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Kumaresan G, Gangwar C, Mishra AK, Kumar A, Kharche SD, Singh NP, Pachoori A. Occurrence, molecular characterization and antimicrobial-resistance pattern of Staphylococcus species isolates from buck semen. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:135. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02731-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abdullahi IN, Fernández-Fernández R, Juárez-Fernández G, Martínez-Álvarez S, Eguizábal P, Zarazaga M, Lozano C, Torres C. Wild Animals Are Reservoirs and Sentinels of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA Clones: A Problem with "One Health" Concern. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1556. [PMID: 34943768 PMCID: PMC8698730 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The availability of comprehensive data on the ecology and molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus/MRSA in wild animals is necessary to understand their relevance in the "One Health" domain. Objective: In this study, we determined the pooled prevalence of nasal, tracheal and/or oral (NTO) Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) carriage in wild animals, with a special focus on mecA and mecC genes as well as the frequency of MRSA and methicillin susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) of the lineages CC398 and CC130 in wild animals. Methodology: This systematic review was executed on cross-sectional studies that reported S. aureus and MRSA in the NTO cavities of wild animals distributed in four groups: non-human primates (NHP), wild mammals (WM, excluding rodents and NHP), wild birds (WB) and wild rodents (WR). Appropriate and eligible articles published (in English) between 1 January 2011 to 30 August 2021 were searched for from PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, SciElo and Web of Science. Results: Of the 33 eligible and analysed studies, the pooled prevalence of NTO S. aureus and MRSA carriage was 18.5% (range: 0-100%) and 2.1% (range: 0.0-63.9%), respectively. The pooled prevalence of S. aureus/MRSA in WM, NHP, WB and WR groups was 15.8/1.6, 32.9/2.0, 10.3/3.4 and 24.2/3.4%, respectively. The prevalence of mecC-MRSA among WM/NHP/WB/WR was 1.64/0.0/2.1/0.59%, respectively, representing 89.9/0.0/59.1/25.0% of total MRSA detected in these groups of animals.The MRSA-CC398 and MRSA-CC130 lineages were most prevalent in wild birds (0.64 and 2.07%, respectively); none of these lineages were reported in NHP studies. The MRSA-CC398 (mainly of spa-type t011, 53%), MRSA-CC130 (mainly of spa types t843 and t1535, 73%), MSSA-CC398 (spa-types t571, t1451, t6606 and t034) and MSSA-CC130 (spa types t843, t1535, t3625 and t3256) lineages were mostly reported. Conclusion: Although the global prevalence of MRSA is low in wild animals, mecC-mediated resistance was particularly prevalent among MRSA isolates, especially among WM and WB. Considering the genetic diversity of MRSA in wild animals, they need to be monitored for effective control of the spread of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carmen Torres
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, One-Health Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (I.N.A.); (R.F.-F.); (G.J.-F.); (S.M.-Á.); (P.E.); (M.Z.); (C.L.)
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Silva V, Gabriel SI, Borrego SB, Tejedor-Junco MT, Manageiro V, Ferreira E, Reis L, Caniça M, Capelo JL, Igrejas G, Poeta P. Antimicrobial Resistance and Genetic Lineages of Staphylococcus aureus from Wild Rodents: First Report of mecC-Positive Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in Portugal. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1537. [PMID: 34070357 PMCID: PMC8229929 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequent carriage of Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), by wild animals along with its zoonotic potential poses a public health problem. Furthermore, the repeated detection of the mecA gene homologue, mecC, in wildlife raises the question whether these animals may be a reservoir for mecC-MRSA. Thus, we aimed to isolate S. aureus and MRSA from wild rodents living in port areas and to characterize their antimicrobial resistance and genetic lineages. Mouth and rectal swab samples were recovered from 204 wild rodents. The samples were incubated in BHI broth with 6.5% of NaCl and after 24 h at 37 °C the inoculum was seeded onto Baird-Parker agar, Mannitol Salt agar and ORSAB (supplemented with 2 mg/L of oxacillin) plates. Species identification was confirmed by MALDI-TOF MS. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method against 14 antibiotics. The presence of virulence and resistance genes was performed by PCR. The immune evasion cluster (IEC) system was investigated in all S. aureus. All isolates were characterized by MLST, spa- and agr typing. From 204 samples, 38 S. aureus were isolated of which six MRSA were detected. Among the six MRSA isolates, three harbored the mecC gene and the other three, the mecA gene. All mecC-MRSA isolates were ascribed to sequence type (ST) 1945 (which belongs to CC130) and spa-type t1535 whereas the mecA isolates belonged to ST22 and ST36 and spa-types t747 and t018. Twenty-five S. aureus were susceptible to all antibiotics tested. S. aureus isolates were ascribed to 11 MLST and 12 spa-types. S. aureus presents a great diversity of genetic lineages in wild rodents. This is the first report of mecC-MRSA in Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Functional Genomics and Proteomics’ Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisbon, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Sofia I. Gabriel
- CESAM—Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia B. Borrego
- Direção Regional da Agricultura, Secretaria Regional da Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural, Quinta de São Gonçalo, 9500-343 Ponta Delgada, Portugal;
| | - Maria Teresa Tejedor-Junco
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Canary Islands, Spain;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Vera Manageiro
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (V.M.); (E.F.); (L.R.); (M.C.)
- Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal
| | - Eugénia Ferreira
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (V.M.); (E.F.); (L.R.); (M.C.)
- Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal
| | - Lígia Reis
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (V.M.); (E.F.); (L.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Manuela Caniça
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (V.M.); (E.F.); (L.R.); (M.C.)
- Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal
| | - José L. Capelo
- BIOSCOPE Group, LAQV@REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2825-466 Almada, Portugal;
- Proteomass Scientific Society, 2825-466 Costa de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Functional Genomics and Proteomics’ Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisbon, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisbon, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Regecová I, Výrostková J, Zigo F, Gregová G, Kováčová M. Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance of Bacteria Staphylococcus chromogenes Isolated from Sheep's Milk and Cheese. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10050570. [PMID: 34066038 PMCID: PMC8150534 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial and multidrug resistance is detected in nonaureus staphylococci, including Staphylococcus chromogenes, which commonly causes intramammary infections. Recent clinical studies point to the presence of methicillin-resistant S. chromogenes. Therefore, this study aims to determine the prevalence of this species in samples of sheep‘s milk and cheeses made from them. Isolates were identified by polymerase chain reaction and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI–TOF). A total of 208 staphylococcal isolates were identified. Of these, 18% were identified as S. chromogenes. The antimicrobial resistance of the identified isolates was determined using the agar dilution method against penicillin, ceftaroline, teicoplanin, gentamicin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and ofloxacin. The highest resistance was found to penicillin (95%), tetracycline (86%), and oxacillin (81%). The highest sensitivity was confirmed for gentamicin (55%). The study also confirmed the presence of methicillin resistant staphylococcal isolates (30%) based on the phenotypic manifestation of antimicrobial resistance and detection of the presence of the mecA gene. The study shows that the tested isolates (62%) were multidrug resistant. Resistance to two antibiotics was most often found (39%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Regecová
- Department of Food Hygiene, Technology and Safety, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (I.R.); (M.K.)
| | - Jana Výrostková
- Department of Food Hygiene, Technology and Safety, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (I.R.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - František Zigo
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Husbandry, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Gabriela Gregová
- Department of Public Veterinary Medicine and Animal Welfare, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Mariana Kováčová
- Department of Food Hygiene, Technology and Safety, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (I.R.); (M.K.)
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Lee SI, Kim SD, Park JH, Yang SJ. Species Distribution, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Enterotoxigenicity of Non- aureus Staphylococci in Retail Chicken Meat. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9110809. [PMID: 33203011 PMCID: PMC7697432 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9110809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-aureus staphylococci (NAS), including coagulase-negative staphylococci, have emerged as important causes of opportunistic infections in humans and animals and a potential cause of staphylococcal food poisoning. In this study, we investigated (i) the staphylococcal species profiles of NAS in in retail chicken meat, (ii) the phenotypic and genotypic factors associated with antimicrobial resistance in the NAS isolates, and (iii) the prevalence of classical and newer staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes. A total of 58 NAS of nine different species were isolated from retail raw chicken meat samples. The occurrence of multidrug resistance in the NAS, particularly S. agnetis and S. chromogenes, with high resistance rates against tetracycline or fluoroquinolones were confirmed. The tetracycline resistance was associated with the presence of tet(L) in S. chromogenes and S. hyicus or tet(K) in S. saprophyticus. The occurrence of fluoroquinolone resistance in S. agnetis and S. chromogenes was usually associated with mutations in the quinolone resistance determining regions (QRDR) of gyrA and parC. In addition, the frequent presence of SE genes, especially seh, sej, and sep, was detected in S. agnetis and S. chromogenes. Our findings suggest that NAS in raw chicken meat can have potential roles as reservoirs for antimicrobial resistance and enterotoxin genes.
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Silence as a way of niche adaptation: mecC-MRSA with variations in the accessory gene regulator (agr) functionality express kaleidoscopic phenotypes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14787. [PMID: 32901059 PMCID: PMC7479134 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71640-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Functionality of the accessory gene regulator (agr) quorum sensing system is an important factor promoting either acute or chronic infections by the notorious opportunistic human and veterinary pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Spontaneous alterations of the agr system are known to frequently occur in human healthcare-associated S. aureus lineages. However, data on agr integrity and function are sparse regarding other major clonal lineages. Here we report on the agr system functionality and activity level in mecC-carrying methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) of various animal origins (n = 33) obtained in Europe as well as in closely related human isolates (n = 12). Whole genome analysis assigned all isolates to four clonal complexes (CC) with distinct agr types (CC599 agr I, CC49 agr II, CC130 agr III and CC1943 agr IV). Agr functionality was assessed by a combination of phenotypic assays and proteome analysis. In each CC, isolates with varying agr activity levels were detected, including the presence of completely non-functional variants. Genomic comparison of the agr I-IV encoding regions associated these phenotypic differences with variations in the agrA and agrC genes. The genomic changes were detected independently in divergent lineages, suggesting that agr variation might foster viability and adaptation of emerging MRSA lineages to distinct ecological niches.
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Desvars-Larrive A, Ruppitsch W, Lepuschitz S, Szostak MP, Spergser J, Feßler AT, Schwarz S, Monecke S, Ehricht R, Walzer C, Loncaric I. Urban brown rats ( Rattus norvegicus) as possible source of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp., Vienna, Austria, 2016 and 2017. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 24. [PMID: 31411133 PMCID: PMC6693289 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.32.1900149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) are an important wildlife species in cities, where they live in close proximity to humans. However, few studies have investigated their role as reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Aim We intended to determine whether urban rats at two highly frequented sites in Vienna, Austria, carry extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, fluoroquinolone-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and meticillin-resistant (MR) Staphylococcus spp. (MRS). Methods We surveyed the presence of antimicrobial resistance in 62 urban brown rats captured in 2016 and 2017 in Vienna, Austria. Intestinal and nasopharyngeal samples were cultured on selective media. We characterised the isolates and their antimicrobial properties using microbiological and genetic methods including disk diffusion, microarray analysis, sequencing, and detection and characterisation of plasmids. Results Eight multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli and two extensively drug-resistant New Delhi metallo-β-lactamases-1 (NDM-1)-producing Enterobacter xiangfangensis ST114 (En. cloacae complex) were isolated from nine of 62 rats. Nine Enterobacteriaceae isolates harboured the blaCTX-M gene and one carried a plasmid-encoded ampC gene (blaCMY-2). Forty-four MRS were isolated from 37 rats; they belonged to seven different staphylococcal species: S. fleurettii, S. sciuri, S. aureus, S. pseudintermedius, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus (all mecA-positive) and mecC-positive S. xylosus. Conclusion Our findings suggest that brown rats in cities are a potential source of multidrug-resistant bacteria, including carbapenem-resistant En. xiangfangensis ST114. Considering the increasing worldwide urbanisation, rodent control remains an important priority for health in modern cities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stefan Monecke
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Jena, Germany.,Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Ehricht
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena, Germany
| | - Chris Walzer
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States.,University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Moreno-Grúa E, Pérez-Fuentes S, Viana D, Cardells J, Lizana V, Aguiló J, Selva L, Corpa JM. Marked Presence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Wild Lagomorphs in Valencia, Spain. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10071109. [PMID: 32610507 PMCID: PMC7401594 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The presence of bacteria resistant to antibiotics, such as Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin (MRSA), is becoming an increasing everyday concern for their implications for human and animal health. This is even more alarming when such bacteria are isolated in wild animals which, in principle, should not come into contact with antibiotics. This work studied 353 rabbits and 10 hares hunted in rabbit high-density areas. Of these, 41.3% carried S. aureus in some sampled locations, of which 63.3% were MRSA. These are surprising results given the unexpected high presence of MRSA in the studied animals. This finding is very worrying because these animals tend to enter the food chain with no veterinary control, which implies a risk for human health. Thus it is necessary to extend this study to other, less-populated areas with other animal species (ruminants, rabbit predators, hunting dogs, etc.) or even water sources to obtain further knowledge about the origin of bacterial resistances in nature. Abstract The appearance of methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in several animal species (including rabbits) has set off alarms for their capacity to act as reservoirs for this bacterium. This is especially important in wild animals given its epidemiological implications. The objectives of this study were to identify and characterize S. aureus, specifically MRSA, strains in wild lagomorph high-density areas. Ten hares and 353 wild rabbits from 14 towns with a high rabbit density in the Valencian region (eastern Spanish coast) were sampled. Swabs from the nasal cavity, ears, perineum and lesions (when present) were taken for microbiological studies. The detection of different genes and antibiotic susceptibility studies were also carried out. Of all the animals, 41.3% were positive for S. aureus, of which 63.3% were MRSA. Ears were the anatomical location with more S. aureus and MRSA strains. The more frequently identified MLST type was ST1945 (97.1%, 136/140). The mecA gene was found only in one sample. The rest (n = 139) carried the mecC gene and were included in CC130, except one. Penicillin resistance was detected in 28 mec-negative isolates and, in one case, bacitracin resistance. mecA isolate presented resistance to enrofloxacin and tetracycline, and 10 mecC isolates also showed bacitracin resistance. No MRSA isolate was positive for genes chp, sea, tst and PVL. Two ST1945 isolates contained IEC type E (comprising genes scn and sak). mecA-isolate was positive for blaZ. Of the 28 MSSA strains showing resistance to penicillin, 22 carried the blaZ gene. These surprising results highlight the marked presence of MRSA strains in wild rabbits in high-density areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Moreno-Grúa
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain; (E.M.-G.); (S.P.-F.); (D.V.)
| | - Sara Pérez-Fuentes
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain; (E.M.-G.); (S.P.-F.); (D.V.)
| | - David Viana
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain; (E.M.-G.); (S.P.-F.); (D.V.)
| | - Jesús Cardells
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación, Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain; (J.C.); (V.L.); (J.A.)
- Wildlife Ecology & Health group (WE&H), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Edifici V, Travessera del Turons, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Lizana
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación, Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain; (J.C.); (V.L.); (J.A.)
- Wildlife Ecology & Health group (WE&H), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Edifici V, Travessera del Turons, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Aguiló
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación, Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain; (J.C.); (V.L.); (J.A.)
- Wildlife Ecology & Health group (WE&H), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Edifici V, Travessera del Turons, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Selva
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain; (E.M.-G.); (S.P.-F.); (D.V.)
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (J.M.C.); Tel.: +34-961369000 (L.S. & J.M.C.)
| | - Juan M. Corpa
- Biomedical Research Institute (PASAPTA-Pathology group), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain; (E.M.-G.); (S.P.-F.); (D.V.)
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (J.M.C.); Tel.: +34-961369000 (L.S. & J.M.C.)
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MacFadyen AC, Harrison EM, Drigo I, Parkhill J, Holmes MA, Paterson GK. A mecC allotype, mecC3, in the CoNS Staphylococcus caeli, encoded within a variant SCCmecC. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 74:547-552. [PMID: 30590583 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methicillin resistance in staphylococci is conferred by an alternative PBP (PBP2a/2') with low affinity for most β-lactam antibiotics. PBP2a is encoded by mecA, which is carried on a mobile genetic element known as SCCmec. A variant of mecA, mecC, was described in 2011 and has been found in Staphylococcus aureus from humans and a wide range of animal species as well as a small number of other staphylococcal species from animals. OBJECTIVES We characterized a novel mecC allotype, mecC3, encoded by an environmental isolate of Staphylococcus caeli cultured from air sampling of a commercial rabbit holding. METHODS The S. caeli isolate 82BT was collected in Italy in 2013 and genome sequenced using MiSeq technology. This allowed the assembly and comparative genomic study of the novel SCCmec region encoding mecC3. RESULTS The study isolate encodes a novel mecA allotype, mecC3, with 92% nucleotide identity to mecC. mecC3 is encoded within a novel SCCmec element distinct from those previously associated with mecC, including a ccrAB pairing (ccrA5B3) not previously linked to mecC. CONCLUSIONS This is the first description of the novel mecC allotype mecC3, the first isolation of a mecC-positive Staphylococcus in Italy and the first report of mecC in S. caeli. Furthermore, the SCCmec element described here is highly dissimilar to the archetypal SCCmec XI encoding mecC in S. aureus and to elements encoding mecC in other staphylococci. Our report highlights the diversity of mecC allotypes and the diverse staphylococcal species, ecological settings and genomic context in which mecC may be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C MacFadyen
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, UK
| | - E M Harrison
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust, Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - I Drigo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, via dell'Università 10, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - J Parkhill
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust, Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - M A Holmes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - G K Paterson
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, UK
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10
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Molecular Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus Lineages in Wild Animals in Europe: A Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9030122. [PMID: 32183272 PMCID: PMC7148531 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9030122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunist pathogen that is responsible for numerous types of infections. S. aureus is known for its ability to easily acquire antibiotic resistance determinants. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of infections both in humans and animals and is usually associated with a multidrug-resistant profile. MRSA dissemination is increasing due to its capability of establishing new reservoirs and has been found in humans, animals and the environment. Despite the fact that the information on the incidence of MRSA in the environment and, in particular, in wild animals, is scarce, some studies have reported the presence of these strains among wildlife with no direct contact with antibiotics. This shows a possible transmission between species and, consequently, a public health concern. The aim of this review is to better understand the distribution, prevalence and molecular lineages of MRSA in European free-living animals.
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11
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Mališová L, Jakubů V, Musílek M, Kekláková J, Žemličková H. Phenotype and Genotype Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Resistant to Methicillin/Oxacillin Carrying Gene mecC in the Czech Republic from 2002 to 2017. Microb Drug Resist 2020; 26:918-923. [PMID: 32091955 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to detect and characterize isolates of methicillin-/oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carrying gene mecC (MRSA/mecC) and occurring in the Czech Republic within the period from 2002 to 2017. Altogether, 18 from 3,472 isolates of MRSA were mecC positive (0.52%). The first detection of MRSA/mecC in the Czech Republic is dated to 2004. MRSA/mecC isolates were susceptible to almost all tested antibiotics with few exceptions. Resistances to erythromycin (n = 2), clindamycin (n = 1), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (n = 1), and rifampicin (n = 1) were found in the collection. Multilocus sequence typing and spa typing revealed a genetic heterogeneity of MRSA/mecC strains: three CCs (130, 425, and 2361), five STs (1245, 130, 2361, 425, and a new ST5480), and eight spa types (t843, t978, t1048, t1535, t1736, t6104, t8842, and t17153), which were detected in the study, with the highest prevalence of CC130/t843 lineage (n = 8, 44%). Except for two strains, none from 18 examined isolates harbored genes encoding any of S. aureus toxins: enterotoxins a-u, exfoliative toxins A, B, and D, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, and the Panton-Valentine leukocidin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mališová
- National Reference Laboratory for Antibiotics, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladislav Jakubů
- National Reference Laboratory for Antibiotics, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Musílek
- National Reference Laboratory for Meningococcal Infections, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kekláková
- National Reference Laboratory for Staphylococci, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Žemličková
- National Reference Laboratory for Antibiotics, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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12
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Trimmel NE, Walzer C. Infectious Wildlife Diseases in Austria-A Literature Review From 1980 Until 2017. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:3. [PMID: 32154271 PMCID: PMC7046627 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This literature review examines infectious wildlife disease research in Austria. We analyzed 226 research papers, published between 1980 and 2017. We determined that wildlife disease papers increased significantly from 0.8 ± 0.8 publications per year in the first decade (1980–1989) when compared to 2008–2017 with an average of 12.9 ± 4.1 publications per year. We illustrate information about the most investigated diseases and highlight the lack of research into certain wildlife pathogens. A special emphasis was given to diseases with zoonotic potential. The review showed that research focused on a few select species like the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), red deer (Cervus elaphus), and wild boar (Sus scrofa), all game species. Moreover, diseases affecting livestock and human health were seen more often. The review also found that only a low number of publications actually stated disease prevalence and confidence interval data. The reported diseases identified were classified according to their notifiable status and the distribution at the wildlife–human and wildlife–livestock interface. Furthermore, we try to argue why research into some diseases is prioritized, and why other diseases are underrepresented in current Austrian research. While spatiotemporal indicators could not be assessed due to the variability in methodologies and objectives of various studies, the information provided by this review offers the first comprehensive evaluation of the status of infectious wildlife disease research in Austria. Therefore, this study could assist investigators to identify further areas of priorities for research and conservation efforts and for wildlife management professionals to inform policy and funding strategies. With this review, we want to encourage research in the field of wildlife diseases in Austria to enhance current knowledge in the prevention of further loss in biodiversity and to find new measures to promote “One Health” on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Eva Trimmel
- Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chris Walzer
- Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, United States
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13
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Heaton CJ, Gerbig GR, Sensius LD, Patel V, Smith TC. Staphylococcus aureus Epidemiology in Wildlife: A Systematic Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E89. [PMID: 32085586 PMCID: PMC7168057 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9020089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common bacterial colonizer of humans and a variety of animal species. Many strains have zoonotic potential, moving between humans and animals, including livestock, pets, and wildlife. We examined publications reporting on S. aureus presence in a variety of wildlife species in order to more cohesively review distribution of strains and antibiotic resistance in wildlife. Fifty-one studies were included in the final qualitative synthesis. The most common types documented included ST398, ST425, ST1, ST133, ST130, and ST15. A mix of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible strains were noted. A number of molecular types were identified that were likely to be found in wildlife species, including those that are commonly found in humans or other animal species (including livestock). Additional research should include follow-up in geographic areas that are under-sampled in this study, which is dominated by European studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tara C. Smith
- Kent State University, College of Public Health, Kent, OH 44240, USA; (C.J.H.); (G.R.G.); (L.D.S.); (V.P.)
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14
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MacFadyen AC, Harrison EM, Ellington MJ, Parkhill J, Holmes MA, Paterson GK. A highly conserved mecC-encoding SCCmec type XI in a bovine isolate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus xylosus. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 73:3516-3518. [PMID: 30165441 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A C MacFadyen
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, UK
| | - E M Harrison
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - M J Ellington
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Level 6 Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - J Parkhill
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - M A Holmes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - G K Paterson
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, UK
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15
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Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus sp. (MRS) in Different Companion Animals and Determination of Risk Factors for Colonization with MRS. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8020036. [PMID: 30959767 PMCID: PMC6627599 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to detect the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus sp. (MRS) in populations of companion animals that either have previously been exposed or have not been exposed to antibiotic therapy or veterinary facilities, and if owners' healthcare profession had an influence on colonization with MRS. In addition, the antimicrobial resistance pheno- and genotype were investigated and risks for colonization with MRS were assessed. During this study, 347 nasal swabs (dogs n = 152; cats n = 107; rabbits n = 88) were investigated for the presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In addition, 131 nasal swabs (dogs n = 79; cats n = 47; rabbits = 3; guinea pigs = 2) were examined for the presence of MRSA but also other MRS. In total, 23 MRS isolates belonged to nine staphylococcal species: Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 11), Staphylococcus warneri (n = 3), Staphylococcus hominis (n = 2), Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (n = 2), and singletons Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus sciuri, Staphylococcus fleurettii, Staphylococcus lentus, and Staphylococcus haemolyticus. Twenty isolates displayed a multidrug-resistant phenotype. Various resistance and biocide resistance genes were detected among the examined staphylococci. Risk assessment for MRS colonization was conducted using a number of factors, including animal species, breed, age, gender, recent veterinary health care hospitalization, and antibiotic prescription, resulting in recent veterinary health care hospitalization being a significant risk factor. The detection of multidrug-resistant MRS in healthy animals is of importance due to their zoonotic potential.
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16
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Asanin J, Misic D, Aksentijevic K, Tambur Z, Rakonjac B, Kovacevic I, Spergser J, Loncaric I. Genetic Profiling and Comparison of Human and Animal Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolates from Serbia. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:E26. [PMID: 30884836 PMCID: PMC6466565 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize a collection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates of human and animal origin from Serbia. In total, 36 MRSA isolates-30 obtained from humans and six from companion animals-were investigated by PCR for the presence of antibiotic and biocide resistance determinants and virulence genes (PVL-Panton⁻Valentine leukocidin, ETs-exfoliative toxins, TSST-toxic shock syndrome toxin, SEs-staphylococcal enterotoxins, and MSCRAMMs-microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules and biofilm). Isolates were analyzed by staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), spa, and dru typing, as well as by multiple locus variable number of tandem repeat analyses (MLVA), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and subsequently, eBURST. The majority of human MRSA isolates were resistant to gentamicin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and ciprofloxacin. Different antibiotic resistance genes were detected: aac-aphD, ant(6')-Ia, erm(A), erm(B), erm(C), tet(K), tet(M), fexA, and catpC221. All isolates were susceptible to teicoplanin and linezolid. SCCmec type III was prevalent in human isolates, while SCCmec elements in animals were mostly nontypeable. t037 was the predominant spa type in human and t242 in animal MRSA isolates. The prevalent dru type was dt11c in human and dt10a in animal MRSA isolates. MRSA isolates exhibited 27 different MLVA types. ST239 was predominant in human, while ST5 was prevalent in canine MRSA isolates. PVL was found in two, while tsst-1 was detected in three human isolates. Human-associated clones belonging to ST5, ST45, and ST239 MRSA clones were discovered in companion animals, which suggests anthropozoonotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Asanin
- Innovation Center of Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Beograd, Serbia.
| | - Dusan Misic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Beograd, Serbia.
| | | | - Zoran Tambur
- Institute of Hygiene Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia and Faculty of Stomatology in Pancevo, 11000 Beograd, Serbia.
| | - Bojan Rakonjac
- Institute of Microbiology Military Medical Academy, 11000 Beograd, Serbia.
| | - Ivana Kovacevic
- Institute of Hygiene Military Medical Academy, 11000 Beograd, Serbia.
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Wien, Austria.
| | - Igor Loncaric
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Wien, Austria.
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17
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Wang J, Ma ZB, Zeng ZL, Yang XW, Huang Y, Liu JH. The role of wildlife (wild birds) in the global transmission of antimicrobial resistance genes. Zool Res 2019; 38:55-80. [PMID: 28409502 PMCID: PMC5396029 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2017.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is an urgent global health challenge in human and veterinary medicine. Wild animals are not directly exposed to clinically relevant antibiotics; however, antibacterial resistance in wild animals has been increasingly reported worldwide in parallel to the situation in human and veterinary medicine. This underlies the complexity of bacterial resistance in wild animals and the possible interspecies transmission between humans, domestic animals, the environment, and wildlife. This review summarizes the current data on expanded-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), AmpC β-lactamase, carbapenemase, and colistin resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae isolates of wildlife origin. The aim of this review is to better understand the important role of wild animals as reservoirs and vectors in the global dissemination of crucial clinical antibacterial resistance. In this regard, continued surveillance is urgently needed worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhen-Bao Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhen-Ling Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xue-Wen Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ying Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jian-Hua Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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18
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Abstract
During the past decades resistance to virtually all antimicrobial agents has been observed in bacteria of animal origin. This chapter describes in detail the mechanisms so far encountered for the various classes of antimicrobial agents. The main mechanisms include enzymatic inactivation by either disintegration or chemical modification of antimicrobial agents, reduced intracellular accumulation by either decreased influx or increased efflux of antimicrobial agents, and modifications at the cellular target sites (i.e., mutational changes, chemical modification, protection, or even replacement of the target sites). Often several mechanisms interact to enhance bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents. This is a completely revised version of the corresponding chapter in the book Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin published in 2006. New sections have been added for oxazolidinones, polypeptides, mupirocin, ansamycins, fosfomycin, fusidic acid, and streptomycins, and the chapters for the remaining classes of antimicrobial agents have been completely updated to cover the advances in knowledge gained since 2006.
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19
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Miragaia M. Factors Contributing to the Evolution of mecA-Mediated β-lactam Resistance in Staphylococci: Update and New Insights From Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS). Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2723. [PMID: 30483235 PMCID: PMC6243372 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance development are fundamental to alert and preview beforehand, the large scale dissemination of resistance to antibiotics, enabling the design of strategies to prevent its spread. The mecA-mediated methicillin resistance conferring resistance to broad-spectrum β-lactams is globally spread in staphylococci including hospitals, farms and community environments, turning ineffective the most widely used and efficient class of antibiotics to treat staphylococcal infections. The use of whole genome sequencing (WGS) technologies at a bacterial population level has provided a considerable progress in the identification of key steps that led to mecA-mediated β-lactam resistance development and dissemination. Data obtained from multiple studies indicated that mecA developed from a harmless core gene (mecA1) encoding the penicillin-binding protein D (PbpD) from staphylococcal species of animal origin (S. sciuri group) due to extensive β-lactams use in human created environments. Emergence of the resistance determinant involved distortion of PbpD active site, increase in mecA1 expression, addition of regulators (mecR1, mecI) and integration into a mobile genetic element (SCCmec). SCCmec was then transferred into species of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) that are able to colonize both animals and humans and subsequently transferred to S. aureus of human origin. Adaptation of S. aureus to the exogenously acquired SCCmec involved, deletion and mutation of genes implicated in general metabolism (auxiliary genes) and general stress response and the adjustment of metabolic networks, what was accompanied by an increase in β-lactams minimal inhibitory concentration and the transition from a heterogeneous to homogeneous resistance profile. Nowadays, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) carrying SCCmec constitutes one of the most important worldwide pandemics. The stages of development of mecA-mediated β-lactam resistance described here may serve as a model for previewing and preventing the emergence of resistance to other classes of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Miragaia
- Laboratory of Bacterial Evolution and Molecular Epidemiology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
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20
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Lakhundi S, Zhang K. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Molecular Characterization, Evolution, and Epidemiology. Clin Microbiol Rev 2018; 31:e00020-18. [PMID: 30209034 PMCID: PMC6148192 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00020-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 783] [Impact Index Per Article: 130.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, a major human pathogen, has a collection of virulence factors and the ability to acquire resistance to most antibiotics. This ability is further augmented by constant emergence of new clones, making S. aureus a "superbug." Clinical use of methicillin has led to the appearance of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The past few decades have witnessed the existence of new MRSA clones. Unlike traditional MRSA residing in hospitals, the new clones can invade community settings and infect people without predisposing risk factors. This evolution continues with the buildup of the MRSA reservoir in companion and food animals. This review focuses on imparting a better understanding of MRSA evolution and its molecular characterization and epidemiology. We first describe the origin of MRSA, with emphasis on the diverse nature of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). mecA and its new homologues (mecB, mecC, and mecD), SCCmec types (13 SCCmec types have been discovered to date), and their classification criteria are discussed. The review then describes various typing methods applied to study the molecular epidemiology and evolutionary nature of MRSA. Starting with the historical methods and continuing to the advanced whole-genome approaches, typing of collections of MRSA has shed light on the origin, spread, and evolutionary pathways of MRSA clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahreena Lakhundi
- Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance, Alberta Health Services/Calgary Laboratory Services/University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kunyan Zhang
- Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance, Alberta Health Services/Calgary Laboratory Services/University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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21
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Antimicrobial resistance among staphylococci of animal origin is based on a wide variety of resistance genes. These genes mediate resistance to many classes of antimicrobial agents approved for use in animals, such as penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, phenicols, aminoglycosides, aminocyclitols, pleuromutilins, and diaminopyrimidines. In addition, numerous mutations have been identified that confer resistance to specific antimicrobial agents, such as ansamycins and fluoroquinolones. The gene products of some of these resistance genes confer resistance to only specific members of a class of antimicrobial agents, whereas others confer resistance to the entire class or even to members of different classes of antimicrobial agents, including agents approved solely for human use. The resistance genes code for all three major resistance mechanisms: enzymatic inactivation, active efflux, and protection/modification/replacement of the cellular target sites of the antimicrobial agents. Mobile genetic elements, in particular plasmids and transposons, play a major role as carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes in animal staphylococci. They facilitate not only the exchange of resistance genes among members of the same and/or different staphylococcal species, but also between staphylococci and other Gram-positive bacteria. The observation that plasmids of staphylococci often harbor more than one resistance gene points toward coselection and persistence of resistance genes even without direct selective pressure by a specific antimicrobial agent. This chapter provides an overview of the resistance genes and resistance-mediating mutations known to occur in staphylococci of animal origin.
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Schauer B, Krametter-Frötscher R, Knauer F, Ehricht R, Monecke S, Feßler A, Schwarz S, Grunert T, Spergser J, Loncaric I. Diversity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from Austrian ruminants and New World camelids. Vet Microbiol 2018; 215:77-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pantůček R, Sedláček I, Indráková A, Vrbovská V, Mašlaňová I, Kovařovic V, Švec P, Králová S, Krištofová L, Kekláková J, Petráš P, Doškař J. Staphylococcus edaphicus sp. nov., Isolated in Antarctica, Harbors the mecC Gene and Genomic Islands with a Suspected Role in Adaptation to Extreme Environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e01746-17. [PMID: 29079617 PMCID: PMC5752872 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01746-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Two Gram-stain-positive, coagulase-negative staphylococcal strains were isolated from abiotic sources comprising stone fragments and sandy soil in James Ross Island, Antarctica. Here, we describe properties of a novel species of the genus Staphylococcus that has a 16S rRNA gene sequence nearly identical to that of Staphylococcus saprophyticus However, compared to S. saprophyticus and the next closest relatives, the new species demonstrates considerable phylogenetic distance at the whole-genome level, with an average nucleotide identity of <85% and inferred DNA-DNA hybridization of <30%. It forms a separate branch in the S. saprophyticus phylogenetic clade as confirmed by multilocus sequence analysis of six housekeeping genes, rpoB, hsp60, tuf, dnaJ, gap, and sod Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and key biochemical characteristics allowed these bacteria to be distinguished from their nearest phylogenetic neighbors. In contrast to S. saprophyticus subsp. saprophyticus, the novel strains are pyrrolidonyl arylamidase and β-glucuronidase positive and β-galactosidase negative, nitrate is reduced, and acid produced aerobically from d-mannose. Whole-genome sequencing of the 2.69-Mb large chromosome revealed the presence of a number of mobile genetic elements, including the 27-kb pseudo-staphylococcus cassette chromosome mec of strain P5085T (ψSCCmecP5085), harboring the mecC gene, two composite phage-inducible chromosomal islands probably essential to adaptation to extreme environments, and one complete and one defective prophage. Both strains are resistant to penicillin G, ampicillin, ceftazidime, methicillin, cefoxitin, and fosfomycin. We hypothesize that antibiotic resistance might represent an evolutionary advantage against beta-lactam producers, which are common in a polar environment. Based on these results, a novel species of the genus Staphylococcus is described and named Staphylococcus edaphicus sp. nov. The type strain is P5085T (= CCM 8730T = DSM 104441T).IMPORTANCE The description of Staphylococcus edaphicus sp. nov. enables the comparison of multidrug-resistant staphylococci from human and veterinary sources evolved in the globalized world to their geographically distant relative from the extreme Antarctic environment. Although this new species was not exposed to the pressure of antibiotic treatment in human or veterinary practice, mobile genetic elements carrying antimicrobial resistance genes were found in the genome. The genomic characteristics presented here elucidate the evolutionary relationships in the Staphylococcus genus with a special focus on antimicrobial resistance, pathogenicity, and survival traits. Genes encoded on mobile genetic elements were arranged in unique combinations but retained conserved locations for the integration of mobile genetic elements. These findings point to enormous plasticity of the staphylococcal pangenome, shaped by horizontal gene transfer. Thus, S. edaphicus can act not only as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance in a natural environment but also as a mediator for the spread and evolution of resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Pantůček
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Sedláček
- Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Adéla Indráková
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Vrbovská
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Mašlaňová
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Kovařovic
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Švec
- Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislava Králová
- Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Krištofová
- Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kekláková
- Reference Laboratory for Staphylococci, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Petráš
- Reference Laboratory for Staphylococci, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Doškař
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Ginders M, Leschnik M, Künzel F, Kampner D, Mikula C, Steindl G, Eichhorn I, Feßler AT, Schwarz S, Spergser J, Loncaric I. Characterization of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from Austrian companion animals and horses. Acta Vet Scand 2017; 59:79. [PMID: 29137652 PMCID: PMC5686899 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-017-0348-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to investigate the genetic relatedness and the antimicrobial resistance profiles of a collection of Austrian Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from companion animals and horses. A total of 12 non-repetitive isolates presumptively identified as S. pneumoniae were obtained during routinely diagnostic activities between March 2009 and January 2017. RESULTS Isolates were confirmed as S. pneumoniae by bile solubility and optochin susceptibility testing, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and sequence analysis of a part recA and the 16S rRNA genes. Isolates were further characterized by pneumolysin polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and genotyped by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed and resistance genes were detected by specific PCR assays. All isolates were serotyped. Four sequence types (ST) (ST36, ST3546, ST6934 and ST6937) and four serotypes (3, 19A, 19F and 23F) were detected. Two isolates from twelve displayed a multidrug-resistance pheno- and genotype. CONCLUSIONS This study represents the first comprehensive investigation on characteristics of S. pneumoniae isolates recovered from Austrian companion animals and horses. The obtained results indicate that common human sero- (23F) and sequence type (ST36) implicated in causing invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) may circulate in dogs. Isolates obtained from other examined animals seem to be host-adapted.
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Bortolami A, Verin R, Chantrey J, Corrò M, Ashpole I, Lopez J, Timofte D. Characterization of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398 and mecC-positive CC130 from Zoo Animals in the United Kingdom. Microb Drug Resist 2017; 23:908-914. [PMID: 28783429 PMCID: PMC5665089 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the characteristics and diseases associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in nondomestic animals. Four presumptive MRSA isolates, obtained from clinical (n = 3) and surveillance specimens (n = 1) from dwarf (Helogale parvula) and yellow mongooses (Cynictis penicillata) from a United Kingdom zoo, were analyzed by PCR for detection of mecA and mecC-mediated methicillin resistance, and virulence genes. Isolates were genotyped by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) and spa sequence typing. Three isolates, obtained from the dwarf mongooses, carried mecA, tetK, and fexA resistance and virulence genes (icaA, icaD, and sec) and were typed to SCCmec IVa, spa type t899, and clonal complex (CC) 398. The fourth MRSA isolate, obtained from the femoral bone marrow of a yellow mongoose showing postmortem findings consistent with septicemia, carried mecC and was oxacillin/cefoxitin susceptible, when tested at 37°C but showed a characteristic MRSA susceptibility profile at 25°C ± 2°C. Furthermore, this isolate exhibited a different genetic background (SCCmecXI/t843/CC130) and had biofilm-associated genes (bap, icaA, and icaD) and tetK tetracycline resistance genes. This work describes the first isolation of livestock-associated MRSA CC398 from two zoo mongoose species where it was associated with both clinical disease and colonization, and the first isolation of mecC MRSA from a zoo species in the United Kingdom. Both reports highlight the potential for zoo species to act as reservoirs for these zoonotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Bortolami
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Infection and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Ranieri Verin
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Infection and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Chantrey
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Infection and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Michela Corrò
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | | | | | - Dorina Timofte
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Infection and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
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26
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Argudín MA, Deplano A, Meghraoui A, Dodémont M, Heinrichs A, Denis O, Nonhoff C, Roisin S. Bacteria from Animals as a Pool of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes. Antibiotics (Basel) 2017; 6:antibiotics6020012. [PMID: 28587316 PMCID: PMC5485445 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics6020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial agents are used in both veterinary and human medicine. The intensive use of antimicrobials in animals may promote the fixation of antimicrobial resistance genes in bacteria, which may be zoonotic or capable to transfer these genes to human-adapted pathogens or to human gut microbiota via direct contact, food or the environment. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the use of antimicrobial agents in animal health and explores the role of bacteria from animals as a pool of antimicrobial resistance genes for human bacteria. This review focused in relevant examples within the ESC(K)APE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium difficile (Klebsiella pneumoniae), Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacteriaceae) group of bacterial pathogens that are the leading cause of nosocomial infections throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angeles Argudín
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ariane Deplano
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Alaeddine Meghraoui
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Magali Dodémont
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Amelie Heinrichs
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Olivier Denis
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
- Ecole de Santé Publique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue Franklin Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - Claire Nonhoff
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Sandrine Roisin
- National Reference Centre-Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
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27
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Islam MZ, Espinosa-Gongora C, Damborg P, Sieber RN, Munk R, Husted L, Moodley A, Skov R, Larsen J, Guardabassi L. Horses in Denmark Are a Reservoir of Diverse Clones of Methicillin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:543. [PMID: 28421046 PMCID: PMC5376617 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Denmark is a country with high prevalence of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clonal complex (CC) 398 in pigs. Even though pig farming is regarded as the main source of human infection or colonization with MRSA CC398, 10-15% of the human cases appear not to be linked to pigs. Following the recent reports of MRSA CC398 in horses in other European countries and the lack of knowledge on S. aureus carriage in this animal species, we carried out a study to investigate whether horses constitute a reservoir of MRSA CC398 in Denmark, and to gain knowledge on the frequency and genetic diversity of S. aureus in horses, including both methicillin-resistant and -susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). Nasal swabs were collected from 401 horses originating from 74 farms, either at their farms or prior to admission to veterinary clinics. Following culture on selective media, species identification by MALDI-TOF MS and MRSA confirmation by standard PCR-based methods, S. aureus and MRSA were detected in 54 (13%) and 17 (4%) horses originating from 30 (40%) and 7 (9%) farms, respectively. Based on spa typing, MSSA differed genetically from MRSA isolates. The spa type prevalent among MSSA isolates was t127 (CC1), which was detected in 12 horses from 11 farms and represents the most common S. aureus clone isolated from human bacteremia cases in Denmark. Among the 17 MRSA carriers, 10 horses from three farms carried CC398 t011 harboring the immune evasion cluster (IEC), four horses from two farms carried IEC-negative CC398 t034, and three horses from two farms carried a mecC-positive MRSA lineage previously associated with wildlife and domestic ruminants (CC130 t528). Based on whole-genome phylogenetic analysis of the 14 MRSA CC398, t011 isolates belonged to the recently identified horse-adapted clone in Europe and were closely related to human t011 isolates from three Danish equine veterinarians, whereas t034 isolates belonged to pig-adapted clones. Our study confirms that horses carry an equine-specific clone of MRSA CC398 that can be transmitted to veterinary personnel, and reveals that these animals are exposed to MRSA and MSSA clones that are likely to originate from livestock and humans, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zohorul Islam
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg C, Denmark.,Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum InsititutCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carmen Espinosa-Gongora
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg C, Denmark.,Section for Bacteriology, Pathology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of DenmarkFrederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Peter Damborg
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Raphael N Sieber
- Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum InsititutCopenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Arshnee Moodley
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Robert Skov
- Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum InsititutCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Larsen
- Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum InsititutCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luca Guardabassi
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg C, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary MedicineBasseterre, West Indies
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Monecke S, Gavier-Widén D, Hotzel H, Peters M, Guenther S, Lazaris A, Loncaric I, Müller E, Reissig A, Ruppelt-Lorz A, Shore AC, Walter B, Coleman DC, Ehricht R. Diversity of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates in European Wildlife. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168433. [PMID: 27992523 PMCID: PMC5161505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a well-known colonizer and cause of infection among animals and it has been described from numerous domestic and wild animal species. The aim of the present study was to investigate the molecular epidemiology of S. aureus in a convenience sample of European wildlife and to review what previously has been observed in the subject field. 124 S. aureus isolates were collected from wildlife in Germany, Austria and Sweden; they were characterized by DNA microarray hybridization and, for isolates with novel hybridization patterns, by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The isolates were assigned to 29 clonal complexes and singleton sequence types (CC1, CC5, CC6, CC7, CC8, CC9, CC12, CC15, CC22, CC25, CC30, CC49, CC59, CC88, CC97, CC130, CC133, CC398, ST425, CC599, CC692, CC707, ST890, CC1956, ST2425, CC2671, ST2691, CC2767 and ST2963), some of which (ST2425, ST2691, ST2963) were not described previously. Resistance rates in wildlife strains were rather low and mecA-MRSA isolates were rare (n = 6). mecC-MRSA (n = 8) were identified from a fox, a fallow deer, hares and hedgehogs. The common cattle-associated lineages CC479 and CC705 were not detected in wildlife in the present study while, in contrast, a third common cattle lineage, CC97, was found to be common among cervids. No Staphylococcus argenteus or Staphylococcus schweitzeri-like isolates were found. Systematic studies are required to monitor the possible transmission of human- and livestock-associated S. aureus/MRSA to wildlife and vice versa as well as the possible transmission, by unprotected contact to animals. The prevalence of S. aureus/MRSA in wildlife as well as its population structures in different wildlife host species warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Monecke
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene (IMMH), Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Alere Technologies GmbH, Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Dolores Gavier-Widén
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Disease, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helmut Hotzel
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Peters
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Westfalen, Standort Arnsberg, Arnsberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Guenther
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Veterinary Faculty, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandros Lazaris
- Microbiology Research Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Igor Loncaric
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elke Müller
- Alere Technologies GmbH, Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Jena, Germany
| | - Annett Reissig
- Alere Technologies GmbH, Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Jena, Germany
| | - Antje Ruppelt-Lorz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene (IMMH), Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna C. Shore
- Microbiology Research Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Birgit Walter
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Veterinary Faculty, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - David C. Coleman
- Microbiology Research Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ralf Ehricht
- Alere Technologies GmbH, Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Jena, Germany
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29
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Schwarz S, Enne VI, van Duijkeren E. 40 years of veterinary papers inJAC– what have we learnt? J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:2681-90. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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A Structure-Based Classification of Class A β-Lactamases, a Broadly Diverse Family of Enzymes. Clin Microbiol Rev 2016; 29:29-57. [PMID: 26511485 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00019-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For medical biologists, sequencing has become a commonplace technique to support diagnosis. Rapid changes in this field have led to the generation of large amounts of data, which are not always correctly listed in databases. This is particularly true for data concerning class A β-lactamases, a group of key antibiotic resistance enzymes produced by bacteria. Many genomes have been reported to contain putative β-lactamase genes, which can be compared with representative types. We analyzed several hundred amino acid sequences of class A β-lactamase enzymes for phylogenic relationships, the presence of specific residues, and cluster patterns. A clear distinction was first made between dd-peptidases and class A enzymes based on a small number of residues (S70, K73, P107, 130SDN132, G144, E166, 234K/R, 235T/S, and 236G [Ambler numbering]). Other residues clearly separated two main branches, which we named subclasses A1 and A2. Various clusters were identified on the major branch (subclass A1) on the basis of signature residues associated with catalytic properties (e.g., limited-spectrum β-lactamases, extended-spectrum β-lactamases, and carbapenemases). For subclass A2 enzymes (e.g., CfxA, CIA-1, CME-1, PER-1, and VEB-1), 43 conserved residues were characterized, and several significant insertions were detected. This diversity in the amino acid sequences of β-lactamases must be taken into account to ensure that new enzymes are accurately identified. However, with the exception of PER types, this diversity is poorly represented in existing X-ray crystallographic data.
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31
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Zarfel G, Luxner J, Folli B, Leitner E, Feierl G, Kittinger C, Grisold A. Increase of genetic diversity and clonal replacement of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in South-East Austria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw137. [PMID: 27231237 PMCID: PMC4915298 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spa-typing and microarray techniques were used to study epidemiological changes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in South-East Austria. The population structure of 327 MRSA isolated between 2002 and 2012 was investigated. MRSA was assigned to 58 different spa types and 14 different MLST CC (multilocus sequence type clonal complexes); in particular, between 2007 and 2012, an increasing diversity in MRSA clones could be observed. The most abundant clonal complex was CC5. On the respective SCCmec cassettes, the CC5 isolates differed clearly within this decade and CC5/SCCmecI, the South German MRSA, predominant in 2002, was replaced by CC5/SCCmecII, the Rhine-Hesse MRSA in 2012. Whereas in many European countries MLST CC22-MRSA (EMRSA 15, the Barnim epidemic MRSA) is predominant, this clone occurred in Austria nearly 10 years later than in neighbouring countries. CC45, the Berlin EMRSA, epidemic in Germany, was only sporadically found in South-East Austria. The Irish ST8-MRSA-II represented by spa-type t190 was frequently found in 2002 and 2007, but disappeared in 2012. Our results demonstrate clonal replacement of MRSA clones within the last years in Austria. Ongoing surveillance is warranted for detection of changes within the MRSA population. Changes in the epidemiology of MRSA clones in Austria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Zarfel
- Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Josefa Luxner
- Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bettina Folli
- Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Leitner
- Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gebhard Feierl
- Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Clemens Kittinger
- Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Grisold
- Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Chen MMS, Boardman WSJ, Brown MH. Methicillin resistance gene diversity in staphylococci isolated from captive and free-ranging wallabies. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2016; 6:31507. [PMID: 27193419 PMCID: PMC4871892 DOI: 10.3402/iee.v6.31507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) can be life-threatening in humans and its presence in animals is a cause for public health concern. The aim of this study was to measure the prevalence of MRS in captive and free-ranging wallabies over a 16-month period in South Australia, Australia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty-nine purified staphylococcal isolates recovered from 98 captive and free-ranging wallabies' anterior nasal swabs were used in this study. All isolates were tested for the presence of the mecA, mecA1, and mecC genes. Multiplex PCR-directed SCCmec-typing, ccrB-typing, and determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration of oxacillin were performed on mec-positive isolates. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In total, 11 non-Staphylococcus aureus MRS were isolated from 7 out of 98 animals, corresponding to a 7.1% carriage rate. The SCCmec types I, III, and V were identified by multiplex PCR and sequencing of the ccrB gene. This is the first report of MRS carriage in both captive and free-ranging wallabies in Australia. These data demonstrate a low prevalence of MRS and no association between wallaby captivity status and MRS carriage could be assigned. These animals may act as a reservoir for the exchange of genetic elements between staphylococci. Furthermore, the mecA genes of animal isolates were identical to that found in human MRS strains and thus the possibility of zoonotic transfer must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M S Chen
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia;
| | - Wayne S J Boardman
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,FAUNA Research Alliance, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Melissa H Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
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A Look into the Melting Pot: The mecC-Harboring Region Is a Recombination Hot Spot in Staphylococcus stepanovicii. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147150. [PMID: 26799070 PMCID: PMC4723332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is an important driver for resistance- and virulence factor accumulation in pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. Methods Here, we have investigated the downstream region of the bacterial chromosomal attachment site (attB) for the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) element of a commensal mecC-positive Staphylococcus stepanovicii strain (IMT28705; ODD4) with respect to genetic composition and indications of HGT. S. stepanovicii IMT28705 was isolated from a fecal sample of a trapped wild bank vole (Myodes glareolus) during a screening study (National Network on “Rodent-Borne Pathogens”) in Germany. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of IMT28705 together with the mecC-negative type strain CM7717 was conducted in order to comparatively investigate the genomic region downstream of attB (GenBank accession no. KR732654 and KR732653). Results The bank vole isolate (IMT28705) harbors a mecC gene which shares 99.2% nucleotide (and 98.5% amino acid) sequence identity with mecC of MRSA_LGA251. In addition, the mecC-encoding region harbors the typical blaZ-mecC-mecR1-mecI structure, corresponding with the class E mec complex. While the sequences downstream of attB in both S. stepanovicii isolates (IMT28705 and CM7717) are partitioned by 15 bp direct repeats, further comparison revealed a remarkable low concordance of gene content, indicating a chromosomal “hot spot” for foreign DNA integration and exchange. Conclusion Our data highlight the necessity for further research on transmission routes of resistance encoding factors from the environmental and wildlife resistome.
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Cuny C, Wieler LH, Witte W. Livestock-Associated MRSA: The Impact on Humans. Antibiotics (Basel) 2015; 4:521-43. [PMID: 27025639 PMCID: PMC4790311 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics4040521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past 25 years an increase in the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) was recorded worldwide. Additionally, MRSA infections may occur outside and independent of hospitals, caused by community associated MRSA (CA-MRSA). In Germany, we found that at least 10% of these sporadic infections are due to livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA), which is initially associated with livestock. The majority of these MRSA cases are attributed to clonal complex CC398. LA-MRSA CC398 colonizes the animals asymptomatically in about half of conventional pig farms. For about 77%-86% of humans with occupational exposure to pigs, nasal carriage has been reported; it can be lost when exposure is interrupted. Among family members living at the same farms, only 4%-5% are colonized. Spread beyond this group of people is less frequent. The prevalence of LA-MRSA in livestock seems to be influenced by farm size, farming systems, usage of disinfectants, and in-feed zinc. LA-MRSA CC398 is able to cause the same kind of infections in humans as S. aureus and MRSA in general. It can be introduced to hospitals and cause nosocomial infections such as postoperative surgical site infections, ventilator associated pneumonia, septicemia, and infections after joint replacement. For this reason, screening for MRSA colonization at hospital admittance is recommended for farmers and veterinarians with livestock contacts. Intrahospital dissemination, typical for HA-MRSA in the absence of sufficient hygiene, has only rarely been observed for LA-MRSA to date. The proportion of LA-MRSA among all MRSA from nosocomial infections is about 3% across Germany. In geographical areas with a comparatively high density of conventional farms, LA-MRSA accounts for up to 10% of MRSA from septicemia and 15% of MRSA from wound infections. As known from comparative genome analysis, LA-MRSA has evolved from human-adapted methicillin-susceptible S. aureus, and the jump to livestock was obviously associated with several genetic changes. Reversion of the genetic changes and readaptation to humans bears a potential health risk and requires tight surveillance. Although most LA-MRSA (>80%) is resistant to several antibiotics, there are still sufficient treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Cuny
- Robert Koch Institute,Wernigerode Branch, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany.
| | - Lothar H Wieler
- Robert Koch Institute, Main Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Witte
- Robert Koch Institute,Wernigerode Branch, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany.
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Detection of mecA- and mecC-Positive Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolates by the New Xpert MRSA Gen 3 PCR Assay. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 54:180-4. [PMID: 26491186 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02081-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An advanced methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) detection PCR approach targeting SCCmec-orfX along with mecA and mecC was evaluated for S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci. The possession of mecA and/or mecC was correctly confirmed in all cases. All methicillin-susceptible S. aureus strains (n = 98; including staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec element [SCCmec] remnants) and 98.1% of the MRSA strains (n = 160, including 10 mecC-positive MRSA) were accurately categorized.
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A Novel Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec Type XI Primer for Detection of mecC-Harboring Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Directly from Screening Specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:3938-41. [PMID: 26468503 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02328-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) screening using real-time PCR has decreased in sensitivity due to the emergence of variant staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec element (SCCmec) types. We have designed and validated a novel SCCmec XI primer, which enables for the first time the rapid detection of mecC-harboring MRSA directly from nasopharyngeal swabs without prior cultivation.
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Old Drugs To Treat Resistant Bugs: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates with mecC Are Susceptible to a Combination of Penicillin and Clavulanic Acid. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:7396-404. [PMID: 26392513 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01469-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Lactam resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is mediated by the expression of an alternative penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a) (encoded by mecA) with a low affinity for β-lactam antibiotics. Recently, a novel variant of mecA, known as mecC, was identified in MRSA isolates from both humans and animals. In this study, we demonstrate that mecC-encoded PBP2c does not mediate resistance to penicillin. Rather, broad-spectrum β-lactam resistance in MRSA strains carrying mecC (mecC-MRSA strains) is mediated by a combination of both PBP2c and the distinct β-lactamase encoded by the blaZ gene of strain LGA251 (blaZLGA251), which is part of mecC-encoding staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type XI. We further demonstrate that mecC-MRSA strains are susceptible to the combination of penicillin and the β-lactam inhibitor clavulanic acid in vitro and that the same combination is effective in vivo for the treatment of experimental mecC-MRSA infection in wax moth larvae. Thus, we demonstrate how the distinct biological differences between mecA- and mecC-encoded PBP2a and PBP2c have the potential to be exploited as a novel approach for the treatment of mecC-MRSA infections.
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Health screening of free-ranging European brown hares (Lepus europaeus) on the German North-Sea island Pellworm. Acta Vet Scand 2015; 57:43. [PMID: 26238993 PMCID: PMC4524370 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-015-0132-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A sudden decline of the European brown hare (Lepus europaeus) population in one of the best hunting districts for small game species in northern Germany, the German North-Sea island Pellworm, in the years 2007/08 following marked habitat changes led to the implementation of a thorough health assessment program of the population. 110 animals were collected during the normal hunting season in the years 2010 and 2011. A post-mortem examination and histopathological investigation was performed on all animals. Additionally, routine bacteriology of the small intestine and parasitology were carried out. Sera of hares were tested for European Brown Hare Syndrome (EBHS) by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, and for Treponema sp. by indirect immunofluorescent test. Additional testing was performed when deemed necessary. Results The most striking result was a shift in the intestinal bacterial flora towards Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae with a predominance of either Escherichia coli, or Aeromonas sp., or a high-grade double-infection with these two pathogens with subsequent catarrhal enteritis. Additionally, a marked coccidiosis, and varying infestations with the nematode Trichostrongylus retortaeformis were found. The sero-prevalence for EBHS was 78.1%, and for Treponema 43.9%. Conclusions The shift and decrease in diversity of the intestinal flora was the main and most consistent result found. In the authors’ opinion the change of the habitat combined with other stressors increased the animals’ sensitivity to ubiquitous bacterial species and parasites which usually would not have such fatal effects.
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Espinosa-Gongora C, Harrison EM, Moodley A, Guardabassi L, Holmes MA. MRSA carrying mecC in captive mara. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:1622-4. [PMID: 25722301 PMCID: PMC4498296 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), virulence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus ST130 isolated from mara (Dolichotis patagonum), a large rodent species native to South America and kept in captivity at Copenhagen Zoo. METHODS The presence of mecC was confirmed by PCR in 15 S. aureus ST130 isolated from mara during a previous study. WGS was performed on two randomly selected isolates to characterize their genomes with respect to SCCmec, virulence and resistance gene content. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using commercial broth microdilution tests. RESULTS All the isolates belonged to spa type t528 ST130 and carried mecC. Based on WGS, mecC was 100% identical to the prototype sequence of S. aureus strain LGA251. The sequence of SCCmec type XI in the mara isolates had 23 SNPs compared with the one described in LGA251. The two sequenced strains harboured a set of virulence factors and other genomic features previously observed in ST130. Both strains carried norA as the only putative antimicrobial resistance gene in addition to mecC. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the notion that a genetically conserved mecC-carrying MRSA ST130 clone is widespread in a variety of unrelated hosts in Denmark. Since the mara at Copenhagen Zoo have limited contact with humans and other animal species, it remains unclear whether mara are natural hosts of ST130 or acquired this lineage from unknown sources. The broad host range of MRSA ST130 supports its designation as a generalist lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Espinosa-Gongora
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - E M Harrison
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - A Moodley
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - L Guardabassi
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - M A Holmes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
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Kerschner H, Harrison EM, Hartl R, Holmes MA, Apfalter P. First report of mecC MRSA in human samples from Austria: molecular characteristics and clinical data. New Microbes New Infect 2014; 3:4-9. [PMID: 25755883 PMCID: PMC4337937 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports of mecC methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains have been published from several European countries. We describe the first six mecC MRSA isolates of human origin from Austria and report the application of a rapid PCR test. Candidate isolates (n = 295) received between 2009 and 2013 were investigated phenotypically by cefoxitin screening and streaking on ChromID MRSA plates. The presence of mecC was confirmed in six isolates from blood cultures, wound swabs and screening samples of four female and two male patients (age range 7–89 years) by an in-house PCR method and the new Genspeed MRSA test (Greiner Bio-One, Kremsmünster, Austria). The mecC MRSA were further characterized by whole genome sequencing, multilocus sequence and spa typing. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by Eucast disk-diffusion method and Vitek 2. The six mecC MRSA isolates were from two clonal lineages (CC130, including a new single-locus variant, and CC599) and four different spa types (t843, t1535, t3256, t5930). Analysis for virulence factor genes yielded lukED, eta, etd2 and edin-B (CC130 isolates) and tst, lukED, eta and sel (ST599 isolates). The Genspeed MRSA test identified mecC in all isolates whereas Vitek 2 failed to detect methicillin resistance in one isolate. The strains were susceptible to a wide range of non-β-lactam antibiotics. All patients were successfully treated or decolonized. mecC MRSA are present in Austria as colonizers but may also cause infections. Thus, laboratories must choose appropriate test methods such as cefoxitin screening and confirmation using molecular assays specifically targeting mecC.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kerschner
- National Reference Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Nosocomial Infections, Institute for Hygiene, Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, Elisabethinen Hospital, Linz, Austria
| | - E M Harrison
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - R Hartl
- National Reference Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Nosocomial Infections, Institute for Hygiene, Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, Elisabethinen Hospital, Linz, Austria
| | - M A Holmes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - P Apfalter
- National Reference Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Nosocomial Infections, Institute for Hygiene, Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, Elisabethinen Hospital, Linz, Austria
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Abstract
The definition of the heterogeneous group of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) is still based on diagnostic procedures that fulfill the clinical need to differentiate between Staphylococcus aureus and those staphylococci classified historically as being less or nonpathogenic. Due to patient- and procedure-related changes, CoNS now represent one of the major nosocomial pathogens, with S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus being the most significant species. They account substantially for foreign body-related infections and infections in preterm newborns. While S. saprophyticus has been associated with acute urethritis, S. lugdunensis has a unique status, in some aspects resembling S. aureus in causing infectious endocarditis. In addition to CoNS found as food-associated saprophytes, many other CoNS species colonize the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals and are less frequently involved in clinically manifested infections. This blurred gradation in terms of pathogenicity is reflected by species- and strain-specific virulence factors and the development of different host-defending strategies. Clearly, CoNS possess fewer virulence properties than S. aureus, with a respectively different disease spectrum. In this regard, host susceptibility is much more important. Therapeutically, CoNS are challenging due to the large proportion of methicillin-resistant strains and increasing numbers of isolates with less susceptibility to glycopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Becker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christine Heilmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Georg Peters
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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Hao H, Cheng G, Iqbal Z, Ai X, Hussain HI, Huang L, Dai M, Wang Y, Liu Z, Yuan Z. Benefits and risks of antimicrobial use in food-producing animals. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:288. [PMID: 24971079 PMCID: PMC4054498 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Benefits and risks of antimicrobial drugs, used in food-producing animals, continue to be complex and controversial issues. This review comprehensively presents the benefits of antimicrobials drugs regarding control of animal diseases, protection of public health, enhancement of animal production, improvement of environment, and effects of the drugs on biogas production and public health associated with antimicrobial resistance. The positive and negative impacts, due to ban issue of antimicrobial agents used in food-producing animals, are also included in the discussion. As a double-edged sword, use of these drugs in food-animals persists as a great challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Hao
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Guyue Cheng
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Zahid Iqbal
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Xiaohui Ai
- Yongtgz River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Hafiz I. Hussain
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Menghong Dai
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Yulian Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
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Schlotter K, Huber-Schlenstedt R, Gangl A, Hotzel H, Monecke S, Müller E, Reißig A, Proft S, Ehricht R. Multiple cases of methicillin-resistant CC130 Staphylococcus aureus harboring mecC in milk and swab samples from a Bavarian dairy herd. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:2782-8. [PMID: 24630668 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a new mecA homolog, mecC, necessitates a modification of diagnostic procedures for the identification of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), as most assays used for the genotypic and phenotypic mecA detection cannot currently recognize mecC. Although the prevalence, distribution, and importance of mecC are not yet completely understood, an exchange of mecC-MRSA between humans and animals seems possible. All previously reported observations of mecC-positive strains have been sporadic. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about multiple cases of mecC-positive Staph. aureus in 1 dairy herd. Clonal complex 130 Staph. aureus harboring mecC were found in milk samples from 16 of 56 lactating cows kept in a herd in Bavaria, Germany. Almost all quarter milk samples positive for mecC-MRSA had the lowest possible California Mastitis Test score; composite somatic cell counts obtained from monthly milk recordings showed a mean of 51,600 cells/mL in mecC-MRSA affected cows. Additionally, mecC-positive clonal complex 130 Staph. aureus were detected in swab samples from the mammary skin and a teat lesion of 1 cow from this herd. This report suggests that mecC-carrying strains are able to spread among livestock, and that they have the ability to cause multiple cases in single herds. Therefore, future studies targeting MRSA in dairy cows need to consider mecC.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schlotter
- Tiergesundheitsdienst Bayern e.V. (Bavarian Animal Health Service), Senator-Gerauer-Straße 23, 85586 Poing, Germany.
| | - R Huber-Schlenstedt
- Tiergesundheitsdienst Bayern e.V. (Bavarian Animal Health Service), Senator-Gerauer-Straße 23, 85586 Poing, Germany
| | - A Gangl
- Tiergesundheitsdienst Bayern e.V. (Bavarian Animal Health Service), Senator-Gerauer-Straße 23, 85586 Poing, Germany
| | - H Hotzel
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - S Monecke
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Technical University of Dresden, Fiedlerstr. 42, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Alere Technologies GmbH, Loebstedter Str. 103-105, 07749 Jena, Germany
| | - E Müller
- Alere Technologies GmbH, Loebstedter Str. 103-105, 07749 Jena, Germany
| | - A Reißig
- Alere Technologies GmbH, Loebstedter Str. 103-105, 07749 Jena, Germany
| | - S Proft
- Alere Technologies GmbH, Loebstedter Str. 103-105, 07749 Jena, Germany
| | - R Ehricht
- Alere Technologies GmbH, Loebstedter Str. 103-105, 07749 Jena, Germany
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Adjunctive mecA PCR for routine detection of methicillin susceptibility in clinical isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:1678-81. [PMID: 24622101 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02834-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Concerns over the reliability of routine sensitivity testing in coagulase-negative staphylococci often lead to the use of potentially less-effective antibiotics as few laboratories have access to routine tests for the mecA resistance gene. Although previous studies have shown a reasonable correlation between oxacillin disc and automated sensitivity testing, changing epidemiology and methodology dictate periodic reappraisal of these methods. In the present study, we evaluated two real-time PCR assays against novel targets in the mecA gene as an adjunct to routine susceptibility testing using the Vitek II AST-P620 card. All samples were further examined for the presence of the mecC gene. Of 118 strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci tested, 81 were oxacillin resistant and 37 oxacillin susceptible by the Vitek II assay compared with 103 positive and 15 negative by mecA PCR. In-house PCR results correlated well with a previously published reference PCR, though little correlation was found between mecA PCR or Vitek II and PBP 2a latex agglutination. Incubation conditions may have affected the accuracy of the latter test. None of the strains tested were mecC PCR positive. The inclusion of dual-target PCRs in the testing algorithm was inexpensive and offered the safest strategy for determining beta-lactam susceptibility in coagulase-negative staphylococci in our laboratory.
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Ma yszko I, Schwarz S, Hauschild T. Detection of a new mecC allotype, mecC2, in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus saprophyticus. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 69:2003-5. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Loncaric I, Stalder GL, Mehinagic K, Rosengarten R, Hoelzl F, Knauer F, Walzer C. Comparison of ESBL--and AmpC producing Enterobacteriaceae and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from migratory and resident population of rooks (Corvus frugilegus) in Austria. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84048. [PMID: 24391878 PMCID: PMC3877145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to test whether rooks (Corvus frugilegus) represent good indicators for the potential circulation of antibiotics in their native habitat, two populations with different migratory behavior were tested for the presence of beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In all, 54 and 102 samples of fresh feces of a migratory and a resident population were investigated. A total of 24 and 3 cefotaxime-resistant enterobacterial isolates were obtained from the migratory and resident population, respectively. In these isolates CTX-M-1 (n = 15), CTX-M-3 (n = 3), and CTX-M-15 (n = 3) genes were detected. TEM-1 and OXA-1 were associated with CTX-M in 3 and 2 isolates, respectively. In two E. coli isolates CMY-2 could be detected, where from one isolate displayed an overexpression of chromosomal AmpC as well. Among E. coli isolates the most common phylogenetic group was A (n = 11) and ST1683 (n = 5). In one E. coli of B2-ST131 the rfbO25b locus was detected. Three Enterobacter isolates were stably derepressed AmpC-producers. In five samples of the migratory population, PVL positive MRSA could be isolated. Two isolates were typed SCCmec IVa, spa type t127, and ST1. Three isolates carried a SCCmec type IVc, with spa type t852 and ST22. The highly significant difference of the occurrence of antibiotic resistance between the migratory population from eastern Europe compared to resident population in our study indicates that rooks may be good indicator species for the evaluation of environmental contamination with antibiotic resistant bacteria, especially due to their ecology, foraging behavior and differing migratory behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Loncaric
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Biology, Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Gabrielle L. Stalder
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Dept. of Integrative Biology and Evolution, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Kemal Mehinagic
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Biology, Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Rosengarten
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Biology, Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Hoelzl
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Dept. of Integrative Biology and Evolution, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix Knauer
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Dept. of Integrative Biology and Evolution, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Chris Walzer
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Dept. of Integrative Biology and Evolution, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
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Paterson GK, Harrison EM, Holmes MA. The emergence of mecC methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Trends Microbiol 2013; 22:42-7. [PMID: 24331435 PMCID: PMC3989053 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A novel mecA homologue, mecC, confers methicillin resistance to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). mecC MRSA produce negative results with common diagnostic tools. Reported from throughout Western Europe. Recent increase in Denmark. Found in a range of host species and may pose a zoonotic risk to humans.
The report of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) encoding a divergent mecA gene in 2011 was highly significant. This homologue, designated mecC, poses diagnostic problems with the potential to be misdiagnosed as methicillin-sensitive S. aureus, with important potential consequences for individual patients and for the surveillance of MRSA. mecC MRSA have now been reported from 13 European countries and have been isolated from 14 different host species, with evidence of a recent increase in Denmark. The emergence of mecC MRSA is a topic of interest to human and veterinary microbiology, and we consider it timely to review here its discovery and subsequent investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin K Paterson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
| | - Ewan M Harrison
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Mark A Holmes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
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Harrison EM, Paterson GK, Holden MTG, Ba X, Rolo J, Morgan FJE, Pichon B, Kearns A, Zadoks RN, Peacock SJ, Parkhill J, Holmes MA. A novel hybrid SCCmec-mecC region in Staphylococcus sciuri. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 69:911-8. [PMID: 24302651 PMCID: PMC3956370 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus spp. results from the expression of an alternative penicillin-binding protein 2a (encoded by mecA) with a low affinity for β-lactam antibiotics. Recently, a novel variant of mecA known as mecC (formerly mecALGA251) was identified in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from both humans and animals. In this study, we identified two Staphylococcus sciuri subsp. carnaticus isolates from bovine infections that harbour three different mecA homologues: mecA, mecA1 and mecC. METHODS We subjected the two isolates to whole-genome sequencing to further understand the genetic context of the mec-containing region. We also used PCR and RT-PCR to investigate the excision and expression of the SCCmec element and mec genes, respectively. RESULTS Whole-genome sequencing revealed a novel hybrid SCCmec region at the orfX locus consisting of a class E mec complex (mecI-mecR1-mecC1-blaZ) located immediately downstream of a staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type VII element. A second SCCmec attL site (attL2), which was imperfect, was present downstream of the mecC region. PCR analysis of stationary-phase cultures showed that both the SCCmec type VII element and a hybrid SCCmec-mecC element were capable of excision from the genome and forming a circular intermediate. Transcriptional analysis showed that mecC and mecA, but not mecA1, were both expressed in liquid culture supplemented with oxacillin. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study further highlights that a range of staphylococcal species harbour the mecC gene and furthers the view that coagulase-negative staphylococci associated with animals may act as reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes for more pathogenic staphylococcal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan M Harrison
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Paterson GK, Morgan FJE, Harrison EM, Cartwright EJP, Török ME, Zadoks RN, Parkhill J, Peacock SJ, Holmes MA. Prevalence and characterization of human mecC methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in England. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 69:907-10. [PMID: 24284779 PMCID: PMC3956372 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives There are limited data available on the epidemiology and prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the human population that encode the recently described mecA homologue, mecC. To address this knowledge gap we undertook a prospective prevalence study in England to determine the prevalence of mecC among MRSA isolates. Patients and methods Three hundred and thirty-five sequential MRSA isolates from individual patients were collected from each of six clinical microbiology laboratories in England during 2011–12. These were tested by PCR or genome sequencing to differentiate those encoding mecA and mecC. mecC-positive isolates were further characterized by multilocus sequence typing, spa typing, antimicrobial susceptibility profile and detection of PBP2a using commercially available kits. Results Nine out of the 2010 MRSA isolates tested were mecC positive, indicating a prevalence among MRSA in England of 0.45% (95% CI 0.24%–0.85%). The remainder were mecA positive. Eight out of these nine mecC MRSA isolates belonged to clonal complex 130, the other being sequence type 425. Resistance to non-β-lactam antibiotics was rare among these mecC MRSA isolates and all were phenotypically identified as MRSA using oxacillin and cefoxitin according to BSAC disc diffusion methodology. However, all nine mecC isolates gave a negative result using three different commercial PBP2a detection assays. Conclusions mecC MRSA are currently rare among MRSA isolated from humans in England and this study provides an important baseline prevalence rate to monitor future changes, which may be important given the increasing prevalence of mecC MRSA reported in Denmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Paterson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
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Paterson GK, Morgan FJE, Harrison EM, Peacock SJ, Parkhill J, Zadoks RN, Holmes MA. Prevalence and properties of mecC methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in bovine bulk tank milk in Great Britain. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 69:598-602. [PMID: 24155057 PMCID: PMC3922150 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES mecC methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) represent a newly recognized form of MRSA, distinguished by the possession of a divergent mecA homologue, mecC. The first isolate to be identified came from bovine milk, but there are few data on the prevalence of mecC MRSA among dairy cattle. The aim of this study was to conduct a prevalence study of mecC MRSA among dairy farms in Great Britain. METHODS Test farms were randomly selected by random order generation and bulk tank samples were tested for the presence of mecC MRSA by broth enrichment and plating onto chromogenic agar. All MRSA isolated were screened by PCR for mecA and mecC, and mecC MRSA were further characterized by multilocus sequence typing, spa typing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. RESULTS mecC MRSA were detected on 10 of 465 dairy farms sampled in England and Wales (prevalence 2.15%, 95% CI 1.17%-3.91%), but not from 625 farms sampled in Scotland (95% CI of prevalence 0%-0.61%). Seven isolates belonged to sequence type (ST) 425, while the other three belonged to clonal complex 130. Resistance to non-β-lactam antibiotics was uncommon. All 10 isolates produced a negative result by slide agglutination for penicillin-binding protein 2a. mecA MRSA ST398 was detected on one farm in England. CONCLUSIONS mecC MRSA is widely distributed among dairy farms in Great Britain, but this distribution is not uniform across the whole country. These results provide an important baseline dataset to monitor the epidemiology of this emerging form of MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Paterson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
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