Liu S, Sun Y, Zhou Z, Zhou Y. GHS-R1a Deficiency Alleviates Depression-Related Behaviors After Chronic Social Defeat Stress. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:364. [PMID: 31057357 PMCID: PMC6478702 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is an important orexigenic hormone that regulates feeding, metabolism and glucose homeostasis in human and rodents. Ghrelin functions by binding to its receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a), which is widely expressed inside and outside of the brain. Recent studies suggested that acyl-ghrelin, the active form of ghrelin, is a persistent biomarker for chronic stress exposure. However, how ghrelin/GHS-R1a signaling contributes to stress responses and mood regulation remains uncertain. In this study, we applied the chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) paradigm to both GHS-R1a knock-out (Ghsr-/-) mice and littermate control (Ghsr+/+) mice, and then measured their depression- and anxiety-related behaviors. We found that Ghsr+/+ mice, but not Ghsr-/- mice, displayed apparent anxiety and depression after CSDS, while two groups mice showed identical behaviors at baseline, non-stress state. By screening the central and peripheral responses of Ghsr-/- mice and Ghsr+/+ mice to chronic stress, we found similar elevations of total ghrelin and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the serum of Ghsr-/- mice and Ghsr+/+ mice after CSDS, but decreased interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the serum of defeated Ghsr-/- mice compared to defeated Ghsr+/+ mice. We also found increased concentration of brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus of Ghsr-/- mice compared to Ghsr+/+ mice after CSDS. The basal levels of ghrelin, ACTH, IL-6, and BDNF were not different between Ghsr-/- mice and Ghsr+/+ mice. Our findings thus suggested that the differential expressions of BDNF and IL-6 after CSDS may contribute to less anxiety and less despair observed in GHS-R1a-deficient mice than in WT control mice. Therefore, ghrelin/GHS-R1a signaling may play a pro-anxiety and pro-depression effect in response to chronic stress, while GHS-R1a deficiency may provide resistance to depressive symptoms of CSDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Physiology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Minglu Niu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Clinic Laboratory, PKU Care Luzhong Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Dongying No.1 Middle School, Dongying, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuhan Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Zhishang Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Institute of Brain Sciences and Related Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Zahiri H, Rostampour M, Khakpour B, Rohampour K. The effect of ghrelin and adenosine mono phosphate kinase (AMPK) on the passive avoidance memory in male wistar rats. Neuropeptides 2019; 73:66-70. [PMID: 30553544 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Zahiri
- Student Research Committee, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rostampour
- Department of Physiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Behrouz Khakpour
- Department of Physiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Kambiz Rohampour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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Rodriguez JA, Bruggeman EC, Mani BK, Osborne-Lawrence S, Lord CC, Roseman HF, Viroslav HL, Vijayaraghavan P, Metzger NP, Gupta D, Shankar K, Pietra C, Liu C, Zigman JM. Ghrelin Receptor Agonist Rescues Excess Neonatal Mortality in a Prader-Willi Syndrome Mouse Model. Endocrinology 2018; 159:4006-4022. [PMID: 30380028 PMCID: PMC6260060 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, we sought to determine the significance of the ghrelin system in Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS). PWS is characterized by hypotonia and difficulty feeding in neonates and hyperphagia and obesity beginning later in childhood. Other features include low GH, neonatal hypoglycemia, hypogonadism, and accelerated mortality. Although the hyperphagia and obesity in PWS have been attributed to elevated levels of the orexigenic hormone ghrelin, this link has never been firmly established, nor have ghrelin's potentially protective actions to increase GH secretion, blood glucose, and survival been investigated in a PWS context. In the current study, we show that placing Snord116del mice modeling PWS on ghrelin-deficient or ghrelin receptor [GH secretagogue receptor (GHSR)]-deficient backgrounds does not impact their characteristically reduced body weight, lower plasma IGF-1, delayed sexual maturation, or increased mortality in the period prior to weaning. However, blood glucose was further reduced in male Snord116del pups on a ghrelin-deficient background, and percentage body weight gain and percentage fat mass were further reduced in male Snord116del pups on a GHSR-deficient background. Strikingly, 2 weeks of daily administration of the GHSR agonist HM01 to Snord116del neonates markedly improved survival, resulting in a nearly complete rescue of the excess mortality owing to loss of the paternal Snord116 gene. These data support further exploration of the therapeutic potential of GHSR agonist administration in limiting PWS mortality, especially during the period characterized by failure to thrive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Rodriguez
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Emily C Bruggeman
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Bharath K Mani
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sherri Osborne-Lawrence
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Caleb C Lord
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Henry F Roseman
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Hannah L Viroslav
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Prasanna Vijayaraghavan
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Nathan P Metzger
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Deepali Gupta
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kripa Shankar
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Chen Liu
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jeffrey M Zigman
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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36
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Exogenous ghrelin administration increases alcohol self-administration and modulates brain functional activity in heavy-drinking alcohol-dependent individuals. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:2029-2038. [PMID: 29133954 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical evidence suggests that ghrelin, a peptide synthesized by endocrine cells of the stomach and a key component of the gut-brain axis, is involved in alcohol seeking as it modulates both central reward and stress pathways. However, whether and how ghrelin administration may impact alcohol intake in humans is not clear. For, we believe, the first time, this was investigated in the present randomized, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled, human laboratory study. Participants were non-treatment-seeking alcohol-dependent heavy-drinking individuals. A 10-min loading dose of intravenous ghrelin/placebo (3 mcg kg-1) followed by a continuous ghrelin/placebo infusion (16.9 ng/kg/min) was administered. During a progressive-ratio alcohol self-administration experiment, participants could press a button to receive intravenous alcohol using the Computerized Alcohol Infusion System. In another experiment, brain functional magnetic resonance imaging was conducted while participants performed a task to gain points for alcohol, food or no reward. Results showed that intravenous ghrelin, compared to placebo, significantly increased the number of alcohol infusions self-administered (percent change: 24.97±10.65, P=0.04, Cohen's d=0.74). Participants were also significantly faster to initiate alcohol self-administration when they received ghrelin, compared to placebo (P=0.03). The relationships between breath alcohol concentration and subjective effects of alcohol were also moderated by ghrelin administration. Neuroimaging data showed that ghrelin increased the alcohol-related signal in the amygdala (P=0.01) and modulated the food-related signal in the medial orbitofrontal cortex (P=0.01) and nucleus accumbens (P=0.08). These data indicate that ghrelin signaling affects alcohol seeking in humans and should be further investigated as a promising target for developing novel medications for alcohol use disorder.
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Farokhnia M, Lee MR, Farinelli LA, Ramchandani VA, Akhlaghi F, Leggio L. Pharmacological manipulation of the ghrelin system and alcohol hangover symptoms in heavy drinking individuals: Is there a link? Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 172:39-49. [PMID: 30030128 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, an orexigenic peptide synthesized in the stomach, is a key player in the gut-brain axis. In addition to its role in regulating food intake and energy homeostasis, ghrelin has been shown to modulate alcohol-related behaviors. Alcohol consumption frequently results in hangover, an underexplored phenomenon with considerable medical, psychological, and socioeconomic consequences. While the pathophysiology of hangover is not clear, contributions of mechanisms such as alcohol-induced metabolic/endocrine changes, inflammatory/immune response, oxidative stress, and gut dysbiosis have been reported. Interestingly, these mechanisms considerably overlap with ghrelin's physiological functions. Here, we investigated whether pharmacological manipulation of the ghrelin system may affect alcohol hangover symptoms. Data were obtained from two placebo-controlled laboratory studies. The first study tested the effects of intravenous (IV) ghrelin and consisted of two experiments: a progressive-ratio IV alcohol self-administration (IV-ASA) and a fixed-dose IV alcohol clamp. The second study tested the effects of an oral ghrelin receptor inverse agonist (PF-5190457) and included a fixed-dose oral alcohol administration experiment. Alcohol hangover data were collected the morning after each alcohol administration experiment using the Acute Hangover Scale (AHS). IV ghrelin, compared to placebo, significantly reduced alcohol hangover after IV-ASA (p = 0.04) and alcohol clamp (p = 0.04); PF-5190457 had no significant effect on AHS scores. Females reported significantly higher hangover symptoms than males following the IV-ASA experiment (p = 0.04), but no gender × drug condition (ghrelin vs. placebo) effect was found. AHS total scores were positively correlated with peak subjective responses, including 'stimulation' (p = 0.08), 'sedation' (p = 0.009), 'feel high' (p = 0.05), and 'feel intoxicated' (p = 0.03) during the IV-ASA. IV ghrelin blunted the positive association between alcohol sedation and hangover as shown by trend-level drug × sedation effect (p = 0.08). This is the first study showing that exogenous ghrelin administration, but not ghrelin receptor inverse agonism, affects hangover symptoms. Future research should investigate the potential mechanism(s) underlying this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Farokhnia
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary R Lee
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lisa A Farinelli
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vijay A Ramchandani
- Section on Human Psychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fatemeh Akhlaghi
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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38
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Pope CN, Brimijoin S. Cholinesterases and the fine line between poison and remedy. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 153:205-216. [PMID: 29409903 PMCID: PMC5959757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, EC 3.1.1.8) are related enzymes found across the animal kingdom. The critical role of acetylcholinesterase in neurotransmission has been known for almost a century, but a physiological role for butyrylcholinesterase is just now emerging. The cholinesterases have been deliberately targeted for both therapy and toxicity, with cholinesterase inhibitors being used in the clinic for a variety of disorders and conversely for their toxic potential as pesticides and chemical weapons. Non-catalytic functions of the cholinesterases (ChEs) participate in both neurodevelopment and disease. Manipulating either the catalytic activities or the structure of these enzymes can potentially shift the balance between beneficial and adverse effect in a wide number of physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carey N Pope
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Stephen Brimijoin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
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Mattson MP, Moehl K, Ghena N, Schmaedick M, Cheng A. Intermittent metabolic switching, neuroplasticity and brain health. Nat Rev Neurosci 2018; 19:63-80. [PMID: 29321682 PMCID: PMC5913738 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2017.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
During evolution, individuals whose brains and bodies functioned well in a fasted state were successful in acquiring food, enabling their survival and reproduction. With fasting and extended exercise, liver glycogen stores are depleted and ketones are produced from adipose-cell-derived fatty acids. This metabolic switch in cellular fuel source is accompanied by cellular and molecular adaptations of neural networks in the brain that enhance their functionality and bolster their resistance to stress, injury and disease. Here, we consider how intermittent metabolic switching, repeating cycles of a metabolic challenge that induces ketosis (fasting and/or exercise) followed by a recovery period (eating, resting and sleeping), may optimize brain function and resilience throughout the lifespan, with a focus on the neuronal circuits involved in cognition and mood. Such metabolic switching impacts multiple signalling pathways that promote neuroplasticity and resistance of the brain to injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Keelin Moehl
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Nathaniel Ghena
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Maggie Schmaedick
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Aiwu Cheng
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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Exploring the Behavioral and Metabolic Phenotype Generated by Re-Introduction of the Ghrelin Receptor in the Ventral Tegmental Area. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18050914. [PMID: 28445429 PMCID: PMC5454827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin receptor (Ghr-R) signaling in neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) can modulate dopaminergic function and the reward-related effects of both palatable foods and drugs of abuse. In this study, we re-introduced the Ghr-R in VTA neurons in Ghr-R knockout mice (Ghr-RVTA mice) to specifically study the importance of the constitutively active Ghr-R for VTA neuronal signaling. Our results showed that re-introduction of the Ghr-R in the VTA had no impact on body weight or food intake under basal conditions. However, during novel environment stress Ghr-RVTA mice showed increased food intake and energy expenditure compared to Ghr-R knockout mice, demonstrating the significance of Ghr-R signaling in the response to stress. Ghr-RVTA mice also showed increased cocaine-induced locomotor activity compared to Ghr-R knockout mice, highlighting the importance of ghrelin signaling for the reward-related effects of activation of VTA neurons. Overall, our data suggest that re-introduction of the Ghr-R in the mesolimbic reward system of Ghr-R knockout mice increases the level of activation induced by both cocaine and novelty stress.
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41
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Liu S, Du T, Liu Z, Shen Y, Xiu J, Xu Q. Inverse changes in L1 retrotransposons between blood and brain in major depressive disorder. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37530. [PMID: 27874048 PMCID: PMC5118746 DOI: 10.1038/srep37530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1 or L1) is a type of retrotransposons comprising 17% of the human and mouse genome, and has been found to be associated with several types of neurological disorders. Previous post-mortem brain studies reveal increased L1 copy number in the prefrontal cortex from schizophrenia patients. However, whether L1 retrotransposition occurs similarly in major depressive disorder (MDD) is unknown. Here, L1 copy number was measured by quantitative PCR analysis in peripheral blood of MDD patients (n = 105) and healthy controls (n = 105). The results showed that L1 copy number was increased in MDD patients possibly due to its hypomethylation. Furthermore, L1 copy number in peripheral blood and five brain regions (prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens and paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus) was measured in the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model of depression in mice. Intriguingly, increased L1 copy number in blood and the decreased L1 copy number in the prefrontal cortex were observed in stressed mice, while no change was found in other brain regions. Our results suggest that the changes of L1 may be associated with the pathophysiology of MDD, but the biological mechanism behind dysfunction of L1 retrotransposition in MDD remains to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Liu
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences &Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 10005, China
| | - Tingfu Du
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences &Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 10005, China.,Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Zeyue Liu
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences &Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 10005, China
| | - Yan Shen
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences &Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 10005, China
| | - Jianbo Xiu
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences &Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 10005, China
| | - Qi Xu
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences &Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 10005, China
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Stark R, Santos VV, Geenen B, Cabral A, Dinan T, Bayliss JA, Lockie SH, Reichenbach A, Lemus MB, Perello M, Spencer SJ, Kozicz T, Andrews ZB. Des-Acyl Ghrelin and Ghrelin O-Acyltransferase Regulate Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activation and Anxiety in Response to Acute Stress. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3946-3957. [PMID: 27490185 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin exists in two forms in circulation, acyl ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin, both of which have distinct and fundamental roles in a variety of physiological functions. Despite this fact, a large proportion of papers simply measure and refer to plasma ghrelin without specifying the acylation status. It is therefore critical to assess and state the acylation status of plasma ghrelin in all studies. In this study we tested the effect of des-acyl ghrelin administration on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and on anxiety-like behavior of mice lacking endogenous ghrelin and in ghrelin-O-acyltransferase (GOAT) knockout (KO) mice that have no endogenous acyl ghrelin and high endogenous des-acyl ghrelin. Our results show des-acyl ghrelin produces an anxiogenic effect under nonstressed conditions, but this switches to an anxiolytic effect under stress. Des-acyl ghrelin influences plasma corticosterone under both nonstressed and stressed conditions, although c-fos activation in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus is not different. By contrast, GOAT KO are anxious under both nonstressed and stressed conditions, although this is not due to corticosterone release from the adrenals but rather from impaired feedback actions in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, as assessed by c-fos activation. These results reveal des-acyl ghrelin treatment and GOAT deletion have differential effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and anxiety-like behavior, suggesting that anxiety-like behavior in GOAT KO mice is not due to high plasma des-acyl ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Stark
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology (R.S., V.V.S., J.A.B., S.H.L., A.R., M.B.L., Z.B.A.), Monash University, Clayton, Australia Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Anatomy (B.G.M T.K.), Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Neurophysiology (A.C., M.P.) Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (Argentine Research Council [CONICET] and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires [CIC-PBA]), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences (T.D., S.J.S.), RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia; and Hayward Genetics Center (T.K.), Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Vanessa V Santos
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology (R.S., V.V.S., J.A.B., S.H.L., A.R., M.B.L., Z.B.A.), Monash University, Clayton, Australia Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Anatomy (B.G.M T.K.), Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Neurophysiology (A.C., M.P.) Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (Argentine Research Council [CONICET] and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires [CIC-PBA]), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences (T.D., S.J.S.), RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia; and Hayward Genetics Center (T.K.), Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Bram Geenen
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology (R.S., V.V.S., J.A.B., S.H.L., A.R., M.B.L., Z.B.A.), Monash University, Clayton, Australia Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Anatomy (B.G.M T.K.), Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Neurophysiology (A.C., M.P.) Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (Argentine Research Council [CONICET] and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires [CIC-PBA]), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences (T.D., S.J.S.), RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia; and Hayward Genetics Center (T.K.), Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Agustina Cabral
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology (R.S., V.V.S., J.A.B., S.H.L., A.R., M.B.L., Z.B.A.), Monash University, Clayton, Australia Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Anatomy (B.G.M T.K.), Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Neurophysiology (A.C., M.P.) Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (Argentine Research Council [CONICET] and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires [CIC-PBA]), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences (T.D., S.J.S.), RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia; and Hayward Genetics Center (T.K.), Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Tara Dinan
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology (R.S., V.V.S., J.A.B., S.H.L., A.R., M.B.L., Z.B.A.), Monash University, Clayton, Australia Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Anatomy (B.G.M T.K.), Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Neurophysiology (A.C., M.P.) Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (Argentine Research Council [CONICET] and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires [CIC-PBA]), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences (T.D., S.J.S.), RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia; and Hayward Genetics Center (T.K.), Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Jacqueline A Bayliss
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology (R.S., V.V.S., J.A.B., S.H.L., A.R., M.B.L., Z.B.A.), Monash University, Clayton, Australia Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Anatomy (B.G.M T.K.), Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Neurophysiology (A.C., M.P.) Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (Argentine Research Council [CONICET] and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires [CIC-PBA]), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences (T.D., S.J.S.), RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia; and Hayward Genetics Center (T.K.), Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Sarah H Lockie
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology (R.S., V.V.S., J.A.B., S.H.L., A.R., M.B.L., Z.B.A.), Monash University, Clayton, Australia Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Anatomy (B.G.M T.K.), Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Neurophysiology (A.C., M.P.) Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (Argentine Research Council [CONICET] and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires [CIC-PBA]), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences (T.D., S.J.S.), RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia; and Hayward Genetics Center (T.K.), Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Alex Reichenbach
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology (R.S., V.V.S., J.A.B., S.H.L., A.R., M.B.L., Z.B.A.), Monash University, Clayton, Australia Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Anatomy (B.G.M T.K.), Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Neurophysiology (A.C., M.P.) Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (Argentine Research Council [CONICET] and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires [CIC-PBA]), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences (T.D., S.J.S.), RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia; and Hayward Genetics Center (T.K.), Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Moyra B Lemus
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology (R.S., V.V.S., J.A.B., S.H.L., A.R., M.B.L., Z.B.A.), Monash University, Clayton, Australia Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Anatomy (B.G.M T.K.), Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Neurophysiology (A.C., M.P.) Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (Argentine Research Council [CONICET] and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires [CIC-PBA]), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences (T.D., S.J.S.), RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia; and Hayward Genetics Center (T.K.), Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Mario Perello
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology (R.S., V.V.S., J.A.B., S.H.L., A.R., M.B.L., Z.B.A.), Monash University, Clayton, Australia Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Anatomy (B.G.M T.K.), Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Neurophysiology (A.C., M.P.) Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (Argentine Research Council [CONICET] and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires [CIC-PBA]), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences (T.D., S.J.S.), RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia; and Hayward Genetics Center (T.K.), Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Sarah J Spencer
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology (R.S., V.V.S., J.A.B., S.H.L., A.R., M.B.L., Z.B.A.), Monash University, Clayton, Australia Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Anatomy (B.G.M T.K.), Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Neurophysiology (A.C., M.P.) Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (Argentine Research Council [CONICET] and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires [CIC-PBA]), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences (T.D., S.J.S.), RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia; and Hayward Genetics Center (T.K.), Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Tamas Kozicz
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology (R.S., V.V.S., J.A.B., S.H.L., A.R., M.B.L., Z.B.A.), Monash University, Clayton, Australia Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Anatomy (B.G.M T.K.), Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Neurophysiology (A.C., M.P.) Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (Argentine Research Council [CONICET] and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires [CIC-PBA]), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences (T.D., S.J.S.), RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia; and Hayward Genetics Center (T.K.), Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Zane B Andrews
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology (R.S., V.V.S., J.A.B., S.H.L., A.R., M.B.L., Z.B.A.), Monash University, Clayton, Australia Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Anatomy (B.G.M T.K.), Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Neurophysiology (A.C., M.P.) Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (Argentine Research Council [CONICET] and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires [CIC-PBA]), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences (T.D., S.J.S.), RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia; and Hayward Genetics Center (T.K.), Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
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Ratner C, Skov LJ, Raida Z, Bächler T, Bellmann-Sickert K, Le Foll C, Sivertsen B, Dalbøge LS, Hartmann B, Beck-Sickinger AG, Madsen AN, Jelsing J, Holst JJ, Lutz TA, Andrews ZB, Holst B. Effects of Peripheral Neurotensin on Appetite Regulation and Its Role in Gastric Bypass Surgery. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3482-92. [PMID: 27580810 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurotensin (NT) is a peptide expressed in the brain and in the gastrointestinal tract. Brain NT inhibits food intake, but the effects of peripheral NT are less investigated. In this study, peripheral NT decreased food intake in both mice and rats, which was abolished by a NT antagonist. Using c-Fos immunohistochemistry, we found that peripheral NT activated brainstem and hypothalamic regions. The anorexigenic effect of NT was preserved in vagotomized mice but lasted shorter than in sham-operated mice. This in combination with a strong increase in c-Fos activation in area postrema after ip administration indicates that NT acts both through the blood circulation and the vagus. To improve the pharmacokinetics of NT, we developed a pegylated NT peptide, which presumably prolonged the half-life, and thus, the effect on feeding was extended compared with native NT. On a molecular level, the pegylated NT peptide increased proopiomelanocortin mRNA in the arcuate nucleus. We also investigated the importance of NT for the decreased food intake after gastric bypass surgery in a rat model of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). NT was increased in plasma and in the gastrointestinal tract in RYGB rats, and pharmacological antagonism of NT increased food intake transiently in RYGB rats. Taken together, our data suggest that NT is a metabolically active hormone, which contributes to the regulation of food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Ratner
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.Ha., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Metabolic Receptology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.) and Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology (B.Ha., J.J.H.), the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.B., C.L.F., T.A.L.), Vetsuisse Faculty, and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (T.A.L.), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biochemistry (K.B.-S., A.G.B.-S.), University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Gubra ApS (L.S.D., J.J.), Hørsholm, DK-2970 Denmark; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute (Z.B.A.), Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Louise J Skov
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.Ha., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Metabolic Receptology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.) and Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology (B.Ha., J.J.H.), the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.B., C.L.F., T.A.L.), Vetsuisse Faculty, and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (T.A.L.), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biochemistry (K.B.-S., A.G.B.-S.), University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Gubra ApS (L.S.D., J.J.), Hørsholm, DK-2970 Denmark; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute (Z.B.A.), Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Zindy Raida
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.Ha., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Metabolic Receptology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.) and Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology (B.Ha., J.J.H.), the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.B., C.L.F., T.A.L.), Vetsuisse Faculty, and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (T.A.L.), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biochemistry (K.B.-S., A.G.B.-S.), University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Gubra ApS (L.S.D., J.J.), Hørsholm, DK-2970 Denmark; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute (Z.B.A.), Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Thomas Bächler
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.Ha., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Metabolic Receptology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.) and Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology (B.Ha., J.J.H.), the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.B., C.L.F., T.A.L.), Vetsuisse Faculty, and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (T.A.L.), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biochemistry (K.B.-S., A.G.B.-S.), University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Gubra ApS (L.S.D., J.J.), Hørsholm, DK-2970 Denmark; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute (Z.B.A.), Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Kathrin Bellmann-Sickert
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.Ha., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Metabolic Receptology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.) and Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology (B.Ha., J.J.H.), the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.B., C.L.F., T.A.L.), Vetsuisse Faculty, and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (T.A.L.), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biochemistry (K.B.-S., A.G.B.-S.), University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Gubra ApS (L.S.D., J.J.), Hørsholm, DK-2970 Denmark; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute (Z.B.A.), Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Christelle Le Foll
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.Ha., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Metabolic Receptology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.) and Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology (B.Ha., J.J.H.), the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.B., C.L.F., T.A.L.), Vetsuisse Faculty, and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (T.A.L.), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biochemistry (K.B.-S., A.G.B.-S.), University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Gubra ApS (L.S.D., J.J.), Hørsholm, DK-2970 Denmark; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute (Z.B.A.), Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Bjørn Sivertsen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.Ha., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Metabolic Receptology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.) and Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology (B.Ha., J.J.H.), the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.B., C.L.F., T.A.L.), Vetsuisse Faculty, and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (T.A.L.), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biochemistry (K.B.-S., A.G.B.-S.), University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Gubra ApS (L.S.D., J.J.), Hørsholm, DK-2970 Denmark; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute (Z.B.A.), Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Louise S Dalbøge
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.Ha., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Metabolic Receptology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.) and Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology (B.Ha., J.J.H.), the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.B., C.L.F., T.A.L.), Vetsuisse Faculty, and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (T.A.L.), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biochemistry (K.B.-S., A.G.B.-S.), University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Gubra ApS (L.S.D., J.J.), Hørsholm, DK-2970 Denmark; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute (Z.B.A.), Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.Ha., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Metabolic Receptology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.) and Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology (B.Ha., J.J.H.), the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.B., C.L.F., T.A.L.), Vetsuisse Faculty, and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (T.A.L.), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biochemistry (K.B.-S., A.G.B.-S.), University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Gubra ApS (L.S.D., J.J.), Hørsholm, DK-2970 Denmark; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute (Z.B.A.), Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Annette G Beck-Sickinger
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.Ha., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Metabolic Receptology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.) and Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology (B.Ha., J.J.H.), the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.B., C.L.F., T.A.L.), Vetsuisse Faculty, and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (T.A.L.), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biochemistry (K.B.-S., A.G.B.-S.), University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Gubra ApS (L.S.D., J.J.), Hørsholm, DK-2970 Denmark; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute (Z.B.A.), Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Andreas N Madsen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.Ha., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Metabolic Receptology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.) and Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology (B.Ha., J.J.H.), the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.B., C.L.F., T.A.L.), Vetsuisse Faculty, and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (T.A.L.), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biochemistry (K.B.-S., A.G.B.-S.), University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Gubra ApS (L.S.D., J.J.), Hørsholm, DK-2970 Denmark; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute (Z.B.A.), Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jacob Jelsing
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.Ha., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Metabolic Receptology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.) and Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology (B.Ha., J.J.H.), the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.B., C.L.F., T.A.L.), Vetsuisse Faculty, and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (T.A.L.), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biochemistry (K.B.-S., A.G.B.-S.), University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Gubra ApS (L.S.D., J.J.), Hørsholm, DK-2970 Denmark; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute (Z.B.A.), Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jens J Holst
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.Ha., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Metabolic Receptology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.) and Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology (B.Ha., J.J.H.), the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.B., C.L.F., T.A.L.), Vetsuisse Faculty, and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (T.A.L.), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biochemistry (K.B.-S., A.G.B.-S.), University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Gubra ApS (L.S.D., J.J.), Hørsholm, DK-2970 Denmark; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute (Z.B.A.), Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Thomas A Lutz
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.Ha., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Metabolic Receptology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.) and Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology (B.Ha., J.J.H.), the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.B., C.L.F., T.A.L.), Vetsuisse Faculty, and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (T.A.L.), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biochemistry (K.B.-S., A.G.B.-S.), University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Gubra ApS (L.S.D., J.J.), Hørsholm, DK-2970 Denmark; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute (Z.B.A.), Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Zane B Andrews
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.Ha., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Metabolic Receptology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.) and Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology (B.Ha., J.J.H.), the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.B., C.L.F., T.A.L.), Vetsuisse Faculty, and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (T.A.L.), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biochemistry (K.B.-S., A.G.B.-S.), University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Gubra ApS (L.S.D., J.J.), Hørsholm, DK-2970 Denmark; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute (Z.B.A.), Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Birgitte Holst
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.Ha., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Metabolic Receptology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.) and Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology (B.Ha., J.J.H.), the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.B., C.L.F., T.A.L.), Vetsuisse Faculty, and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (T.A.L.), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biochemistry (K.B.-S., A.G.B.-S.), University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Gubra ApS (L.S.D., J.J.), Hørsholm, DK-2970 Denmark; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute (Z.B.A.), Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Borrow AP, Stranahan AM, Suchecki D, Yunes R. Neuroendocrine Regulation of Anxiety: Beyond the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28. [PMID: 27318180 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system regulates and responds to endocrine signals, and this reciprocal relationship determines emotional processing and behavioural anxiety. Although the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis remains the best-characterised system for this relationship, other steroid and peptide hormones are increasingly recognised for their effects on anxiety-like behaviour and reward. The present review examines recent developments related to the role of a number of different hormones in anxiety, including pregnane neurosteroids, gut peptides, neuropeptides and hormonal signals derived from fatty acids. Findings from both basic and clinical studies suggest that these alternative systems may complement or occlude stress-induced changes in anxiety and anxiety-like behaviour. By broadening the scope of mechanisms for depression and anxiety, it may be possible to develop novel strategies to attenuate stress-related psychiatric conditions. The targets for these potential therapies, as discussed in this review, encompass multiple circuits and systems, including those outside of the HPA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Borrow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - A M Stranahan
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - D Suchecki
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R Yunes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina
- Área de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
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