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Chen X, Liu H, Li M, Kang J, Li Y, Luo Y, Du X, Tan D, Wang Q, Gu X, Zhao Z, Fu X, Tang J. Association between clinical symptoms during the COVID-19 infection and SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G titers in COVID-19 convalescent whole-blood donors in China. Transfusion 2024; 64:1025-1039. [PMID: 38661221 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited studies have explored the association between clinical symptoms and titers of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study, whole-blood donors who had experienced a confirmed or suspected COVID-19 infection completed questionnaires at the time of blood donation. Plasma SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for high-titer COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) for each variable. RESULTS Among the total 386 donors, 120 (31%) donors with IgG titers ≥1:160 were classified as high-titer donors. The multivariable ORs (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) for high titers were 2.33 (1.45-3.75), 2.11 (1.29-3.43), 1.10 (1.01-1.21), 1.19 (1.00-1.43), and 1.97 (1.05-3.71) for sore throat, cough, symptom count, fever duration, and low fever (compared with non-fever), respectively. No significant association was observed between other symptoms and medical visits and the odds of high-titer CCP. The association between high-titer CCP and fever duration was restricted to confirmed COVID-19-infected donors, while associations with sore throat and cough remained significant in suspected infected donors. In addition, medical visit was positively associated with high-titer CCP in suspected donors, but not in confirmed donors. In bootstrapped logistic regression models, the associations remained significant and reproducible for medical visit in suspected donors and for sore throat and cough in both suspected donors and total donors. DISCUSSION Experiencing a sore throat and cough were associated with high-titer CCP in overall donors. We also identified sore throat, cough, and medical visits as potential predictors of high-titer CCP for suspected donors during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Chen
- Blood Research Laboratory, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Humin Liu
- Department of Blood Testing, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Meng Li
- Blood Research Laboratory, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianxun Kang
- Blood Research Laboratory, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Blood Testing, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Luo
- Blood Research Laboratory, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinman Du
- Blood Research Laboratory, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Donglin Tan
- Department of Blood Processing, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Blood Collection, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaobo Gu
- Department of Blood Collection, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zonghan Zhao
- Department of Blood Collection, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuemei Fu
- Blood Research Laboratory, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingyun Tang
- Blood Research Laboratory, Chengdu Blood Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Dimopoulou D, Charakida M, Marmarinos A, Karaviti D, Avgeris M, Gourgiotis D, Tsolia MN. SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Kinetics in Unvaccinated Hospitalized Children With COVID-19. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2024; 43:536-542. [PMID: 38372544 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000004301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody levels decline a few months post-acute COVID-19, but humoral memory persists in adults. Age and disease severity may affect antibody responses. This study aims to evaluate the presence and durability of antibody responses in children with COVID-19. METHODS A prospective, single-center study, involving unvaccinated children 0-16 years of age who were hospitalized with COVID-19 between October 2020 and December 2021, was conducted. Serological testing for anti-Spike severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) IgG and neutralizing antibodies was performed at diagnosis and at 1-, 3-, 6- and 12-months post-infection. RESULTS A total of 65 immunocompetent children were enrolled [mean age (±SD): 6.7 (±6.4) years; males: 56.9%]. At 3 months, 40/44 (91%) children were seropositive; seropositivity persisted in 22/26 (85%) children at 6 months and in 10/12 (83%) children at 12 months. There was no evidence that age was modifying the prediction of variance of SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels. In contrast, SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels varied with time and disease severity. The association with time was non-linear, so that with increasing time there was a significant reduction in SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels [coef, 0.044 (95% confidence interval {CI}: 0.061-0.028), P < 0.001]. For each increment of time, the higher disease severity group was associated with 0.9 lower SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels. Everyone varied from the average effect of time with an SD of 0.01, suggesting that individuals may have different trajectories across time. CONCLUSION Disease severity, but not age, influences antibody titers among children hospitalized with COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces durable seroconversion in these children with detectable IgG levels at 1 year after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonios Marmarinos
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry-Molecular Diagnostics, Second Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "P. & A. Kyriakou" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Margaritis Avgeris
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry-Molecular Diagnostics, Second Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "P. & A. Kyriakou" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Gourgiotis
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry-Molecular Diagnostics, Second Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "P. & A. Kyriakou" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Xu L, Abudunaibi B, Zeng Z, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Guo X, Zhang Y, Li T, Lu W, Tian W, Guo Z, Su C, Chen T. Relationship of various COVID-19 antibody titer with individual characteristics and prediction of future epidemic trend in Xiamen City, China. J Thorac Dis 2024; 16:2404-2420. [PMID: 38738254 PMCID: PMC11087623 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-23-1516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Background Reinfection of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has raised concerns about how reliable immunity from infection and vaccination is. With mass testing for the virus halted, understanding the current prevalence of COVID-19 is crucial. This study investigated 1,191 public health workers at the Xiamen Center for Disease Control, focusing on changes in antibody titers and their relationship with individual characteristics. Methods The study began by describing the epidemiological characteristics of the study participants. Multilinear regression (MLR) models were employed to explore the associations between individual attributes and antibody titers. Additionally, group-based trajectory models (GBTMs) were utilized to identify trajectories in antibody titer changes. To predict and simulate future epidemic trends and examine the correlation of antibody decay with epidemics, a high-dimensional transmission dynamics model was constructed. Results Analysis of epidemiological characteristics revealed significant differences in vaccination status between infected and non-infected groups (χ2=376.706, P<0.05). However, the distribution of antibody titers among the infected and vaccinated populations was not significantly different. The MLR model identified age as a common factor affecting titers of immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and neutralizing antibody (NAb), while other factors showed varying impacts. History of pulmonary disease and hospitalization influenced IgG titer, and factors such as gender, smoking, family history of pulmonary diseases, and hospitalization impacted NAb titers. Age was the sole determinant of IgM titers in this study. GBTM analysis indicated a "gradual decline type" trajectory for IgG (95.65%), while IgM and NAb titers remained stable over the study period. The high-dimensional transmission dynamics model predicted and simulated peak epidemic periods in Xiamen City, which correlated with IgG decay. Age-group-specific simulations revealed a higher incidence and infection rate among individuals aged 30-39 years during both the second and third peaks, followed by those aged 40-49, 50-59, 18-29, and 70-79 years. Conclusions Our study shows that antibody titer could be influenced by age, previous pulmonary diseases as well as smoking. Furthermore, the decline in IgG titers is consistent with epidemic trends. These findings emphasize the need for further exploration of these factors and the development of optimized self-protection countermeasures against reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liansheng Xu
- Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen, China
| | - Buasiyamu Abudunaibi
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhiqi Zeng
- Respiratory Disease AI Laboratory on Epidemic Intelligence and Medical Big Data Instrument Applications, Macao University of Science and Technology, Macao, China
| | - Yunkang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaohao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yidun Zhang
- Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen, China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wenkui Lu
- Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen, China
| | - Weiliang Tian
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zhinan Guo
- Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen, China
| | - Chenghao Su
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University (Xiamen Branch), Xiamen, China
| | - Tianmu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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4
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Acuña-Castillo C, Vidal M, Vallejos-Vidal E, Luraschi R, Barrera-Avalos C, Inostroza-Molina A, Molina-Cabrera S, Valdes D, Schafer C, Maisey K, Imarai M, Vera R, Vargas S, Rojo LE, Leiva-Salcedo E, Escobar A, Reyes-Cerpa S, Gaete A, Palma-Vejares R, Travisany D, Torres C, Reyes-López FE, Sandino AM. A retrospective study suggests 55 days of persistence of SARS-CoV-2 during the first wave of the pandemic in Santiago de Chile. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24419. [PMID: 38601544 PMCID: PMC11004068 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background As the COVID-19 pandemic persists, infections continue to surge globally. Presently, the most effective strategies to curb the disease and prevent outbreaks involve fostering immunity, promptly identifying positive cases, and ensuring their timely isolation. Notably, there are instances where the SARS-CoV-2 virus remains infectious even after patients have completed their quarantine. Objective Understanding viral persistence post-quarantine is crucial as it could account for localized infection outbreaks. Therefore, studying and documenting such instances is vital for shaping future public health policies. Design This study delves into a unique case of SARS-CoV-2 persistence in a 60-year-old female healthcare worker with a medical history of hypertension and hypothyroidism. The research spans 55 days, marking the duration between her initial and subsequent diagnosis during Chile's first COVID-19 wave, with the analysis conducted using RT-qPCR. Results Genomic sequencing-based phylogenetic analysis revealed that the SARS-CoV-2 detected in both Nasopharyngeal swab samples (NPSs) was consistent with the 20B clade of the Nextstrain classification, even after a 55-day interval. Conclusion This research underscores the need for heightened vigilance concerning cases of viral persistence. Such instances, albeit rare, might be pivotal in understanding sporadic infection outbreaks that occur post-quarantine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Acuña-Castillo
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mabel Vidal
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología CEDENNA, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad De Las Américas, La Florida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Luraschi
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Valdes
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Schafer
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kevin Maisey
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Vera
- Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública (HUAP), Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Vargas
- Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública (HUAP), Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonel E. Rojo
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Alejandro Escobar
- Laboratorio Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Reyes-Cerpa
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis Gaete
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de Los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Fondap Center for Genome Regulation, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Palma-Vejares
- Centro de Modelamiento Matemático UMI-CNRS 2807, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dante Travisany
- Fondap Center for Genome Regulation, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Modelamiento Matemático UMI-CNRS 2807, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Inria Chile Research Center, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Torres
- Department of Neurobiology Drexel University, Philadelphia, United States
| | | | - Ana María Sandino
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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5
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Hong E, Nwabuo CC, King A, Bocsi GT, Ashwood ER, Harry BL. Longitudinal Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Immunized Health Care Workers. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2024; 148:e36-e39. [PMID: 37596892 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2023-0014-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Many studies have depended on qualitative antibody assays to investigate questions related to COVID-19 infection, vaccination, and treatment. OBJECTIVE.— To evaluate immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels in vaccinated individuals over time and characterize limitations of qualitative and quantitative antibody assays. DESIGN.— Longitudinal serum samples (n = 339) were collected from 72 health care workers vaccinated against COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels before, during, and after vaccination were measured by using a qualitative anti-spike protein IgG assay and a quantitative anti-S1 IgG assay. Assay results were compared to understand antibody dynamics related to vaccination. RESULTS.— Qualitative testing demonstrated 100% seroconversion after the first vaccine dose, peak IgG levels after the second vaccine dose, and a progressive 50% decline during the next 8 months. Quantitative testing demonstrated that IgG levels during and after vaccination were above the analytical measurement range. CONCLUSIONS.— Qualitative testing demonstrates expected changes in SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels related to sequential vaccine doses and time since antigen exposure. However, proportional changes in the associated numerical signals are very likely inaccurate. Adoption of standardized quantitative SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing with a broad analytical measurement range is essential to determine a correlate of protection from COVID-19 that can be scaled for widespread use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Hong
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (Hong, Nwabuo, Bocsi, Ashwood, Harry)
| | - Chike C Nwabuo
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (Hong, Nwabuo, Bocsi, Ashwood, Harry)
| | - Angelina King
- Clinical Laboratory Services, UCHealth, Aurora, Colorado (King)
| | - Gregary T Bocsi
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (Hong, Nwabuo, Bocsi, Ashwood, Harry)
| | - Edward R Ashwood
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (Hong, Nwabuo, Bocsi, Ashwood, Harry)
| | - Brian L Harry
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (Hong, Nwabuo, Bocsi, Ashwood, Harry)
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Paduano S, Granata M, Turchi S, Modenese A, Galante P, Poggi A, Marchesi I, Frezza G, Dervishaj G, Vivoli R, Verri S, Marchetti S, Gobba F, Bargellini A. Factors Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection Evaluated by Antibody Response in a Sample of Workers from the Emilia-Romagna Region, Northern Italy. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:77. [PMID: 38131799 PMCID: PMC10740768 DOI: 10.3390/antib12040077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection risk are still debated. This case-control study aims to investigate the possible relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection, evaluated through antibody response, and the main sociodemographic, occupational, clinical-anamnestic, and biochemical factors in a population of Modena province (Northern Italy), mainly workers. Both workers who voluntarily joined the screening campaign proposed by companies and self-referred individuals who underwent serological testing were enrolled. Subjects with antibody positivity were recruited as cases (n = 166) and subjects tested negative (n = 239) as controls. A questionnaire on sociodemographic, occupational, and clinical data was administered through telephone interviews. Serum zinc/iron/copper/chromium/nickel, vitamins D/B12, folates, triglycerides, and LDL/HDL/total cholesterol were measured. Cases lived more often in urban areas (61.8% vs. 57%). Cases and controls did not differ significantly by working macrocategories, but the percentage of workers in the ceramic sector was higher among cases. Low adherence to preventive measures in the workplace was more frequent among seropositives. Folate concentration was significantly lower among cases. Therefore, adequate folate levels, living in rural areas, and good adherence to preventive strategies seem protective against infection. Workers in the ceramic sector seem to be at greater risk; specific factors involved are not defined, but preventive interventions are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Paduano
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (S.T.); (A.M.); (P.G.); (A.P.); (I.M.); (G.F.); (G.D.); (F.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Michele Granata
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (S.T.); (A.M.); (P.G.); (A.P.); (I.M.); (G.F.); (G.D.); (F.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Sara Turchi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (S.T.); (A.M.); (P.G.); (A.P.); (I.M.); (G.F.); (G.D.); (F.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Alberto Modenese
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (S.T.); (A.M.); (P.G.); (A.P.); (I.M.); (G.F.); (G.D.); (F.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Pasquale Galante
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (S.T.); (A.M.); (P.G.); (A.P.); (I.M.); (G.F.); (G.D.); (F.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Alessandro Poggi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (S.T.); (A.M.); (P.G.); (A.P.); (I.M.); (G.F.); (G.D.); (F.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Isabella Marchesi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (S.T.); (A.M.); (P.G.); (A.P.); (I.M.); (G.F.); (G.D.); (F.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Giuseppina Frezza
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (S.T.); (A.M.); (P.G.); (A.P.); (I.M.); (G.F.); (G.D.); (F.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Giulia Dervishaj
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (S.T.); (A.M.); (P.G.); (A.P.); (I.M.); (G.F.); (G.D.); (F.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Roberto Vivoli
- Test Laboratory, 41100 Modena, Italy; (R.V.); (S.V.); (S.M.)
| | - Sara Verri
- Test Laboratory, 41100 Modena, Italy; (R.V.); (S.V.); (S.M.)
| | | | - Fabriziomaria Gobba
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (S.T.); (A.M.); (P.G.); (A.P.); (I.M.); (G.F.); (G.D.); (F.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Annalisa Bargellini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.G.); (S.T.); (A.M.); (P.G.); (A.P.); (I.M.); (G.F.); (G.D.); (F.G.); (A.B.)
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7
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Ferranna M, Robinson LA, Cadarette D, Eber MR, Bloom DE. The benefits and costs of U.S. employer COVID-19 vaccine mandates. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2023; 43:2053-2068. [PMID: 36649917 DOI: 10.1111/risa.14090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In 2021, the Biden Administration issued mandates requiring COVID-19 vaccinations for U.S. federal employees and contractors and for some healthcare and private sector workers. These mandates have been challenged in court; some have been halted or delayed. However, their costs and benefits have not been rigorously appraised. This study helps fill that gap. We estimate the direct costs and health-related benefits that would have accrued if these vaccination requirements had been implemented as intended. Compared with the January 2022 vaccination rates, we find that the mandates could have led to 15 million additional vaccinated individuals, increasing the overall proportion of the fully vaccinated U.S. population from 64% to 68%. The associated net benefits depend on the subsequent evolution of the pandemic-information unavailable ex ante to analysts or policymakers. In scenarios involving the emergence of a novel, more transmissible variant, against which vaccination and previous infection offer moderate protection, the estimated net benefits are potentially large. They reach almost $20,000 per additional vaccinated individual, with more than 20,000 total deaths averted over the 6-month period assessed. In scenarios involving a fading pandemic, existing vaccination-acquired or infection-acquired immunity provides sufficient protection, and the mandates' benefits are unlikely to exceed their costs. Thus, mandates may be most useful when the consequences of inaction are catastrophic. However, we do not compare the effects of mandates with alternative policies for increasing vaccination rates or for promoting other protective measures, which may receive stronger public support and be less likely to be overturned by litigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Ferranna
- Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lisa A Robinson
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Michael R Eber
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David E Bloom
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Liu M, Liang Z, Cheng ZJ, Liu L, Liu Q, Mai Y, Chen H, Lei B, Yu S, Chen H, Zheng P, Sun B. SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibody therapies: Recent advances and future challenges. Rev Med Virol 2023; 33:e2464. [PMID: 37322826 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic represents an unparalleled global public health crisis. Despite concerted research endeavours, the repertoire of effective treatment options remains limited. However, neutralising-antibody-based therapies hold promise across an array of practices, encompassing the prophylaxis and management of acute infectious diseases. Presently, numerous investigations into COVID-19-neutralising antibodies are underway around the world, with some studies reaching clinical application stages. The advent of COVID-19-neutralising antibodies signifies the dawn of an innovative and promising strategy for treatment against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Comprehensively, our objective is to amalgamate contemporary understanding concerning antibodies targeting various regions, including receptor-binding domain (RBD), non-RBD, host cell targets, and cross-neutralising antibodies. Furthermore, we critically examine the prevailing scientific literature supporting neutralising antibody-based interventions, and also delve into the functional evaluation of antibodies, with a particular focus on in vitro (vivo) assays. Lastly, we identify and consider several pertinent challenges inherent to the realm of COVID-19-neutralising antibody-based treatments, offering insights into potential future directions for research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingtao Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiman Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhangkai J Cheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Liu
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiwen Liu
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiyin Mai
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Baoying Lei
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shangwei Yu
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huihui Chen
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiyan Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baoqing Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Yang F, Tran TNA, Howerton E, Boni MF, Servadio JL. Benefits of near-universal vaccination and treatment access to manage COVID-19 burden in the United States. BMC Med 2023; 21:321. [PMID: 37620926 PMCID: PMC10463609 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-03025-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As we continue the fourth year of the COVID-19 epidemic, SARS-CoV-2 infections still cause high morbidity and mortality in the United States. During 2020-2022, COVID-19 was one of the leading causes of death in the United States and by far the leading cause among infectious diseases. Vaccination uptake remains low despite this being an effective burden reducing intervention. The development of COVID-19 therapeutics provides hope for mitigating severe clinical outcomes. This modeling study examines combined strategies of vaccination and treatment to reduce the burden of COVID-19 epidemics over the next decade. METHODS We use a validated mathematical model to evaluate the reduction of incident cases, hospitalized cases, and deaths in the United States through 2033 under various levels of vaccination and treatment coverage. We assume that future seasonal transmission patterns for COVID-19 will be similar to those of influenza virus and account for the waning of infection-induced immunity and vaccine-induced immunity in a future with stable COVID-19 dynamics. Due to uncertainty in the duration of immunity following vaccination or infection, we consider three exponentially distributed waning rates, with means of 365 days (1 year), 548 days (1.5 years), and 730 days (2 years). We also consider treatment failure, including rebound frequency, as a possible treatment outcome. RESULTS As expected, universal vaccination is projected to eliminate transmission and mortality. Under current treatment coverage (13.7%) and vaccination coverage (49%), averages of 81,000-164,600 annual reported deaths, depending on duration of immunity, are expected by the end of this decade. Annual mortality in the United States can be reduced below 50,000 per year with 52-80% annual vaccination coverage and below 10,000 annual deaths with 59-83% annual vaccination coverage, depending on duration of immunity. Universal treatment reduces hospitalizations by 88.6% and deaths by 93.1% under current vaccination coverage. A reduction in vaccination coverage requires a comparatively larger increase in treatment coverage in order for hospitalization and mortality levels to remain unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Adopting universal vaccination and universal treatment goals in the United States will likely lead to a COVID-19 mortality burden below 50,000 deaths per year, a burden comparable to that of influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhan Yang
- Department of Biology and Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Thu Nguyen-Anh Tran
- Department of Biology and Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Emily Howerton
- Department of Biology and Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Maciej F Boni
- Department of Biology and Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Joseph L Servadio
- Department of Biology and Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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10
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Acuña-Castillo C, Barrera-Avalos C, Bachelet VC, Milla LA, Inostroza-Molina A, Vidal M, Luraschi R, Vallejos-Vidal E, Mella-Torres A, Valdés D, Reyes-López FE, Imarai M, Rojas P, Sandino AM. An ecological study on reinfection rates using a large dataset of RT-qPCR tests for SARS-CoV-2 in Santiago of Chile. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1191377. [PMID: 37492136 PMCID: PMC10364051 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1191377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction As the SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve, new variants pose a significant threat by potentially overriding the immunity conferred by vaccination and natural infection. This scenario can lead to an upswing in reinfections, amplified baseline epidemic activity, and localized outbreaks. In various global regions, estimates of breakthrough cases associated with the currently circulating viral variants, such as Omicron, have been reported. Nonetheless, specific data on the reinfection rate in Chile still needs to be included. Methods Our study has focused on estimating COVID-19 reinfections per wave based on a sample of 578,670 RT-qPCR tests conducted at the University of Santiago of Chile (USACH) from April 2020 to July 2022, encompassing 345,997 individuals. Results The analysis reveals that the highest rate of reinfections transpired during the fourth and fifth COVID-19 waves, primarily driven by the Omicron variant. These findings hold despite 80% of the Chilean population receiving complete vaccination under the primary scheme and 60% receiving at least one booster dose. On average, the interval between initial infection and reinfection was found to be 372 days. Interestingly, reinfection incidence was higher in women aged between 30 and 55. Additionally, the viral load during the second infection episode was lower, likely attributed to Chile's high vaccination rate. Discussion This study demonstrates that the Omicron variant is behind Chile's highest number of reinfection cases, underscoring its potential for immune evasion. This vital epidemiological information contributes to developing and implementing effective public health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Acuña-Castillo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Barrera-Avalos
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vivienne C. Bachelet
- Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis A. Milla
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Aplicadas, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ailén Inostroza-Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mabel Vidal
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Luraschi
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología CEDENNA, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Mella-Torres
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Valdés
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe E. Reyes-López
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Rojas
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana María Sandino
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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11
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Kemp TJ, Hempel HA, Pan Y, Roy D, Cherry J, Lowy DR, Pinto LA. Assay Harmonization Study To Measure Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccines: a Serology Methods Study. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0535322. [PMID: 37191544 PMCID: PMC10269912 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05353-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic presented the scientific community with an immediate need for accurate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) serology assays, resulting in an expansion of assay development, some without following a rigorous quality control and validation, and with a wide range of performance characteristics. Vast amounts of data have been gathered on SARS-CoV-2 antibody response; however, performance and ability to compare the results have been challenging. This study seeks to analyze the reliability, sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility of a set of widely used commercial, in-house, and neutralization serology assays, as well as provide evidence for the feasibility of using the World Health Organization (WHO) International Standard (IS) as a harmonization tool. This study also seeks to demonstrate that binding immunoassays may serve as a practical alternative for the serological study of large sample sets in lieu of expensive, complex, and less reproducible neutralization assays. In this study, commercial assays demonstrated the highest specificity, while in-house assays excelled in antibody sensitivity. As expected, neutralization assays demonstrated high levels of variability but overall good correlations with binding immunoassays, suggesting that binding may be reasonably accurate as well as practical for the study of SARS-CoV-2 serology. All three assay types performed well after WHO IS standardization. The results of this study demonstrate there are high performing serology assays available to the scientific community to rigorously dissect antibody responses to infection and vaccination. IMPORTANCE Previous studies have shown significant variability in SARS-CoV-2 antibody serology assays, highlighting the need for evaluation and comparison of these assays using the same set of samples covering a wide range of antibody responses induced by infection or vaccination. This study demonstrated that there are high performing assays that can be used reliably to evaluate immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in the context of infection and vaccination. This study also demonstrated the feasibility of harmonizing these assays against the International Standard and provided evidence that the binding immunoassays may have high enough correlation with the neutralization assays to serve as a practical proxy. These results represent an important step in standardizing and harmonizing the many different serological assays used to evaluate COVID-19 immune responses in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy J. Kemp
- Vaccine, Immunity and Cancer Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Heidi A. Hempel
- Vaccine, Immunity and Cancer Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuanji Pan
- Vaccine, Immunity and Cancer Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Daisy Roy
- Vaccine, Immunity and Cancer Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - James Cherry
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Douglas R. Lowy
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ligia A. Pinto
- Vaccine, Immunity and Cancer Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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12
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Liu M, Gan H, Liang Z, Liu L, Liu Q, Mai Y, Chen H, Lei B, Yu S, Chen H, Zheng P, Sun B. Review of therapeutic mechanisms and applications based on SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1122868. [PMID: 37007494 PMCID: PMC10060843 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1122868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic is a global public health emergency. Despite extensive research, there are still few effective treatment options available today. Neutralizing-antibody-based treatments offer a broad range of applications, including the prevention and treatment of acute infectious diseases. Hundreds of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody studies are currently underway around the world, with some already in clinical applications. The development of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody opens up a new therapeutic option for COVID-19. We intend to review our current knowledge about antibodies targeting various regions (i.e., RBD regions, non-RBD regions, host cell targets, and cross-neutralizing antibodies), as well as the current scientific evidence for neutralizing-antibody-based treatments based on convalescent plasma therapy, intravenous immunoglobulin, monoclonal antibodies, and recombinant drugs. The functional evaluation of antibodies (i.e., in vitro or in vivo assays) is also discussed. Finally, some current issues in the field of neutralizing-antibody-based therapies are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingtao Liu
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Gan
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiman Liang
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Liu
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiwen Liu
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiyin Mai
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Baoying Lei
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shangwei Yu
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huihui Chen
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiyan Zheng
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baoqing Sun
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Al-Akioui-Sanz K, Pascual-Miguel B, Díaz-Almirón M, Mestre-Durán C, Navarro-Zapata A, Clares-Villa L, Martín-Cortázar C, Vicario JL, Moreno MÁ, Balas A, De Paz R, Minguillón J, Pérez-Martínez A, Ferreras C. Donor selection for adoptive cell therapy with CD45RA - memory T cells for patients with coronavirus disease 2019, and dexamethasone and interleukin-15 effects on the phenotype, proliferation and interferon gamma release. Cytotherapy 2023; 25:330-340. [PMID: 36585293 PMCID: PMC9742221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS We have previously demonstrated the safety and feasibility of adoptive cell therapy with CD45RA- memory T cells containing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-specific T cells for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 from an unvaccinated donor who was chosen based on human leukocyte antigen compatibility and cellular response. In this study, we examined the durability of cellular and humoral immunity within CD45RA- memory T cells and the effect of dexamethasone, the current standard of care treatment, and interleukin-15, a cytokine critically involved in T-cell maintenance and survival. METHODS We performed a longitudinal analysis from previously severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-infected and infection-naïve individuals covering 21 months from infection and 10 months after full vaccination with the BNT162b2 Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine. RESULTS We observed that cellular responses are maintained over time. Humoral responses increased after vaccination but were gradually lost. In addition, dexamethasone did not alter cell functionality or proliferation of CD45RA- T cells, and interleukin-15 increased the memory T-cell activation state, regulatory T cell expression, and interferon gamma release. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the best donors for adoptive cell therapy would be recovered individuals and 2 months after vaccination, although further studies with larger cohorts would be needed to confirm this finding. Dexamethasone did not affect the characteristics of the memory T cells at a concentration used in the clinical practice and IL-15 showed a positive effect on SARS-CoV-2-specific CD45RA- T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Al-Akioui-Sanz
- IdiPAZ, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bárbara Pascual-Miguel
- IdiPAZ, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Mestre-Durán
- IdiPAZ, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Navarro-Zapata
- IdiPAZ, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Clares-Villa
- IdiPAZ, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carla Martín-Cortázar
- IdiPAZ, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Vicario
- Histocompatibility Unit, Transfusion Center of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Balas
- Histocompatibility Unit, Transfusion Center of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel De Paz
- Cell Therapy Unit, Hematology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Minguillón
- IdiPAZ, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Pérez-Martínez
- IdiPAZ, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Hemato-oncology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine Autonomous, University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Ferreras
- IdiPAZ, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Yang F, Tran TNA, Howerton E, Boni MF, Servadio JL. Benefits of near-universal vaccination and treatment access to manage COVID-19 burden in the United States. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.02.08.23285658. [PMID: 36798204 PMCID: PMC9934803 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.08.23285658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Background As we enter the fourth year of the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 infections still cause high morbidity and mortality in the United States. During 2020-2022, COVID-19 was one of the leading causes of death in the United States and by far the leading cause among infectious diseases. Vaccination uptake remains low despite this being an effective burden reducing intervention. The development of COVID-19 therapeutics provides hope for mitigating severe clinical outcomes. This modeling study examines combined strategies of vaccination and treatment to reduce the burden of COVID-19 epidemics over the next decade. Methods We use a validated mathematical model to evaluate the reduction of incident cases, hospitalized cases, and deaths in the United States through 2033 under various levels of vaccination and treatment coverage. We assume that future seasonal transmission patterns for COVID-19 will be similar to those of influenza virus. We account for the waning of infection-induced immunity and vaccine-induced immunity in a future with stable COVID-19 dynamics. Due to uncertainty in the duration of immunity following vaccination or infection, we consider two exponentially-distributed waning rates, with means of 365 days (one year) and 548 days (1.5 years). We also consider treatment failure, including rebound frequency, as a possible treatment outcome. Results As expected, universal vaccination is projected to eliminate transmission and mortality. Under current treatment coverage (13.7%) and vaccination coverage (49%), averages of 89,000 annual deaths (548-day waning) and 120,000 annual deaths (365-day waning) are expected by the end of this decade. Annual mortality in the United States can be reduced below 50,000 per year with >81% annual vaccination coverage, and below 10,000 annual deaths with >84% annual vaccination coverage. Universal treatment reduces hospitalizations by 88% and deaths by 93% under current vaccination coverage. A reduction in vaccination coverage requires a comparatively larger increase in treatment coverage in order for hospitalization and mortality levels to remain unchanged. Conclusions Adopting universal vaccination and universal treatment goals in the United States will likely lead to a COVID-19 mortality burden below 50,000 deaths per year, a burden comparable to that of influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhan Yang
- Department of Biology and Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States
| | - Thu Nguyen-Anh Tran
- Department of Biology and Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States
| | - Emily Howerton
- Department of Biology and Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States
| | - Maciej F Boni
- Department of Biology and Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States
| | - Joseph L Servadio
- Department of Biology and Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States
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15
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Jia C, Zhou Z, Pan W, Zhang P, Yang M, Zhao M, Li B, Liu P, Zhang Q, Kong X, Li K, Yue T, Cai T, Wang Z, De Clercq E, Li S, Li G, Liu J, Wu H, Lu Q. Immune repertoire sequencing reveals an abnormal adaptive immune system in COVID-19 survivors. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28340. [PMID: 36420584 PMCID: PMC10107439 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) impairs the adaptive immune system during acute infection. Still, it remains largely unclear whether the frequency and functions of T and B cells return to normal after the recovery of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here, we analyzed immune repertoires and SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralization antibodies in a prospective cohort of 40 COVID-19 survivors with a 6-month follow-up after hospital discharge. Immune repertoire sequencing revealed abnormal T- and B-cell expression and function with large T cell receptor/B cell receptor clones, decreased diversity, abnormal class-switch recombination, and somatic hypermutation. A decreased number of B cells but an increased proportion of CD19+ CD138+ B cells were found in COVID-19 survivors. The proportion of CD4+ T cells, especially circulating follicular helper T (cTfh) cells, was increased, whereas the frequency of CD3+ CD4- T cells was decreased. SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralization IgG and IgM antibodies were identified in all survivors, especially those recorded with severe COVID-19 who showed a higher inhibition rate of neutralization antibodies. All severe cases complained of more than one COVID-19 sequelae after 6 months of recovery. Overall, our findings indicate that SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies remain detectable even after 6 months of recovery. Because of their abnormal adaptive immune system with a low number of CD3+ CD4- T cells and high susceptibility to infections, COVID-19 patients might need more time and medical care to fully recover from immune abnormalities and tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Jia
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhou
- The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wenjing Pan
- Nanjing ARP Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Li
- The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ping Liu
- The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xianglong Kong
- The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Keyu Li
- The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Tingting Yue
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ting Cai
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zijun Wang
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, China
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Song Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Guangdi Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiyang Liu
- The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Haijing Wu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, China
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16
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Egger AE, Sahanic S, Gleiss A, Ratzinger F, Holzer B, Irsara C, Binder N, Winkler C, Binder CJ, Posch W, Loacker L, Hartmann B, Anliker M, Weiss G, Sonnweber T, Tancevski I, Griesmacher A, Löffler-Ragg J, Hoermann G. One-Year Follow-Up of COVID-19 Patients Indicates Substantial Assay-Dependent Differences in the Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0059722. [PMID: 36222681 PMCID: PMC9784763 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00597-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Determination of antibody levels against the nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are used to estimate the humoral immune response after SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. Differences in the design and specification of antibody assays challenge the interpretation of test results, and comparative studies are often limited to single time points per patient. We determined the longitudinal kinetics of antibody levels of 145 unvaccinated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients at four visits over 1 year upon convalescence using 8 commercial SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays (from Abbott, DiaSorin, Roche, Siemens, and Technoclone), as well as a virus neutralization test (VNT). A linear regression model was used to investigate whether antibody results obtained in the first 6 months after disease onset could predict the VNT results at 12 months. Spike protein-specific antibody tests showed good correlation to the VNT at individual time points (rS, 0.74 to 0.92). While longitudinal assay comparison with the Roche Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 S test showed almost constant antibody concentrations over 12 months, the VNT and all other tests indicated a decline in serum antibody levels (median decrease to 14% to 36% of baseline). The antibody level at 3 months was the best predictor of the VNT results at 12 months after disease onset. The current standardization to a WHO calibrator for normalization to binding antibody units (BAU) is not sufficient for the harmonization of SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests. Assay-specific differences in absolute values and trends over time need to be considered when interpreting the course of antibody levels in patients. IMPORTANCE Determination of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 will play an important role in detecting a sufficient immune response. Although all the manufacturers expressed antibody levels in binding antibody units per milliliter, thus suggesting comparable results, we found discrepant behavior between the eight investigated assays when we followed the antibody levels in a cohort of 145 convalescent patients over 1 year. While one assay yielded constant antibody levels, the others showed decreasing antibody levels to a varying extent. Therefore, the comparability of the assays must be improved regarding the long-term kinetics of antibody levels. This is a prerequisite for establishing reliable antibody level cutoffs for sufficient individual protection against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E. Egger
- Central Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (ZIMCL), University Hospital of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sabina Sahanic
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Gleiss
- Section for Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Barbara Holzer
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Department for Animal Health, Moedling, Austria
| | - Christian Irsara
- Central Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (ZIMCL), University Hospital of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Binder
- Technoclone Herstellung von Diagnostika und Arzneimitteln GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Winkler
- Central Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (ZIMCL), University Hospital of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph J. Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilfried Posch
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lorin Loacker
- Central Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (ZIMCL), University Hospital of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Boris Hartmann
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Department for Animal Health, Moedling, Austria
| | - Markus Anliker
- Central Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (ZIMCL), University Hospital of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Guenter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Sonnweber
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ivan Tancevski
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Griesmacher
- Central Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (ZIMCL), University Hospital of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Judith Löffler-Ragg
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gregor Hoermann
- Central Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (ZIMCL), University Hospital of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- MLL (Munich Leukemia Laboratory), Munich, Germany
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Liang D, Zhang G, Huang M, Wang L, Hong W, Li A, Liang Y, Wang T, Lu J, Ou M, Ren Z, Lu H, Zheng R, Cai X, Pan X, Xia J, Ke C. Progress of the COVID-19: Persistence, Effectiveness, and Immune Escape of the Neutralizing Antibody in Convalescent Serum. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121531. [PMID: 36558864 PMCID: PMC9782332 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a new coronavirus causing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), is a major topic of global human health concern. The Delta and Omicron variants have caused alarming responses worldwide due to their high transmission rates and a number of mutations. During a one-year follow-up (from June 2020 to June 2021), we included 114 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection to study the long-term dynamics and the correlative factors of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) in convalescent patients. The blood samples were collected at two detection time points (at 6 and 12 months after discharge). We evaluated the NAbs response of discharged patients by performing a micro-neutralization assay using a SARS-CoV-2 wild type. In addition, a total of 62 serum samples from discharged COVID-19 patients with Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants of infection were enrolled to perform cross-neutralization tests using the original SARS-CoV-2 strain and VOCs variants (including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron variants) and to assess the ability of NAbs against the SARS-CoV-2 variants. NAbs seroconversion occurred in 91.46% of patients (n = 82) in the first timepoint and in 89.29% of patients (n = 84) in the second detection point, and three kinds of NAbs kinetics curves were perceived. The NAbs levels in young patients had higher values than those in elder patients. The kinetics of disease duration was accompanied by an opposite trend in NAbs levels. Despite a declining NAbs response, NAbs activity was still detectable in a substantial proportion of recovered patients one year after discharge. Compared to the wild strain, the Omicron strain could lead to a 23.44-, 3.42-, 8.03-, and 2.57-fold reduction in neutralization capacity in "SAlpha", "SBeta", "SDelta", and "SOmicron", respectively, and the NAbs levels against the Omicron strain were significantly lower than those of the Beta and Delta variants. Remarkably, the NAbs activity of convalescent serum with Omicron strain infection was most obviously detectable against six SARS-CoV-2 strains in our study. The role of the vaccination history in NAbs levels further confirmed the previous study that reported vaccine-induced NAbs as the convincing protection mechanism against SARS-CoV-2. In conclusion, our findings highlighted the dynamics of the long-term immune responses after the disappearance of symptoms and revealed that NAbs levels varied among all types of convalescent patients with COVID-19 and that NAbs remained detectable for one year, which is reassuring in terms of protection against reinfection. Moreover, a moderate correlation between the duration of disease and Nabs titers was observed, whereas age was negatively correlated with Nabs titers. On the other hand, compared with other VOCs, the Omicron variant was able to escape the defenses of the immune system more significantly, and the convalescent serum infected with the Omicron variant played a critical part in protection against different SARS-CoV-2 variants. Recovery serum from individuals vaccinated with inactivated vaccine preceding infection with the Omicron strain had a high efficacy against the original strain and the VOCs variants, whereas the convalescent serum of persons vaccinated by inactivated vaccine prior to infection with the Delta variant was only potent against the wild-type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Emergency Key Team, Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou 510700, China
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Guanting Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Mingxing Huang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wenshan Hong
- MPH Education Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - An’an Li
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yufeng Liang
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Tao Wang
- MPH Education Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Jiahui Lu
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Mengdang Ou
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Zhongqiang Ren
- Second People’s Hospital of Zhongshan, Zhongshan 528447, China
| | - Huiyi Lu
- Second People’s Hospital of Zhongshan, Zhongshan 528447, China
| | - Rutian Zheng
- Huizhou Central People’s Hospital, Huizhou 516001, China
| | - Xionghui Cai
- Huizhou Central People’s Hospital, Huizhou 516001, China
| | - Xingfei Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Jinyu Xia
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Changwen Ke
- Emergency Key Team, Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou 510700, China
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- MPH Education Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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18
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Chen Z, Zhang P, Matsuoka Y, Tsybovsky Y, West K, Santos C, Boyd LF, Nguyen H, Pomerenke A, Stephens T, Olia AS, Zhang B, De Giorgi V, Holbrook MR, Gross R, Postnikova E, Garza NL, Johnson RF, Margulies DH, Kwong PD, Alter HJ, Buchholz UJ, Lusso P, Farci P. Potent monoclonal antibodies neutralize Omicron sublineages and other SARS-CoV-2 variants. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111528. [PMID: 36302375 PMCID: PMC9554601 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and global spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants, which carry an unprecedented number of mutations, raise serious concerns due to the reduced efficacy of current vaccines and resistance to therapeutic antibodies. Here, we report the generation and characterization of two potent human monoclonal antibodies, NA8 and NE12, against the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. NA8 interacts with a highly conserved region and has a breadth of neutralization with picomolar potency against the Beta variant and the Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 sublineages and nanomolar potency against BA.2.12.1 and BA.4. Combination of NA8 and NE12 retains potent neutralizing activity against the major SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Cryo-EM analysis provides the structural basis for the broad and complementary neutralizing activity of these two antibodies. We confirm the in vivo protective and therapeutic efficacies of NA8 and NE12 in the hamster model. These results show that broad and potent human antibodies can overcome the continuous immune escape of evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaochun Chen
- Hepatic Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yumiko Matsuoka
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kamille West
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Celia Santos
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lisa F Boyd
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hanh Nguyen
- Hepatic Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anna Pomerenke
- Hepatic Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tyler Stephens
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Adam S Olia
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Valeria De Giorgi
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Integrated Research Facility, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Robin Gross
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Integrated Research Facility, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Elena Postnikova
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Integrated Research Facility, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Nicole L Garza
- SARS-CoV-2 Virology Core, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Reed F Johnson
- SARS-CoV-2 Virology Core, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David H Margulies
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Harvey J Alter
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ursula J Buchholz
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paolo Lusso
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patrizia Farci
- Hepatic Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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19
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Descriptive evaluation of antibody responses to severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in plasma and gingival crevicular fluid in a nursing home cohort-Arkansas, June-August 2020. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2022; 43:1610-1617. [PMID: 34802478 PMCID: PMC9379264 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2021.484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize and compare severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific immune responses in plasma and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from nursing home residents during and after natural infection. DESIGN Prospective cohort. SETTING Nursing home. PARTICIPANTS SARS-CoV-2-infected nursing home residents. METHODS A convenience sample of 14 SARS-CoV-2-infected nursing home residents, enrolled 4-13 days after real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction diagnosis, were followed for 42 days. After diagnosis, plasma SARS-CoV-2-specific pan-Immunoglobulin (Ig), IgG, IgA, IgM, and neutralizing antibodies were measured at 5 time points, and GCF SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG and IgA were measured at 4 time points. RESULTS All participants demonstrated immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among 12 phlebotomized participants, plasma was positive for pan-Ig and IgG in all 12 participants. Neutralizing antibodies were positive in 11 participants; IgM was positive in 10 participants, and IgA was positive in 9 participants. Among 14 participants with GCF specimens, GCF was positive for IgG in 13 participants and for IgA in 12 participants. Immunoglobulin responses in plasma and GCF had similar kinetics; median times to peak antibody response were similar across specimen types (4 weeks for IgG; 3 weeks for IgA). Participants with pan-Ig, IgG, and IgA detected in plasma and GCF IgG remained positive throughout this evaluation, 46-55 days after diagnosis. All participants were viral-culture negative by the first detection of antibodies. CONCLUSIONS Nursing home residents had detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in plasma and GCF after infection. Kinetics of antibodies detected in GCF mirrored those from plasma. Noninvasive GCF may be useful for detecting and monitoring immunologic responses in populations unable or unwilling to be phlebotomized.
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20
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Diani S, Leonardi E, Cavezzi A, Ferrari S, Iacono O, Limoli A, Bouslenko Z, Natalini D, Conti S, Mantovani M, Tramonte S, Donzelli A, Serravalle E. SARS-CoV-2-The Role of Natural Immunity: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:6272. [PMID: 36362500 PMCID: PMC9655392 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11216272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both natural immunity and vaccine-induced immunity to COVID-19 may be useful to reduce the mortality/morbidity of this disease, but still a lot of controversy exists. AIMS This narrative review analyzes the literature regarding these two immunitary processes and more specifically: (a) the duration of natural immunity; (b) cellular immunity; (c) cross-reactivity; (d) the duration of post-vaccination immune protection; (e) the probability of reinfection and its clinical manifestations in the recovered patients; (f) the comparisons between vaccinated and unvaccinated as to the possible reinfections; (g) the role of hybrid immunity; (h) the effectiveness of natural and vaccine-induced immunity against Omicron variant; (i) the comparative incidence of adverse effects after vaccination in recovered individuals vs. COVID-19-naïve subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS through multiple search engines we investigated COVID-19 literature related to the aims of the review, published since April 2020 through July 2022, including also the previous articles pertinent to the investigated topics. RESULTS nearly 900 studies were collected, and 246 pertinent articles were included. It was highlighted that the vast majority of the individuals after suffering from COVID-19 develop a natural immunity both of cell-mediated and humoral type, which is effective over time and provides protection against both reinfection and serious illness. Vaccine-induced immunity was shown to decay faster than natural immunity. In general, the severity of the symptoms of reinfection is significantly lower than in the primary infection, with a lower degree of hospitalizations (0.06%) and an extremely low mortality. CONCLUSIONS this extensive narrative review regarding a vast number of articles highlighted the valuable protection induced by the natural immunity after COVID-19, which seems comparable or superior to the one induced by anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Consequently, vaccination of the unvaccinated COVID-19-recovered subjects may not be indicated. Further research is needed in order to: (a) measure the durability of immunity over time; (b) evaluate both the impacts of Omicron BA.5 on vaccinated and healed subjects and the role of hybrid immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Diani
- School of Musictherapy, Université Européenne Jean Monnet, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Oriana Iacono
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, Mirandola Hospital, 41037 Mirandola, Italy
| | - Alice Limoli
- ARPAV (Regional Agency for the Environment Protection), 31100 Treviso, Italy
| | - Zoe Bouslenko
- Cardiology Department, Valdese Hospital, 10100 Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Silvano Tramonte
- Environment and Health Commission, National Bioarchitecture Institute, 20121 Milano, Italy
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21
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Considering epitopes conservity in targeting SARS-CoV-2 mutations in variants: a novel immunoinformatics approach to vaccine design. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14017. [PMID: 35982065 PMCID: PMC9386201 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18152-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has gained mutations at an alarming rate in the past years. Developing mutations can increase the virus's pathogenicity and virulence; reduce the efficacy of vaccines, antibodies neutralization, and even challenge adaptive immunity. So, it is essential to identify conserved epitopes (with fewer mutations) in different variants with appropriate antigenicity to target the variants by an appropriate vaccine design. Yet as, 3369 SARS-CoV-2 genomes were collected from global initiative on sharing avian flu data. Then, mutations in the immunodominant regions (IDRs), immune epitope database (IEDB) epitopes, and also predicted epitopes were calculated. In the following, epitopes conservity score against the total number of events (mutations) and the number of mutated sites in each epitope was weighted by Shannon entropy and then calculated by the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). Based on the TOPSIS conservity score and antigenicity score, the epitopes were plotted. The result demonstrates that almost all epitopes and IDRs with various lengths have gained different numbers of mutations in dissimilar sites. Herein, our two-step calculation for conservity recommends only 8 IDRs, 14 IEDB epitopes, and 10 predicted epitopes among all epitopes. The selected ones have higher conservity and higher immunogenicity. This method is an open-source multi-criteria decision-making platform, which provides a scientific approach to selecting epitopes with appropriate conservity and immunogenicity; against ever-changing viruses.
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22
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Alasmari F, Mukahal M, Alqurashi AA, Huq M, Alabdrabalnabi F, AlJurayyan A, Alkahtani SM, Assari FS, Bashaweeh R, Salam R, Aldera S, Alkinani OM, Almutairi T, AlEnizi K, Tleyjeh I. Seroprevalence and longevity of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen-IgG among health care workers in a large COVID-19 public hospital in Saudi Arabia: A prospective cohort study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272818. [PMID: 35960736 PMCID: PMC9374211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG among health care workers (HCWs) is crucial to inform infection control programs. Conflicting reports have emerged on the longevity of SARS-CoV-2 IgG. Our objective is to describe the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG in HCWs and perform 8 months longitudinal follow-up (FU) to assess the duration of detectable IgG. In addition, we aim to explore the risk factors associated with positive SARS-CoV-2 IgG. The study was conducted at a large COVID-19 public hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. All HCWs were recruited by social media platform. The SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen was used. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine association between IgG seropositive status and clinical and epidemiological factors. A total of 2528 (33% of the 7737 eligible HCWs) participated in the survey and 2523 underwent baseline serological testing in June 2020. The largest occupation groups sampled were nurses [n = 1351(18%)], physicians [n = 456 (6%)], administrators [n = 277 (3.6%)], allied HCWs [n = 205(3%)], pharmacists [n = 95(1.2%)], respiratory therapists [n = 40(0.5%)], infection control staff [n = 21(0.27%], and others [n = 83 (1%)]. The total cohort median age was 36 (31-43) years and 66.3% were females. 273 were IgG seropositive at baseline with a seroprevalence of 10.8% 95% CI (9.6%-12.1%). 165/185 and 44/112 were persistently IgG positive, at 2-3 months and 6 months FU respectively. The median (25th- 75th percentile) IgG level at the 3 different time points was 5.86 (3.57-7.04), 3.91 (2.46-5.38), 2.52 (1.80-3.99) respectively. Respiratory therapists OR 2.38, (P = 0.035), and those with hypertension OR = 1.86, (P = 0.009) were more likely to be seropositive. A high proportion of seropositive staff had prior symptoms 214/273(78%), prior anosmia was associated with the presence of antibodies, with an odds ratio of 9.25 (P<0.001), as well as fever and cough. Being a non-smoker, non-Saudi, and previously diagnosed with COVID-19 infection by PCR were statistically significantly different by seroprevalence status. We found that the seroprevalence of IgG against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen was 10.8% in HCWs at the peak of the pandemic in Saudi Arabia. We also observed a decreasing temporal trend of IgG seropositivity over 8 months follow up period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Alasmari
- Infection Control and Environmental Health Administration, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Infectious Diseases Section, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Al Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Mukahal
- Infection Control and Environmental Health Administration, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Ashraf Alqurashi
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Molla Huq
- Immunology and Serology Laboratory, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima Alabdrabalnabi
- Infection Control and Environmental Health Administration, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Rahaf Bashaweeh
- Public Health College, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana Salam
- Infectious Diseases Section, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Solaf Aldera
- Infection Control and Environmental Health Administration, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ohud Mohammed Alkinani
- Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Administration, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talal Almutairi
- Radiology Service Administration, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kholoud AlEnizi
- Research Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imad Tleyjeh
- Infectious Diseases Section, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Al Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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23
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Moody R, Sonda S, Johnston FH, Smith KJ, Stephens N, McPherson M, Flanagan KL, Plebanski M. Antibodies against Spike protein correlate with broad autoantigen recognition 8 months post SARS-CoV-2 exposure, and anti-calprotectin autoantibodies associated with better clinical outcomes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:945021. [PMID: 36032086 PMCID: PMC9403331 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.945021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies to multiple targets are found during acute COVID-19. Whether all, or some, persist after 6 months, and their correlation with sustained anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity, is still controversial. Herein, we measured antibodies to multiple SARS-CoV-2 antigens (Wuhan-Hu-1 nucleoprotein (NP), whole spike (S), spike subunits (S1, S2 and receptor binding domain (RBD)) and Omicron spike) and 102 human proteins with known autoimmune associations, in plasma from healthcare workers 8 months post-exposure to SARS-CoV-2 (n=31 with confirmed COVID-19 disease and n=21 uninfected controls (PCR and anti-SARS-CoV-2 negative) at baseline). IgG antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 antigens were significantly higher in the convalescent cohort than the healthy cohort, highlighting lasting antibody responses up to 8 months post-infection. These were also shown to be cross-reactive to the Omicron variant spike protein at a similar level to lasting anti-RBD antibodies (correlation r=0.89). Individuals post COVID-19 infection recognised a common set of autoantigens, specific to this group in comparison to the healthy controls. Moreover, the long-term level of anti-Spike IgG was associated with the breadth of autoreactivity post-COVID-19. There were further moderate positive correlations between anti-SARS-CoV-2 responses and 11 specific autoantigens. The most commonly recognised autoantigens were found in the COVID-19 convalescent cohort. Although there was no overall correlation in self-reported symptom severity and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels, anti-calprotectin antibodies were associated with return to healthy normal life 8 months post infection. Calprotectin was also the most common target for autoantibodies, recognized by 22.6% of the overall convalescent cohort. Future studies may address whether, counter-intuitively, such autoantibodies may play a protective role in the pathology of long-COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiane Moody
- School of Health and Biomedical Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Sabrina Sonda
- Tasmanian Vaccine Trial Centre, Clifford Craig Foundation, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- School of Health Sciences and School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Fay H. Johnston
- Public Health Services, Department of Health, Tasmania, TAS, Australia
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Kylie J. Smith
- Public Health Services, Department of Health, Tasmania, TAS, Australia
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Nicola Stephens
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Michelle McPherson
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Katie L. Flanagan
- School of Health and Biomedical Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- Tasmanian Vaccine Trial Centre, Clifford Craig Foundation, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- School of Health Sciences and School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Magdalena Plebanski
- School of Health and Biomedical Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Magdalena Plebanski,
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24
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Ching LL, Tseng AC, Nakano E, Salomon RC, Wang WK, Shikuma C, Nerurkar VR. COVID-19 vaccination and booster induced authentic-virus neutralizing antibody response is superior to SARS-CoV-2 natural infection induced response. J Clin Virol 2022; 152:105185. [PMID: 35605371 PMCID: PMC9107334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L Ching
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA; Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
| | - Alanna C Tseng
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA; Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
| | - Eileen Nakano
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA; Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
| | - Rennsilve C Salomon
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA; Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
| | - Wei-Kung Wang
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA; Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
| | - Cecilia Shikuma
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA; Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
| | - Vivek R Nerurkar
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA; Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA.
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25
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Lewis N, Chambers LC, Chu HT, Fortnam T, De Vito R, Gargano LM, Chan PA, McDonald J, Hogan JW. Effectiveness Associated With Vaccination After COVID-19 Recovery in Preventing Reinfection. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2223917. [PMID: 35895058 PMCID: PMC9331088 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.23917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The benefit of vaccination for preventing reinfection among individuals who have been previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE To obtain population-based estimates of the probability of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and the effectiveness associated with vaccination after recovery from COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study used Rhode Island statewide surveillance data from March 1, 2020, to December 9, 2021, on COVID-19 vaccinations, laboratory-confirmed cases, hospitalizations, and fatalities to conduct a population-based, retrospective study during periods when wild type, Alpha, and Delta strains of SARS-CoV-2 were predominant. Participants included Rhode Island residents aged 12 years and older who were previously diagnosed with COVID-19 and unvaccinated at the time of first infection, stratified into 3 subpopulations: long-term congregate care (LTCC) residents, LTCC employees, and the general population (ie, individuals not associated with congregate settings). Data were analyzed from October 2021 to January 2022. EXPOSURES Completion of the primary vaccination series, defined as 14 days after the second dose of an mRNA vaccine or 1 dose of vector virus vaccine. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The main outcome was SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, defined as a laboratory-confirmed positive result on a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or antigen test at least 90 days after the first laboratory-confirmed positive result on a PCR or antigen test. RESULTS Overall, 3124 LTCC residents (median [IQR] age, 81 [71-89]; 1675 [53.6%] females), 2877 LTCC employees (median [IQR] age, 41 [30-53]; 2186 [76.0%] females), and 94 516 members of the general population (median [IQR] age, 35 [24-52] years; 45 030 [47.6%] females) met eligibility criteria. Probability of reinfection at 9 months for those who remained unvaccinated after recovery from prior COVID-19 was 13.0% (95% CI, 12.0%-14.0%) among LTCC residents, 10.0% (95% CI, 8.8%-11.5%) among LTCC employees, and 1.9% (95% CI, 1.8%-2.0%) among the general population. Completion of the primary vaccination series after infection was associated with 49% (95% CI, 27%-65%) protection among LTCC residents, 47% (95% CI, 19%-65%) protection among LTCC employees, and 62% (95% CI, 56%-68%) protection in the general population against reinfection, adjusting for potential sociodemographic and clinical confounders and temporal variation in infection rates. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest that risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection after recovery from COVID-19 was relatively high among individuals who remained unvaccinated. Vaccination after recovery from COVID-19 was associated with reducing risk of reinfection by approximately half.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickolas Lewis
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Laura C. Chambers
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
- Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence
| | | | - Taylor Fortnam
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Roberta De Vito
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | | | - Philip A. Chan
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
- Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence
- Brown University Department of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island
| | | | - Joseph W. Hogan
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
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26
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Ultra-Fast and Sensitive Screening for Antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 S1 Spike Antigen with a Portable Bioelectric Biosensor. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10070254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
As a consequence of the progress of the global vaccination against the COVID-19 disease, fast, accurate and affordable assays are needed for monitoring the efficiency of developing immunity against the coronavirus at the population level. In this context, we herewith report the proof-of-concept development of an innovative bioelectric biosensor for the ultra-detection (in less than three minutes) of IgG antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 S1 spike antigen. The biosensor comprises a disposable set of screen-printed electrodes upon which are immobilized cells engineered to bear the S1 protein on their surface. When anti-S1 antibodies are presented to the engineered cell population, a rapid, specific, and selective change of the cell membrane potential occurs; this is in turn recorded by a bespoke portable potentiometer. End results are communicated via Bluetooth to a smartphone equipped with a customized user interface. By using the novel biosensor, anti-S1 antibodies could be detected at concentrations as low as 5 ng/mL. In a preliminary clinical trial, positive results were derived from patients vaccinated or previously infected by the virus. Selectivity over other respiratory viruses was demonstrated by the lack of cross-reactivity to antibodies against rhinovirus. After further clinical validation and extension to also screen IgM, IgA and possible neutralizing antibodies, our approach is intended to facilitate the mass and reliable detection of antibodies in the early stages following vaccination and to monitor the duration and level of acquired immunity both in a clinical and self-testing environment.
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27
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Astakhova EA, Byazrova MG, Yusubalieva GM, Kulemzin SV, Kruglova NA, Prilipov AG, Baklaushev VP, Gorchakov AA, Taranin AV, Filatov AV. Functional Profiling of In Vitro Reactivated Memory B Cells Following Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Gam-COVID-Vac Vaccination. Cells 2022; 11:1991. [PMID: 35805076 PMCID: PMC9265778 DOI: 10.3390/cells11131991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Both SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination have previously been demonstrated to elicit robust, yet somewhat limited immunity against the evolving variants of SARS-CoV-2. Nevertheless, reports performing side-by-side comparison of immune responses following infection vs. vaccination have been relatively scarce. The aim of this study was to compare B-cell response to adenovirus-vectored vaccination in SARS-CoV-2-naive individuals with that observed in the COVID-19 convalescent patients six months after the first encounter with the viral antigens. We set out to use a single analytical platform and performed comprehensive analysis of serum levels of receptor binding domain (RBD)-specific and virus-neutralizing antibodies, frequencies of RBD-binding circulating memory B cells (MBCs), MBC-derived antibody-secreting cells, as well as RBD-specific and virus-neutralizing activity of MBC-derived antibodies after Gam-COVID-Vac (Sputnik V) vaccination and/or natural SARS-CoV-2 infection. Overall, natural immunity was superior to Gam-COVID-Vac vaccination. The levels of neutralizing MBC-derived antibodies in the convalescent patients turned out to be significantly higher than those found following vaccination. Our results suggest that after six months, SARS-CoV-2-specific MBC immunity is more robust in COVID-19 convalescent patients than in Gam-COVID-Vac recipients. Collectively, our data unambiguously indicate that natural immunity outperforms Gam-COVID-Vac-induced immunity six months following recovery/vaccination, which should inform healthcare and vaccination decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A. Astakhova
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.A.); (M.G.B.); (A.G.P.)
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria G. Byazrova
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.A.); (M.G.B.); (A.G.P.)
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gaukhar M. Yusubalieva
- Laboratory of Cell Technology, Federal Research and Clinical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies of the FMBA of Russia, 115682 Moscow, Russia; (G.M.Y.); (V.P.B.)
| | - Sergey V. Kulemzin
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (S.V.K.); (A.A.G.); (A.V.T.)
| | - Natalia A. Kruglova
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy of Socially Significant Diseases, Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexey G. Prilipov
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.A.); (M.G.B.); (A.G.P.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir P. Baklaushev
- Laboratory of Cell Technology, Federal Research and Clinical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies of the FMBA of Russia, 115682 Moscow, Russia; (G.M.Y.); (V.P.B.)
| | - Andrey A. Gorchakov
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (S.V.K.); (A.A.G.); (A.V.T.)
| | - Alexander V. Taranin
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (S.V.K.); (A.A.G.); (A.V.T.)
| | - Alexander V. Filatov
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.A.); (M.G.B.); (A.G.P.)
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
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28
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Serological Response and Relationship with Gender-Sensitive Variables among Healthcare Workers after SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12060994. [PMID: 35743778 PMCID: PMC9225338 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12060994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-induced immunity is a key strategy in the long-term control of the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of our study was to explore the relationship between mRNA vaccine-induced antibodies and gender-sensitive variables among healthcare workers. Two thousand-sixty-five volunteers who received the BNT162b2 vaccine were enrolled in the study and followed up. Demographic, clinical, and social variables (educational level, marital status, occupation, childcare) were evaluated through a self-administered questionnaire. Anti-Spike (S) IgG were measured at 1 month (T1) and at 5 months (T2) after the second vaccine dose. At T1, median anti-S IgG values were 693 [394−>800] AU/mL (1 AU = 2.6 BAU). Values > 800 AU/mL (2080 BAU/mL) were directly associated with a previous COVID-19 (p < 0.001) infection and inversely with age (p < 0.001), smoking habit (p < 0.001), and autoimmune diseases (p < 0.001). At T2, a significant decreasing in anti-S IgG values was observed (187 [81−262] AU/mL), with a median decrease of 72 [60−82]%. On multivariate data analysis, a reduction of more than 82% was directly associated with male sex (p < 0.021), age (p < 0.001), smoking (p = 0.038), hypertension (p = 0.042), and, inversely, with previous COVID-19 infection (p < 0.001) and being “cohabiting” (p = 0.005). Our findings suggest that demographic, clinical, and social variables play a role in anti-S IgG values decreasing in long-term follow up and should be considered to find personalized vaccine schedules.
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29
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Dallmeier K. Palaeoserology - teeth put into ancient plagues and pandemics. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:1940-1942. [PMID: 35478431 PMCID: PMC9249320 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on archived medical records and evolutionary modelling, a Coronavirus has been hypothesized as root and causative agent of the so‐called ‘Russian Flu’ pandemic that surged in 1889–1890. In a Correspondence published in this volume of Microbial Biotechnology, Ramassy and colleagues try to support historical evidence by true experimental data using 'palaeoserology', a novel approach combining archaeology and modern immunological analysis. This Opinion piece tries to weigh arguments how strong such data may be, and where a refinement of methodology might be desirable before textbooks of medical history switch to call the 1890s pandemic ‘Russian Corona’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Dallmeier
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
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30
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Nairz M, Sahanic S, Pizzini A, Böhm A, Tymoszuk P, Mitterstiller AM, von Raffay L, Grubwieser P, Bellmann-Weiler R, Koppelstätter S, Schroll A, Haschka D, Zimmermann M, Blunder S, Trattnig K, Naschberger H, Klotz W, Theurl I, Petzer V, Gehrer C, Mindur JE, Luger A, Schwabl C, Widmann G, Weiss G, Löffler-Ragg J, Tancevski I, Sonnweber T. Quantity of IgG response to SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein predicts pulmonary recovery from COVID-19. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3677. [PMID: 35256646 PMCID: PMC8901626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07489-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The CovILD study is a prospective, multicenter, observational cohort study to systematically follow up patients after coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). We extensively evaluated 145 COVID-19 patients at 3 follow-up visits scheduled for 60, 100, and 180 days after initial confirmed diagnosis based on typical symptoms and a positive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). We employed comprehensive pulmonary function and laboratory tests, including serum concentrations of IgG against the viral spike (S) glycoprotein, and compared the results to clinical data and chest computed tomography (CT). We found that at the 60 day follow-up, 131 of 145 (90.3%) participants displayed S-specific serum IgG levels above the cut-off threshold. Notably, the highly elevated IgG levels against S glycoprotein positively correlated with biomarkers of immune activation and negatively correlated with pulmonary function and the extent of pulmonary CT abnormalities. Based on the association between serum S glycoprotein-specific IgG and clinical outcome, we generated an S-specific IgG-based recovery score that, when applied in the early convalescent phase, accurately predicted delayed pulmonary recovery after COVID-19. Therefore, we propose that S-specific IgG levels serve as a useful immunological surrogate marker for identifying at-risk individuals with persistent pulmonary injury who may require intensive follow-up care after COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Sabina Sahanic
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alex Pizzini
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna Böhm
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Piotr Tymoszuk
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Laura von Raffay
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Grubwieser
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rosa Bellmann-Weiler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sabine Koppelstätter
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Schroll
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Haschka
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martina Zimmermann
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Silvia Blunder
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kristina Trattnig
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Helene Naschberger
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Werner Klotz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Igor Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena Petzer
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Clemens Gehrer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Anna Luger
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Schwabl
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerlig Widmann
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Judith Löffler-Ragg
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ivan Tancevski
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Sonnweber
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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31
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McDade TW, Sancilio A, D’Aquila R, Mustanski B, Vaught LA, Reiser NL, Velez ME, Hsieh RR, Ryan DT, Saber R, McNally EM, Demonbreun AR. Low Levels of Neutralizing Antibodies After Natural Infection With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in a Community-Based Serological Study. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac055. [PMID: 35252468 PMCID: PMC8890497 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Confidence in natural immunity after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is one reason for vaccine hesitancy. METHODS We measured antibody-mediated neutralization of spike protein-ACE2 receptor binding in a large community-based sample of seropositive individuals who differed in severity of infection (N = 790). RESULTS A total of 39.8% of infections were asymptomatic, 46.5% were symptomatic with no clinical care, 13.8% were symptomatic with clinical care, and 3.7% required hospitalization. Moderate/high neutralizing activity was present after 41.3% of clinically managed infections, in comparison with 7.9% of symptomatic and 1.9% of asymptomatic infections. CONCLUSIONS Prior coronavirus disease 2019 infection does not guarantee a high level of antibody-mediated protection against reinfection in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W McDade
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IllinoisUSA,Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA,Correspondence: Thomas McDade, PhD, Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL 60208, USA ()
| | - Amelia Sancilio
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IllinoisUSA,Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Richard D’Aquila
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Brian Mustanski
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA,Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lauren A Vaught
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nina L Reiser
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Matthew E Velez
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ryan R Hsieh
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniel T Ryan
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA,Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rana Saber
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA,Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elizabeth M McNally
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alexis R Demonbreun
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA,Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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32
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Mayanskiy NA, Brzhozovskaya EA, Stoyanova SS, Frolkov AV, Lebedin Y. Dynamic changes in the concentration of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies within 12 months after recovery from COVID-19. BULLETIN OF RUSSIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2022.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Generation and maintenance of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is essential for overcoming the pandemic of the novel coronavirus infection COVID-19. The study was aimed to assess the dynamic changes in the levels of IgG antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) with the use of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, calibrated using the International Standard for anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin (IS-SARS-CoV-2). The concentrations of anti-RBD-IgG were measured in the cohort of individuals, who had recovered from COVID-19, with an interval of a month for 6 months, and at a time point of 12 months, using the ELISA kits, calibrated with the use of IS-SARS-CoV-2; the results were expressed in binding antibody units (BAU) per 1 mL. A total of 97 blood serum samples, obtained from 20 individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection, confirmed by PCR, were collected. The geometric mean titer (GMT) of anti-RBD-IgG was 433 BAU/mL (range 36-25,900 BAU/mL) within a month after the infection. The concentration of anti-RBD-IgG gradually decreased with time and reached the GMT value of 68 BAU/mL by the 12th month; anti-RBD-IgG persisted in 13 individuals (93%) out of 14, examined 12 months after the infection. The standardized quantitative serological data play a vital part in monitoring the immune response and make in easier to compare the studies, providing the basis for seeking the common serological correlate of the protective immunity to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- NA Mayanskiy
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - EA Brzhozovskaya
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - SS Stoyanova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - AV Frolkov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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33
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Zhang S, Xu K, Li C, Zhou L, Kong X, Peng J, Zhu F, Bao C, Jin H, Gao Q, Zhao X, Zhu L. Long-Term Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies and Impact of Inactivated Vaccine on SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Based on a COVID-19 Patients Cohort. Front Immunol 2022; 13:829665. [PMID: 35154152 PMCID: PMC8828498 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.829665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the long-term kinetic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and the impact of inactivated vaccines on SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in convalescent patients can provide information for developing and improving vaccination strategies in such populations. Methods In this cohort, 402 convalescent patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR from 1 January to 22 June 2020 in Jiangsu, China, were enrolled. The epidemiological data included demographics, symptom onset, and vaccination history. Blood samples were collected and tested for antibody levels of specific IgG, IgM, RBD-IgG, S-IgG, and neutralizing antibodies using a the commercial magnetic chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay. Results The median follow-up time after symptom onset was 15.6 months (IQR, 14.6 to 15.8). Of the 402 convalescent patients, 44 (13.84%) received an inactivated vaccine against COVID-19. A total of 255 (80.19%) patients were IgG-positive and 65 (20.44%) were IgM-positive. The neutralizing antibody was 83.02%. Compared with non-vaccinated individuals, the IgG antibody levels in vaccinated people were higher (P=0.007). Similarly, antibody levels for RBD-IgG, S-IgG, and neutralizing antibodies were all highly increased in vaccinated individuals (P<0.05). IgG levels were significantly higher after vaccination than before vaccination in the same population. IgG levels in those who received ‘single dose and ≥14d’ were similar to those with two doses (P>0.05). Similar conclusions were drawn for RBD-IgG and the neutralizing antibody. Conclusion 15.6 months after symptom onset, the majority of participants remained positive for serum-specific IgG, RBD-IgG, S-IgG, and neutralizing antibodies. For convalescent patients, a single dose of inactivated vaccine against COVID-19 can further boost antibody titres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuchu Li
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Kong
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiefu Peng
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changjun Bao
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Huai'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huaian, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Lianyungang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lianyungang, China
| | - Liguo Zhu
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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34
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Hassan S, West KA, Conry‐Cantilena K, De Giorgi V. Regulatory challenges of convalescent plasma collection during the evolving stages of COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Transfusion 2022; 62:483-492. [PMID: 34778974 PMCID: PMC8661755 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Hassan
- Department of Transfusion MedicineNIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Kamille A. West
- Department of Transfusion MedicineNIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Kathleen Conry‐Cantilena
- Department of Transfusion MedicineNIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Valeria De Giorgi
- Department of Transfusion MedicineNIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
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35
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Chen Z, Zhang P, Matsuoka Y, Tsybovsky Y, West K, Santos C, Boyd LF, Nguyen H, Pomerenke A, Stephens T, Olia AS, De Giorgi V, Holbrook MR, Gross R, Postnikova E, Garza NL, Johnson RF, Margulies DH, Kwong PD, Alter HJ, Buchholz UJ, Lusso P, Farci P. Extremely potent monoclonal antibodies neutralize Omicron and other SARS-CoV-2 variants. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022. [PMID: 35043120 DOI: 10.1101/2022.01.12.22269023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has triggered a devastating global health, social and economic crisis. The RNA nature and broad circulation of this virus facilitate the accumulation of mutations, leading to the continuous emergence of variants of concern with increased transmissibility or pathogenicity 1 . This poses a major challenge to the effectiveness of current vaccines and therapeutic antibodies 1, 2 . Thus, there is an urgent need for effective therapeutic and preventive measures with a broad spectrum of action, especially against variants with an unparalleled number of mutations such as the recently emerged Omicron variant, which is rapidly spreading across the globe 3 . Here, we used combinatorial antibody phage-display libraries from convalescent COVID-19 patients to generate monoclonal antibodies against the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with ultrapotent neutralizing activity. One such antibody, NE12, neutralizes an early isolate, the WA-1 strain, as well as the Alpha and Delta variants with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations at picomolar level. A second antibody, NA8, has an unusual breadth of neutralization, with picomolar activity against both the Beta and Omicron variants. The prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of NE12 and NA8 was confirmed in preclinical studies in the golden Syrian hamster model. Analysis by cryo-EM illustrated the structural basis for the neutralization properties of NE12 and NA8. Potent and broadly neutralizing antibodies against conserved regions of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein may play a key role against future variants of concern that evade immune control.
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36
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Gil-Manso S, Miguens Blanco I, López-Esteban R, Carbonell D, López-Fernández LA, West L, Correa-Rocha R, Pion M. Comprehensive Flow Cytometry Profiling of the Immune System in COVID-19 Convalescent Individuals. Front Immunol 2022; 12:793142. [PMID: 35069575 PMCID: PMC8771913 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.793142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 200 million people worldwide, with more than 4 million associated deaths. Although more than 80% of infected people develop asymptomatic or mild COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 can induce a profound dysregulation of the immune system. Therefore, it is important to investigate whether clinically recovered individuals present immune sequelae. The potential presence of a long-term dysregulation of the immune system could constitute a risk factor for re-infection and the development of other pathologies. Here, we performed a deep analysis of the immune system in 35 COVID-19 recovered individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 compared to 16 healthy donors, by flow cytometry. Samples from COVID-19 individuals were analysed from 12 days to 305 days post-infection. We observed that, 10 months post-infection, recovered COVID-19 patients presented alterations in the values of some T-cell, B-cell, and innate cell subsets compared to healthy controls. Moreover, we found in recovered COVID-19 individuals increased levels of circulating follicular helper type 1 (cTfh1), plasmablast/plasma cells, and follicular dendritic cells (foDC), which could indicate that the Tfh-B-foDC axis might be functional to produce specific immunoglobulins 10 months post-infection. The presence of this axis and the immune system alterations could constitute prognosis markers and could play an important role in potential re-infection or the presence of long-term symptoms in some individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Gil-Manso
- Laboratory of Immune-Regulation, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iria Miguens Blanco
- Department of Emergency, Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío López-Esteban
- Laboratory of Immune-Regulation, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Carbonell
- Laboratory of Immune-Regulation, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Hematology, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Andrés López-Fernández
- Service of Pharmacy, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lori West
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Transplant Institute and Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Alberta Transplant Institute and Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Alberta Transplant Institute and Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Alberta Transplant Institute and Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rafael Correa-Rocha
- Laboratory of Immune-Regulation, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marjorie Pion
- Laboratory of Immune-Regulation, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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Srivastava K, West KA, De Giorgi V, Holbrook MR, Bovin NV, Henry SM, Flegel WA. COVID-19 Antibody Detection and Assay Performance Using Red Cell Agglutination. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0083021. [PMID: 34878316 PMCID: PMC8653820 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00830-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Red cells can be labeled with peptides from the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (C-19 kodecytes) and used as reagent cells for serologic screening of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. We evaluated 140 convalescent COVID-19 donors and 275 healthy controls using C19-kodecytes. The analytical performance of the C19-kodecyte assay was compared with a virus neutralizing assay and two commercial chemiluminescent antibody tests (Total assay and IgG assay, Ortho). The C19-kodecyte assay detected SARS-CoV-2 antibodies with a sensitivity of 92.8% and specificity of 96.3%, well within the minimum performance range required by FDA for EUA authorization of serologic tests. The Cohen's kappa coefficient was 0.90 indicating an almost perfect agreement with the Total assay. The Spearman's correlation coefficient was 0.20 with the neutralizing assay (0.49 with IgG, and 0.41 with Total assays). The limited correlation in assay reaction strengths suggested that the assays may be influenced by different antibody specificities. The C19-kodecyte assay is easily scalable and may vastly improve test capacity in any blood typing laboratory using its routine column agglutination platforms. IMPORTANCE We recently developed a red cell based assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in human plasma. In the current study, we show the hands-on application of this assay in a group of COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors and healthy individuals. We compared our assay against three published assays, including two that are widely used for patient care in the United States. Our assay compared well with all three assays. Our easily scalable assay can be used for population-wide screening of SARS-CoV-2 antibody status. It can be readily established in any hospital blood bank worldwide using its routine equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitij Srivastava
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kamille A. West
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Valeria De Giorgi
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael R. Holbrook
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Integrated Research Facility, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicolai V. Bovin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
- Centre for Kode Technology Innovation, School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Design and Creative Technologies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stephen M. Henry
- Centre for Kode Technology Innovation, School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Design and Creative Technologies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Willy A. Flegel
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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38
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Siracusano G, Brombin C, Pastori C, Cugnata F, Noviello M, Tassi E, Princi D, Cantoni D, Malnati MS, Maugeri N, Bozzi C, Saretto G, Clementi N, Mancini N, Uberti-Foppa C, Temperton N, Bonini C, Di Serio C, Lopalco L. Profiling Antibody Response Patterns in COVID-19: Spike S1-Reactive IgA Signature in the Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:772239. [PMID: 34804064 PMCID: PMC8595940 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.772239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This contribution explores in a new statistical perspective the antibody responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 141 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients exhibiting a broad range of clinical manifestations. This cohort accurately reflects the characteristics of the first wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Italy. We determined the IgM, IgA, and IgG levels towards SARS-CoV-2 S1, S2, and NP antigens, evaluating their neutralizing activity and relationship with clinical signatures. Moreover, we longitudinally followed 72 patients up to 9 months postsymptoms onset to study the persistence of the levels of antibodies. Our results showed that the majority of COVID-19 patients developed an early virus-specific antibody response. The magnitude and the neutralizing properties of the response were heterogeneous regardless of the severity of the disease. Antibody levels dropped over time, even though spike reactive IgG and IgA were still detectable up to 9 months. Early baseline antibody levels were key drivers of the subsequent antibody production and the long-lasting protection against SARS-CoV-2. Importantly, we identified anti-S1 IgA as a good surrogate marker to predict the clinical course of COVID-19. Characterizing the antibody response after SARS-CoV-2 infection is relevant for the early clinical management of patients as soon as they are diagnosed and for implementing the current vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Siracusano
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, Immunobiology of HIV Group, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Brombin
- University Centre of Statistics in the Biomedical Sciences, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Pastori
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, Immunobiology of HIV Group, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Cugnata
- University Centre of Statistics in the Biomedical Sciences, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Maddalena Noviello
- Experimental Hematology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Tassi
- Experimental Hematology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Denise Princi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, Immunobiology of HIV Group, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Cantoni
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Mauro S. Malnati
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Norma Maugeri
- Autoimmunity and Vascular Inflammation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Nicola Clementi
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicasio Mancini
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Bonini
- Experimental Hematology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Clelia Di Serio
- University Centre of Statistics in the Biomedical Sciences, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Biomedical Faculty, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Lopalco
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, Immunobiology of HIV Group, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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39
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Schiffner J, Backhaus I, Rimmele J, Schulz S, Möhlenkamp T, Klemens JM, Zapf D, Solbach W, Mischnik A. Long-Term Course of Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Outpatients After SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Public Health 2021; 9:732787. [PMID: 34646805 PMCID: PMC8502872 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.732787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of the naturally acquired B and T cell immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is important for the development of public health and vaccination strategies to manage the burden of COVID-19 disease. We conducted a prospective, cross-sectional analysis in COVID-19 recovered patients at various time points over a 10-month period in order to investigate how circulating antibody levels and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release by peripheral blood cells change over time following natural infection. From March 2020 till January 2021, we enrolled 412 adults mostly with mild or moderate disease course. At each study visit, subjects donated peripheral blood for testing of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies and IFN-γ release after SARS-CoV-2 S-protein stimulation. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were positive in 316 of 412 (76.7%) and borderline in 31 of 412 (7.5%) patients. Our confirmation assay for the presence of neutralizing antibodies was positive in 215 of 412 (52.2%) and borderline in 88 of 412 (21.4%) patients. Likewise, in 274 of 412 (66.5%) positive IFN-γ release and IgG antibodies were detected. With respect to time after infection, both IgG antibody levels and IFN-γ concentrations decreased by about half within 300 days. Statistically, production of IgG and IFN-γ were closely associated, but on an individual basis, we observed patients with high-antibody titres but low IFN-γ levels and vice versa. Our data suggest that immunological reaction is acquired in most individuals after natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 and is sustained in the majority of patients for at least 10 months after infection after a mild or moderate disease course. Since, so far, no robust marker for protection against COVID-19 exists, we recommend utilizing both, IgG and IFN-γ release for an individual assessment of the immunity status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schiffner
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Research, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Standort Hamburg-Borstel-Luebeck-Riems, Luebeck, Germany.,Health Protection Authority, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Insa Backhaus
- Medical Faculty, Centre for Health and Society, University Hospital, Institute of Medical Sociology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Julia Maria Klemens
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, Affiliated to EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Dorinja Zapf
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, Affiliated to EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Werner Solbach
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Research, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Standort Hamburg-Borstel-Luebeck-Riems, Luebeck, Germany.,Health Protection Authority, Luebeck, Germany
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40
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Yu Y, Wang M, Zhang X, Li S, Lu Q, Zeng H, Hou H, Li H, Zhang M, Jiang F, Wu J, Ding R, Zhou Z, Liu M, Si W, Zhu T, Li H, Ma J, Gu Y, She G, Li X, Zhang Y, Peng K, Huang W, Liu W, Wang Y. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity response to SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:346. [PMID: 34561414 PMCID: PMC8463587 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00759-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) responses to viral infection are a form of antibody regulated immune responses mediated through the Fc fragment. Whether severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) triggered ADCC responses contributes to COVID-19 disease development is currently not well understood. To understand the potential correlation between ADCC responses and COVID-19 disease development, we analyzed the ADCC activity and neutralizing antibody response in 255 individuals ranging from asymptomatic to fatal infections over 1 year post disease. ADCC was elicited by 10 days post-infection, peaked by 11-20 days, and remained detectable until 400 days post-infection. In general, patients with severe disease had higher ADCC activities. Notably, patients who had severe disease and recovered had higher ADCC activities than patients who had severe disease and deceased. Importantly, ADCC activities were mediated by a diversity of epitopes in SARS-COV-2-infected mice and induced to comparable levels against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) (B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1) as that against the D614G mutant in human patients and vaccinated mice. Our study indicates anti-SARS-CoV-2 ADCC as a major trait of COVID-19 patients with various conditions, which can be applied to estimate the extra-neutralization level against COVID-19, especially lethal COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanling Yu
- grid.410749.f0000 0004 0577 6238Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Meiyu Wang
- grid.410749.f0000 0004 0577 6238Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China ,grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoai Zhang
- grid.410740.60000 0004 1803 4911State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Shufen Li
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Qingbin Lu
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Haolong Zeng
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyan Hou
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Li
- grid.410740.60000 0004 1803 4911State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyi Zhang
- grid.410749.f0000 0004 0577 6238Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Fei Jiang
- grid.410749.f0000 0004 0577 6238Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Jiajing Wu
- grid.410749.f0000 0004 0577 6238Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Ruxia Ding
- grid.410749.f0000 0004 0577 6238Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Zehua Zhou
- grid.410749.f0000 0004 0577 6238Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Min Liu
- grid.274690.eSinovac Biotech Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Weixue Si
- Cansino Biotech Incorporation, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Cansino Biotech Incorporation, Tianjin, China
| | - Hangwen Li
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Guangbiao She
- Anhui Zhifeilongcom Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- grid.410740.60000 0004 1803 4911State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yulan Zhang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Ke Peng
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weijin Huang
- grid.410749.f0000 0004 0577 6238Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- grid.410740.60000 0004 1803 4911State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Youchun Wang
- grid.410749.f0000 0004 0577 6238Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China ,grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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41
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Neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 persists 9 months post symptom onset in mild and asymptomatic patients. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 112:8-12. [PMID: 34508860 PMCID: PMC8425675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective A better understanding of the immune response against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is critical to predict its dynamics within the general population and its impact on the vaccination strategy. This study assessed the persistence of neutralizing antibody (Nab) activity and SARS-CoV-2 serology in serum samples of mild and asymptomatic patients 9 months post symptom onset (PSO) in a primary care context among immunocompetent adults. Methods A longitudinal cohort of crew members (CMs) exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 on the French aircraft carrier ‘Charles de Gaulle’ in April 2020 was created. CMs infected with COVID-19 and with positive serology at the end of quarantine were tested 9 months PSO. Samples were collected 18 and 280 days PSO. For each patient, both serology and serum viral neutralizing activity were performed. Results In total, 86 CMs were analysed. Samples were collected 18 and 280 days PSO. The seroconversion rates were 100% and 93% (82/86) at 18 and 280 days PSO, respectively, and 72.7% of patients exhibited persistent Nab activity at 9 months, regardless of disease severity. Conclusion Nab activity persists for up to 9 months following asymptomatic/mild COVID-19 among young adults, regardless of serological results.
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42
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Richmond PC, Hatchuel L, Pacciarini F, Hu B, Smolenov I, Li P, Liang P, Han HH, Liang J, Clemens R. Persistence of the immune responses and cross-neutralizing activity with Variants of Concern following two doses of adjuvanted SCB-2019 COVID-19 vaccine. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:1699-1706. [PMID: 34480575 PMCID: PMC8499965 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously reported the safety and immunogenicity 4 weeks after 2 doses of the Clover coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine candidate, SCB-2019, a stabilized prefusion form of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein (S-trimer). We now report persistence of antibodies up to 6 months after vaccination, and cross-neutralization titers against 3 variants of concern (VoCs). Methods In a phase 1 study, adult (18–54 years of age) and elderly (55–75 years of age) volunteers received 2 vaccinations 21 days apart with placebo or 3-, 9-, or 30-µg. We measured immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against SCB-2019, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) competitive binding antibodies, and neutralizing antibodies against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 (Wuhan-Hu-1) at days 101 and 184, and neutralizing antibodies against 3 VoCs, Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), and Gamma (P.1), in day 36 sera. Results Titers waned from their peak at days 36–50, but SCB-2019 IgG antibodies, ACE2 competitive binding antibodies, and neutralizing antibodies against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 persisted at 25%–35% of their observed peak levels at day 184. Day 36 sera also demonstrated dose-dependent increases in neutralizing titers against the 3 VoCs. Conclusions SCB-2019 dose-dependently induced immune responses against wild-type SARS-CoV-2, which persisted up to day 184. Neutralizing antibodies were cross-reactive against 3 of the most prevalent VoCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Richmond
- Division of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia, Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute and Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Lara Hatchuel
- Linear Clinical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia
| | | | - Branda Hu
- Clover Biopharmaceuticals, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Ping Li
- Clover Biopharmaceuticals, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Liang
- Clover Biopharmaceuticals, Chengdu, China
| | | | | | - Ralf Clemens
- Global Research in Infectious Diseases (GRID), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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43
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Ravi P, Patel H, Pomrenke S. Apheresis at the National Institutes of Health: A unique nursing experience. Transfus Apher Sci 2021; 60:103205. [PMID: 34272154 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2021.103205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center (CC) is the largest hospital in the world dedicated entirely to clinical research. For over 50 years, NIH scientists have been involved in the development and refinement of apheresis technology that is essential for new and emerging clinical applications of immunotherapy and personalized medicine. NIH investigators have studied the structure and function of blood cells, looking for characteristics that can be exploited to create these new and innovative therapies. Since the very beginning, NIH apheresis nurses have played a pivotal role in providing the raw materials needed for these innovations. The NIH CC Department of Transfusion Medicine (DTM) provides essential services to support investigators and patients when apheresis nurses collect Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells (HPCs), lymphocytes, platelets, plasma and granulocytes from patients and donors enrolled in clinical research protocols at NIH. While balancing patient safety needs, regulatory requirements and research protocol integrity, DTM apheresis nurses face unique challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabu Ravi
- Clinical Center Nursing Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - Hemaxi Patel
- Leidos Biomedical Research Inc, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - Sylvia Pomrenke
- Clinical Center Nursing Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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44
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Mangal V, Kaur K. COVID-19 vaccine in Indian children: A debatable issue!! JOURNAL OF MARINE MEDICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/jmms.jmms_104_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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