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Evalen PS, Barnhardt EN, Ryu J, Stahlschmidt ZR. Toxicity of glyphosate to animals: A meta-analytical approach. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 347:123669. [PMID: 38460584 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Glyphosate (GLY)-based herbicides (GBHs) are the most commonly applied pesticide worldwide, and non-target organisms (e.g., animals) are now regularly exposed to GLY and GBHs due to the accumulation of these chemicals in many environments. Although GLY/GBH was previously considered to be non-toxic, growing evidence indicates that GLY/GBH negatively affects some animal taxa. However, there has been no systematic analysis quantifying its toxicity to animals. Therefore, we used a meta-analytical approach to determine whether there is a demonstrable effect of GLY/GBH toxicity across animals. We further addressed whether the effects of GLY/GBH vary due to (1) taxon (invertebrate vs. vertebrate), (2) habitat (aquatic vs. terrestrial), (3) type of biological response (behavior vs. physiology vs. survival), and (4) dosage or concentration of GLY/GBH. Using this approach, we also determined whether adjuvants (e.g., surfactants) in commercial formulations of GBHs increased toxicity for animals relative to exposure to GLY alone. We analyzed 1282 observations from 121 articles. We conclude that GLY is generally sub-lethally toxic for animals, particularly for animals in aquatic or marine habitats, and that toxicity did not exhibit dose-dependency. Yet, our analyses detected evidence for widespread publication bias so we encourage continued experimental investigations to better understand factors influencing GLY/GBH toxicity to animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Evalen
- University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, USA; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - J Ryu
- University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, USA
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Yildirim EA, Laptev GY, Tiurina DG, Gorfunkel EP, Ilina LA, Filippova VA, Dubrovin AV, Brazhnik EA, Novikova NI, Melikidi VK, Kalitkina KA, Ponomareva ES, Griffin DK, Romanov MN. Investigating adverse effects of chronic dietary exposure to herbicide glyphosate on zootechnical characteristics and clinical, biochemical and immunological blood parameters in broiler chickens. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:153-164. [PMID: 37594698 PMCID: PMC10810961 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10195-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Although the herbicide glyphosate is widely used globally and considered safe, more evidence of its adverse effects on animals and humans is accumulating. The present investigation was aimed at evaluating the impact of different glyphosate concentrations on zootechnical characteristics and clinical, biochemical and immunological blood parameters in Ross 308 broiler chickens. Four groups were employed, including untreated control and three experimental groups fed diets enriched with glyphosate at doses of 10, 20 and 100 ppm that conformed to 0.5, 1 and 5 maximum residue limits, respectively. The results showed that glyphosate is a stress factor triggering a multifaceted effect on important blood parameters (e.g., white blood cell and phagocytic counts), which was shown for the first time in the experiments involving productive meat-type poultry. It was first revealed that glyphosate-induced changes in blood parameters may be related to a negative impact on the zootechnical characteristics including the digestive tract organ development and body weight gain. The study findings suggested that exposure to glyphosate in the feedstuffs can adversely affect the physiological condition and productivity of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Yildirim
- BIOTROF+ Ltd, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "St. Petersburg State Agrarian University", Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Georgi Yu Laptev
- BIOTROF+ Ltd, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "St. Petersburg State Agrarian University", Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | - Larisa A Ilina
- BIOTROF+ Ltd, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "St. Petersburg State Agrarian University", Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Valentina A Filippova
- BIOTROF+ Ltd, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "St. Petersburg State Agrarian University", Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | - Kseniya A Kalitkina
- BIOTROF+ Ltd, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "St. Petersburg State Agrarian University", Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | - Michael N Romanov
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.
- L. K. Ernst Federal Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Dubrovitsy, Podolsk, Moscow Oblast, Russia.
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Hembach N, Drechsel V, Sobol M, Kaster AK, Köhler HR, Triebskorn R, Schwartz T. Effect of glyphosate, its metabolite AMPA, and the glyphosate formulation Roundup ® on brown trout ( Salmo trutta f. fario) gut microbiome diversity. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1271983. [PMID: 38298542 PMCID: PMC10829098 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1271983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate is used worldwide as a compound of pesticides and is detectable in many environmental compartments. It enters water bodies primarily through drift from agricultural areas so that aquatic organisms are exposed to this chemical, especially after rain events. Glyphosate is advertised and sold as a highly specific herbicide, which interacts with the EPSP synthase, an enzyme of the shikimate metabolism, resulting in inhibition of the synthesis of vital aromatic amino acids. However, not only plants but also bacteria can possess this enzyme so that influences of glyphosate on the microbiomes of exposed organisms cannot be excluded. Those influences may result in subtle and long-term effects, e.g., disturbance of the symbiotic interactions of bionts with microorganisms of their microbiomes. Mechanisms how the transformation product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) of glyphosate might interfere in this context have not understood so far. In the present study, molecular biological fingerprinting methods showed concentration-dependent effects of glyphosate and AMPA on fish microbiomes. In addition, age-dependent differences in the composition of the microbiomes regarding abundance and diversity were detected. Furthermore, the effect of exposure to glyphosate and AMPA was investigated for several fish pathogens of gut microbiomes in terms of their gene expression of virulence factors associated with pathogenicity. In vitro transcriptome analysis with the fish pathogen Yersinia ruckeri revealed that it is questionable whether the observed effect on the microbiome is caused by the intended mode of action of glyphosate, such as the inhibition of EPSP synthase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Hembach
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - V. Drechsel
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - M. Sobol
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A.-K. Kaster
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - H.-R. Köhler
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - R. Triebskorn
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - T. Schwartz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Hongjuan H, Fujian Z, Guohua L, Quanhong Y, Qiaoquan L. Functional characterization of glycine oxidase from Bacillus licheniformis in Escherichia coli and transgenic plants. Biotechnol Lett 2023; 45:299-307. [PMID: 36592259 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03340-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To find glycine oxidase genes that can be applied to the breeding of glyphosate resistant crops. RESULTS The glycine oxidase (GO, EC 1.4.3.19) gene (GenBank No: KC831746) from Bacillus licheniformis (B. licheniformis) was chemically synthesized and transformed into glyphosate-sensitive Escherichia coli (E. coli). The GO gene was transformed into Arabidopsis and rice through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The test results confirmed that transgenic plants containing GO genes are more resistant to glyphosate than wild-type plants. On solid Murashige and Skoog (MS) (Murashige and Skoog1962 ) medium containing 200 µM glyphosate, transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana grew normally, while wild-type plants were stunted and root growth was restricted. In a solution containing 500 µM glyphosate, wild-type rice showed severe yellowing, while transgenic rice grew normally. In addition, when sprayed with 10 mM glyphosate solution, wild-type rice withered and died, while transgenic rice grew well. The function of GO gene in glyphosate resistance and the application value of GO gene in the cultivation of glyphosate-resistant crops is proved. CONCLUSIONS The glycine oxidase gene from B. licheniformis enhances the resistance of E. coli, Arabidopsis and rice to glyphosate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Hongjuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Rd, Shanghai, 201106, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang Fujian
- Chongming District Agro-Technology Popularization Center, Shanghai, 202150, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Guohua
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Quanhong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Rd, Shanghai, 201106, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Qiaoquan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
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The role of surface activity on the amyloid fibrillation pathway of bovine serum albumin upon interaction with glyphosate. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 226:1166-1177. [PMID: 36427623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
As an active ingredient in its derivative products, glyphosate has emerged as the most widespread herbicide in recent decades. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a carrier protein may be adversely affected by structural changes due to binding affinity with glyphosate, which may lead to dysfunctionality or metabolic disorders. This study aimed to investigate the interaction of glyphosate with BSA and its thermal fibrillation pathway employing techniques such as dynamic surface tension, fluorescence quenching, ThT binding, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement, as well as molecular dynamics (MD) studies. The adsorption dynamic analysis suggested hydrophobic moiety at higher concentrations of glyphosate upon interaction with BSA. MD results suggested a slight fluctuation due to glyphosate interaction with protein molecules. The carboxy group presented in glyphosate made a hydrogen bond with the hydroxyl group of TYR147. The fluorescence quenching and diffusion studies approved BSA's increased unfolding and hydrophobicity resulting from glyphosate interaction, which would induce fibrillation/aggregation, according to our fibrillation kinetics data. The surface activity of glyphosate at higher concentrations and its approved involvement in structural changes of BSA through hydrogen bonding may raise concerns about its potential side effect on farm animals and the food cycle.
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Feed Safety and the Development of Poultry Intestinal Microbiota. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202890. [PMID: 36290275 PMCID: PMC9598862 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Intensive gut colonisation of animals starts immediately after birth or hatch. Oral route of colonisation, and consequently the first feed, plays a significant role in the continual defining of the intestinal microbial community. The feed can influence colonisation in two ways: providing the microbial inoculum and providing the nutritional requirements that suit a specific type of microbes. In combination with environmental factors, feed shapes animal’s future health and performance from the first day of life. The objective of this review was to investigate feed safety aspects of animal nutrition from the gut colonisation aspect. Abstract The first feed offered to young chicks is likely the most important meal in their life. The complex gut colonisation process is determined with early exposure and during the first days of life before the microbial community is formed. Therefore, providing access to high-quality feed and an environment enriched in the beneficial and deprived of pathogenic microorganisms during this period is critical. Feed often carries a complex microbial community that can contain major poultry pathogens and a range of chemical contaminants such as heavy metals, mycotoxins, pesticides and herbicides, which, although present in minute amounts, can have a profound effect on the development of the microbial community and have a permanent effect on bird’s overall health and performance. The magnitude of their interference with gut colonisation in livestock is yet to be determined. Here, we present the animal feed quality issues that can significantly influence the microbial community development, thus severely affecting the bird’s health and performance.
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Bai G, Zhou R, Jiang X, Zou Y, Shi B. Glyphosate-based herbicides induces autophagy in IPEC-J2 cells and the intervention of N-acetylcysteine. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:1878-1890. [PMID: 35388968 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are the most widely used pesticide in the world, and its extensive use has increased pressures on environmental safety and potential human and livestock health risks. This study investigated the effects of GBHs on antioxidant capacity, inflammatory cytokines, and autophagy of porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) and its molecular mechanism. Also, the protective effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against the toxicity of GBHs were evaluated. Our results showed that the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH-Px) were decreased by GBHs. GBHs increased inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and the mRNA expression of iNOS and COX-2. GBHs induced the up-regulation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and the phosphorylation of IκB-α and NFκB p65, up-regulation of LC3-II/LC3-I, and down-regulation of P62, and NFκB inhibitor decreased the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8). Moreover, NAC reduced the cytotoxicity by suppressing ROS levels, and changed the autophagy-related proteins such as the suppression of LC3-II conversion and up-regulation of P62. Our findings unveil a novel mechanism of GBHs effects on IPEC-J2 cells and NAC can reverse cytotoxicity to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdong Bai
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ruiying Zhou
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xu Jiang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yingbin Zou
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Baoming Shi
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Maldonado-Reina A, López-Ruiz R, Romero-González R, Martínez Vidal JL, Garrido-Frenich A. Assessment of Co-Formulants in Marketed Plant Protection Products by LC-Q-Orbitrap-MS: Application of a Hybrid Data Treatment Strategy Combining Suspect Screening and Unknown Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:7302-7313. [PMID: 35670466 PMCID: PMC9204808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was the determination of co-formulants in 15 different chlorantraniliprole- and difenoconazole-based plant protection products (PPPs) belonging to different formulations. Samples were analyzed by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to Q-Orbitrap high-resolution mass accuracy spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS), operating in full-scan MS and data-dependent acquisition (ddMS2) modes. A total of 78 co-formulants were tentatively identified by a combination of suspect screening and unknown analysis. Nine of them were later confirmed by analytical standards. Finally, the analytical method was successfully validated and co-formulants were quantified. Linear alkyl ethoxylates (LAS) were the most common type of co-formulant, followed by sodium alkylbenzene sulfonates. Moreover, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate had the highest concentration of any co-formulant (up to 32.33 g/L). In all, an innovative identification of co-formulants in a large number of PPPs is presented, which will give room for future studies delving into the composition of PPPs or determining these co-formulants in environmental or agricultural samples.
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McGraw MS, Daigneault BW. Environment to embryo: intersections of contaminant exposure and preimplantation embryo development in agricultural animals. Biol Reprod 2022; 107:869-880. [PMID: 35691671 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental impacts on reproductive function are well documented in humans, yet little information is known about effects on large animals. The interface of environment and reproduction has evolved prudently with a concerted effort to ensure global food sustainability tightly integrated with application of technological advances in agriculture production that include nutrient and resource management. Exposure to environmental toxicants through chemical pesticide application and industry practices have coincided with a decline in cattle and human fertility. The increased adoption of agriculture animals for human biomedical models further emphasizes the importance of understanding the consequences of livestock exposure to environmentally and physiologically relevant levels of contaminants to preimplantation embryo development. In addition, increased awareness of paternal contributions to the early embryo that include both genetic and non-genetic factors support the need to define environmental interactions from gamete to genome. Herein we summarize current knowledge of common environmental contaminants on reproductive function including direct and indirect effects on embryo development success in livestock. Information obtained from a diverse number of species including humans is presented to illustrate gaps in knowledge within livestock directly pertaining to agriculture success, sustainability, clinical practice and biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura S McGraw
- Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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The Current Status of Analytical Methods Applied to the Determination of Polar Pesticides in Food of Animal Origin: A Brief Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11101527. [PMID: 35627095 PMCID: PMC9141992 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of high polar pesticides such as glyphosate and metabolites has increased due to their low cost, low persistence in the environment and high effectiveness. The use of glyphosate is currently permitted in the European Union until 15 December 2022. However, the possible toxic effects on human health and the environment are under debate. Their widespread application on various crops might lead to residues in food intended for animal consumption. For this reason, the Commission, implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/601, recommends the analyses of polar pesticides, not only in matrices of plant origin, but also in those of animal origin such as fat, liver, milk and eggs throughout the years 2022, 2023 and 2024. The determination of polar pesticides is hampered by their chemical nature, which poses challenges both in the instrumental detection (poor column retention, low molecular weight MS/MS fragments, etc.) and in the management of matrix effects, which may vary significantly from matrix to matrix within the same food commodity group. For these reasons, nowadays, there is a limited number of methods for the detection of polar pesticides in food of animal origin. This brief review discusses the different approaches for the simultaneous determination of polar pesticides in food of animal origin using both chromatographic and non-chromatographic techniques.
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Wróbel MH, Młynarczuk J, Rękawiecki R. Do commonly used herbicides (atrazine and glyphosate) have the potential to impair the contractions, prostaglandin releasing and conducting of oxytocin signal at the bovine cervix in vitro? Theriogenology 2022; 183:26-35. [PMID: 35193057 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Glyphosate (Gly) and atrazine (Atr) are among the most commonly used herbicides in global agriculture. It was previously shown that both Atr and Gly impair the ovarian and uterine secretion of regulators of myometrial motility (oxytocin (OT) or prostaglandins (PGs)) in cows, and Atr can also decrease the force of contractions in strips from the uterine horn. Hence, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of Atr and Gly on the motor and secretory function of the bovine cervix in vitro as well as receptivity and signal transduction in cervical cell cultures. Cervical strips or cells obtained from cows before ovulation were treated with environmental doses of Atr or Gly (0.1-10 ng/ml) since these herbicides exerted no cytotoxic effect at a dose of 100 ng/ml. Only Atr increased the force of cervical contractions, while both Atr and Gly decreased the secretion of prostaglandins (PGs) without disturbing their synthesis. Moreover, Atr decreased the mRNA expression and protein level of oxytocin receptor (OTR), while Gly increased OTR protein levels. Both Atr and Gly decreased the contents of gap junction proteins (GAPs), Atr decreased the contents of second messengers (diacylglycerol - DAG, inositol-tris-phosphate - IP3), and Gly decreased the level of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) but increased DAG levels. Atr directly enhanced the cervical strips contractions. Both herbicides disturbed cellular signalling and inhibited PGs secretion. It suggest that Atr and Gly have the potential to impair the activity of cervical cells in vitro, which might be followed by failure of maintenance with gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Hubert Wróbel
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima Street 10, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Młynarczuk
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima Street 10, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Robert Rękawiecki
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima Street 10, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland
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Larsen K, Lifschitz A, Fernández San Juan R, Virkel G. Metabolic stability of glyphosate and its environmental metabolite (aminomethylphosphonic acid) in the ruminal content of cattle. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:740-751. [PMID: 35302929 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2032382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Glyphosate (GLY) is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide. Both GLY and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), its main degradation product, may be present in feedstuffs offered to dairy cows. Although the major proportions of ingested GLY and AMPA are eliminated with faeces, a potential degradation of GLY to AMPA in the rumen of dairy cows has been suggested. Considering that the rumen plays a central role in the pre-systemic metabolism of xenobiotics, this research aimed to investigate whether or not GLY and AMPA are metabolised in the ruminal environment of cattle. The distribution of both compounds between the fluid and solid phases of the ruminal content (RC) was also evaluated. RC from 3 steers were collected in an abattoir. Aliquots were incubated (3-6 h) in anaerobiosis with GLY (15 µg/mL) and AMPA (1.5 µg/mL). Metabolic viability of RC was assessed by the measurement of the sulpho-reduction of the anthelmintic derivative albendazole sulphoxide (ABZSO) into albendazole (ABZ) in the absence (controls) or in presence of GLY and AMPA. Incubations of boiled (inactive) RC were used as controls. Samples were analysed by HLPC with fluorescence detection. Neither GLY nor AMPA were metabolised in metabolically active RC from cattle. Both compounds were predominantly found in the fluid phase compared to the solid (particulate) matter of RC. Neither GLY nor AMPA had a negative effect on the metabolic production of ABZ. A high metabolic stability of both compounds within the ruminal environment would be expected in vivo. Their presence in high proportion in the fluid phase of the ruminal content may give rise to a rapid flow of both GLY and AMPA to the posterior gastrointestinal tract. Negative effects on the ruminal biotransformation of therapeutically used drugs would not be expected when the herbicide and its degradation product are consumed with food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Larsen
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Adrián Lifschitz
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Rocío Fernández San Juan
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Virkel
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
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Hubbard LE, Kolpin DW, Givens CE, Blackwell BR, Bradley PM, Gray JL, Lane RF, Masoner JR, McCleskey RB, Romanok KM, Sandstrom MW, Smalling KL, Villeneuve DL. Food, Beverage, and Feedstock Processing Facility Wastewater: a Unique and Underappreciated Source of Contaminants to U.S. Streams. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1028-1040. [PMID: 34967600 PMCID: PMC9219000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Process wastewaters from food, beverage, and feedstock facilities, although regulated, are an under-investigated environmental contaminant source. Food process wastewaters (FPWWs) from 23 facilities in 17 U.S. states were sampled and documented for a plethora of chemical and microbial contaminants. Of the 576 analyzed organics, 184 (32%) were detected at least once, with concentrations as large as 143 μg L-1 (6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid), and as many as 47 were detected in a single FPWW sample. Cumulative per/polyfluoroalkyl substance concentrations up to 185 μg L-1 and large pesticide transformation product concentrations (e.g., methomyl oxime, 40 μg L-1; clothianidin TMG, 2.02 μg L-1) were observed. Despite 48% of FPWW undergoing disinfection treatment prior to discharge, bacteria resistant to third-generation antibiotics were found in each facility type, and multiple bacterial groups were detected in all samples, including total coliforms. The exposure-activity ratios and toxicity quotients exceeded 1.0 in 13 and 22% of samples, respectively, indicating potential biological effects and toxicity to vertebrates and invertebrates associated with the discharge of FPWW. Organic contaminant profiles of FPWW differed from previously reported contaminant profiles of municipal effluents and urban storm water, indicating that FPWW is another important source of chemical and microbial contaminant mixtures discharged into receiving surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dana W. Kolpin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, United States
| | | | - Brett R. Blackwell
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota 55084, United States
| | - Paul M. Bradley
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, South Carolina 29210, United States
| | - James L. Gray
- U.S. Geological Survey, Lakewood, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Rachael F. Lane
- U.S. Geological Survey, Lawrence, Kansas 66049, United States
| | - Jason R. Masoner
- U.S. Geological Survey, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73116, United States
| | | | | | | | - Kelly L. Smalling
- U.S. Geological Survey, Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648, United States
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15
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Kochia (Bassia scoparia) harvest date impacts nutrient composition, in vitro degradability, and feed value more than pre-harvest herbicide treatment or herbicide resistance traits. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Rezende ECN, Carneiro FM, de Moraes JB, Wastowski IJ. Trends in science on glyphosate toxicity: a scientometric study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:56432-56448. [PMID: 34057629 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14556-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As part of the most used herbicides, glyphosate is the most successful ingredient of agrochemical companies. The main objective of this study was to demonstrate research trends related to the glyphosate toxicity and its main effects on human and environmental health. For this purpose, 443 articles published, from 1995 to 2020, on the platform Web of Science™ Thomson Reuters were selected. The main toxicity results related in literature are genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and endocrine disruption. The environmental effects come mostly from the contamination of groundwater and soils. Several studies have concluded that herbicide concentrations right below the official safety limits induced toxic effects. The results presented a highlighted harmful effect of glyphosate on both human and environmental health. It has been observed that countries where publish the most about the glyphosate toxicity are great investors in large-scale agriculture. It is important to ponder that these countries are in a route of ecosystem exploitation that includes not only fauna and flora, but also human beings. Unfortunately, science does not provide concise data for these pesticide disapproval in the global consumer market. It is necessary to search sustainable global interest alternatives to increase agriculture production based on peoples' food sovereignty.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Isabela Jubé Wastowski
- Mestrado em Ambiente e Sociedade/UEG, Morrinhos, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Goiás UEG, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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17
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Viljoen CD, Koortzen BJ, Sreenivasan Tantuan S. Determining the presence of glyphosate and glyphosate-tolerant events in maize and soybean food products in South Africa. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2021; 14:91-97. [PMID: 33541241 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2021.1872713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide in the world. In South Africa, glyphosate is predominantly used in the production of herbicide-tolerant (HT) maize and soybean. Considering that maize is a staple food and soybean an important source of protein, this study aimed to determine whether glyphosate is present in food products consumed by the general population in South Africa. Food products (81) were purchased from local supermarkets and screened for the presence of glyphosate and HT events using ELISA and real-time PCR, respectively. The majority of products contained glyphosate (66.7%) but at a level below the maximum residue limit. Glyphosate HT event(s) were detected in 70.4% of products but not associated with the presence of glyphosate in all products. This study has confirmed that South African consumers are exposed to low levels of glyphosate reported to cause genotoxic effects at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Viljoen
- Human Molecular Biology Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - B J Koortzen
- Human Molecular Biology Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Sandhya Sreenivasan Tantuan
- Human Molecular Biology Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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18
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Billenkamp F, Schnabel K, Hüther L, Frahm J, von Soosten D, Meyer U, Höper D, Beer M, Seyboldt C, Neubauer H, Dänicke S. No hints at glyphosate-induced ruminal dysbiosis in cows. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2021; 7:30. [PMID: 33767196 PMCID: PMC7994389 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-021-00198-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicides are among the most used non-selective herbicides worldwide and inhibit synthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants, bacteria, and fungi. Given the broad usage, controversies concerning potential effects of glyphosate on health and especially on gut microbiomes arose. For cattle, it has been proposed based on in vitro data that glyphosate has detrimental effects on the ruminal microbiome, which manifest as a specific inhibition of bacteria involved in fiber degradation and as an enrichment of specific pathogens. In the present study, glyphosate effects on the ruminal microbiome were analyzed in vivo using glyphosate contaminated feedstuffs with strong differences in dietary fiber and dietary energy content in order to reproduce the proposed detrimental glyphosate effects on the rumen microbiome. While significant impact of dietary factors on the ruminal microbiome and its products are pointed out, no adverse glyphosate effects on ruminal microbiome composition, diversity, and microbial metabolites are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Billenkamp
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Brunswick, Germany.
| | - Karina Schnabel
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Liane Hüther
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Jana Frahm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Dirk von Soosten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Ulrich Meyer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald-Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald-Riems, Germany
| | - Christian Seyboldt
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Brunswick, Germany
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19
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Poppenga RH, Hooser SB. Commercial and Industrial Chemical Hazards for Ruminants: An Update. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2020; 36:621-639. [PMID: 32948410 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock can be exposed to a wide variety of commercial or industrial chemicals that have variable toxicity. Adverse effects can be due to acute or chronic illnesses and deaths or due to contamination of meat or milk intended for human consumption. A diagnosis can be challenging in the absence of a known exposure. It is critical that a complete evaluation be conducted and appropriate samples be collected for possible analysis. Appropriate experts and regulatory agencies should be consulted as soon as possible to avoid potential contaminated animal products reaching consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Poppenga
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, 620 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Stephen B Hooser
- Toxicology Section, Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Purdue University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 406 South University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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