1
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Teixeira AR, Bittar C, Silva Santos GS, Oliveira TY, Huang AS, Linden N, Ferreira IATM, Murdza T, Muecksch F, Jones RB, Caskey M, Jankovic M, Nussenzweig MC. Transcription of HIV-1 at sites of intact latent provirus integration. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20240391. [PMID: 39141127 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20240391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 antiretroviral therapy is highly effective but fails to eliminate a reservoir of latent proviruses, leading to a requirement for life-long treatment. How the site of integration of authentic intact latent proviruses might impact their own or neighboring gene expression or reservoir dynamics is poorly understood. Here, we report on proviral and neighboring gene transcription at sites of intact latent HIV-1 integration in cultured T cells obtained directly from people living with HIV, as well as engineered primary T cells and cell lines. Proviral gene expression was correlated to the level of endogenous gene expression under resting but not activated conditions. Notably, latent proviral promoters were 100-10,000× less active than in productively infected cells and had little or no measurable impact on neighboring gene expression under resting or activated conditions. Thus, the site of integration has a dominant effect on the transcriptional activity of intact HIV-1 proviruses in the latent reservoir, thereby influencing cytopathic effects and proviral immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rafaela Teixeira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cintia Bittar
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Thiago Y Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Noemi Linden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Isabella A T M Ferreira
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tetyana Murdza
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frauke Muecksch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Chica and Heinz Schaller (CHS) Research Group, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Brad Jones
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mila Jankovic
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Chevy Chase, MD, USA
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2
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Teixeira AR, Bittar C, Silva Santos GS, Oliveira TY, Huang AS, Linden N, Ferreira IA, Murdza T, Muecksch F, Jones RB, Caskey M, Jankovic M, Nussenzweig MC. Transcription of HIV-1 at sites of intact latent provirus integration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.26.591331. [PMID: 38746186 PMCID: PMC11092494 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.26.591331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
HIV-1 anti-retroviral therapy is highly effective but fails to eliminate a reservoir of latent proviruses leading to a requirement for life-long treatment. How the site of integration of authentic intact latent proviruses might impact their own or neighboring gene expression or reservoir dynamics is poorly understood. Here we report on proviral and neighboring gene transcription at sites of intact latent HIV-1 integration in cultured T cells obtained directly from people living with HIV, as well as engineered primary T cells and cell lines. Proviral gene expression was correlated to the level of endogenous gene expression under resting but not activated conditions. Notably, latent proviral promoters were 10010,000X less active than in productively infected cells and had little or no measurable impact on neighboring gene expression under resting or activated conditions. Thus, the site of integration has a dominant effect on the transcriptional activity of intact HIV-1 proviruses in the latent reservoir thereby influencing cytopathic effects and proviral immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rafaela Teixeira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cintia Bittar
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Thiago Y. Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Noemi Linden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Isabella A.T.M. Ferreira
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tetyana Murdza
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frauke Muecksch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg, Germany
- Chica and Heinz Schaller (CHS) Research Group, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R. Brad Jones
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mila Jankovic
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michel C. Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
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3
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Kim J, Bose D, Araínga M, Haque MR, Fennessey CM, Caddell RA, Thomas Y, Ferrell DE, Ali S, Grody E, Goyal Y, Cicala C, Arthos J, Keele BF, Vaccari M, Lorenzo-Redondo R, Hope TJ, Villinger F, Martinelli E. TGF-β blockade drives a transitional effector phenotype in T cells reversing SIV latency and decreasing SIV reservoirs in vivo. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1348. [PMID: 38355731 PMCID: PMC10867093 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45555-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 persistence during ART is due to the establishment of long-lived viral reservoirs in resting immune cells. Using an NHP model of barcoded SIVmac239 intravenous infection and therapeutic dosing of anti-TGFBR1 inhibitor galunisertib (LY2157299), we confirm the latency reversal properties of in vivo TGF-β blockade, decrease viral reservoirs and stimulate immune responses. Treatment of eight female, SIV-infected macaques on ART with four 2-weeks cycles of galunisertib leads to viral reactivation as indicated by plasma viral load and immunoPET/CT with a 64Cu-DOTA-F(ab')2-p7D3-probe. Post-galunisertib, lymph nodes, gut and PBMC exhibit lower cell-associated (CA-)SIV DNA and lower intact pro-virus (PBMC). Galunisertib does not lead to systemic increase in inflammatory cytokines. High-dimensional cytometry, bulk, and single-cell (sc)RNAseq reveal a galunisertib-driven shift toward an effector phenotype in T and NK cells characterized by a progressive downregulation in TCF1. In summary, we demonstrate that galunisertib, a clinical stage TGF-β inhibitor, reverses SIV latency and decreases SIV reservoirs by driving T cells toward an effector phenotype, enhancing immune responses in vivo in absence of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Deepanwita Bose
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | - Mariluz Araínga
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | - Muhammad R Haque
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christine M Fennessey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Rachel A Caddell
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Yanique Thomas
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Douglas E Ferrell
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | - Syed Ali
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | - Emanuelle Grody
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yogesh Goyal
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ramon Lorenzo-Redondo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Northwestern University Havey Institute for Global Health, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas J Hope
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | - Elena Martinelli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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4
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Kime J, Bose D, Arainga M, Haque MR, Fennessey CM, Caddell RA, Thomas Y, Ferrell DE, Ali S, Grody E, Goyal Y, Cicala C, Arthos J, Keele BF, Vaccari M, Lorenzo-Redondo R, Hope TJ, Villinger FJ, Marinelli E. TGF-β blockade drives a transitional effector phenotype in T cells reversing SIV latency and decreasing SIV reservoirs in vivo. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.05.556422. [PMID: 38014094 PMCID: PMC10680555 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.05.556422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 persistence during ART is due to the establishment of long-lived viral reservoirs in resting immune cells. Using an NHP model of barcoded SIVmac239 intravenous infection and therapeutic dosing of the anti-TGFBR1 inhibitor galunisertib (LY2157299), we confirmed the latency reversal properties of in vivo TGF-β blockade, decreased viral reservoirs and stimulated immune responses. Eight SIV-infected macaques on suppressive ART were treated with 4 2-week cycles of galunisertib. ART was discontinued 3 weeks after the last dose, and macaques euthanized 6 weeks after ART-interruption(ATI). One macaque did not rebound, while the remaining rebounded between week 2 and 6 post-ATI. Galunisertib led to viral reactivation as indicated by plasma viral load and immunoPET/CT with the 64Cu-DOTA-F(ab')2-p7D3-probe. Half to 1 Log decrease in cell-associated (CA-)SIV DNA was detected in lymph nodes, gut and PBMC, while intact pro-virus in PBMC decreased by 3-fold. No systemic increase in inflammatory cytokines was observed. High-dimensions cytometry, bulk and single-cell RNAseq revealed a shift toward an effector phenotype in T and NK cells. In summary, we demonstrated that galunisertib, a clinical stage TGFβ inhibitor, reverses SIV latency and decreases SIV reservoirs by driving T cells toward an effector phenotype, enhancing immune responses in vivo in absence of toxicity.
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5
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Barton K, Ferguson JM, Deveson IW, Falcinelli SD, James KS, Kirchherr J, Ramirez C, Gay CL, Hammond JM, Bevear B, Carswell SL, Margolis DM, Smith MA, Adimora AA, Archin NM. HIVepsilon-seq-scalable characterization of intact persistent proviral HIV reservoirs in women. J Virol 2023; 97:e0070523. [PMID: 37843370 PMCID: PMC10688329 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00705-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The lack of a reliable method to accurately detect when replication-competent HIV has been cleared is a major challenge in developing a cure. This study introduces a new approach called the HIVepsilon-seq (HIVε-seq) assay, which uses long-read sequencing technology and bioinformatics to scrutinize the HIV genome at the nucleotide level, distinguishing between defective and intact HIV. This study included 30 participants on antiretroviral therapy, including 17 women, and was able to discriminate between defective and genetically intact viruses at the single DNA strand level. The HIVε-seq assay is an improvement over previous methods, as it requires minimal sample, less specialized lab equipment, and offers a shorter turnaround time. The HIVε-seq assay offers a promising new tool for researchers to measure the intact HIV reservoir, advancing efforts towards finding a cure for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirston Barton
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James M. Ferguson
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ira W. Deveson
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shane D. Falcinelli
- Department of Microbiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Katherine S. James
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer Kirchherr
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Catalina Ramirez
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cynthia L. Gay
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jillian M. Hammond
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brent Bevear
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shaun L. Carswell
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David M. Margolis
- Department of Microbiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Martin A. Smith
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Adaora A. Adimora
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nancie M. Archin
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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6
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de Gea-Grela A, Moreno S. Controversies in the Design of Strategies for the Cure of HIV Infection. Pathogens 2023; 12:322. [PMID: 36839593 PMCID: PMC9961067 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The cure for chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections has been a goal pursued since the antiretroviral therapy that improved the clinical conditions of patients became available. However, the exclusive use of these drugs is not enough to achieve a cure, since the viral load rebounds when the treatment is discontinued, leading to disease progression. There are several theories and hypotheses about the biological foundations that prevent a cure. The main obstacle appears to be the existence of a latent viral reservoir that cannot be eliminated pharmacologically. This concept is the basis of the new strategies that seek a cure, known as kick and kill. However, there are other lines of study that recognize mechanisms of persistent viral replication in patients under effective treatment, and that would modify the current lines of research on the cure of HIV. Given the importance of these concepts, in this work, we propose to review the most recent evidence on these hypotheses, covering both the evidence that is positioned in favor and against, trying to expose what are some of the challenges that remain to be resolved in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Santiago Moreno
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Alcalá University, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain
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7
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Gaebler C, Nogueira L, Stoffel E, Oliveira TY, Breton G, Millard KG, Turroja M, Butler A, Ramos V, Seaman MS, Reeves JD, Petroupoulos CJ, Shimeliovich I, Gazumyan A, Jiang CS, Jilg N, Scheid JF, Gandhi R, Walker BD, Sneller MC, Fauci A, Chun TW, Caskey M, Nussenzweig MC. Prolonged viral suppression with anti-HIV-1 antibody therapy. Nature 2022; 606:368-374. [PMID: 35418681 PMCID: PMC9177424 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04597-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection remains a public health problem with no cure. Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) is effective but requires lifelong drug administration owing to a stable reservoir of latent proviruses integrated into the genome of CD4+ T cells1. Immunotherapy with anti-HIV-1 antibodies has the potential to suppress infection and increase the rate of clearance of infected cells2,3. Here we report on a clinical study in which people living with HIV received seven doses of a combination of two broadly neutralizing antibodies over 20 weeks in the presence or absence of ART. Without pre-screening for antibody sensitivity, 76% (13 out of 17) of the volunteers maintained virologic suppression for at least 20 weeks off ART. Post hoc sensitivity analyses were not predictive of the time to viral rebound. Individuals in whom virus remained suppressed for more than 20 weeks showed rebound viraemia after one of the antibodies reached serum concentrations below 10 µg ml-1. Two of the individuals who received all seven antibody doses maintained suppression after one year. Reservoir analysis performed after six months of antibody therapy revealed changes in the size and composition of the intact proviral reservoir. By contrast, there was no measurable decrease in the defective reservoir in the same individuals. These data suggest that antibody administration affects the HIV-1 reservoir, but additional larger and longer studies will be required to define the precise effect of antibody immunotherapy on the reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gaebler
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lilian Nogueira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elina Stoffel
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thiago Y Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gaëlle Breton
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katrina G Millard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martina Turroja
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Allison Butler
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victor Ramos
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Irina Shimeliovich
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna Gazumyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caroline S Jiang
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nikolaus Jilg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Johannes F Scheid
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rajesh Gandhi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael C Sneller
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anthony Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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8
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Bergstresser S, Kulpa DA. TGF-β Signaling Supports HIV Latency in a Memory CD4+ T Cell Based In Vitro Model. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2407:69-79. [PMID: 34985658 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1871-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
During antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-1 persists as a latent reservoir in CD4+ T cell subsets in central (TCM), transitional (TTM) and effector memory (TEM) CD4+ T cells. Understanding the mechanisms that support HIV-1 latency in each of these subsets is essential to the identification of cure strategies to eliminate them. Due to the very low frequency of latently infected cells in vivo, model systems that can accurately reflect the heterogenous population of HIV-1 infected cells are a critical component in HIV cure discoveries. Here, we describe a novel primary cell-based model of HIV-1 latency that recapitulates the complex dynamics of the establishment and maintenance of the latent reservoir in different memory T cell subsets. The latency and reversion assay (LARA ) culture conditions uniquely retain phenotypically and transcriptionally distinct memory CD4+ T cell subsets that allow in a single assay to assess LRA activity in each memory subset and differential examination of the dynamics of HIV latency reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Bergstresser
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Deanna A Kulpa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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9
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Alagaratnam J, Stöhr W, Toombs J, Heslegrave A, Zetterberg H, Gisslén M, Pett S, Nelson M, Clarke A, Nwokolo N, Johnson MA, Khan M, Hanke T, Kopycinski J, Dorrell L, Fox J, Kinloch S, Underwood J, Pace M, Frater J, Winston A, Fidler S. No evidence of neuronal damage as measured by neurofilament light chain in a HIV cure study utilising a kick-and-kill approach. J Virus Erad 2021; 7:100056. [PMID: 34611495 PMCID: PMC8477217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2021.100056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV-remission strategies including kick-and-kill could induce viral transcription and immune-activation in the central nervous system, potentially causing neuronal injury. We investigated the impact of kick-and-kill on plasma neurofilament light (NfL), a marker of neuro-axonal injury, in RIVER trial participants commencing antiretroviral treatment (ART) during primary infection and randomly allocated to ART-alone or kick-and-kill (ART + vaccination + vorinostat (ART + V + V)). DESIGN Sub-study measuring serial plasma NfL concentrations. METHODS Plasma NfL (using Simoa digital immunoassay), plasma HIV-1 RNA (using single-copy assay) and total HIV-1 DNA (using quantitative polymerase chain reaction in peripheral CD4+ T-cells) were measured at randomisation (following ≥22 weeks ART), week 12 (on final intervention day in ART + V + V) and week 18 post-randomisation. HIV-specific T-cells were quantified by intracellular cytokine staining at randomisation and week 12. Differences in plasma NfL longitudinally and by study arm were analysed using mixed models and Student's t-test. Associations with plasma NfL were assessed using linear regression and rank statistics. RESULTS At randomisation, 58 male participants had median age 32 years and CD4+ count 696 cells/μL. No significant difference in plasma NfL was seen longitudinally and by study arm, with median plasma NfL (pg/mL) in ART-only vs ART + V + V: 7.4 vs 6.4, p = 0.16 (randomisation), 8.0 vs 6.9, p = 0.22 (week 12) and 7.1 vs 6.8, p = 0.74 (week 18). Plasma NfL did not significantly correlate with plasma HIV-1 RNA and total HIV-1 DNA concentration in peripheral CD4+ T-cells at any timepoint. While higher HIV-specific T-cell responses were seen at week 12 in ART + V + V, there were no significant correlations with plasma NfL. In multivariate analysis, higher plasma NfL was associated with older age, higher CD8+ count and lower body mass index. CONCLUSIONS Despite evidence of vaccine-induced HIV-specific T-cell responses, we observed no evidence of increased neuro-axonal injury using plasma NfL as a biomarker up to 18 weeks following kick-and-kill, compared with ART-only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmini Alagaratnam
- Department of Infectious Disease, St Mary's Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY, United Kingdom
- Genitourinary Medicine and HIV Department, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang Stöhr
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, 90 High Holborn, Holborn, London, WC1V 6LJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Toombs
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, UCL Cruciform Building, Gower Street, Bloomsbury, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Amanda Heslegrave
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, UCL Cruciform Building, Gower Street, Bloomsbury, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, UCL Cruciform Building, Gower Street, Bloomsbury, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Wallingsgatan 6, 431 41, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Magnus Gisslén
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 5, 413 45, Göteborg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Blå Stråket 5, 413 45, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sarah Pett
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, 90 High Holborn, Holborn, London, WC1V 6LJ, United Kingdom
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, Gower St, Bloomsbury, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Mortimer Market Centre, Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, Capper St, Bloomsbury, London, WC1E 6JB, UK
| | - Mark Nelson
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine and HIV, Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, 369 Fulham Rd, Chelsea, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Amanda Clarke
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine and HIV, Brighton & Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Kemptown, Brighton, BN2 1ES, UK
| | - Nneka Nwokolo
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine and HIV, Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, 369 Fulham Rd, Chelsea, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Margaret A. Johnson
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London, NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
| | - Maryam Khan
- Department of Infectious Disease, St Mary's Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - Tomas Hanke
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Build, Roosevelt Dr, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- The Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Jakub Kopycinski
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Lucy Dorrell
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Julie Fox
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine and HIV, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Sabine Kinloch
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London, NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Underwood
- Department of Infectious Disease, St Mary's Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY, United Kingdom
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, UHW Main Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Matthew Pace
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK
| | - John Frater
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK
- Oxford University National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Alan Winston
- Department of Infectious Disease, St Mary's Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY, United Kingdom
- Genitourinary Medicine and HIV Department, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Fidler
- Department of Infectious Disease, St Mary's Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY, United Kingdom
- Genitourinary Medicine and HIV Department, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - the RIVER trial study group
- Department of Infectious Disease, St Mary's Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY, United Kingdom
- Genitourinary Medicine and HIV Department, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, W2 1NY, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, 90 High Holborn, Holborn, London, WC1V 6LJ, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, UCL Cruciform Building, Gower Street, Bloomsbury, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Wallingsgatan 6, 431 41, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 5, 413 45, Göteborg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Blå Stråket 5, 413 45, Göteborg, Sweden
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, Gower St, Bloomsbury, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Mortimer Market Centre, Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, Capper St, Bloomsbury, London, WC1E 6JB, UK
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine and HIV, Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, 369 Fulham Rd, Chelsea, London, SW10 9NH, UK
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine and HIV, Brighton & Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Kemptown, Brighton, BN2 1ES, UK
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London, NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Build, Roosevelt Dr, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- The Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 2JD, UK
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine and HIV, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, UHW Main Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK
- Oxford University National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, OX1 2JD, UK
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10
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Sarabia I, Novis CL, Macedo AB, Takata H, Nell R, Kakazu JC, Furler RL, Shakya B, Schubert HL, Hill CP, DePaula-Silva AB, Spivak AM, Trautmann L, Planelles V, Bosque A. Activation of the Anti-Oxidative Stress Response Reactivates Latent HIV-1 Through the Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein Isoform MiniMAVS. Front Immunol 2021; 12:682182. [PMID: 34194436 PMCID: PMC8236643 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.682182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) is part of the cell's innate immune mechanism of defense. MAVS mRNA is bicistronic and can give rise to a full length-MAVS and a shorter isoform termed miniMAVS. In response to viral infections, viral RNA can be sensed by the cytosolic RNA sensors retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and/or melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) and activate NF-κB through interaction with MAVS. MAVS can also sense cellular stress and activate an anti-oxidative stress (AOS) response through the activation of NF-κB. Because NF-κB is a main cellular transcription factor for HIV-1, we wanted to address what role MAVS plays in HIV-1 reactivation from latency in CD4 T cells. Our results indicate that RIG-I agonists required full length-MAVS whereas the AOS response induced by Dynasore through its catechol group can reactivate latent HIV-1 in a MAVS dependent manner through miniMAVS isoform. Furthermore, we uncover that PKC agonists, a class of latency-reversing agents, induce an AOS response in CD4 T cells and require miniMAVS to fully reactivate latent HIV-1. Our results indicate that the AOS response, through miniMAVS, can induce HIV-1 transcription in response to cellular stress and targeting this pathway adds to the repertoire of approaches to reactivate latent HIV-1 in 'shock-and-kill' strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Sarabia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Camille L. Novis
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Amanda B. Macedo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Hiroshi Takata
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Racheal Nell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Juyeon C. Kakazu
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Robert L. Furler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Binita Shakya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Heidi L. Schubert
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Christopher P. Hill
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Ana Beatriz DePaula-Silva
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Adam M. Spivak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Lydie Trautmann
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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11
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Devadoss D, Singh SP, Acharya A, Do KC, Periyasamy P, Manevski M, Mishra N, Tellez CS, Ramakrishnan S, Belinsky SA, Byrareddy SN, Buch S, Chand HS, Sopori M. HIV-1 Productively Infects and Integrates in Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:612360. [PMID: 33614527 PMCID: PMC7890076 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.612360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of lung epithelial cells in HIV-1-related lung comorbidities remains unclear, and the major hurdle in curing HIV is the persistence of latent HIV reservoirs in people living with HIV (PLWH). The advent of combined antiretroviral therapy has considerably increased the life span; however, the incidence of chronic lung diseases is significantly higher among PLWH. Lung epithelial cells orchestrate the respiratory immune responses and whether these cells are productively infected by HIV-1 is debatable. METHODS Normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBEs) grown on air-liquid interface were infected with X4-tropic HIV-1LAV and examined for latency using latency-reversing agents (LRAs). The role of CD4 and CXCR4 HIV coreceptors in NHBEs were tested, and DNA sequencing analysis was used to analyze the genomic integration of HIV proviral genes, Alu-HIVgag-pol, HIV-nef, and HIV-LTR. Lung epithelial sections from HIV-infected humans and SHIV-infected macaques were analyzed by FISH for HIV-gag-pol RNA and epithelial cell-specific immunostaining. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION NHBEs express CD4 and CXCR4 at higher levels than A549 cells. NHBEs are infected with HIV-1 basolaterally, but not apically, by X4-tropic HIV-1LAV in a CXCR4/CD4-dependent manner leading to HIV-p24 antigen production; however, NHBEs are induced to express CCR5 by IL-13 treatment. In the presence of cART, HIV-1 induces latency and integration of HIV provirus in the cellular DNA, which is rescued by the LRAs (endotoxin/vorinostat). Furthermore, lung epithelial cells from HIV-infected humans and SHIV-infected macaques contain HIV-specific RNA transcripts. Thus, lung epithelial cells are targeted by HIV-1 and could serve as potential HIV reservoirs that may contribute to the respiratory comorbidities in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Devadoss
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Shashi P. Singh
- Respiratory Immunology Division, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Arpan Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Kieu Chinh Do
- Lung Cancer Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Palsamy Periyasamy
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Marko Manevski
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Neerad Mishra
- Respiratory Immunology Division, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Carmen S. Tellez
- Lung Cancer Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Sundaram Ramakrishnan
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Steven A. Belinsky
- Lung Cancer Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Hitendra S. Chand
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Mohan Sopori
- Respiratory Immunology Division, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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12
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Huang M, Zhang W, Chen H, Zeng J. Targeting Polyamine Metabolism for Control of Human Viral Diseases. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:4335-4346. [PMID: 33293837 PMCID: PMC7718961 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s262024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A virus is an infectious particle which generally contains nucleic acid genome (DNA or RNA inside a protein shell), except for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Viruses have to reproduce by infecting their host cells. Polyamines are ubiquitous compounds in mammalian cells and play key roles in various cellular processes. The metabolic pathways of polyamines have been well studied. Targeting these metabolic pathways can reduce infections caused by viruses. In the study, we systematically reviewed the association of polyamine metabolic pathways and viruses including coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), enterovirus 71 (EV71), poliovirus (PV), Zika virus (ZKV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), dengue virus (DENV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), yellow fever virus (YFV), Ebola virus (EBOV), marburgvirus (MARV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), sindbis virus (SINV), Semliki Forest virus (SFV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), Rabies virus (RABV), Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), La Crosse virus (LACV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Middle East respiratory syndrome virus (MERS-CoV), and coronavirus disease 2019 (SARS-CoV-2). This review revealed that targeting polyamine metabolic pathways may be a potential approach to control human viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Huang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan523808, People’s Republic of China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan523808, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weijian Zhang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan523808, People’s Republic of China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan523808, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyong Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jincheng Zeng
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan523808, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Research for Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan523808, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Antitumor Active Substance Research and Development, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong524023, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Planas D, Fert A, Zhang Y, Goulet JP, Richard J, Finzi A, Ruiz MJ, Marchand LR, Chatterjee D, Chen H, Wiche Salinas TR, Gosselin A, Cohen EA, Routy JP, Chomont N, Ancuta P. Pharmacological Inhibition of PPARy Boosts HIV Reactivation and Th17 Effector Functions, While Preventing Progeny Virion Release and de novo Infection. Pathog Immun 2020; 5:177-239. [PMID: 33089034 PMCID: PMC7556414 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v5i1.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The frequency and functions of Th17-polarized
CCR6+RORyt+CD4+ T cells are rapidly
compromised upon HIV infection and are not restored with long-term viral
suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). In line with this, Th17 cells
represent selective HIV-1 infection targets mainly at mucosal sites, with
long-lived Th17 subsets carrying replication-competent HIV-DNA during ART.
Therefore, novel Th17-specific therapeutic interventions are needed as a
supplement of ART to reach the goal of HIV remission/cure. Th17 cells express
high levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
(PPARy), which acts as a transcriptional repressor of the HIV provirus and the
rorc gene, which encodes for the Th17-specific master
regulator RORyt. Thus, we hypothesized that the pharmacological inhibition of
PPARy will facilitate HIV reservoir reactivation while enhancing Th17 effector
functions. Consistent with this prediction, the PPARy antagonist T0070907
significantly increased HIV transcription (cell-associated HIV-RNA) and
RORyt-mediated Th17 effector functions (IL-17A). Unexpectedly, the PPARy
antagonism limited HIV outgrowth from cells of ART-treated people living with
HIV (PLWH), as well as HIV replication in vitro.
Mechanistically, PPARy inhibition in CCR6+CD4+ T cells
induced the upregulation of transcripts linked to Th17-polarisation (RORyt,
STAT3, BCL6 IL-17A/F, IL-21) and HIV transcription (NCOA1-3, CDK9, HTATIP2).
Interestingly, several transcripts involved in HIV-restriction were upregulated
(Caveolin-1, TRIM22, TRIM5α, BST2, miR-29), whereas HIV permissiveness
transcripts were downregulated (CCR5, furin), consistent with the decrease in
HIV outgrowth/replication. Finally, PPARy inhibition increased intracellular
HIV-p24 expression and prevented BST-2 downregulation on infected T cells,
suggesting that progeny virion release is restricted by BST-2-dependent
mechanisms. These results provide a strong rationale for considering PPARy
antagonism as a novel strategy for HIV-reservoir purging and restoring
Th17-mediated mucosal immunity in ART-treated PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Planas
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Augustine Fert
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Jonathan Richard
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Maria Julia Ruiz
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Debashree Chatterjee
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Huicheng Chen
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Tomas Raul Wiche Salinas
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Annie Gosselin
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Eric A Cohen
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service; Division of Hematology; McGill University Health Centre-Glen site; Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
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14
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Fidler S, Stöhr W, Pace M, Dorrell L, Lever A, Pett S, Kinloch-de Loes S, Fox J, Clarke A, Nelson M, Thornhill J, Khan M, Fun A, Bandara M, Kelly D, Kopycinski J, Hanke T, Yang H, Bennett R, Johnson M, Howell B, Barnard R, Wu G, Kaye S, Wills M, Babiker A, Frater J. Antiretroviral therapy alone versus antiretroviral therapy with a kick and kill approach, on measures of the HIV reservoir in participants with recent HIV infection (the RIVER trial): a phase 2, randomised trial. Lancet 2020; 395:888-898. [PMID: 32085823 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(19)32990-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiretroviral therapy (ART) cannot cure HIV infection because of a persistent reservoir of latently infected cells. Approaches that force HIV transcription from these cells, making them susceptible to killing-termed kick and kill regimens-have been explored as a strategy towards an HIV cure. RIVER is the first randomised trial to determine the effect of ART-only versus ART plus kick and kill on markers of the HIV reservoir. METHODS This phase 2, open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled trial was undertaken at six clinical sites in the UK. Patients aged 18-60 years who were confirmed as HIV-positive within a maximum of the past 6 months and started ART within 1 month from confirmed diagnosis were randomly assigned by a computer generated randomisation list to receive ART-only (control) or ART plus the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat (the kick) and replication-deficient viral vector T-cell inducing vaccines encoding conserved HIV sequences ChAdV63. HIVconsv-prime and MVA.HIVconsv-boost (the kill; ART + V + V; intervention). The primary endpoint was total HIV DNA isolated from peripheral blood CD4+ T-cells at weeks 16 and 18 after randomisation. Analysis was by intention to treat. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02336074. FINDINGS Between June 14, 2015 and Jul 11, 2017, 60 men with HIV were randomly assigned to receive either an ART-only (n=30) or an ART + V + V (n=30) regimen; all 60 participants completed the study, with no loss-to-follow-up. Mean total HIV DNA at weeks 16 and 18 after randomisation was 3·02 log10 copies HIV DNA per 106 CD4+ T-cells in the ART-only group versus 3·06 log10 copies HIV DNA per 106 CD4+ T-cells in ART + V + V group, with no statistically significant difference between the two groups (mean difference of 0·04 log10 copies HIV DNA per 106 CD4+ T-cells [95% CI -0·03 to 0·11; p=0·26]). There were no intervention-related serious adverse events. INTERPRETATION This kick and kill approach conferred no significant benefit compared with ART alone on measures of the HIV reservoir. Although this does not disprove the efficacy kick and kill strategy, for future trials enhancement of both kick and kill agents will be required. FUNDING Medical Research Council (MR/L00528X/1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Fidler
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.
| | - Wolfgang Stöhr
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Matt Pace
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine Oxford Martin School, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucy Dorrell
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew Lever
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sarah Pett
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK; Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK; Mortimer Market Centre, London, UK
| | - Sabine Kinloch-de Loes
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK; University College London, London, UK
| | - Julie Fox
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine and Infectious Disease, Guys and St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, UK; Department of Genitourinary Medicine and Infectious Disease, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Amanda Clarke
- Elton John Centre, Brighton, UK; Department of HIV and Sexual Health, Sussex University Hospital, Brighton, UK; Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Mark Nelson
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Department of HIV Medicine, Imperial College London London, UK
| | - John Thornhill
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Maryam Khan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Axel Fun
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Jakub Kopycinski
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, UK; International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Hongbing Yang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Rachel Bennett
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Bonnie Howell
- Department of Infectious Disease and Vaccines, Merck and Co, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Richard Barnard
- Global Regulatory Affairs and Clinical Safety, Merck and Co, North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Guoxin Wu
- Department of Infectious Disease and Vaccines, Merck and Co, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Steve Kaye
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mark Wills
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Abdel Babiker
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - John Frater
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
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15
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Anderson EM, Simonetti FR, Gorelick RJ, Hill S, Gouzoulis MA, Bell J, Rehm C, Pérez L, Boritz E, Wu X, Wells D, Hughes SH, Rao V, Coffin JM, Kearney MF, Maldarelli F. Dynamic Shifts in the HIV Proviral Landscape During Long Term Combination Antiretroviral Therapy: Implications for Persistence and Control of HIV Infections. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020136. [PMID: 31991737 PMCID: PMC7077288 DOI: 10.3390/v12020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) controls but does not eradicate HIV infection; HIV persistence is the principal obstacle to curing infections. The proportion of defective proviruses increases during cART, but the dynamics of this process are not well understood, and a quantitative analysis of how the proviral landscape is reshaped after cART is initiated is critical to understanding how HIV persists. Here, we studied longitudinal samples from HIV infected individuals undergoing long term cART using multiplexed Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR) approaches to quantify the proportion of deleted proviruses in lymphocytes. In most individuals undergoing cART, HIV proviruses that contain gag are lost more quickly than those that lack gag. Increases in the fraction of gag-deleted proviruses occurred only after 1–2 years of therapy, suggesting that the immune system, and/or toxicity of viral re-activation helps to gradually shape the proviral landscape. After 10–15 years on therapy, there were as many as 3.5–5 times more proviruses in which gag was deleted or highly defective than those containing intact gag. We developed a provirus-specific ddPCR approach to quantify individual clones. Investigation of a clone of cells containing a deleted HIV provirus integrated in the HORMAD2 gene revealed that the cells underwent a massive expansion shortly after cART was initiated until the clone, which was primarily in effector memory cells, dominated the population of proviruses for over 6 years. The expansion of this HIV-infected clone had substantial effects on the overall proviral population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Anderson
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (E.M.A.); (F.R.S.); (S.H.); (M.A.G.); (S.H.H.); (M.F.K.)
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA;
| | - Francesco R. Simonetti
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (E.M.A.); (F.R.S.); (S.H.); (M.A.G.); (S.H.H.); (M.F.K.)
| | - Robert J. Gorelick
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (R.J.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Shawn Hill
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (E.M.A.); (F.R.S.); (S.H.); (M.A.G.); (S.H.H.); (M.F.K.)
| | - Monica A. Gouzoulis
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (E.M.A.); (F.R.S.); (S.H.); (M.A.G.); (S.H.H.); (M.F.K.)
| | - Jennifer Bell
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (R.J.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Catherine Rehm
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
| | - Liliana Pérez
- Virus Persistence and Dynamics Section, VRC, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (L.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Eli Boritz
- Virus Persistence and Dynamics Section, VRC, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (L.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (X.W.); (D.W.)
| | - Daria Wells
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (X.W.); (D.W.)
| | - Stephen H. Hughes
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (E.M.A.); (F.R.S.); (S.H.); (M.A.G.); (S.H.H.); (M.F.K.)
| | - Venigalla Rao
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA;
| | - John M. Coffin
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02155, USA;
| | - Mary F. Kearney
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (E.M.A.); (F.R.S.); (S.H.); (M.A.G.); (S.H.H.); (M.F.K.)
| | - Frank Maldarelli
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (E.M.A.); (F.R.S.); (S.H.); (M.A.G.); (S.H.H.); (M.F.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +01-301-846-5611
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16
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Mavigner M, Zanoni M, Tharp GK, Habib J, Mattingly CR, Lichterfeld M, Nega MT, Vanderford TH, Bosinger SE, Chahroudi A. Pharmacological Modulation of the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway Inhibits Proliferation and Promotes Differentiation of Long-Lived Memory CD4 + T Cells in Antiretroviral Therapy-Suppressed Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Macaques. J Virol 2019; 94:e01094-19. [PMID: 31619550 PMCID: PMC6912121 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01094-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The major obstacle to human immunodeficiency type 1 virus (HIV-1) eradication is a reservoir of latently infected cells that persists despite long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART) and is maintained through cellular proliferation. Long-lived memory CD4+ T cells with high self-renewal capacity, such as central memory (CM) T cells and stem cell memory (SCM) T cells, are major contributors to the viral reservoir in HIV-infected individuals on ART. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway regulates the balance between self-renewal and differentiation of SCM and CM T cells, and pharmacological manipulation of this pathway offers an opportunity to interfere with the proliferation of latently infected cells. Here, we evaluated in vivo a novel approach to inhibit self-renewal of SCM and CM CD4+ T cells in the rhesus macaque (RM) model of simian immunodeficiency (SIV) infection. We used an inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, PRI-724, that blocks the interaction between the coactivator CREB-binding protein (CBP) and β-catenin, resulting in the cell fate decision to differentiate rather than proliferate. Our study shows that PRI-724 treatment of ART-suppressed SIVmac251-infected RMs resulted in decreased proliferation of SCM and CM T cells and modified the SCM and CM CD4+ T cell transcriptome toward a profile of more differentiated memory T cells. However, short-term treatment with PRI-724 alone did not significantly reduce the size of the viral reservoir. This work demonstrates for the first time that stemness pathways of long-lived memory CD4+ T cells can be pharmacologically modulated in vivo, thus establishing a novel strategy to target HIV persistence.IMPORTANCE Long-lasting CD4+ T cell subsets, such as central memory and stem cell memory CD4+ T cells, represent critical reservoirs for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) persistence despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy. These cells possess stem cell-like properties of enhanced self-renewal/proliferation, and proliferation of latently infected memory CD4+ T cells plays a key role in maintaining the reservoir over time. Here, we evaluated an innovative strategy targeting the proliferation of long-lived memory CD4+ T cells to reduce viral reservoir stability. Using the rhesus macaque model, we tested a pharmacological inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway that regulates T cell proliferation. Our study shows that administration of the inhibitor PRI-724 decreased the proliferation of SCM and CM CD4+ T cells and promoted a transcriptome enriched in differentiation genes. Although the viral reservoir size was not significantly reduced by PRI-724 treatment alone, we demonstrate the potential to pharmacologically modulate the proliferation of memory CD4+ T cells as a strategy to limit HIV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mavigner
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - M Zanoni
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - G K Tharp
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - J Habib
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - C R Mattingly
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - M Lichterfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - M T Nega
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - T H Vanderford
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - S E Bosinger
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory + Children's Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - A Chahroudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory + Children's Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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17
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Abstract
: Given the challenges of life-long adherence to suppressive HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) and possibilities of comorbidities, such as HIV association neurocognitive disorder, HIV remission and eradication are desirable goals for people living with HIV. In some individuals, there is evidence that HIV persists and replicates in the CNS, impacting the success of HIV remission interventions. This article addresses the role of HIV CNS latency on HIV eradication, examines the effects of early ART, latency-modifying agents, antibody-based and T-cell enhancing therapies on the CNS as well as ART interruption in remission studies. We propose the integration of CNS monitoring into such studies in order to clarify the short-term and long-term neurological safety of experimental agents and treatment interruption, and to better characterize their effects on HIV CNS persistence.
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18
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HIV-1 Latency and Latency Reversal: Does Subtype Matter? Viruses 2019; 11:v11121104. [PMID: 31795223 PMCID: PMC6950696 DOI: 10.3390/v11121104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells that are latently infected with HIV-1 preclude an HIV-1 cure, as antiretroviral therapy does not target this latent population. HIV-1 is highly genetically diverse, with over 10 subtypes and numerous recombinant forms circulating worldwide. In spite of this vast diversity, much of our understanding of latency and latency reversal is largely based on subtype B viruses. As such, most of the development of cure strategies targeting HIV-1 are solely based on subtype B. It is currently assumed that subtype does not influence the establishment or reactivation of latent viruses. However, this has not been conclusively proven one way or the other. A better understanding of the factors that influence HIV-1 latency in all viral subtypes will help develop therapeutic strategies that can be applied worldwide. Here, we review the latest literature on subtype-specific factors that affect viral replication, pathogenesis, and, most importantly, latency and its reversal.
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19
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Sadowski I, Hashemi FB. Strategies to eradicate HIV from infected patients: elimination of latent provirus reservoirs. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3583-3600. [PMID: 31129856 PMCID: PMC6697715 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
35 years since identification of HIV as the causative agent of AIDS, and 35 million deaths associated with this disease, significant effort is now directed towards the development of potential cures. Current anti-retroviral (ART) therapies for HIV/AIDS can suppress virus replication to undetectable levels, and infected individuals can live symptom free so long as treatment is maintained. However, removal of therapy allows rapid re-emergence of virus from a highly stable reservoir of latently infected cells that exist as a barrier to elimination of the infection with current ART. Prospects of a cure for HIV infection are significantly encouraged by two serendipitous cases where individuals have entered remission following stem cell transplantation from compatible HIV-resistant donors. However, development of a routine cure that could become available to millions of infected individuals will require a means of specifically purging cells harboring latent HIV, preventing replication of latent provirus, or destruction of provirus genomes by gene editing. Elimination of latently infected cells will require a means of exposing this population, which may involve identification of a natural specific biomarker or therapeutic intervention to force their exposure by reactivation of virus expression. Accordingly, the proposed "Shock and Kill" strategy involves treatment with latency-reversing agents (LRA) to induce HIV provirus expression thus exposing these cells to killing by cellular immunity or apoptosis. Current efforts to enable this strategy are directed at developing improved combinations of LRA to produce broad and robust induction of HIV provirus and enhancing the elimination of cells where replication has been reactivated by targeted immune modulation. Alternative strategies may involve preventing re-emergence virus from latently infected cells by "Lock and Block" intervention, where transcription of provirus is inhibited to prevent virus spread or disruption of the HIV provirus genome by genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Sadowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Farhad B Hashemi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Olson A, Basukala B, Wong WW, Henderson AJ. Targeting HIV-1 proviral transcription. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 38:89-96. [PMID: 31473372 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the success of antiretroviral therapies, there is no cure for HIV-1 infection due to the establishment of a long-lived latent reservoir that fuels viral rebound upon treatment interruption. 'Shock-and-kill' strategies to diminish the latent reservoir have had modest impact on the reservoir leading to considerations of alternative approaches to target HIV-1 proviruses. This review explores approaches to target HIV-1 transcription as a way to block the provirus expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Olson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Binita Basukala
- Cell & Molecular Biology, Biology, Boston University, United States
| | - Wilson W Wong
- Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, United States
| | - Andrew J Henderson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, United States.
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21
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Gaebler C, Lorenzi JCC, Oliveira TY, Nogueira L, Ramos V, Lu CL, Pai JA, Mendoza P, Jankovic M, Caskey M, Nussenzweig MC. Combination of quadruplex qPCR and next-generation sequencing for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the HIV-1 latent reservoir. J Exp Med 2019; 216:2253-2264. [PMID: 31350309 PMCID: PMC6781006 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 cure research seeks to decrease or eliminate the latent reservoir. The evaluation of such curative strategies requires accurate measures of the reservoir. Gaebler et al. describe a combined multicolor qPCR and next-generation sequencing method that enables the sensitive and specific characterization of the HIV-1 latent reservoir. HIV-1 infection requires lifelong therapy with antiretroviral drugs due to the existence of a latent reservoir of transcriptionally inactive integrated proviruses. The goal of HIV-1 cure research is to eliminate or functionally silence this reservoir. To this end, there are numerous ongoing studies to evaluate immunological approaches, including monoclonal antibody therapies. Evaluating the results of these studies requires sensitive and specific measures of the reservoir. Here, we describe a relatively high-throughput combined quantitative PCR (qPCR) and next-generation sequencing method. Four different qPCR probes covering the packaging signal (PS), group-specific antigen (gag), polymerase (pol), and envelope (env) are combined in a single multiplex reaction to detect the HIV-1 genome in limiting dilution samples followed by sequence verification of individual reactions that are positive for combinations of any two of the four probes (Q4PCR). This sensitive and specific approach allows for an unbiased characterization of the HIV-1 latent reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gaebler
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Julio C C Lorenzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Thiago Y Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Lilian Nogueira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Victor Ramos
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Ching-Lan Lu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Joy A Pai
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Pilar Mendoza
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Mila Jankovic
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
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22
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Stoszko M, Ne E, Abner E, Mahmoudi T. A broad drug arsenal to attack a strenuous latent HIV reservoir. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 38:37-53. [PMID: 31323521 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
HIV cure is impeded by the persistence of a strenuous reservoir of latent but replication competent infected cells, which remain unsusceptible to c-ART and unrecognized by the immune system for elimination. Ongoing progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms that control HIV transcription and latency has led to the development of strategies to either permanently inactivate the latent HIV infected reservoir of cells or to stimulate the virus to emerge out of latency, coupled to either induction of death in the infected reactivated cell or its clearance by the immune system. This review focuses on the currently explored and non-exclusive pharmacological strategies and their molecular targets that 1. stimulate reversal of HIV latency in infected cells by targeting distinct steps in the HIV-1 gene expression cycle, 2. exploit mechanisms that promote cell death and apoptosis to render the infected cell harboring reactivated virus more susceptible to death and/or elimination by the immune system, and 3. permanently inactivate any remaining latently infected cells such that c-ART can be safely discontinued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Stoszko
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee634 PO Box 2040, 3000CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Enrico Ne
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee634 PO Box 2040, 3000CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Abner
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tokameh Mahmoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee634 PO Box 2040, 3000CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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23
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the recent landscape of HIV therapeutic vaccine research, emphasizing the results of randomized controlled trials that included analytical treatment interruption (ATI) to assess efficacy. RECENT FINDINGS Therapeutic vaccines for HIV are designed to re-educate the host immune response in HIV-infected individuals to better control viral replication in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. No therapeutic vaccine has yet to induce long-term HIV remission following ATI in a randomized controlled trial. This is likely because the vaccines have not elicited a broad enough immune response to suppress the diverse escape variants that emerge during viral rebound, and have not been used with effective agents to reduce the HIV reservoir. Recent studies in nonhuman primates using combination approaches are showing significant successes, with several candidates eliciting significant antiviral activity following ATI. Future studies pairing these vaccines with effective reservoir reduction hold great promise. SUMMARY Therapeutic vaccines aim to modulate the immune system of HIV-infected individuals to elicit sustained virologic control in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. Therapeutic vaccines that elicit broad immune responses have recently shown promise in randomized controlled trials and nonhuman primate studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Stephenson
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.,Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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24
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Caskey M, Klein F, Nussenzweig MC. Broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 monoclonal antibodies in the clinic. Nat Med 2019; 25:547-553. [PMID: 30936546 PMCID: PMC7322694 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0412-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Combination anti-retroviral therapy (ART) has revolutionized the treatment and prevention of HIV-1 infection. Taken daily, ART prevents and suppresses the infection. However, ART interruption almost invariably leads to rebound viremia in infected individuals due to a long-lived latent reservoir of integrated proviruses. Therefore, ART must be administered on a life-long basis. Here we review recent preclinical and clinical studies suggesting that immunotherapy may be an alternative or an adjuvant to ART because, in addition to preventing new infections, anti-HIV-1 antibodies clear the virus, directly kill infected cells and produce immune complexes that can enhance host immunity to the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, Cologne, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research, partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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25
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Norton TD, Zhen A, Tada T, Kim J, Kitchen S, Landau NR. Lentiviral Vector-Based Dendritic Cell Vaccine Suppresses HIV Replication in Humanized Mice. Mol Ther 2019; 27:960-973. [PMID: 30962161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1-infected individuals are treated with lifelong antiretroviral drugs to control the infection. A means to strengthen the antiviral T cell response might allow them to control viral loads without antiretroviral drugs. We report the development of a lentiviral vector-based dendritic cell (DC) vaccine in which HIV-1 antigen is co-expressed with CD40 ligand (CD40L) and a soluble, high-affinity programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) dimer. CD40L activates the DCs, whereas PD-1 binds programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) to prevent checkpoint activation and strengthen the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response. The injection of humanized mice with DCs transduced with vector expressing CD40L and the HIV-1 SL9 epitope induced antigen-specific T cell proliferation and memory differentiation. Upon HIV-1 challenge of vaccinated mice, viral load was suppressed by 2 logs for 6 weeks. Introduction of the soluble PD-1 dimer into a vector that expressed full-length HIV-1 proteins accelerated the antiviral response. The results support development of this approach as a therapeutic vaccine that might allow HIV-1-infected individuals to control virus replication without antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Norton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Microbiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anjie Zhen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Takuya Tada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jennifer Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Scott Kitchen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Nathaniel R Landau
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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26
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Giuliani E, Desimio MG, Doria M. Hexamethylene bisacetamide impairs NK cell-mediated clearance of acute T lymphoblastic leukemia cells and HIV-1-infected T cells that exit viral latency. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4373. [PMID: 30867508 PMCID: PMC6416400 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40760-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) anticancer drug was dismissed due to limited efficacy in leukemic patients but it may re-enter into the clinics in HIV-1 eradication strategies because of its recently disclosed capacity to reactivate latent virus. Here, we investigated the impact of HMBA on the cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells against acute T lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cells or HIV-1-infected T cells that exit from latency. We show that in T-ALL cells HMBA upmodulated MICB and ULBP2 ligands for the NKG2D activating receptor. In a primary CD4+ T cell-based latency model, HMBA did not reactivate HIV-1, yet enhanced ULBP2 expression on cells harboring virus reactivated by prostratin (PRO). However, HMBA reduced the expression of NKG2D and its DAP10 adaptor in NK cells, hence impairing NKG2D-mediated cytotoxicity and DAP10-dependent response to IL-15 stimulation. Alongside, HMBA dampened killing of T-ALL targets by IL-15-activated NK cells and impaired NK cell-mediated clearance of PRO-reactivated HIV-1+ cells. Overall, our results demonstrate a dominant detrimental effect of HMBA on the NKG2D pathway that crucially controls NK cell-mediated killing of tumors and virus-infected cells, providing one possible explanation for poor clinical outcome in HMBA-treated cancer patients and raising concerns for future therapeutic application of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Giuliani
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Desimio
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Doria
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy.
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Marian CA, Stoszko M, Wang L, Leighty MW, de Crignis E, Maschinot CA, Gatchalian J, Carter BC, Chowdhury B, Hargreaves DC, Duvall JR, Crabtree GR, Mahmoudi T, Dykhuizen EC. Small Molecule Targeting of Specific BAF (mSWI/SNF) Complexes for HIV Latency Reversal. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:1443-1455.e14. [PMID: 30197195 PMCID: PMC6404985 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The persistence of a pool of latently HIV-1-infected cells despite combination anti-retroviral therapy treatment is the major roadblock for a cure. The BAF (mammalian SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complex is involved in establishing and maintaining viral latency, making it an attractive drug target for HIV-1 latency reversal. Here we report a high-throughput screen for inhibitors of BAF-mediated transcription in cells and the subsequent identification of a 12-membered macrolactam. This compound binds ARID1A-specific BAF complexes, prevents nucleosomal positioning, and relieves transcriptional repression of HIV-1. Through this mechanism, these compounds are able to reverse HIV-1 latency in an in vitro T cell line, an ex vivo primary cell model of HIV-1 latency, and in patient CD4+ T cells without toxicity or T cell activation. These macrolactams represent a class of latency reversal agents with unique mechanism of action, and can be combined with other latency reversal agents to improve reservoir targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Marian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 201 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mateusz Stoszko
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee634, P.O. Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lili Wang
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Matthew W Leighty
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Elisa de Crignis
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee634, P.O. Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chad A Maschinot
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 201 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jovylyn Gatchalian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Benjamin C Carter
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 201 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Basudev Chowdhury
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 201 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Diana C Hargreaves
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeremy R Duvall
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gerald R Crabtree
- HHMI and the Departments of Developmental Biology and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Tokameh Mahmoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee634, P.O. Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Emily C Dykhuizen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 201 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Probabilistic control of HIV latency and transactivation by the Tat gene circuit. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:12453-12458. [PMID: 30455316 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811195115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The reservoir of HIV latently infected cells is the major obstacle for eradication of HIV infection. The "shock-and-kill" strategy proposed earlier aims to reduce the reservoir by activating cells out of latency. While the intracellular HIV Tat gene circuit is known to play important roles in controlling latency and its transactivation in HIV-infected cells, the detailed control mechanisms are not well understood. Here we study the mechanism of probabilistic control of the latent and the transactivated cell phenotypes of HIV-infected cells. We reconstructed the probability landscape, which is the probability distribution of the Tat gene circuit states, by directly computing the exact solution of the underlying chemical master equation. Results show that the Tat circuit exhibits a clear bimodal probability landscape (i.e., there are two distinct probability peaks, one associated with the latent cell phenotype and the other with the transactivated cell phenotype). We explore potential modifications to reactions in the Tat gene circuit for more effective transactivation of latent cells (i.e., the shock-and-kill strategy). Our results suggest that enhancing Tat acetylation can dramatically increase Tat and viral production, while increasing the Tat-transactivation response binding affinity can transactivate latent cells more rapidly than other manipulations. Our results further explored the "block and lock" strategy toward a functional cure for HIV. Overall, our study demonstrates a general approach toward discovery of effective therapeutic strategies and druggable targets by examining control mechanisms of cell phenotype switching via exactly computed probability landscapes of reaction networks.
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29
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Relationship between intact HIV-1 proviruses in circulating CD4 + T cells and rebound viruses emerging during treatment interruption. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E11341-E11348. [PMID: 30420517 PMCID: PMC6275529 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1813512115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy controls but does not cure HIV-1 infection because a small fraction of cells harbor latent viruses that can produce rebound viremia when therapy is interrupted. The circulating latent virus reservoir has been documented by a variety of methods, most prominently by viral outgrowth assays (VOAs) in which CD4+ T cells are activated to produce virus in vitro, or more recently by amplifying proviral near full-length (NFL) sequences from DNA. Analysis of samples obtained in clinical studies in which individuals underwent analytical treatment interruption (ATI), showed little if any overlap between circulating latent viruses obtained from outgrowth cultures and rebound viruses from plasma. To determine whether intact proviruses amplified from DNA are more closely related to rebound viruses than those obtained from VOAs, we assayed 12 individuals who underwent ATI after infusion of a combination of two monoclonal anti-HIV-1 antibodies. A total of 435 intact proviruses obtained by NFL sequencing were compared with 650 latent viruses from VOAs and 246 plasma rebound viruses. Although, intact NFL and outgrowth culture sequences showed similar levels of stability and diversity with 39% overlap, the size of the reservoir estimated from NFL sequencing was larger than and did not correlate with VOAs. Finally, intact proviruses documented by NFL sequencing showed no sequence overlap with rebound viruses; however, they appear to contribute to recombinant viruses found in plasma during rebound.
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30
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Skinner PJ. Targeting reservoirs of HIV replication in lymphoid follicles with cellular therapies to cure HIV. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/acg2.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J. Skinner
- Microbiology Research Facility; Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota
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31
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Evidence for persistence of the SHIV reservoir early after MHC haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4438. [PMID: 30361514 PMCID: PMC6202377 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06736-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic transplantation (allo-HCT) has led to the cure of HIV in one individual, raising the question of whether transplantation can eradicate the HIV reservoir. To test this, we here present a model of allo-HCT in SHIV-infected, cART-suppressed nonhuman primates. We infect rhesus macaques with SHIV-1157ipd3N4, suppress them with cART, then transplant them using MHC-haploidentical allogeneic donors during continuous cART. Transplant results in ~100% myeloid donor chimerism, and up to 100% T-cell chimerism. Between 9 and 47 days post-transplant, terminal analysis shows that while cell-associated SHIV DNA levels are reduced in the blood and in lymphoid organs post-transplant, the SHIV reservoir persists in multiple organs, including the brain. Sorting of donor-vs.-recipient cells reveals that this reservoir resides in recipient cells. Moreover, tetramer analysis indicates a lack of virus-specific donor immunity post-transplant during continuous cART. These results suggest that early post-transplant, allo-HCT is insufficient for recipient reservoir eradication despite high-level donor chimerism and GVHD. Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) has led to the cure of HIV in one individual, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, the authors present a model of allo-HCT in SHIV-infected nonhuman primates and show that the SHIV reservoir persists in multiple tissues early after transplantation.
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Ke R, Conway JM, Margolis DM, Perelson AS. Determinants of the efficacy of HIV latency-reversing agents and implications for drug and treatment design. JCI Insight 2018; 3:123052. [PMID: 30333308 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.123052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV eradication studies have focused on developing latency-reversing agents (LRAs). However, it is not understood how the rate of latent reservoir reduction is affected by different steps in the process of latency reversal. Furthermore, as current LRAs are host-directed, LRA treatment is likely to be intermittent to avoid host toxicities. Few careful studies of the serial effects of pulsatile LRA treatment have yet been done. This lack of clarity makes it difficult to evaluate the efficacy of candidate LRAs or predict long-term treatment outcomes. We constructed a mathematical model that describes the dynamics of latently infected cells under LRA treatment. Model analysis showed that, in addition to increasing the immune recognition and clearance of infected cells, the duration of HIV antigen expression (i.e., the period of vulnerability) plays an important role in determining the efficacy of LRAs, especially if effective clearance is achieved. Patients may benefit from pulsatile LRA exposures compared with continuous LRA exposures if the period of vulnerability is long and the clearance rate is high, both in the presence and absence of an LRA. Overall, the model framework serves as a useful tool to evaluate the efficacy and the rational design of LRAs and combination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruian Ke
- Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, MS-K710, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Jessica M Conway
- Department of Mathematics and Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David M Margolis
- University of North Carolina (UNC) HIV Cure Center, UNC Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases.,Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, and.,Department of Epidemiology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alan S Perelson
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, MS-K710, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
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Schilthuis M, Verkaik S, Walhof M, Philipose A, Harlow O, Kamp D, Kim BR, Shen A. Lymphatic endothelial cells promote productive and latent HIV infection in resting CD4+ T cells. Virol J 2018; 15:152. [PMID: 30285810 PMCID: PMC6169068 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An HIV cure has not yet been achieved because latent viral reservoirs persist, particularly in resting CD4+ T lymphocytes. In vitro, it is difficult to infect resting CD4+ T cells with HIV-1, but infections readily occur in vivo. Endothelial cells (EC) line the lymphatic vessels in the lymphoid tissues and regularly interact with resting CD4+ T cells in vivo. Others and we have shown that EC promoted productive and latent HIV infection of resting CD4+ T cells. However, the EC used in previous studies were from human umbilical cords (HUVEC), which are macrovascular; whereas EC residing in the lymphoid tissues are microvascular. Methods In this study, we investigated the effects of microvascular EC stimulation of resting CD4+ T cells in establishing viral infection and latency. Human resting and activated CD4+ T cells were cultured alone or with endothelial cells and infected with a pseudotyped virus. Infection levels, indicated by green fluorescent protein expression, were measured with flow cytometry and data was analyzed using Flowing Software and Excel. Results We confirmed that EC from lymphatic tissue (LEC) were able to promote HIV infection and latency formation in resting CD4+ T cells while keeping them in resting phenotype, and that IL-6 was involved in LEC stimulation of CD4+ T cells. However, there are some differences between stimulation by LEC and HUVEC. Unlike HUVEC stimulation, we demonstrated that LEC stimulation of resting memory T cells does not depend on major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) interactions with T cell receptors (TCR) and that CD2-CD58 interactions were not involved in LEC stimulation of resting T cells. LEC also secreted lower levels of IL-6 than HUVEC. We also found that LEC stimulation increases HIV infection rates in activated CD4+ T cells. Conclusions While differences in T cell stimulation between lymphatic EC and HUVEC were observed, we confirmed that similar to macrovascular EC stimulation, microvascular EC stimulation promotes direct HIV infection and latency formation in resting CD4+ T cells without T cell activation. LEC stimulation also increased infection rates in activated CD4+ T cells. Additionally, the present study established a physiologically more relevant model of EC interactions with resting CD4+ T cells and further highlighted the importance of investigating the roles of EC in HIV infection and latency in both resting and activated CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Schilthuis
- Department of Biology, Calvin College, 1726 Knollcrest Circle SE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49546, USA
| | - Seth Verkaik
- Department of Biology, Calvin College, 1726 Knollcrest Circle SE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49546, USA
| | - Mackenzie Walhof
- Department of Biology, Calvin College, 1726 Knollcrest Circle SE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49546, USA
| | - Andrew Philipose
- Department of Biology, Calvin College, 1726 Knollcrest Circle SE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49546, USA
| | - Olivia Harlow
- Department of Biology, Calvin College, 1726 Knollcrest Circle SE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49546, USA
| | - Derrick Kamp
- Department of Biology, Calvin College, 1726 Knollcrest Circle SE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49546, USA
| | - Bo Ram Kim
- Department of Biology, Calvin College, 1726 Knollcrest Circle SE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49546, USA
| | - Anding Shen
- Department of Biology, Calvin College, 1726 Knollcrest Circle SE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49546, USA.
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Mylvaganam GH, Chea LS, Tharp GK, Hicks S, Velu V, Iyer SS, Deleage C, Estes JD, Bosinger SE, Freeman GJ, Ahmed R, Amara RR. Combination anti-PD-1 and antiretroviral therapy provides therapeutic benefit against SIV. JCI Insight 2018; 3:122940. [PMID: 30232277 PMCID: PMC6237231 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.122940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies that augment antiviral immunity and reduce the viral reservoir are critical to achieving durable remission of HIV. The coinhibitory receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1) regulates CD8+ T cell dysfunction during chronic HIV and SIV infections. We previously demonstrated that in vivo blockade of PD-1 during chronic SIV infection improves the function of antiviral CD8+ T cells and B cells. Here, we tested the immunological and virological effects of PD-1 blockade combined with antiretroviral therapy (ART) in rhesus macaques. Administration of anti-PD-1 antibody 10 days prior to ART initiation rapidly enhanced antiviral CD8+ T cell function and diminished IFN-stimulated genes. This resulted in faster viral suppression in plasma and better Th17 cell reconstitution in the rectal mucosa following ART initiation. PD-1 blockade during ART resulted in lower levels of cell-associated replication-competent virus. Following ART interruption, PD-1 antibody-treated animals showed markedly higher expansion of proliferating CXCR5+perforin+granzyme B+ effector CD8+ T cells and lower regulatory T cells that resulted in better control of viremia. Our results show that PD-1 blockade can be administered safely with ART to augment antiviral CD8+ T cell function and reduce the viral reservoir, leading to improved control of viral rebound after ART interruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha H. Mylvaganam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lynette S. Chea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gregory K. Tharp
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sakeenah Hicks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Smita S. Iyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven E. Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gordon J. Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rama R. Amara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Hill AL, Rosenbloom DIS, Nowak MA, Siliciano RF. Insight into treatment of HIV infection from viral dynamics models. Immunol Rev 2018; 285:9-25. [PMID: 30129208 PMCID: PMC6155466 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The odds of living a long and healthy life with HIV infection have dramatically improved with the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy. Along with the early development and clinical trials of these drugs, and new field of research emerged called viral dynamics, which uses mathematical models to interpret and predict the time-course of viral levels during infection and how they are altered by treatment. In this review, we summarize the contributions that virus dynamics models have made to understanding the pathophysiology of infection and to designing effective therapies. This includes studies of the multiphasic decay of viral load when antiretroviral therapy is given, the evolution of drug resistance, the long-term persistence latently infected cells, and the rebound of viremia when drugs are stopped. We additionally discuss new work applying viral dynamics models to new classes of investigational treatment for HIV, including latency-reversing agents and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L. Hill
- Program for Evolutionary DynamicsHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusetts
| | - Daniel I. S. Rosenbloom
- Department of PharmacokineticsPharmacodynamics, & Drug MetabolismMerck Research LaboratoriesKenilworthNew Jersey
| | - Martin A. Nowak
- Program for Evolutionary DynamicsHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusetts
| | - Robert F. Siliciano
- Department of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteBaltimoreMaryland
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Bosman KJ, Wensing AMJ, Pijning AE, van Snippenberg WJ, van Ham PM, de Jong DMC, Hoepelman AIM, Nijhuis M. Development of sensitive ddPCR assays to reliably quantify the proviral DNA reservoir in all common circulating HIV subtypes and recombinant forms. J Int AIDS Soc 2018; 21:e25185. [PMID: 30375818 PMCID: PMC6138437 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The latent reservoir is the main barrier on the road to HIV cure, and clinical approaches towards eradication are often evaluated by their effect on proviral DNA. To ensure inclusiveness and representativeness in HIV cure studies, proviral DNA quantification assays that are able to detect all common circulating HIV clades are urgently needed. Here, three HIV DNA assays targeting three different genomic regions were evaluated for their sensitivity and subtype-tolerance using digital PCR. METHODS A subtype-B-specific assay targeting gag (GAG) and two assays targeting conserved sequences in ltr and pol (LTR and JO) were assessed for their sensitivity and subtype-tolerance in digital PCR (Bio-Rad QX200), using a panel of serially diluted subtype reference plasmids as well as a panel of clinical isolates. Both panels represent subtypes A, B, C, D, F, G and circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) AE and AG, which together are responsible for 94% of HIV infections worldwide. RESULTS HIV subtype was observed to greatly affect HIV DNA quantification results. Robust regression analysis of the serially diluted plasmid panel showed that the GAG assay was only able to linearly quantify subtype B, D and G isolates (4/13 reference plasmids, average R2 = 0.99), whereas LTR and JO were able to quantify all tested isolates (13/13 reference plasmids, respective average R2 = 0.99 and 0.98). In the clinical isolates panel, isolates were considered detectable if all replicates produced a positive result. The GAG assay could detect HIV DNA in four out of five subtype B and one out of two subtype D isolates, whereas the LTR and JO assays detected HIV DNA in all twenty-nine tested isolates. LTR and JO results were found to be equally precise but more precise than GAG. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate the need for a careful validation of proviral reservoir quantification assays prior to investigations into non-B subtype reservoirs. The LTR and JO assays can sensitively and reliably quantify HIV DNA in a panel that represents the worldwide most prevalent subtypes and CRFs (A, B, C, D, AE, F, G and AG), justifying their application in future trials aimed at global HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobus J Bosman
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Annemarie MJ Wensing
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Aster E Pijning
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | | | - Petra M van Ham
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Dorien MC de Jong
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Andy IM Hoepelman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious DiseasesUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Monique Nijhuis
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
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Tietjen I, Williams DE, Read S, Kuang XT, Mwimanzi P, Wilhelm E, Markle T, Kinloch NN, Naphen CN, Tenney K, Mesplède T, Wainberg MA, Crews P, Bell B, Andersen RJ, Brumme ZL, Brockman MA. Inhibition of NF-κB-dependent HIV-1 replication by the marine natural product bengamide A. Antiviral Res 2018; 152:94-103. [PMID: 29476895 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 inhibitors that act by mechanisms distinct from existing antiretrovirals can provide novel insights into viral replication and potentially inform development of new therapeutics. Using a multi-cycle HIV-1 replication assay, we screened 252 pure compounds derived from marine invertebrates and microorganisms and identified 6 (actinomycin Z2, bastadin 6, bengamide A, haliclonacyclamine A + B, keramamine C, neopetrosiamide B) that inhibited HIV-1 with 50% effective concentrations (EC50s) of 3.8 μM or less. The most potent inhibitor, bengamide A, blocked HIV-1 in a T cell line with an EC50 of 0.015 μM and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells with an EC50 of 0.032 μM. Bengamide A was previously described to inhibit NF-κB signaling. Consistent with this mechanism, bengamide A suppressed reporter expression from an NF-κB-driven minimal promoter and an HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) with conserved NF-κB response elements, but lacked activity against an LTR construct with mutation of these elements. In single-cycle HIV-1 infection assays, bengamide A also suppressed viral protein expression when viruses encoded an intact LTR but exhibited minimal activity against those with mutated NF-κB elements. Finally, bengamide A did not inhibit viral DNA accumulation, indicating that it likely acts downstream of this step in HIV-1 replication. Our study identifies multiple new antiviral compounds including an unusually potent inhibitor of HIV-1 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Tietjen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
| | - David E Williams
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Silven Read
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Xiaomei T Kuang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Philip Mwimanzi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Emmanuelle Wilhelm
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Tristan Markle
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Natalie N Kinloch
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Cassandra N Naphen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Karen Tenney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Thibault Mesplède
- McGill AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mark A Wainberg
- McGill AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Phillip Crews
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Brendan Bell
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Raymond J Andersen
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zabrina L Brumme
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Mark A Brockman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Gupta V, Dixit NM. Trade-off between synergy and efficacy in combinations of HIV-1 latency-reversing agents. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006004. [PMID: 29451894 PMCID: PMC5833289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eradicating HIV-1 infection is difficult because of the reservoir of latently infected cells that gets established soon after infection, remains hidden from antiretroviral drugs and host immune responses, and retains the capacity to reignite infection following the cessation of treatment. Drugs called latency-reversing agents (LRAs) are being developed to reactivate latently infected cells and render them susceptible to viral cytopathicity or immune killing. Whereas individual LRAs have failed to induce adequate reactivation, pairs of LRAs have been identified recently that act synergistically and hugely increase reactivation levels compared to individual LRAs. The maximum synergy achievable with LRA pairs is of clinical importance, as it would allow latency-reversal with minimal drug exposure. Here, we employed stochastic simulations of HIV-1 transcription and translation in latently infected cells to estimate this maximum synergy. We incorporated the predominant mechanisms of action of the two most promising classes of LRAs, namely, protein kinase C agonists and histone deacetylase inhibitors, and quantified the activity of individual LRAs in the two classes by mapping our simulations to corresponding in vitro experiments. Without any adjustable parameters, our simulations then quantitatively captured experimental observations of latency-reversal when the LRAs were used in pairs. Performing simulations representing a wide range of drug concentrations, we estimated the maximum synergy achievable with these LRA pairs. Importantly, we found with all the LRA pairs we considered that concentrations yielding the maximum synergy did not yield the maximum latency-reversal. Increasing concentrations to increase latency-reversal compromised synergy, unravelling a trade-off between synergy and efficacy in LRA combinations. The maximum synergy realizable with LRA pairs would thus be restricted by the desired level of latency-reversal, a constrained optimum we elucidated with our simulations. We expect this trade-off to be important in defining optimal LRA combinations that would maximize synergy while ensuring adequate latency-reversal. HIV-1 infection typically requires lifelong treatment because a class of infected cells called latently infected cells remains hidden from drugs and host immune responses and can reignite infection when treatment is stopped. Massive efforts are ongoing to devise ways to eliminate latently infected cells. The most advanced of the strategies developed for this purpose involves using drugs called latency-reversing agents (LRAs), which reactivate latently infected cells, effectively bringing them out of their hiding. Multiple mechanisms are involved in the establishment of latency. Pairs of LRAs targeting distinct mechanisms have been found to synergize and induce significantly higher latency-reversal than individual LRAs. If this synergy can be maximized, latency-reversal can be achieved with minimal drug exposure. Using stochastic simulations of HIV-1 latency, we unraveled a trade-off between synergy and efficacy in LRA pairs. Drug concentrations that maximized synergy did not also maximize latency-reversal. Drug concentrations that yielded higher latency-reversal compromised synergy and vice versa. This trade-off would constrain the synergy realizable between LRAs and guide the identification of optimal LRA combinations that would maximize synergy while ensuring adequate latency-reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Narendra M. Dixit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- * E-mail:
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Rutsaert S, Bosman K, Trypsteen W, Nijhuis M, Vandekerckhove L. Digital PCR as a tool to measure HIV persistence. Retrovirology 2018; 15:16. [PMID: 29378600 PMCID: PMC5789538 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0399-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapy is able to suppress HIV replication in infected patients, the virus persists and rebounds when treatment is stopped. In order to find a cure that can eradicate the latent reservoir, one must be able to quantify the persisting virus. Traditionally, HIV persistence studies have used real-time PCR (qPCR) to measure the viral reservoir represented by HIV DNA and RNA. Most recently, digital PCR is gaining popularity as a novel approach to nucleic acid quantification as it allows for absolute target quantification. Various commercial digital PCR platforms are nowadays available that implement the principle of digital PCR, of which Bio-Rad’s QX200 ddPCR is currently the most used platform in HIV research. Quantification of HIV by digital PCR is proving to be a valuable improvement over qPCR as it is argued to have a higher robustness to mismatches between the primers-probe set and heterogeneous HIV, and forfeits the need for a standard curve, both of which are known to complicate reliable quantification. However, currently available digital PCR platforms occasionally struggle with unexplained false-positive partitions, and reliable segregation between positive and negative droplets remains disputed. Future developments and advancements of the digital PCR technology are promising to aid in the accurate quantification and characterization of the persistent HIV reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Rutsaert
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kobus Bosman
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Trypsteen
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Monique Nijhuis
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linos Vandekerckhove
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Margolis
- From the University of North Carolina (UNC) HIV Cure Center, UNC Center for AIDS Research, and the Departments of Medicine (D.M.M., J.V.G.), Microbiology and Immunology (D.M.M., J.V.G.), and Epidemiology (D.M.M.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill
| | - J Victor Garcia
- From the University of North Carolina (UNC) HIV Cure Center, UNC Center for AIDS Research, and the Departments of Medicine (D.M.M., J.V.G.), Microbiology and Immunology (D.M.M., J.V.G.), and Epidemiology (D.M.M.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill
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Rose R, Nolan DJ, Maidji E, Stoddart CA, Singer EJ, Lamers SL, McGrath MS. Eradication of HIV from Tissue Reservoirs: Challenges for the Cure. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2018; 34:3-8. [PMID: 28691499 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2017.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The persistence of HIV infection, even after lengthy and successful combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), has precluded an effective cure. The anatomical locations and biological mechanisms through which the viral population is maintained remain unknown. Much research has focused nearly exclusively on circulating resting T cells as the predominant source of persistent HIV, a strategy with limited success in developing an effective cure strategy. In this study, we review research supporting the importance of anatomical tissues and other immune cells for HIV maintenance and expansion, including the central nervous system, lymph nodes, and macrophages. We present accumulated research that clearly demonstrates the limitations of using blood-derived cells as a proxy for tissue reservoirs and sanctuaries throughout the body. We cite recent studies that have successfully used deep-sequencing strategies to uncover the complexity of HIV infection and the ability of the virus to evolve despite undetectable plasma viral loads. Finally, we suggest new strategies and highlight the importance of tissue banks for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ekaterina Maidji
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Cheryl A. Stoddart
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Elyse J. Singer
- The National Neurological AIDS Bank at David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine and Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Michael S. McGrath
- The AIDS and Cancer Specimen Resource, San Francisco, California
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Merino KM, Allers C, Didier ES, Kuroda MJ. Role of Monocyte/Macrophages during HIV/SIV Infection in Adult and Pediatric Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1693. [PMID: 29259605 PMCID: PMC5723290 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes/macrophages are a diverse group of cells that act as first responders in innate immunity and then as mediators for adaptive immunity to help clear infections. In performing these functions, however, the macrophage inflammatory responses can also contribute to pathogenesis. Various monocyte and tissue macrophage subsets have been associated with inflammatory disorders and tissue pathogeneses such as occur during HIV infection. Non-human primate research of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) has been invaluable in better understanding the pathogenesis of HIV infection. The question of HIV/SIV-infected macrophages serving as a viral reservoir has become significant for achieving a cure. In the rhesus macaque model, SIV-infected macrophages have been shown to promote pathogenesis in several tissues resulting in cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurological diseases. Results from human studies illustrated that alveolar macrophages could be an important HIV reservoir and humanized myeloid-only mice supported productive HIV infection and viral persistence in macrophages during ART treatment. Depletion of CD4+ T cells is considered the primary cause for terminal progression, but it was reported that increasing monocyte turnover was a significantly better predictor in SIV-infected adult macaques. Notably, pediatric cases of HIV/SIV exhibit faster and more severe disease progression than adults, yet neonates have fewer target T cells and generally lack the hallmark CD4+ T cell depletion typical of adult infections. Current data show that the baseline blood monocyte turnover rate was significantly higher in neonatal macaques compared to adults and this remained high with disease progression. In this review, we discuss recent data exploring the contribution of monocytes and macrophages to HIV/SIV infection and progression. Furthermore, we highlight the need to further investigate their role in pediatric cases of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M. Merino
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington LA, United States
| | - Carolina Allers
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington LA, United States
| | - Elizabeth S. Didier
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington LA, United States
| | - Marcelo J. Kuroda
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington LA, United States
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Garcia-Vidal E, Castellví M, Pujantell M, Badia R, Jou A, Gomez L, Puig T, Clotet B, Ballana E, Riveira-Muñoz E, Esté JA. Evaluation of the Innate Immune Modulator Acitretin as a Strategy To Clear the HIV Reservoir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:e01368-17. [PMID: 28874382 PMCID: PMC5655051 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01368-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The persistence of HIV despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy is a major roadblock to HIV eradication. Current strategies focused on inducing the expression of latent HIV fail to clear the persistent reservoir, prompting the development of new approaches for killing HIV-positive cells. Recently, acitretin was proposed as a pharmacological enhancer of the innate cellular defense network that led to virus reactivation and preferential death of infected cells. We evaluated the capacity of acitretin to reactivate and/or to facilitate immune-mediated clearance of HIV-positive cells. Acitretin did not induce HIV reactivation in latently infected cell lines (J-Lat and ACH-2). We could observe only modest induction of HIV reactivation by acitretin in latently green fluorescent protein-HIV-infected Jurkat cells, comparable to suboptimal concentrations of vorinostat, a known latency-reversing agent (LRA). Acitretin induction was insignificant, however, compared to optimal concentrations of LRAs. Acitretin failed to reactivate HIV in a model of latently infected primary CD4+ T cells but induced retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) expression in infected and uninfected cells, confirming the role of acitretin as an innate immune modulator. However, this effect was not associated with selective killing of HIV-positive cells. In conclusion, acitretin-mediated stimulation of the RIG-I pathway for HIV reactivation is modest and thus may not meaningfully affect the HIV reservoir. Stimulation of the RIG-I-dependent interferon (IFN) cascade by acitretin may not significantly affect the selective destruction of latently infected HIV-positive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edurne Garcia-Vidal
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, AIDS Unit and Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marc Castellví
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, AIDS Unit and Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Maria Pujantell
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, AIDS Unit and Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Roger Badia
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, AIDS Unit and Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Antoni Jou
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, AIDS Unit and Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Lucia Gomez
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, AIDS Unit and Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Teresa Puig
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, AIDS Unit and Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, AIDS Unit and Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Ester Ballana
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, AIDS Unit and Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Eva Riveira-Muñoz
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, AIDS Unit and Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - José A Esté
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, AIDS Unit and Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
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Pang W, Zhang GH, Jiang J, Zheng HY, Zhang LT, Zhang XL, Song JH, Zhang MX, Zhu JW, Lei AH, Tian RR, Liu XM, Zhang L, Gao G, Su L, Zheng YT. HIV-1 can infect northern pig-tailed macaques (Macaca leonina) and form viral reservoirs in vivo. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2017; 62:1315-1324. [PMID: 36659293 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Viral reservoirs of HIV-1 are a major obstacle for curing AIDS. The novel animal models that can be directly infected with HIV-1 will contribute to develop effective strategies for eradicating infections. Here, we inoculated 4 northern pig-tailed macaques (NPM) with the HIV-1 strain HIV-1NL4.3 and monitored the infection for approximately 3years (150weeks). The HIV-1-infected NPMs showed transient viremia for about 10weeks after infection. However, cell-associated proviral DNA and viral RNA persisted in the peripheral blood and lymphoid organs for about 3years. Moreover, replication-competent HIV-1 could be successfully recovered from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) during long-term infection. The numbers of resting CD4+ T cells in HIV-1 infected NPMs harboring proviruses fell within a range of 2- to 3-log10 per million cells, and these proviruses could be reactivated both ex vivo and in vivo in response to co-stimulation with the latency-reversing agents JQ1 and prostratin. Our results suggested that NPMs can be infected with HIV-1 and a long-term viral reservoir was formed in NPMs, which might serve asa potential model for HIV-1 reservoir research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Pang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Gao-Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Hong-Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Lin-Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Xiao-Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Jia-Hao Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Institute of Health Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Ming-Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Jia-Wu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Ai-Hua Lei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Ren-Rong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Liu
- South China Institute of Endangered Animal, Guandong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Liguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guangxia Gao
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lishan Su
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7290, USA
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.
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Abstract
The indomitable aspect of HIV-1 infection is not that HIV-1 proviral DNA is integrated into host DNA but that it can also turn itself off, remaining invisible to drug or immune surveillance. Thus, the goals of eradication include ways to precisely excise HIV-1 DNA or wake up the silent HIV-1 provirus and eliminate the infected cells thus identified. Methods to identify and fish out the latently infected cells or to delineate their characteristics are being rapidly developed. In 2016, Baxter et al. (A. E. Baxter, J. Niessl, R. Fromentin, J. Richard, F. Porichis, R. Charlebois, M. Massanella, N. Brassard, N. Alsahafi, G. G. Delgado, J. P. Routy, B. D. Walker, A. Finzi, N. Chomont, and D. E. Kaufmann, Cell Host Microbe 20:368–380, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2016.07.015) and Martrus et al. (G. Martrus, A. Niehrs, R. Cornelis, A. Rechtien, W. García-Beltran, M. Lütgehetmann, C. Hoffmann, and M. Altfeld, J Virol 90:9018–9028, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01448-16) reported using the fluorescence in situ hybridization-flow cytometry technique to identify and quantify cells expressing HIV-1 RNA and Gag protein, as well as bearing unique cell surface markers. In a recent article in mBio, Grau-Expósito et al. (J. Grau-Expósito, C. Serra-Peinado, L. Miguel, J. Navarro, A. Curran, J. Burgos, I. Ocaña, E. Ribera, A. Torrella, B. Planas, R. Badía, J. Castellví, V. Falcó, M. Crespo, and M. J. Buzon, mBio 8:e00876-17, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00876-17) reported a similar method that they claim to be more sensitive. With these methods, researchers are one step closer to measuring latent reservoirs and eliminating critical barriers to HIV eradication.
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Jakobsdottir GM, Iliopoulou M, Nolan R, Alvarez L, Compton AA, Padilla-Parra S. On the Whereabouts of HIV-1 Cellular Entry and Its Fusion Ports. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:932-944. [PMID: 28899754 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 disseminates to diverse tissues through different cell types and establishes long-lived reservoirs. The exact cellular compartment where fusion occurs differs depending on the cell type and mode of viral transmission. This implies that HIV-1 may modulate a number of common host cell factors in different cell types. In this review, we evaluate recent advances on the host cell factors that play an important role in HIV-1 entry and fusion. New insights from restriction factors inhibiting virus-cell fusion in vitro may contribute to the development of future therapeutic interventions. Collectively, novel findings underline the need for potent, host-directed therapies that disrupt the earliest stages of the virus life cycle and preclude the emergence of resistant viral variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Maria Jakobsdottir
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Cellular Imaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maro Iliopoulou
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Cellular Imaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rory Nolan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Cellular Imaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Luis Alvarez
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Cellular Imaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alex A Compton
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sergi Padilla-Parra
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Cellular Imaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford,The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
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