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Wang J, He M, Yang M, Ai X. Gut microbiota as a key regulator of intestinal mucosal immunity. Life Sci 2024; 345:122612. [PMID: 38588949 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Gut microbiota is a complex microbial community with the ability of maintaining intestinal health. Intestinal homeostasis largely depends on the mucosal immune system to defense external pathogens and promote tissue repair. In recent years, growing evidence revealed the importance of gut microbiota in shaping intestinal mucosal immunity. Therefore, according to the existing findings, this review first provided an overview of intestinal mucosal immune system before summarizing the regulatory roles of gut microbiota in intestinal innate and adaptive immunity. Specifically, this review delved into the gut microbial interactions with the cells such as intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils, and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in innate immunity, and T and B lymphocytes in adaptive immunity. Furthermore, this review discussed the main effects of gut microbiota dysbiosis in intestinal diseases and offered future research prospects. The review highlighted the key regulatory roles of gut microbiota in intestinal mucosal immunity via various host-microbe interactions, providing valuable references for the development of microbial therapy in intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China; Department of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Mei He
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China; Department of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China; Department of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China.
| | - Xiaopeng Ai
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China; Department of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China.
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Yi SW, Lee HG, Kim E, Jung YH, Bok EY, Cho A, Do YJ, So KM, Hur TY, Oh SI. Gut microbiota alteration with growth performance, histopathological lesions, and immune responses in Salmonella Typhimurium-infected weaned piglets. Vet Anim Sci 2023; 22:100324. [PMID: 38125715 PMCID: PMC10730377 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2023.100324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium can cause gastroenteritis in weaned piglets, which are particularly vulnerable to dietary changes and dysfunction of their immature organs. The colonization of S. Typhimurium could disrupt the gut microbiota and increase susceptibility to the bacterium. This study aimed to investigate the alterations of gut microbiota in S. Typhimurium-infected weaned piglets. Ten 49-day-old pigs were divided into two groups: S. Typhimurium-inoculated (ST, n = 6) and negative control (NC, n = 4) groups. The body weight and S. Typhimurium fecal shedding were monitored for 14 days after S. Typhimurium inoculation (dpi). The intestinal tissues were collected at 14 dpi; histopathological lesions and cytokine gene expression were evaluated. The gut microbiome composition and short-chain fatty acid concentrations were analyzed in fecal samples collected at 14 dpi. The average daily gain and gut microbiota alpha diversity in ST group tended to be lower than NC group at 14 dpi. Linear discriminant analysis effect size results showed a significant increase in the abundance of two genera and five species, while a significant decrease was observed in the five genera and nine species within the gut microbiota of ST group. Among the significantly less abundant bacteria in the ST group, Lachnospira eligens and Anaerobium acetethylicum produce acetate and butyrate, and may be considered as key S. Typhimurium infection-preventing bacteria. The overall results provide invaluable information about changes in the gut microbiota of S. Typhimurium-infected weaned piglets, which can be used to develop alternative measures to antibiotics and prevent ST bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Won Yi
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do 55365, South Korea
| | - Han Gyu Lee
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do 55365, South Korea
| | - Eunju Kim
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do 55365, South Korea
| | - Young-Hun Jung
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do 55365, South Korea
| | - Eun-Yeong Bok
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do 55365, South Korea
| | - Ara Cho
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do 55365, South Korea
| | - Yoon Jung Do
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do 55365, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Min So
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do 55365, South Korea
| | - Tai-Young Hur
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do 55365, South Korea
| | - Sang-Ik Oh
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do 54596, South Korea
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Akhtar M, Basher SR, Nizam NN, Hossain L, Bhuiyan TR, Qadri F, Lundgren A. T helper cell responses in adult diarrheal patients following natural infection with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli are primarily of the Th17 type. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1220130. [PMID: 37809062 PMCID: PMC10552643 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1220130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Infection with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) gives rise to IgA antibodies against both the heat labile toxin (LT) and colonization factors (CFs), which are considered to synergistically protect against ETEC diarrhea. Since the development of ETEC-specific long lived plasma cells and memory B cells is likely to be dependent on T helper (Th) cells, we investigated if natural ETEC diarrhea elicits ETEC-specific Th cells and their relation to IgA responses. Methods Th cell subsets were analyzed in adult Bangladeshi patients hospitalized due to ETEC diarrhea by flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from blood collected day 2, 7, 30 and 90 after hospitalization as well as in healthy controls. The LT- and CF-specific Th responses were determined by analysis of IL-17A and IFN-γ in antigen stimulated PBMC cultures using ELISA. ETEC-specific IgA secreted by circulating antibody secreting cells (plasmablasts) were analyzed by using the antibodies in lymphocyte supernatants (ALS) ELISA-based method and plasma IgA was also measured by ELISA. Results ETEC patients mounted significant ALS and plasma IgA responses against LTB and CFs on day 7 after hospitalization. ETEC patients had significantly elevated proportions of memory Th cells with a Th17 phenotype (CCR6+CXCR3-) in blood compared to controls, while frequencies of Th1 (CCR6-CXCR3+) or Th2 (CCR6-CXCR3-) cells were not increased. Antigen stimulation of PBMCs revealed IL-17A responses to LT, most clearly observed after stimulation with double mutant heat labile toxin (dmLT), but also with LT B subunit (LTB), and to CS6 in samples from patients with LT+ or CS6+ ETEC bacteria. Some individuals also mounted IFN-γ responses to dmLT and LTB. Levels of LTB specific IgA antibodies in ALS, but not plasma samples correlated with both IL-17A (r=0.5, p=0.02) and IFN-γ (r=0.6, p=0.01) responses to dmLT. Conclusions Our results show that ETEC diarrhea induces T cell responses, which are predominantly of the Th17 type. The correlations between IL-17A and IFN-g and intestine-derived plasmablast responses support that Th responses may contribute to the development of protective IgA responses against ETEC infection. These observations provide important insights into T cell responses that need to be considered in the evaluation of advanced ETEC vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjahan Akhtar
- Infectious Diseases Divison, icddr, b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Salima Raiyan Basher
- Infectious Diseases Divison, icddr, b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nuder Nower Nizam
- Infectious Diseases Divison, icddr, b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Lazina Hossain
- Infectious Diseases Divison, icddr, b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Taufiqur Rahman Bhuiyan
- Infectious Diseases Divison, icddr, b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- Infectious Diseases Divison, icddr, b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anna Lundgren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Patients with Type 1 Diabetes and Diabetic Retinopathy Produce Higher Levels of IL-17A, IL-10 and IL-6 and Lower Levels of IFN-γ-A Pilot Study. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030467. [PMID: 36766809 PMCID: PMC9913819 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is key to the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). This prospective study investigated alterations in inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in 41 people with type 1 diabetes (T1D), sub-grouped into mild non-proliferative DR (mNPDR; n = 13) and active and inactive (each n = 14) PDR. Age/gender-matched healthy controls (n = 13) were included. PBMCs were isolated from blood samples. Intracellular cytokine expression by PBMCs after 16-h stimulation (either E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate plus ionomycin, D-glucose or D-mannitol) were assessed by flow cytometry. Cytokine production in plasma, non-stimulated and LPS-stimulated PBMC supernatant was also assessed. Increased BMC IL-10 secretion and reduced expression of IL-6 and IFN-γ in CD3+ cells were observed in mNPDR. Reduced IL-6 and IL-10 secretion, and higher levels of intracellular IL-6 expression, especially in CD11b+ PBMCs, was detected in aPDR; levels were positively correlated with DR duration. Patients with T1D demonstrated increased intracellular expression of IL-17A in myeloid cells and reduced IFN-γ expression in CD3+ cells. Plasma levels of IL-1R1 were increased in mNPDR compared with controls. Results suggest that elevated PBMC-released IL-10, IL-6, in particular myeloid-produced IL-17A, may be involved in early stages of DR. IL-6-producing myeloid cells may play a role in PDR development.
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Liu B, Zhang X, Ding X, Bin P, Zhu G. The vertical transmission of Salmonella Enteritidis in a One-Health context. One Health 2022; 16:100469. [PMID: 36507074 PMCID: PMC9731862 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis, SE) is a foodborne zoonotic pathogen, causing economic losses in animal husbandry and large numbers of human deaths and critically threatening economic development and public health. Human infection with SE has complex transmission routes, involving the environment, animal reservoirs, and water in a One-Health context. Food-producing animals, particularly poultry and livestock, are regarded as the most common sources of SE infection in humans. However, there is little known about the vertical transmission of SE in a One-Health context. In this review, we analyze the ecological significance of SE in a One-Health context. Importantly, we focus on the difference in vertical transmission of SE in poultry, livestock, and humans. We introduce the transmission pathway, describe the immune mechanisms, and discuss the models that could be used for studying the vertical transmission of SE and the strategy that prevention and control for vertical transmission of SE into the future from a One-Health perspective. Together, considering the vertical transmission of SE, it is helpful to provide important insights into the control and decontamination pathways of SE in animal husbandry and enhance knowledge about the prevention of fetal infection in human pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baobao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of comparative medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China,Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou 225009, China,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of comparative medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China,Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou 225009, China,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xueyan Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of comparative medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China,Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou 225009, China,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Peng Bin
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of comparative medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China,Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou 225009, China,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of comparative medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China,Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou 225009, China,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China,Corresponding author at: College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of comparative medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Sottoriva K, Paik NY, White Z, Bandara T, Shao L, Sano T, Pajcini KV. A Notch/IL-21 signaling axis primes bone marrow T cell progenitor expansion. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e157015. [PMID: 35349492 PMCID: PMC9090257 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.157015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term impairment in T cell-mediated adaptive immunity is a major clinical obstacle following treatment of blood disorders with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Although T cell development in the thymus has been extensively characterized, there are significant gaps in our understanding of prethymic processes that influence early T cell potential. We have uncovered a Notch/IL-21 signaling axis in bone marrow common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) cells. IL-21 receptor expression was driven by Notch activation in CLPs, and in vivo treatment with IL-21 induced Notch-dependent CLP proliferation. Taking advantage of this potentially novel signaling axis, we generated T cell progenitors ex vivo, which improved repopulation of the thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs of mice in an allogeneic transplant model. Importantly, Notch and IL-21 activation were equally effective in the priming and expansion of human cord blood cells toward the T cell fate, confirming the translational potential of the combined treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Na Yoon Paik
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine and
| | - Zachary White
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Lijian Shao
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine and
| | - Teruyuki Sano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Th17 cells in the liver: balancing autoimmunity and pathogen defense. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:509-526. [PMID: 35211777 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00917-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In addition to carcinogenesis, T helper 17 (Th17) cells (a subtype of CD4 + T lymphocytes) are involved in the acute, chronic, and cirrhotic phases of liver diseases; however, their role in the development and progression of liver diseases remains unclear. It is difficult to elucidate the role of Th17 cells in liver diseases due to their dichotomous nature, i.e., plasticity in terms of pathogenic or host protective function depending on environmental and time phase factors. Moreover, insufficient depletion of Th17 cells by inhibiting the cytokines and transcription factors involved in their production causes difficulties in analyzing their specific role in vitro and in vivo murine models, partially due to complex interaction. This review summarizes the recent progress in understanding the plasticity and function of hepatic Th17 cells and type 3 cytokines.
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Ritter K, Behrends J, Erdmann H, Rousseau J, Hölscher A, Volz J, Prinz I, Lindenstrøm T, Hölscher C. Interleukin-23 instructs protective multifunctional CD4 T cell responses after immunization with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis subunit vaccine H1 DDA/TDB independently of interleukin-17A. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:1585-1602. [PMID: 34351501 PMCID: PMC8541990 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-17A-producing T helper (Th)17 cells are increasingly being acknowledged to be associated with protective immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Subunit vaccines potently promote protective immune responses against Mtb infection that correlate with an expansion of IL-23-dependent Th17 cells. Previous studies revealed that after vaccination, IL-23 is required for protection against challenge with Mtb but the underlying IL-23-dependent-and possibly IL-17A-mediated-mechanisms remain elusive. Therefore, we here analyzed the early outcome of Mtb infection in C57BL/6, IL-23p19-deficient (-/-), and IL-17A-/- mice after vaccination with the subunit vaccine H1-DDA/TDB to investigate the role of the IL-23-Th17 immune axis for the instruction of vaccine-induced protection. While in IL-23p19-/- mice the protective effect was reduced, protection after vaccination was maintained in IL-17A-/- animals for the course of infection of 6 weeks, indicating that after vaccination with H1-DDA/TDB early protection against Mtb is-although dependent on IL-23-not mediated by IL-17A. In contrast, IL-17A deficiency appears to have an impact on maintaining long-term protection. In fact, IL-23 instructed the vaccine-induced memory immunity in the lung, in particular the sustained expansion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)+IL-2+ multifunctional T cells, independently of IL-17A. Altogether, a targeted induction of IL-23 during vaccination against Mtb might improve the magnitude and quality of vaccine-induced memory immune responses. KEY MESSAGES: After subunit Mtb vaccination with H1-DDA/TDB, IL-23 but not IL-17A contributes to vaccine-induced early protection against infection with Mtb. IL-17F does not compensate for IL-17A deficiency in terms of H1-DDA/TDB-induced protection against Mtb infection. IL 23 promotes the H1-DDA/TDB-induced accumulation of effector memory T cells independently of IL 17A. IL-23 arbitrates the induction of H1-specific IFN-γ-TNF+IL-2+ double-positive multifunctional CD4 T cells after subunit Mtb vaccination in an IL-17A-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Ritter
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Jochen Behrends
- Fluorescence Cytometry Core Unit, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Hanna Erdmann
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Jasmin Rousseau
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | | | - Johanna Volz
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, Eppendorf University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Lindenstrøm
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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T-Cell Cytokine Response in Salmonella Typhimurium-Vaccinated versus Infected Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9080845. [PMID: 34451970 PMCID: PMC8402558 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination with the live attenuated vaccine Salmoporc is an effective measure to control Salmonella Typhimurium (STM) in affected swine populations. However, the cellular immune response evoked by the Salmoporc vaccine including differences in vaccinated pigs versus non-vaccinated pigs upon STM infection have not been characterized yet. To investigate this, tissue-derived porcine lymphocytes from different treatment groups (vaccination-only, vaccination and infection, infection-only, untreated controls) were stimulated in vitro with heat-inactivated STM and abundances of IFN-γ, TNF-α and/or IL-17A-producing T-cell subsets were compared across organs and treatment groups. Overall, our results show the induction of a strong CD4+ T-cell response after STM infection, both locally and systemically. Low-level induction of STM-specific cytokine-producing CD4+ T cells, notably for the IFN-γ/TNF-α co-producing phenotype, was detected after vaccination-only. Numerous significant contrasts in cytokine-producing T-cell phenotypes were observed after infection in vaccinated and infected versus infected-only animals. These results suggest that vaccine-induced STM-specific cytokine-producing CD4+ T cells contribute to local immunity in the gut and may limit the spread of STM to lymph nodes and systemic organs. Hence, our study provides insights into the underlying immune mechanisms that account for the efficacy of the Salmoporc vaccine.
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Milk Fermented by Lactobacillus paracasei NCC 2461 (ST11) Modulates the Immune Response and Microbiota to Exert its Protective Effects Against Salmonella typhimurium Infection in Mice. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 12:1398-1408. [PMID: 31970649 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-020-09634-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics form a promising strategy to maintain intestinal health. Milks fermented with probiotic strains, such as the Lactobacillus paracasei ST11, are largely commercialized in Brazil and form a low-cost alternative to probiotic pharmaceutical formulations. In this study, we assessed the probiotic effects of milk fermented by L. paracasei ST11 (administered through fermented milk) in a Salmonella typhimurium infection model in BALB/c mice. We observed in this murine model that the applied probiotic conferred protective effects against S. typhimurium infection, since its administration reduced mortality, weight loss, translocation to target organs (liver and spleen) and ileum injury. Moreover, a reduction in the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-17 in animals that received the probiotic before challenge was observed. Additionally, the ileum microbiota was better preserved in these animals. The present study highlights a multifactorial protective aspect of this commercial probiotic strain against a common gastrointestinal pathogen.
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11
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Tomioka H, Tatano Y, Shimizu T, Sano C. Immunoadjunctive Therapy against Bacterial Infections Using Herbal Medicines Based on Th17 Cell-mediated Protective Immunity. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:3949-3962. [PMID: 34102961 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666210608143449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the major health concerns in the world is the global increase in intractable bacterial infectious diseases due to the emergence of multi- and extensively drug-resistant bacterial pathogens as well as an increase in compromised hosts around the world. Particularly, in the case of mycobacteriosis, the high incidence of tuberculosis in developing countries, resurgence of tuberculosis in industrialized countries, and increase in the prevalence of Mycobacterium avium complex infections are important worldwide health concerns. However, the development of novel antimycobacterial drugs is currently making slow progress. Therefore, it is considered that devising improved administration protocols for clinical treatment against refractory mycobacteriosis using existing chemotherapeutics is more practical than awaiting the development of new antimycobacterial drugs. The regulation of host immune responses using immunoadjunctive agents may increase the efficacy of antimicrobial treatment against mycobacteriosis. The same situations also exist in cases of intractable infectious diseases due to common bacteria other than mycobacteria. The mild and long-term up-regulation of host immune reactions in hosts with intractable chronic bacterial infections, using herbal medicines and medicinal plants, may be beneficial for such immunoadjunctive therapy. This review describes the current status regarding basic and clinical studies on therapeutic regimens using herbal medicines, useful for the clinical treatment of patients with intractable bacterial infections. In particular, we focus on immunoadjunctive effects of herbal medicines on the establishment and manifestation of host antibacterial immunity related to the immunological roles of Th17 cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruaki Tomioka
- Department of Basic Medical Science for Nursing, Department of Contemporary Psychology, Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tatano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Shimizu
- Department of Nutrition Administration, Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima,, Japan
| | - Chiaki Sano
- Department of Community Medicine Management, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
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12
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Kirchner FR, LeibundGut-Landmann S. Tissue-resident memory Th17 cells maintain stable fungal commensalism in the oral mucosa. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:455-467. [PMID: 32719409 PMCID: PMC7946631 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0327-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Keeping a stable equilibrium between the host and commensal microbes to which we are constantly exposed, poses a major challenge for the immune system. The host mechanisms that regulate homeostasis of the microbiota to prevent infection and inflammatory disorders are not fully understood. Here, we provide evidence that CD4+ tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells act as central players in this process. Using a murine model of C. albicans commensalism we show that IL-17 producing CD69+CD103+CD4+ memory T cells persist in the colonized tissue long-term and independently of circulatory supplies. Consistent with the requirement of Th17 cells for limiting fungal growth, IL-17-producing TRM cells in the mucosa were sufficient to maintain prolonged colonization, while circulatory T cells were dispensable. Although TRM cells were first proposed to protect from pathogens causing recurrent acute infections, our results support a central function of TRM cells in the maintenance of commensalism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian R Kirchner
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Salomé LeibundGut-Landmann
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
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13
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Karan S, Choudhury D, Dixit A. Immunogenic characterization and protective efficacy of recombinant CsgA, major subunit of curli fibers, against Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:599-616. [PMID: 33404830 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is one of the major pathogens responsible for vibriosis and zoonotic infections in teleosts, marine invertebrates, and also humans through consumption of contaminated or unprocessed seafood. Emergence of resistance against current accessible antibiotics and spread to the food chain and environment necessitate the development of safe and effective subunit vaccine against this bacterium. Many bacteria including V. parahaemolyticus produce extracellular curli fibrils, heteropolymeric filaments of major and minor subunit, which have been implicated in adhesion, biofilm formation, and virulence. Adhesins are the primary contact points with the host which help in establishing infection and colonization. CsgA, an adhesin, is the major structural component of the curli fiber that forms homopolymers of several hundred units. Due to their exposure on the cell surface, the curli fibers are recognized by the host's immune system, would generate high immune response, and therefore can serve as effective vaccine candidate. In the present study, we describe characterization of the csgA gene, and preparation of recombinant soluble CsgA of V. parahaemolyticus (rVpCsgA), and evaluation of its vaccine potential. Immunization of BALB/c mice with the rVpCsgA mounted a strong immune response. Cellular immune assays such as antibody isotyping, in vitro splenocyte proliferation analysis, and cytokine profiling revealed mixed T-helper cell immune response. The anti-rVpCsgA antiserum was agglutination positive and specifically cross-reacted with the curli CsgA present on the outer membrane of V. parahaemolyticus cells, thus demonstrating its neutralization potential. One hundred percent survival of the immunized mice upon challenge with the lethal dosage of the bacterium established that the rVpCsgA could serve as an effective vaccine against the bacterium. KEY POINTS: • Recombinant histidine-tagged CsgA of V. parahaemolyticus, rVpCsgA, was purified. • The rVpCsgA immunization produced mixed immune response and agglutinating antibodies. • Immunization with the rVpCsgA protected mice against V. parahaemolyticus challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Karan
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru Universitys, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Devapriya Choudhury
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru Universitys, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Aparna Dixit
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru Universitys, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Bruellman R, Llorente C. A Perspective Of Intestinal Immune-Microbiome Interactions In Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:307-327. [PMID: 33390852 PMCID: PMC7757023 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.53589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncovering the intricacies of the gut microbiome and how it interacts with the host immune system has opened up pathways in the search for the treatment of disease conditions. Alcohol-associated liver disease is a major cause of death worldwide. Research has shed light on the breakdown of the protective gut barriers, translocation of gut microbes to the liver and inflammatory immune response to microbes all contributing to alcohol-associated liver disease. This knowledge has opened up avenues for alternative therapies to alleviate alcohol-associated liver disease based on the interaction of the commensal gut microbiome as a key player in the regulation of the immune response. This review describes the relevance of the intestinal immune system, the gut microbiota, and specialized and non-specialized intestinal cells in the regulation of intestinal homeostasis. It also reflects how these components are altered during alcohol-associated liver disease and discusses new approaches for potential future therapies in alcohol-associated liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Bruellman
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cristina Llorente
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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15
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Nekrasova I, Shirshev S. Estriol in regulation of cell-mediated immune reactions in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 349:577421. [PMID: 33032016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The effect of pregnancy hormone estriol (E3) on innate and adaptive immunity cells functions in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) in comparison with healthy donors (HD) was studied. E3 inhibited phagocytic activity of neutrophils and enhanced monocytes IDO activity. Treg percentage increased and number of Th17 and iNKT cells decreased under E3 influence. At the same time, E3 stimulated production of IL-10 and inhibited secretion of IL-17. The hormonal effects were realized on the cells of both HD and MS patients. Thus, the MS amelioration during pregnancy may be related to E3 influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Nekrasova
- Perm Federal Research Center, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Goleva str., 13, 614081 Perm, Russia.
| | - Sergei Shirshev
- Perm Federal Research Center, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Goleva str., 13, 614081 Perm, Russia
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16
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Tian AL, Tian X, Chen D, Lu M, Calderón-Mantilla G, Yuan XD, Li X, Elsheikha HM, Zhu XQ. Modulation of the Functions of Goat Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Fasciola gigantica Thioredoxin Peroxidase In Vitro. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090758. [PMID: 32957426 PMCID: PMC7559183 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver fluke Fasciola gigantica has a remarkable ability to establish a long-term infection within the hepatobiliary system of the mammalian definitive host. F. gigantica achieves this by producing excretory-secretory molecules, which have immunomodulatory activities. In an effort to elucidate the immunomodulatory functions of F. gigantica thioredoxin peroxidase protein (FgTPx), we expressed recombinant FgTPx (rFgTPx) in Escherichia coli bacteria and examined its effects on several functions of goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vitro. Sequence analysis revealed that FgTPx is related to a thioredoxin-like superfamily. Western blot analysis showed that rFgTPx was recognized by the sera of goats experimentally infected by F. gigantica. The specific binding of rFgTPx protein to the surface of goat PBMCs was demonstrated by immunofluorescence staining. We investigated the influence of serial concentrations of rFgTPx on various functions of goat PBMCs. All concentrations of rFgTPx increased the secretion of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-10, IL-17, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and interferon gamma (IFN-γ), but inhibited PBMC proliferation, migration, and monocyte phagocytosis. Goat PBMCs exposed to 20-40 μg/mL of rFgTPx secreted increased levels of nitric oxide (NO), and 10-40 μg/mL of rFgTPx promoted cell apoptosis. These findings indicate that rFgTPx influences various functions of goat PBMCs by interacting with a large number of cellular targets, ultimately to promote the parasite's survival. The roles of rFgTPx and their interacting proteins warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ling Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (A.-L.T.); (D.C.); (X.-D.Y.)
| | - Xiaowei Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.T.); (M.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Dan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (A.-L.T.); (D.C.); (X.-D.Y.)
| | - Mingmin Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.T.); (M.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Guillermo Calderón-Mantilla
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de La Sabana, Campus del Puente del Común, Km. 7, Autopista Norte de Bogotá. Chía, Cundinamarca 140013, Colombia;
| | - Xiao-Dan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (A.-L.T.); (D.C.); (X.-D.Y.)
| | - Xiangrui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.T.); (M.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Hany M. Elsheikha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
- Correspondence: (H.M.E.); (X.-Q.Z.)
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (A.-L.T.); (D.C.); (X.-D.Y.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
- Correspondence: (H.M.E.); (X.-Q.Z.)
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17
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Saini C, Srivastava RK, Tarique M, Kurra S, Khanna N, Ramesh V, Sharma A. Elevated IL-6R on CD4 + T cells promotes IL-6 driven Th17 cell responses in patients with T1R leprosy reactions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15143. [PMID: 32934336 PMCID: PMC7493991 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Th17 cells play vital role during pathogenesis of leprosy reactions. Previously, we have reported that IL-23 is involved in Th17 cells differentiation. Subsequently, our group also showed that IL-6 induces Th17 cell differentiation along with TGF-β in leprosy reactions. Here, we next asked the question that whether IL-6 or IL-23 induced Th17 cells are different in nature? In this study, Type 1 Reactions (T1R) showed significantly (p < 0.001) higher percentage of IL-17A producing CD4+IL6R+ T cells as compared to non-reaction (NR) patients. Furthermore, recombinant IL-6, IL-23 and TGF-β promoted IL-17A secretion by CD4+IL6R+ T cells. Subsequently, IL-6R and IL-23R blocking experiments showed significantly (p < 0.002) down regulated IL-17A in T1R reaction as compared to NR leprosy patients. The present study for the first time establishes that pathogenic Th17 cells produce IL-17 in an IL-6 dependent manner in leprosy T1R reactions. Thus, present approaches that specifically target Th17 cells and/or the cytokines that promote their development, such as IL-6, TGF-β and IL-23A may provide more focused treatment strategies for the management of Mycobacterium leprae and its reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaman Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. .,Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Rupesh K Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Tarique
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Santosh Kurra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Neena Khanna
- Department of Dermatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - V Ramesh
- Department of Dermatology, Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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18
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Perez-Toledo M, Beristain-Covarrubias N, Channell WM, Hitchcock JR, Cook CN, Coughlan RE, Bobat S, Jones ND, Nakamura K, Ross EA, Rossiter AE, Rooke J, Garcia-Gimenez A, Jossi S, Persaud RR, Marcial-Juarez E, Flores-Langarica A, Henderson IR, Withers DR, Watson SP, Cunningham AF. Mice Deficient in T-bet Form Inducible NO Synthase-Positive Granulomas That Fail to Constrain Salmonella. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:708-719. [PMID: 32591391 PMCID: PMC7372318 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Clearance of intracellular infections caused by Salmonella Typhimurium (STm) requires IFN-γ and the Th1-associated transcription factor T-bet. Nevertheless, whereas IFN-γ-/- mice succumb rapidly to STm infections, T-bet-/- mice do not. In this study, we assess the anatomy of immune responses and the relationship with bacterial localization in the spleens and livers of STm-infected IFN-γ-/- and T-bet-/- mice. In IFN-γ-/- mice, there is deficient granuloma formation and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) induction, increased dissemination of bacteria throughout the organs, and rapid death. The provision of a source of IFN-γ reverses this, coincident with subsequent granuloma formation and substantially extends survival when compared with mice deficient in all sources of IFN-γ. T-bet-/- mice induce significant levels of IFN-γ- after challenge. Moreover, T-bet-/- mice have augmented IL-17 and neutrophil numbers, and neutralizing IL-17 reduces the neutrophilia but does not affect numbers of bacteria detected. Surprisingly, T-bet-/- mice exhibit surprisingly wild-type-like immune cell organization postinfection, including extensive iNOS+ granuloma formation. In wild-type mice, most bacteria are within iNOS+ granulomas, but in T-bet-/- mice, most bacteria are outside these sites. Therefore, Th1 cells act to restrict bacteria within IFN-γ-dependent iNOS+ granulomas and prevent dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Perez-Toledo
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - Nonantzin Beristain-Covarrubias
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - William M Channell
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica R Hitchcock
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte N Cook
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth E Coughlan
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Saeeda Bobat
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas D Jones
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Kyoko Nakamura
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Ewan A Ross
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda E Rossiter
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Rooke
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia Garcia-Gimenez
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Sian Jossi
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Ruby R Persaud
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Edith Marcial-Juarez
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, The National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Adriana Flores-Langarica
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; and
| | - David R Withers
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Steve P Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
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19
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Goggins JA, Kurtz JR, McLachlan JB. Control of Persistent Salmonella Infection Relies on Constant Thymic Output Despite Increased Peripheral Antigen-Specific T Cell Immunity. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9080605. [PMID: 32722409 PMCID: PMC7459538 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent thymic emigrants are the youngest subset of peripheral T cells and their involvement in combating persistent bacterial infections has not been explored. Here, we hypothesized that CD4+ recent thymic emigrants are essential immune mediators during persistent Salmonella infection. To test this, we thymectomized adult mice either prior to, or during, persistent Salmonella infection. We found that thymic output is crucial in the formation of protective immune responses during the early formation of a Salmonella infection but is dispensable once persistent Salmonella infection is established. Further, we show that thymectomized mice demonstrate increased infection-associated mortality and bacterial burdens. Unexpectedly, numbers of Salmonella-specific CD4+ T cells were significantly increased in thymectomized mice compared to sham control mice. Lastly, we found that T cells from thymectomized mice may be impaired in producing the effector cytokine IL-17 at early time points of infection, compared to thymically intact mice. Together, these results imply a unique role for thymic output in the formation of immune responses against a persistent, enteric pathogen.
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20
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Hoang HH, Wang PC, Chen SC. The protective efficacy of recombinant hypoxic response protein 1 of Nocardia seriolae in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Vaccine 2020; 38:2925-2936. [PMID: 32115295 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nocardia seriolae has become one of the major pathogens affecting the aquaculture industry and causes Nocardiosis, a highly devastating disease of marine and freshwater fish that leads to severe economic losses. Therefore, research efforts towards developing efficacious vaccines to control this disease are of high importance. In this study, the hypoxic response protein 1 (HRP1) cloned into pET32a vector was expressed, and produced in Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3). The antigenicity of purified recombinant TRX-tagged HRP (rHRP1) was analysed by western blotting using largemouth bass anti-N. seriolae sera. The results showed that largemouth bass anti-N. seriolae sera could specifically detect a 33 kDa rHRP1 protein. Further, the vaccine efficacy of rHRP1 was evaluated in a largemouth bass fish model by calculating the relative percent survival (RPS). rHRP1 incurred an RPS of 73.33% as compared to the control group. Immunological analysis showed that rHRP1 could produce significantly higher serum concentrations of anti-N. seriolae antibodies and serum lysozyme activity as compared to the control groups. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that rHRP1 significantly enhanced the expression of immune-related genes, such as IL-12p40, IL-8, IL-1β, TNFα, IFNγ, NKEF, MHCIα, MHCIIα, CD4-1, CD8α, IgM, NF-κβ, STAT3, IRF4, RORα, and CCL20. These results indicate that rHRP1 may be a promising vaccine candidate against nocardiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy Hoa Hoang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Chi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; Southern Taiwan Fish Disease Centre, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Chu Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; Southern Taiwan Fish Disease Centre, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Science and Technology, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
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21
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Douzandeh-Mobarrez B, Kariminik A. Gut Microbiota and IL-17A: Physiological and Pathological Responses. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2019; 11:1-10. [PMID: 28921400 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-017-9329-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IL-17A is a cytokine which is produced by several immune and non-immune cells. The cytokine plays dual roles from protection from microbes and protection from pro-inflammatory based diseases to induction of the pro-inflammatory based diseases. The main mechanisms which lead to the controversial roles of IL-17A are yet to be clarified. Gut microbiota (GM) are the resident probiotic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tracts which have been introduced as a plausible regulator of IL-17A production and functions. This review article describes the recent information regarding the roles played by GM in determination of IL-17A functions outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banafsheh Douzandeh-Mobarrez
- Department of Microbiology, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran.,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Ashraf Kariminik
- Department of Microbiology, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran.
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22
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Intracellular Pathogens: Host Immunity and Microbial Persistence Strategies. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:1356540. [PMID: 31111075 PMCID: PMC6487120 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1356540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by pathogens including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites are ranked as the second leading cause of death worldwide by the World Health Organization. Despite tremendous improvements in global public health since 1950, a number of challenges remain to either prevent or eradicate infectious diseases. Many pathogens can cause acute infections that are effectively cleared by the host immunity, but a subcategory of these pathogens called "intracellular pathogens" can establish persistent and sometimes lifelong infections. Several of these intracellular pathogens manage to evade the host immune monitoring and cause disease by replicating inside the host cells. These pathogens have evolved diverse immune escape strategies and overcome immune responses by residing and multiplying inside host immune cells, primarily macrophages. While these intracellular pathogens that cause persistent infections are phylogenetically diverse and engage in diverse immune evasion and persistence strategies, they share common pathogen type-specific mechanisms during host-pathogen interaction inside host cells. Likewise, the host immune system is also equipped with a diverse range of effector functions to fight against the establishment of pathogen persistence and subsequent host damage. This article provides an overview of the immune effector functions used by the host to counter pathogens and various persistence strategies used by intracellular pathogens to counter host immunity, which enables their extended period of colonization in the host. The improved understanding of persistent intracellular pathogen-derived infections will contribute to develop improved disease diagnostics, therapeutics, and prophylactics.
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23
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Chen Y, Guo J, Shi D, Fang D, Chen C, Li L. Ascitic Bacterial Composition Is Associated With Clinical Outcomes in Cirrhotic Patients With Culture-Negative and Non-neutrocytic Ascites. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:420. [PMID: 30555804 PMCID: PMC6284044 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascites bacterial burden is associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with end-stage liver disease. However, the impact of ascitic microbial composition on clinical course was still not clear. In this study, the ascitic microbiota composition of 100 cirrhotic patients with culture-negative and non-neutrocytic ascites were researched with 16S rRNA pyrosequencing and enterotype-like cluster analysis. Results: By characterizing the ascitic microbial composition, two distinct microbial clusters were observed, Cluster 1 (86 patients) and Cluster 2 (14 patients). Cluster 1 showed lower microbial richness than Cluster 2. At the phylum level, Cluster 1 had greater abundance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, but less abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria than Cluster 2. At the family level, family Bacteroidales S24-7 group, Prevotellaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Lactobacillaceae, Rikenellaceae, and Vibrionaceae were found over-represented in Cluster 1. And family Acetobacteraceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Rickettsiaceae, and Streptococcaceae were found enriched in Cluster 2. The levels of plasma cytokine IL-17A, IL-7, and PDGF-BB were found significantly higher in Cluster 1 than in Cluster 2. There were four OTUs closely correlated with plasma cytokines, which were OTU 140 and OTU 271 (both from Bacteroidales S24-7 group), OTU 68 (Veillonellaceae), and OTU 53 (Helicobacteraceae). Patients from Cluster 1 showed significant higher short-term mortality than patients from Cluster 2. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that the microbial composition of culture-negative and non-neutrocytic ascites in cirrhotic patients is associated with short-term clinical outcomes. The results here offer a rational for the identification of patients with high risk, and provide references for selective use of prophylactic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ding Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daiqiong Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunlei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Beringer A, Miossec P. IL-17 and IL-17-producing cells and liver diseases, with focus on autoimmune liver diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2018; 17:1176-1185. [PMID: 30321671 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin(IL)-17 and IL-17-producing cells are important players in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune / inflammatory diseases. More recently, they have been associated with liver diseases. This review first describes the general knowledge on IL-17 and IL-17 producing cells. The second part describes the in vitro and in vivo effects of IL-17 on liver cells and the contribution of IL-17 producing cells to liver diseases. IL-17 induces immune cell infiltration and liver damage driving to hepatic inflammation and fibrosis and contributes to autoimmune liver diseases. The circulating levels of IL-17 and the frequency of IL-17-producing cells are elevated in a variety of acute and chronic liver diseases. The last part focuses on the effects of IL-17 deletion or neutralization in various murine models. Some of these observed beneficial effects suggest that targeting the IL-17 axis could be a new therapeutic strategy to prevent chronicity and progression of various liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Beringer
- Immunogenomics and Inflammation Research Unit EA4130, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Miossec
- Immunogenomics and Inflammation Research Unit EA4130, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.
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25
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Mohammadi Shahrokhi V, Ravari A, Mirzaei T, Zare-Bidaki M, Asadikaram G, Arababadi MK. IL-17A and IL-23: plausible risk factors to induce age-associated inflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Immunol Invest 2018; 47:812-822. [PMID: 30081688 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2018.1504300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Aging and its complications such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are associated with chronic low-grade inflammation entitled age-associated inflammation. However, the main mechanisms whichinduce age-associated inflammation in aging and AD are yet to beclarified. L-23/IL-17A axis plays important roles in the induction of inflammation and consequently autoimmune disease. This review evaluates the main roles played by IL-17A, IL-23, and IL-17A/IL-23 axis in the pathogenesis of age-associated inflammation in AD patients. Result: IL-23/IL-17A axis, is an important factor participate in the pathogenesis of age-associated inflammation. The genetic variations and microbial infection can be considered as the most important candidates to induce AD via upregulation of IL-17A. IL-17A also deteriorates AD via induction by amyloid-β. IL-17A participates in the induction of AD by increasing neutrophils infiltration to brain, induction of neuroinflammation, increase in FASL, and amyloid-βdeposition as well as activation of microglia. Conclusions: Due to the important roles played by IL-23/IL-17A axis in AD pathogenesis, it can be considered as a target for immunotherapy against AD. Abbreviations: Aβ: β-Amyloid; AD: Alzheimer's disease; CD: cluster of differentiation; DAMPs: Damage-associated molecular patterns; DCs: dendritic cells; HLA: human leukocyte antigen; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; RAR: retinoic-acid receptor; RORγt: RAR-related orphan receptor gamma t; SAMP8: senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 strain; TGF-β: tumor growth factor-β; TLRs: toll-like receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Mohammadi Shahrokhi
- a Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences , Rafsanjan , Iran.,b Dept. of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine , Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences , Rafsanjan , Iran
| | - Ali Ravari
- c Geriatric Care Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Rafsanjan , Iran.,d Dept. of Medical Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery , Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences , Rafsanjan , Iran
| | - Tayebeh Mirzaei
- c Geriatric Care Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Rafsanjan , Iran.,d Dept. of Medical Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery , Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences , Rafsanjan , Iran
| | - Mohammad Zare-Bidaki
- a Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences , Rafsanjan , Iran.,e Dept. of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine , Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences , Rafsanjan , Iran
| | - Gholamreza Asadikaram
- f Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology , Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran.,g Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine , Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi
- a Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences , Rafsanjan , Iran.,b Dept. of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine , Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences , Rafsanjan , Iran
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Model of Persistent Salmonella Infection: Salmonella enterica Serovar Pullorum Modulates the Immune Response of the Chicken from a Th17-Type Response towards a Th2-Type Response. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00307-18. [PMID: 29760212 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00307-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica infection affects a wide range of animals and humans, and a small number of serovars cause typhoid-like infections, one characteristic of which is persistent infection in convalescents. Avian-specific S. enterica serovar Pullorum produces systemic disease in young chickens, which is followed by a carrier state in convalescent birds, leading to infection of the ovary at sexual maturity and vertical transmission. However, the immunological basis of persistent infection remains unclear. S. enterica serovar Enteritidis is taxonomically closely related but does not show this characteristic. Differences in the immune responses between S Pullorum and S Enteritidis were compared by using Salmonella-infected chicken monocyte-derived macrophages (chMDMs) and CD4+ T lymphocytes that had been cocultured with infected chMDMs or chicken splenocytes in vitro and also in 2-day-old chickens in vivo In comparison with S Enteritidis, S Pullorum-infected chMDMs showed reduced mRNA expression levels of interleukin-12α (IL-12α) and IL-18 and stimulated the proliferation of Th2 lymphocytes, with reduced expression of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and IL-17 and increased expression levels of IL-4 and IL-13 There was little evidence of clonal anergy or immune suppression induced by S Pullorum in vitro. S Pullorum also increased the levels of expression of IL-4 and decreased the levels of IFN-γ in the spleen and cecal tonsil of infected birds. This suggests that S Pullorum is able to modulate host immunity from a dominant IFN-γ-producing Th17 response toward a Th2 response, which may promote persistent infection in chickens. S Pullorum in chickens is presented as a good model of the typhoid group to study persistent infection.
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Shibue Y, Kimura S, Kajiwara C, Iwakura Y, Yamaguchi K, Tateda K. Role of interleukin-17 in a murine community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia model. Microbes Infect 2018; 21:33-39. [PMID: 30026066 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-17 is a key member of the Th17 cytokines and has been reported to be involved in the pathomechanisms underlying various diseases, including infectious diseases. Infections with community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) have garnered worldwide attention, and the representative USA300 strain is known to cause pneumonia in healthy people, which can be lethal. However, little is known about the role of IL-17 in CA-MRSA pneumonia. In this study, we investigated the role of IL-17 in a CA-MRSA pneumonia animal model. Mortality was higher and occurred at an earlier stage of infection in the IL-17A-knockout mice than in the wild-type (P < 0.01) and IL-17A/F-knockout mice (P < 0.05); however, no significant difference in the intrapulmonary bacterial counts was observed among the three groups of mice. Moreover, the IL-17A-knockout group showed significantly higher levels of IL-17F and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and a significantly higher neutrophil count in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid than the other groups. These results confirmed that G-CSF expression significantly increased, and significant neutrophilic inflammation occurred under conditions of IL-17A deficiency in the murine CA-MRSA pneumonia model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Shibue
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16, Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan; First Department of Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kimura
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16, Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan.
| | - Chiaki Kajiwara
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16, Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2669 Yamasaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Keizo Yamaguchi
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16, Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tateda
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16, Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
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28
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Park HE, Park HT, Jung YH, Yoo HS. Gene expression profiles of immune-regulatory genes in whole blood of cattle with a subclinical infection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196502. [PMID: 29698503 PMCID: PMC5919679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne’s disease is a chronic wasting disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), resulting in inflammation of intestines and persistent diarrhea. The initial host response against MAP infections is mainly regulated by the Th1 response, which is characterized by the production of IFN-γ. With the progression of disease, MAP can survive in the host through the evasion of the host’s immune response by manipulating the host immune response. However, the host response during subclinical phases has not been fully understood. Immune regulatory genes, including Th17-derived cytokines, interferon regulatory factors, and calcium signaling-associated genes, are hypothesized to play an important role during subclinical phases of Johne’s disease. Therefore, the present study was conducted to analyze the expression profiles of immune regulatory genes during MAP infection in whole blood. Different expression patterns of genes were identified depending on the infection stages. Downregulation of IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, IL-26, HMGB1, and IRF4 and upregulation of PIP5K1C indicate suppression of the Th1 response due to MAP infection and loss of granuloma integrity. In addition, increased expression of IRF5 and IRF7 suggest activation of IFN-α/β signaling during subclinical stages, which induced indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase mediated depletion of tryptophan metabolism. Increased expression of CORO1A indicate modulation of calcium signaling, which enhanced the survival of MAP. Taken together, distinct host gene expression induced by MAP infection indicates enhanced survival of MAP during subclinical stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Eui Park
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Tae Park
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Jung
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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29
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The Immunoregulation of Th17 in Host against Intracellular Bacterial Infection. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:6587296. [PMID: 29743811 PMCID: PMC5884031 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6587296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper 17 cells (Th17) constitute a distinct subset of helper T cells with a unique transcriptional profile (STAT3, RORγ, and RORα), cytokine production pattern (IL17 family), and requirement of specific cytokines for their differentiation (TGF-β, IL6, IL21, and IL23). Recent studies involving experimental animals and humans have shown that Th17/IL17 plays a crucial role in host defense against a variety of pathogens, including bacteria and viruses. The underlying mechanisms by which Th17 performs include dendritic cell (DC) regulation, neutrophil recruitment, Th1 modulation, and T regulatory cell (Treg) balance. In recent years, researchers have generated an accumulating wealth of evidence on the role of Th17/IL17 in protective immunity to intracellular bacterial pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Chlamydia trachomatis, which are one of the most important pathogens that inflict significant socioeconomic burden across the globe. In this article, we reviewed the current literature on the functions and mechanisms by which Th17/IL17 responds to intracellular bacterial infections. A better understanding of Th17/IL17 immunity to pathogens would be crucial for developing effective prophylactics and therapeutics.
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30
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V γ4+ T Cells: A Novel IL-17-Producing γδ T Subsets during the Early Phase of Chlamydial Airway Infection in Mice. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:6265746. [PMID: 29670466 PMCID: PMC5835244 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6265746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies showed that γδ T cells provided immune protection against Chlamydial muridarum (Cm), an obligate intracellular strain of chlamydia trachomatis, lung infection by producing abundant IL-17. In this study, we investigated the proliferation and activation of lung γδ T cell subsets, specifically the IL-17 and IFNγ production by them following Cm lung infection. Our results found that five γδ T cell subsets, Vγ1+ T, Vγ2+ T, Vγ4+ T, Vγ5+ T, and Vγ6+ T, expressed in lungs of naïve mice, while Cm lung infection mainly induced the proliferation and activation of Vγ4+ T cells at day 3 p.i., following Vγ1+ T cells at day 7 p.i. Cytokine detection showed that Cm lung infection induced IFNγ secretion firstly by Vγ4+ T cells at very early stage (day 3) and changed to Vγ1+ T cells at midstage (day 7). Furthermore, Vγ4+ T cell is the main γδ T cell subset that secretes IL-17 at the very early stage of Cm lung infection and Vγ1+ T cell did not secrete IL-17 during the infection. These findings provide in vivo evidence that Vγ4+T cells are the major IL-17 and IFNγ-producing γδ T cell subsets at the early period of Cm lung infection.
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31
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Noto Llana M, Sarnacki SH, Morales AL, Aya Castañeda MDR, Giacomodonato MN, Blanco G, Cerquetti MC. Activation of iNKT Cells Prevents Salmonella-Enterocolitis and Salmonella-Induced Reactive Arthritis by Downregulating IL-17-Producing γδT Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:398. [PMID: 28944217 PMCID: PMC5596086 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive arthritis (ReA) is an inflammatory condition of the joints that arises following an infection. Salmonella enterocolitis is one of the most common infections leading to ReA. Although the pathogenesis remains unclear, it is known that IL-17 plays a pivotal role in the development of ReA. IL-17-producers cells are mainly Th17, iNKT, and γδT lymphocytes. It is known that iNKT cells regulate the development of Th17 lineage. Whether iNKT cells also regulate γδT lymphocytes differentiation is unknown. We found that iNKT cells play a protective role in ReA. BALB/c Jα18−/− mice suffered a severe Salmonella enterocolitis, a 3.5-fold increase in IL-17 expression and aggravated inflammation of the synovial membrane. On the other hand, activation of iNKT cells with α-GalCer abrogated IL-17 response to Salmonella enterocolitis and prevented intestinal and joint tissue damage. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory effect of α-GalCer was related to a drop in the proportion of IL-17-producing γδT lymphocytes (IL17-γδTcells) rather than to a decrease in Th17 cells. In summary, we here show that iNKT cells play a protective role against Salmonella-enterocolitis and Salmonella-induced ReA by downregulating IL17-γδTcells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariángeles Noto Llana
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián H Sarnacki
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea L Morales
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Del R Aya Castañeda
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica N Giacomodonato
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Blanco
- Departamento de Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María C Cerquetti
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica includes several serovars infecting both humans and other animals and leading to typhoid fever or gastroenteritis. The high prevalence of associated morbidity and mortality, together with an increased emergence of multidrug-resistant strains, is a current global health issue that has prompted the development of vaccination strategies that confer protection against most serovars. Currently available systemic vaccine approaches have major limitations, including a reduced effectiveness in young children and a lack of cross-protection among different strains. Having studied host-pathogen interactions, microbiologists and immunologists argue in favor of topical gastrointestinal administration for improvement in vaccine efficacy. Here, recent advances in this field are summarized, including mechanisms of bacterial uptake at the intestinal epithelium, the assessment of protective host immunity, and improved animal models that closely mimic infection in humans. The pros and cons of existing vaccines are presented, along with recent progress made with novel formulations. Finally, new candidate antigens and their relevance in the refined design of anti-Salmonella vaccines are discussed, along with antigen vectorization strategies such as nanoparticles or secretory immunoglobulins, with a focus on potentiating mucosal vaccine efficacy.
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Bai H, Gao X, Zhao L, Peng Y, Yang J, Qiao S, Zhao H, Wang S, Fan Y, Joyee AG, Yao Z, Yang X. Respective IL-17A production by γδ T and Th17 cells and its implication in host defense against chlamydial lung infection. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 14:850-861. [PMID: 27796286 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of IL-17A is important in protection against lung infection with Chlamydiae, an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen. In this study, we explored the producers of IL-17A in chlamydial lung infection and specifically tested the role of major IL-17A producers in protective immunity. We found that γδT cells and Th17 cells are the major producers of IL-17A at the early and later stages of chlamydial infection, respectively. Depletion of γδT cells in vivo at the early postinfection (p.i.) stage, when most γδT cells produce IL-17A, failed to alter Th1 responses and bacterial clearance. In contrast, the blockade of IL-17A at the time when IL-17A was mainly produced by Th17 (day 7 p.i.) markedly reduced the Th1 response and increased chlamydial growth. The data suggest that the γδ T cell is the highest producer of IL-17A in the very early stages of infection, but the protection conferred by IL-17A is mainly mediated by Th17 cells. In addition, we found that depletion of γδ T cells reduced IL-1α production by dendritic cells, which was associated with a reduced Th17 response. This finding is helpful to understand the variable role of IL-17A in different infections and to develop preventive and therapeutic approaches against infectious diseases by targeting IL-17A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Bai
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xiaoling Gao
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5
| | - Ying Peng
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5
| | - Sai Qiao
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Huili Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Shuhe Wang
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5
| | - YiJun Fan
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5
| | - Antony George Joyee
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5
| | - Zhi Yao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin 300070, China
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Chi H, Bøgwald J, Dalmo RA, Zhang W, Hu YH. Th17 master transcription factors RORα and RORγ regulate the expression of IL-17C, IL-17D and IL-17F in Cynoglossus semilaevis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:169-178. [PMID: 26547017 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The RAR-related orphan receptors (RORs) are members of the nuclear receptor family of intracellular transcription factors. In this study, we examined the regulatory properties of RORα (CsRORα) and RORγ (CsRORγ) in tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). CsRORα and CsRORγ expression was detected in major lymphoid organs and altered to significant extents after bacterial and viral infection. CsRORα enhanced the activities of CsIL-17C, CsIL-17D, and CsIL-17F promoters, which contain CsRORα and CsRORγ binding sites. CsRORγ also upregulated the promoter activities of CsIL-17D and CsIL-17F but not CsIL-17C. CsRORα and CsRORγ proteins were detected in the nucleus, and overexpression of CsRORα in tongue sole significantly increased the expression of CsIL-17C, CsIL-17D, and CsIL-17F, whereas overexpression of CsRORγ significantly increased the expression of CsIL-17C and CsIL-17F but no CsIL-17D. These results indicate that RORα and RORγ in teleost regulate the expression of IL-17 members in different manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Chi
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jarl Bøgwald
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, University of Tromsø, Tromsø N-9037, Norway
| | - Roy Ambli Dalmo
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, University of Tromsø, Tromsø N-9037, Norway
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yong-hua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Hu Y, Cui Q, Luo C, Luo Y, Shi J, Huang H. A promising sword of tomorrow: Human γδ T cell strategies reconcile allo-HSCT complications. Blood Rev 2015; 30:179-88. [PMID: 26654098 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is potentially a curative therapeutic option for hematological malignancies. In clinical practice, transplantation associated complications greatly affected the final therapeutical outcomes. Currently, primary disease relapse, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and infections remain the three leading causes of a high morbidity and mortality in allo-HSCT patients. Various strategies have been investigated in the past several decades including human γδ T cell-based therapeutical regimens. In different microenvironments, human γδ T cells assume features reminiscent of classical Th1, Th2, Th17, NKT and regulatory T cells, showing diverse biological functions. The cytotoxic γδ T cells could be utilized to target relapsed malignancies, and recently regulatory γδ T cells are defined as a novel implement for GVHD management. In addition, human γδ Τ cells facilitate control of post-transplantation infections and participate in tissue regeneration and wound healing processes. These features potentiate γδ T cells a versatile therapeutical agent to target transplantation associated complications. This review focuses on insights of applicable potentials of human γδ T cells reconciling complications associated with allo-HSCT. We believe an improved understanding of pertinent γδ T cell functions would be further exploited in the design of innovative immunotherapeutic approaches in allo-HSCT, to reduce mortality and morbidity, as well as improve quality of life for patients after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxian Hu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Qu Cui
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Chao Luo
- Department of Hematology, Jinhua Central Hospital, No. 351 Mingyue Road, Jinhua 312000, China.
| | - Yi Luo
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Jimin Shi
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China.
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Bobíková K, Revajová V, Karaffová V, Levkutová M, Levkut M. IgA gene expression and quantification of cecal IgA+, IgM+, and CD4+ cells in chickens treated with EFAL41 and infected with Salmonella Enteritidis. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:629-34. [PMID: 26093882 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
IgA gene expression and quantification of mucous IgA+, IgM+ and CD4+ lymphocytes in the cecum of chicks was studied by qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. A total of 220 1-day-old Salmonella-free chicks of Cobb 500 were divided into four groups (n=55). Group 1 served as control (C), group 2 was pretreated with probiotic bacterial strain Enterococus faecium AL41 (EFAL41), group 3 was infected with Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 (SE), and group 4 was pretreated with E. faecium AL41 and subsequently challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 (EFAL41+SE). The relative mRNA expression of IgA was upregulated in the EFAL41 group (P<0.05) when compared to control group at 4dpi. In comparison to the control, EFAL41 and SE group, the relative mRNA expression of IgA was also upregulated in EFAL41+SE group at 7dpi (P<0.001). Immunohistochemistry revealed, that the density of IgA+ cells was higher in EFAL41+SE group comparing to the controls and SE groups (P<0.001). Significantly more CD4+ cells were present in the SE group than in EFAL41 (P<0.05), and EFAL41+SE groups (P<0.001) at 4dpi. In contrast, higher density of CD4+cells at 7dpi was seen in EFAL41+SE group as compared with controls (P<0.05). Flow cytometry determined that relative percentage of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) IgA+ cells was higher in EFAL41 than in SE and EFAL41+SE groups (P<0.05). Comparing to controls the number IgM+ cells increased in SE group (P<0.05) at 7dpi. The results demonstrated beneficial effect of E. faecium AL41 on the mRNA expression of IgA and number of IgA+ cells. Lamina propria lymphocytes (IgA+, IgM+) were not affected by EFAL41 intake or salmonella infection. Probiotic bacterial strain EFAL41 positively influenced the number of IEL during the first days of infection.
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Pham OH, McSorley SJ. Protective host immune responses to Salmonella infection. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:101-10. [PMID: 25598340 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi are the causative agents of human typhoid fever. Current typhoid vaccines are ineffective and are not widely used in endemic areas. Greater understanding of host-pathogen interactions during Salmonella infection should facilitate the development of improved vaccines to combat typhoid and nontyphoidal Salmonellosis. This review will focus on our current understanding of Salmonella pathogenesis and the major host immune components that participate in immunity to Salmonella infection. In addition, recent findings regarding host immune mechanisms in response to Salmonella infection will be also discussed, providing a new perspective on the utility of improved tools to study the immune response to Salmonella infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oanh H Pham
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Li Z, Jiao Y, Hu Y, Cui L, Chen D, Wu H, Zhang J, He W. Distortion of memory Vδ2 γδ T cells contributes to immune dysfunction in chronic HIV infection. Cell Mol Immunol 2014; 12:604-14. [PMID: 25220734 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells play important roles in innate immunity as the first-line of defense against infectious diseases. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection disrupts the balance between Vδ(1) T cells and Vδ(2) T cells and causes dysfunction among γδ T cells. However, the biological mechanisms and clinical consequences of this disruption require further investigation. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of phenotype and function of memory γδ T cells in cohorts of Chinese individuals with HIV infection. We found a dynamic change in memory Vδ(2) γδ T cells, skewed toward an activated and terminally differentiated effector memory phenotype T(EMRA) Vδ(2) γδ T cell, which may account for the dysfunction of Vδ(2) γδ T cells in HIV disease. In addition, we found that IL-17-producing γδ T cells were significantly increased in HIV-infected patients with fast disease progression and positively correlated with HLA-DR(+) γδ T cells and CD38(+)HLA-DR(+) γδ T cells. This suggests the IL-17 signaling pathway is involved in γδ T-cell activation and HIV pathogenesis. Our findings provide novel insights into the role of Vδ(2) T cells during HIV pathogenesis and represent a sound basis on which to consider immune therapies with these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Yanmei Jiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of AIDS, Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing You'An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Lianxian Cui
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Dexi Chen
- Beijing Institute of Liver Disease, Beijing You'An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of AIDS, Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing You'An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
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Steinberg RS, Silva LCS, Souza TC, Lima MT, de Oliveira NLG, Vieira LQ, Arantes RME, Miyoshi A, Nicoli JR, Neumann E, Nunes ÁC. Safety and protective effectiveness of two strains of Lactobacillus with probiotic features in an experimental model of salmonellosis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:8755-76. [PMID: 25162711 PMCID: PMC4198989 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110908755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Two strains of Lactobacillus, previously isolated from bovine faeces and tested in vitro for properties desired in probiotics, were evaluated for their in vivo effectiveness in protecting against experimental salmonellosis. L. salivarius L38 and L. acidophilus L36 previously demonstrated the ability to successfully colonize the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice and stimulate the immune system associated with the intestinal mucosa. L38- or L36-feeding showed no detrimental effect on the general health indicators and did not induce changes in normal architecture of liver and small intestine, indicating that the use of these strains is apparently safe. In control animals fed L38 strain, several cytokines had augmented mRNA levels that can be associated with a homeostatic state of intestinal mucosa, while L36 had less diverse regulation. IgA production and secretion in the intestinal lumen induced by infection was abrogated by pretreating with both lactobacilli. In addition, liver and small intestine histological scores and, translocation of Salmonella cells to liver and spleen, indicated that these strains did not confer protection against the infection. So, the IL-12:IL-18àIFN-g axis, essential for an effective immune response against Salmonella, was not favored with L38 or L36 strains. However, increased expression of IL-10 in different portions of the gastrointestinal tract of L38-fed animals is indicative of anti-inflammatory effect to be explored furthermore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael S. Steinberg
- Department of General Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; E-Mails: (R.S.S.); (L.C.S.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Lilian C. S. Silva
- Department of General Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; E-Mails: (R.S.S.); (L.C.S.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Tássia C. Souza
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; E-Mails: (T.C.S.); (M.T.L.); (M.L.G.O.); (J.R.N.); (E.N.)
| | - Maurício T. Lima
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; E-Mails: (T.C.S.); (M.T.L.); (M.L.G.O.); (J.R.N.); (E.N.)
| | - Nayara L. G. de Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; E-Mails: (T.C.S.); (M.T.L.); (M.L.G.O.); (J.R.N.); (E.N.)
| | - Leda Q. Vieira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; E-Mail:
| | - Rosa M. E. Arantes
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; E-Mail:
| | - Anderson Miyoshi
- Department of General Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; E-Mails: (R.S.S.); (L.C.S.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Jacques R. Nicoli
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; E-Mails: (T.C.S.); (M.T.L.); (M.L.G.O.); (J.R.N.); (E.N.)
| | - Elisabeth Neumann
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; E-Mails: (T.C.S.); (M.T.L.); (M.L.G.O.); (J.R.N.); (E.N.)
| | - Álvaro C. Nunes
- Department of General Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; E-Mails: (R.S.S.); (L.C.S.S.); (A.M.)
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Cheng M, Qian L, Shen G, Bian G, Xu T, Xu W, Shen G, Hu S. Microbiota modulate tumoral immune surveillance in lung through a γδT17 immune cell-dependent mechanism. Cancer Res 2014; 74:4030-41. [PMID: 24947042 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Commensal bacteria are crucial to maintain immune homeostasis in mucosal tissues and disturbances in their ecology can affect disease susceptibility. Here, we report evidence that commensal bacteria shape the efficiency of immune surveillance in mucosal tissues. Antibiotic-treated (Abt) mice were more susceptible to development of engrafted B16/F10 melanoma and Lewis lung carcinoma, exhibiting a shortened mean survival time with more numerous and larger tumor foci in the lungs. The defective antitumor response of Abt mice was independent of dehydration caused by antibiotics. Host defenses relied upon intact commensal bacteria with no class specificity. Mechanistic investigations revealed a defective induction of the γδT17 cell response in lungs of Abt mice; here, more aggressive tumor development was observed, possibly related to a reduction in IL6 and IL23 expression there. Adding normal γδT cells or supplementing IL17 restored the impaired immune surveillance phenotype in Abt mice. Overall, our results demonstrated the importance of commensal bacteria in supporting the host immune response against cancer, defined an important role for γδT17 responses in the mechanism, and suggested deleterious effects of antibiotic treatment on cancer susceptibility and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cheng
- Gerontology Institute of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Hospital Affiliated Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei, China.
| | - Liting Qian
- Gerontology Institute of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Hospital Affiliated Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei, China
| | - Guodong Shen
- Gerontology Institute of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Hospital Affiliated Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei, China
| | - Geng Bian
- Gerontology Institute of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Hospital Affiliated Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei, China
| | - Tingjuan Xu
- Gerontology Institute of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Hospital Affiliated Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei, China
| | - Weiping Xu
- Gerontology Institute of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Hospital Affiliated Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei, China
| | - Gan Shen
- Gerontology Institute of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Hospital Affiliated Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei, China
| | - Shilian Hu
- Gerontology Institute of Anhui Province, Anhui Province Hospital Affiliated Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei, China
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Influence of maternal immunization with allergens on the thymic maturation of lymphocytes with regulatory potential in children: a broad field for further exploration. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:780386. [PMID: 25009823 PMCID: PMC4070472 DOI: 10.1155/2014/780386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of mechanisms are involved in the regulation of offspring allergy development through maternal immunization with allergens. The passive transfer of antigens, antibodies, and cytokines, the induction of phenotypic alterations in offspring lymphocytes, and the induction of regulatory populations in offspring have been proposed, but these mechanisms remain incompletely understood. It is likely that maternal immunization could affect the intrathymic maturation of offspring TCD4+, TCD8+, γδT, nTreg, iNKT, and B lymphocytes, although there are currently no human maternal immunization protocols for the regulation of allergic responses in children. Some studies have suggested a direct interaction between the maternal immune status and the offspring intrathymic microenvironment; this interaction could influence the maturation of offspring regulatory cells and must be explored for the development of therapies to control allergy development in children.
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Pedrazza L, Lunardelli A, Luft C, Cruz CU, de Mesquita FC, Bitencourt S, Nunes FB, de Oliveira JR. Mesenchymal stem cells decrease splenocytes apoptosis in a sepsis experimental model. Inflamm Res 2014; 63:719-28. [PMID: 24888322 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-014-0745-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are potent modulators of immune responses. Sepsis is the association of a systemic inflammatory response with an infection. The aim of this study was to test the ability of MSCs derived from adipose tissue, which have immunomodulatory effects, and to inhibit the septic process in an experimental model of mice. METHODS Three experimental groups (male C57BL/6 mice) were formed for the test: control group, untreated septic group and septic group treated with MSCs (1 × 10(6) cells/animal). RESULTS In the control group, there were no deaths; in the untreated septic group, the mortality rate was 100 % within 26 h; in the septic group treated with MSCs, the mortality rate reached 40 % within 26 h. The group treated with MSCs was able to reduce the markers of tissue damage in the liver and pancreas. The treated group had a reduction of inflammatory markers. Furthermore, the MSCs-treated group was able to inhibit the increase of apoptosis in splenocytes observed in the untreated septic group. CONCLUSIONS Our data showed that MSCs ameliorated the immune response with decrease of inflammatory cytokines and increase anti-inflammatory IL-10; moreover, inhibited splenocytes apoptosis and, consequently, inhibited tissue damage during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Pedrazza
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Biofísica Celular e Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Avenida Ipiranga 6681, prédio 12, bloco C, sala 221, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 90619-900, Brazil
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Baldwin CL, Hsu H, Chen C, Palmer M, McGill J, Waters WR, Telfer JC. The role of bovine γδ T cells and their WC1 co-receptor in response to bacterial pathogens and promoting vaccine efficacy: A model for cattle and humans. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 159:144-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Interleukin 17A promotes pneumococcal clearance by recruiting neutrophils and inducing apoptosis through a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent mechanism in acute otitis media. Infect Immun 2014; 82:2368-77. [PMID: 24664502 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00006-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-positive and human-restricted pathogen colonizing the nasopharynx with an absence of clinical symptoms as well as a major pathogen causing otitis media (OM), one of the most common childhood infections. Upon bacterial infection, neutrophils are rapidly activated and recruited to the infected site, acting as the frontline defender against emerging microbial pathogens via different ways. Evidence shows that interleukin 17A (IL-17A), a neutrophil-inducing factor, plays important roles in the immune responses in several diseases. However, its function in response to S. pneumoniae OM remains unclear. In this study, the function of IL-17A in response to S. pneumoniae OM was examined using an in vivo model. We developed a model of acute OM (AOM) in C57BL/6 mice and found that neutrophils were the dominant immune cells that infiltrated to the middle ear cavity (MEC) and contributed to bacterial clearance. Using IL-17A knockout (KO) mice, we found that IL-17A boosted neutrophil recruitment to the MEC and afterwards induced apoptosis, which was identified to be conducive to bacterial clearance. In addition, our observation suggested that the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway was involved in the recruitment and apoptosis of neutrophils mediated by IL-17A. These data support the conclusion that IL-17A contributes to the host immune response against S. pneumoniae by promoting neutrophil recruitment and apoptosis through the p38 MAPK signaling pathway.
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From the regulatory functions of B cells to the identification of cytokine-producing plasma cell subsets. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 28:77-83. [PMID: 24637161 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocytes have a unique role as antibody-producing cells. Antibodies are key mediators of humoral immunity against infections, and are thought to account for the protection afforded by successful vaccines. B cells can also secrete cytokines and subsequently regulate immune responses mediated by T and innate cells. Remarkably, recent studies identified plasma blasts/plasma cells as the main types of activated B cells producing the cytokines interleukin (IL)-10, IL-35, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-17, and GM-CSF in various contexts in mice. Here, we discuss these observations, which suggest the existence of various subsets of plasma blast/plasma cells distinguishable through their cytokine expression pattern.
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Severa M, Islam SA, Waggoner SN, Jiang Z, Kim ND, Ryan G, Kurt-Jones E, Charo I, Caffrey DR, Boyartchuk VL, Luster AD, Fitzgerald KA. The transcriptional repressor BLIMP1 curbs host defenses by suppressing expression of the chemokine CCL8. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2291-304. [PMID: 24477914 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional repressor B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (BLIMP1) is a master regulator of B and T cell differentiation. To examine the role of BLIMP1 in innate immunity, we used a conditional knockout (CKO) of Blimp1 in myeloid cells and found that Blimp1 CKO mice were protected from lethal infection induced by Listeria monocytogenes. Transcriptome analysis of Blimp1 CKO macrophages identified the murine chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 8, CCL8, as a direct target of Blimp1-mediated transcriptional repression in these cells. BLIMP1-deficient macrophages expressed elevated levels of Ccl8, and consequently Blimp1 CKO mice had higher levels of circulating CCL8, resulting in increased neutrophils in the peripheral blood, promoting a more aggressive antibacterial response. Mice lacking the Ccl8 gene were more susceptible to L. monocytogenes infection than were wild-type mice. Although CCL8 failed to recruit neutrophils directly, it was chemotactic for γ/δ T cells, and CCL8-responsive γ/δ T cells were enriched for IL-17F. Finally, CCL8-mediated enhanced clearance of L. monocytogenes was dependent on γ/δ T cells. Collectively, these data reveal an important role for BLIMP1 in modulating host defenses by suppressing expression of the chemokine CCL8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Severa
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
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Th17 cells in immunity and autoimmunity. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:986789. [PMID: 24454481 PMCID: PMC3886602 DOI: 10.1155/2013/986789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Th17 and IL-17 play important roles in the clearance of extracellular bacterial and fungal infections. However, strong evidence also implicates the Th17 lineage in several autoimmune disorders including multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and asthma. The Th17 subset has also been connected with type I diabetes, although whether it plays a role in the pathogenicity of or protection from the disease remains a controversial issue. In this review we have provided a comprehensive overview of Th17 pathogenicity and function, including novel evidence for a protective role of Th17 cells in conjunction with the microbiota gut flora in T1D onset and progression.
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48
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Noto Llana M, Sarnacki SH, Aya Castañeda MDR, Bernal MI, Giacomodonato MN, Cerquetti MC. Consumption of Lactobacillus casei fermented milk prevents Salmonella reactive arthritis by modulating IL-23/IL-17 expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82588. [PMID: 24340048 PMCID: PMC3858332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive arthritis is the development of sterile joint inflammation as a sequel to a remote infection, often in the gut. We have previously shown that a low dose of S. enteritidis inoculated to streptomycin-pretreated mice generates a self-limiting enterocolitis suitable for studying reactive arthritis. Here we show that consumption of Lactobacillus casei prior to infection abolishes intestinal and joint inflammation triggered by Salmonella. BALB/c mice were sacrificed after infection; intestinal and joint samples were analyzed for histological changes and expression of cytokines. TNF-α was measured by ELISA and the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IL-23 and TGF-β was assessed by qPCR. L. casei consumption prevented Salmonella-induced synovitis, the increment of TNF-α in knees and the increase of IL-17 expression in popliteal and inguinal lymph nodes. At intestinal level consumption of L. casei drastically diminished S. enteritidis invasiveness and shortened splenic persistence of the pathogen. Bacterial loads recovered at days 2 and 5 from Peyer's patches were 10-fold lower in mice fed with L. casei. In accordance, we found that the augment in gut permeability induced during enterocolitis was decreased in those animals. Consumption of L. casei prior to infection failed to increase anti- inflammatory molecules such as IL-10 and TGF-β in the intestine. On the other hand, consumption of L. casei abrogated the expression of TNF-α, IL-17, IL-23, IL-1β and IL-6 in cecum and mesenteric lymph nodes. These cytokines are needed for differentiation of immune cells involved in the development of reactive arthritis such as Th17 and γδ T cells. Trafficking of these inflammatory cells from the gut to the joints has been proposed as a mechanism of generation of reactive arthritis. Our results suggest that L. casei consumption prevents Salmonella-induced synovitis by altering the intestinal milieu necessary for differentiation of cells involved in the generation of joint inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariángeles Noto Llana
- Instituto de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM-CONICET) and Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Hernán Sarnacki
- Instituto de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM-CONICET) and Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María del Rosario Aya Castañeda
- Instituto de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM-CONICET) and Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Isabel Bernal
- Instituto de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM-CONICET) and Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica Nancy Giacomodonato
- Instituto de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM-CONICET) and Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Cristina Cerquetti
- Instituto de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM-CONICET) and Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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49
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Olivier M, Foret B, Le Vern Y, Kerboeuf D, Guilloteau LA. Plasticity of migrating CD1b+ and CD1b- lymph dendritic cells in the promotion of Th1, Th2 and Th17 in response to Salmonella and helminth secretions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79537. [PMID: 24223964 PMCID: PMC3818231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are pivotal in the development of specific T-cell responses to control pathogens, as they govern both the initiation and the polarization of adaptive immunity. To investigate the capacities of migrating DCs to respond to pathogens, we used physiologically generated lymph DCs (L-DCs). The flexible polarization of L-DCs was analysed in response to Salmonella or helminth secretions known to induce different T cell responses. Mature conventional CD1b+ L-DCs showed a predisposition to promote pro-inflammatory (IL-6), pro-Th1 (IL-12p40) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) responses which were amplified by Salmonella, and limited to only IL-6 induction by helminth secretions. The other major population of L-DCs did not express the CD1b molecule and displayed phenotypic features of immaturity compared to CD1b+ L-DCs. Salmonella infection reduced the constitutive expression of TNF-α and IL-4 mRNA in CD1b- L-DCs, whereas this expression was not affected by helminth secretions. The cytokine response of T cells promoted by L-DCs was analysed in T cell subsets after co-culture with Salmonella or helminth secretion-driven CD1b+ or CD1b- L-DCs. T cells preferentially expressed the IL-17 gene, and to a lesser extent the IFN-γ and IL-10 genes, in response to Salmonella-driven CD1b+ L-DCs, whereas a preferential IL-10, IFN-γ and IL-17 gene expression was observed in response to Salmonella-driven CD1b- L-DCs. In contrast, a predominant IL-4 and IL-13 gene expression by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was observed after stimulation of CD1b+ and CD1b- L-DCs with helminth secretions. These results show that mature conventional CD1b+ L-DCs maintain a flexible capacity to respond differently to pathogens, that the predisposition of CD1b- L-DCs to promote a Th2 response can be oriented towards other Th responses, and finally that the modulation of migrating L-DCs responses is controlled more by the pathogen encountered than the L-DC subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Olivier
- UR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA, Nouzilly, France
| | - Benjamin Foret
- UR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA, Nouzilly, France
| | - Yves Le Vern
- Laboratoire de Cytométrie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nouzilly, France
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50
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Gopinath S, Hotson A, Johns J, Nolan G, Monack D. The systemic immune state of super-shedder mice is characterized by a unique neutrophil-dependent blunting of TH1 responses. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003408. [PMID: 23754944 PMCID: PMC3675027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-to-host transmission of a pathogen ensures its successful propagation and maintenance within a host population. A striking feature of disease transmission is the heterogeneity in host infectiousness. It has been proposed that within a host population, 20% of the infected hosts, termed super-shedders, are responsible for 80% of disease transmission. However, very little is known about the immune state of these super-shedders. In this study, we used the model organism Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, an important cause of disease in humans and animal hosts, to study the immune state of super-shedders. Compared to moderate shedders, super-shedder mice had an active inflammatory response in both the gastrointestinal tract and the spleen but a dampened T(H)1 response specific to the secondary lymphoid organs. Spleens from super-shedder mice had higher numbers of neutrophils, and a dampened T cell response, characterized by higher levels of regulatory T cells (T(regs)), fewer T-bet(+) (T(H)1) T cells as well as blunted cytokine responsiveness. Administration of the cytokine granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and subsequent neutrophilia was sufficient to induce the super-shedder immune phenotype in moderate-shedder mice. Similar to super-shedders, these G-CSF-treated moderate-shedders had a dampened T(H)1 response with fewer T-bet(+) T cells and a loss of cytokine responsiveness. Additionally, G-CSF treatment inhibited IL-2-mediated TH1 expansion. Finally, depletion of neutrophils led to an increase in the number of T-bet(+) T(H)1 cells and restored their ability to respond to IL-2. Taken together, we demonstrate a novel role for neutrophils in blunting IL-2-mediated proliferation of the TH1 immune response in the spleens of mice that are colonized by high levels of S. Typhimurium in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Gopinath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew Hotson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Baxter Laboratory of Genetic Pharmacology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Johns
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Garry Nolan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Baxter Laboratory of Genetic Pharmacology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Denise Monack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
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