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Schaefer M, Reichl S, Ter Horst R, Nicolas AM, Krausgruber T, Piras F, Stepper P, Bock C, Samwald M. GPT-4 as a biomedical simulator. Comput Biol Med 2024; 178:108796. [PMID: 38909448 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Computational simulation of biological processes can be a valuable tool for accelerating biomedical research, but usually requires extensive domain knowledge and manual adaptation. Large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 have proven surprisingly successful for a wide range of tasks. This study provides proof-of-concept for the use of GPT-4 as a versatile simulator of biological systems. METHODS We introduce SimulateGPT, a proof-of-concept for knowledge-driven simulation across levels of biological organization through structured prompting of GPT-4. We benchmarked our approach against direct GPT-4 inference in blinded qualitative evaluations by domain experts in four scenarios and in two quantitative scenarios with experimental ground truth. The qualitative scenarios included mouse experiments with known outcomes and treatment decision support in sepsis. The quantitative scenarios included prediction of gene essentiality in cancer cells and progression-free survival in cancer patients. RESULTS In qualitative experiments, biomedical scientists rated SimulateGPT's predictions favorably over direct GPT-4 inference. In quantitative experiments, SimulateGPT substantially improved classification accuracy for predicting the essentiality of individual genes and increased correlation coefficients and precision in the regression task of predicting progression-free survival. CONCLUSION This proof-of-concept study suggests that LLMs may enable a new class of biomedical simulators. Such text-based simulations appear well suited for modeling and understanding complex living systems that are difficult to describe with physics-based first-principles simulations, but for which extensive knowledge is available as written text. Finally, we propose several directions for further development of LLM-based biomedical simulators, including augmentation through web search retrieval, integrated mathematical modeling, and fine-tuning on experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Schaefer
- Medical University of Vienna, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Center for Medical Data Science, Währingerstraße 25a, 1090, Vienna, Austria; CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Stephan Reichl
- Medical University of Vienna, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Center for Medical Data Science, Währingerstraße 25a, 1090, Vienna, Austria; CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Rob Ter Horst
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Adele M Nicolas
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Thomas Krausgruber
- Medical University of Vienna, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Center for Medical Data Science, Währingerstraße 25a, 1090, Vienna, Austria; CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Francesco Piras
- Medical University of Vienna, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Center for Medical Data Science, Währingerstraße 25a, 1090, Vienna, Austria; CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Peter Stepper
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christoph Bock
- Medical University of Vienna, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Center for Medical Data Science, Währingerstraße 25a, 1090, Vienna, Austria; CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Matthias Samwald
- Medical University of Vienna, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Center for Medical Data Science, Währingerstraße 25a, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Alluhayb AH, Severance C, Hendry-Hofer T, Bebarta VS, Logue BA. Can the cyanide metabolite, 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid, be used for forensic verification of cyanide poisoning? Forensic Toxicol 2024; 42:221-231. [PMID: 38739353 PMCID: PMC11269370 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-024-00690-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Forensic verification of cyanide (CN) poisoning by direct CN analysis in postmortem blood is challenging due to instability of CN in biological samples. CN metabolites, thiocyanate (SCN-) and 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (ATCA), have been proposed as more stable biomarkers, yet it is unclear if either is appropriate for this purpose. In this study, we evaluated the behavior of CN biomarkers in postmortem swine and postmortem blood to determine which serves as the best biomarker of CN exposure. METHODS CN, SCN-, and ATCA were measured in postmortem swine (N = 8) stored at 4 °C and postmortem blood stored at 25 °C (room temperature, RT) and 37 °C (typical human body temperature, HBT). RESULTS Following CN poisoning, the concentration of each CN biomarker increased well above the baseline. In postmortem swine, CN concentrations declined rapidly (t1/2 = 34.3 h) versus SCN- (t1/2 = 359 h, 15 days) and ATCA (t1/2 = 544 h, 23 days). CN instability in postmortem blood increased at RT (t1/2 = 10.7 h) and HBT (t1/2 = 6.6 h). SCN- and ATCA were more stable than CN at all storage conditions. In postmortem swine, the t1/2s of SCN- and ATCA were 15 and 23 days, respectively. While both the t1/2s of SCN- and ATCA were relatively lengthy, endogenous levels of SCN- were much more variable than ATCA. CONCLUSION While there are still questions to be answered, ATCA was the most adept forensic marker of CN poisoning (i.e., ATCA produced the longest half-life, the largest increase above baseline levels, and most stable background concentrations).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah H Alluhayb
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Avera Health and Science Center, South Dakota State University, 1055 Campanile Ave, Box 2202, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, Box 1162, Buraidah, 51452, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Carter Severance
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Tara Hendry-Hofer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Vikhyat S Bebarta
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Brian A Logue
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Avera Health and Science Center, South Dakota State University, 1055 Campanile Ave, Box 2202, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
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3
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Zhang S, Tang H, Zhou M, Pan L. Sexual dimorphism association of combined exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOC) with kidney damage. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 258:119426. [PMID: 38879106 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological evidence emphasizes air pollutants' role in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contribute to air pollution, yet research on VOCs and kidney damage, especially gender disparities, is limited. METHODS This study analyzed NHANES data to explore associations between urinary VOC metabolite mixtures (VOCMs) and key kidney-related parameters: estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and albuminuria. Mediation analyses assessed the potential mediating roles of biological aging (BA) and serum albumin in VOCM mixtures' effects on kidney damage. Sensitivity analyses were also conducted. RESULTS The mixture analysis unveiled a noteworthy positive association between VOCM mixtures and the risk of developing CKD, coupled with a significant negative correlation with eGFR within the overall participant cohort. These findings remained consistent when examining the female subgroup. However, among male participants, no significant link emerged between VOCM mixtures and CKD or eGFR. Furthermore, in both the overall and female participant groups, there was an absence of a significant correlation between VOCM mixtures and either ACR or albuminuria. On the other hand, in male participants, while no significant correlation was detected with albuminuria, a significant positive correlation was observed with ACR. Pollutant analysis identified potential links between kidney damage and 1,3-butadiene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene, xylene, acrolein, crotonaldehyde and propylene oxide. Mediation analyses suggested that BA might partially mediate the relationship between VOCM mixtures and kidney damage. CONCLUSION The current findings highlight the widespread exposure to VOCs among the general U.S. adult population and indicate a potential correlation between exposure to VOC mixtures and compromised renal function parameters, with notable gender disparities. Females appear to exhibit greater sensitivity to impaired renal function resulting from VOCs exposure. Anti-aging treatments may offer some mitigation against kidney damage due to VOCs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Department of Male Reproductive Health, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Qindongmen Avenue, Haizhou District, Lianyungang, 222000, China; Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Qindongmen Avenue, Haizhou District, Lianyungang, 222000, China.
| | - Hanhan Tang
- Graduate School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, No. 209, Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Minglian Zhou
- Department of Male Reproductive Health, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Qindongmen Avenue, Haizhou District, Lianyungang, 222000, China; Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Qindongmen Avenue, Haizhou District, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Linqing Pan
- Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Qindongmen Avenue, Haizhou District, Lianyungang, 222000, China
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Nishio T, Toukairin Y, Hoshi T, Arai T, Nogami M. Simultaneous quantification of 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid and 2-aminothiazoline-4-oxoaminoethanoic acid utilizing chemical derivatization followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 242:116027. [PMID: 38401350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Detecting cyanide compounds in postmortem blood samples is an important matter in forensic science because cyanide is often used as a poison for murder or suicide. However, the direct analysis of cyanide itself has practical limitations because of cyanide's volatility and short half-life at ambient temperature. Here, we focused on the relatively stable cyanide metabolites 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (ATCA) and 2-aminothiazoline-4-oxoaminoethanoic acid (ATOEA) as potential markers of cyanide exposure. We developed an analytical method that uses chemical derivatization of the target compounds with 4-bromoethyl-7-methoxycoumarin followed by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. The recovery rates for pretreatment and calibration curve linearities were good in the concentration range of 20-1000 ng/mL. Using our approach, we were able to detect and quantify both ATCA and ATOEA concentrations in postmortem blood samples, and in our samples the ratio of ATCA and ATOEA was in the range of 4.5-19.1. To our knowledge, this is the first time ATOEA has been successfully detected in human blood samples. In addition, we found that ATCA and ATOEA concentrations were both significantly higher in the blood of fire victims than in the blood of individuals with a non-fire-related cause of death. Also, we found that there was a significant positive correlation between ATCA concentrations and ATOEA concentrations. Together, our present data suggested that ATCA and ATOEA are both potential markers of cyanide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Nishio
- Department of Legal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Yoko Toukairin
- Department of Legal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Hoshi
- Department of Legal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Tomomi Arai
- Department of Legal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Makoto Nogami
- Department of Legal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
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Li J, Du B, Wang Y, Qiu J, Shi M, Wei M, Li L. Environmental perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate exposures and bone mineral density: a national cross-sectional study in the US adults. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:34459-34472. [PMID: 38703319 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33563-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Associations of perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate exposures with bone mineral density (BMD) in adults have not previously been studied. This study aimed to estimate the associations of individual and concurrent exposure of the three chemicals with adult BMD. Based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2011-2018), 1618 non-pregnant adults (age ≥ 20 years and 47.0% female) were included in this study. Survey-weighted linear regression models were used to estimate individual urinary perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate concentrations with lumbar spine BMD and total BMD in adults. Then, weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were conducted to evaluate associations of co-occurrence of the three chemicals with adult BMD. In all participants, nitrate exposure was inversely associated with lumbar spine BMD (β = - 0.054, 95%CI: - 0.097, - 0.010). In stratification analyses, significant inverse associations were observed in female and participants older than 40 years old. In WQS regressions, significant negative associations of the weighted sum of the three chemicals with total and lumbar spine BMD (β = - 0.014, 95%CI: - 0.021, - 0.007; β = - 0.011, 95%CI: - 0.019, - 0.004, respectively) were found, and the dominant contributor was nitrate. In the BKMR models, non-linear dose-response associations of nitrate exposure with lumbar spine and total BMD were observed. These findings suggested that environmental perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate exposure may reduce adult BMD and nitrate is the main contributor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juxiao Li
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bohai Du
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahuang Qiu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Shi
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhong Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
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Gu C, Huang J, Muste C, Zhong J, Walker GS, Obach RS, Shaffer CL. Radiolabel Uncovers Nonintuitive Metabolites of BIIB104: Novel Release of [ 14C]Cyanide from 2-Cyanothiophene and Subsequent Formation of [ 14C]Thiocyanate. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:323-336. [PMID: 38360917 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BIIB104 (formerly PF-04958242), N-((3S,4S)-4-(4-(5-cyanothiophen-2-yl)phenoxy)tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)propane-2-sulfonamide, is an α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor potentiator investigated for the treatment of cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia. Preliminary in vitro metabolism studies with non-radiolabeled BIIB104 in rat, dog, and human liver microsomes (RLM, DLM, and HLM) showed O-dealkylation in all three species, tetrahydrofuran hydroxylation dominating in DLM and HLM, and thiophene hydroxylation prevalent in RLM. However, a subsequent rat mass balance study with [nitrile-14C]BIIB104 showed incomplete recovery of administered radioactivity (∼80%) from urine and feces over 7 days following an oral dose, and an exceptionally long plasma total radioactivity half-life. Radiochromatographic metabolite profiling and identification, including chemical derivation, revealed that [14C]cyanide was a major metabolite of [nitrile-14C]BIIB104 in RLM, but a minor and trace metabolite in DLM and HLM, respectively. Correspondingly in bile duct-cannulated rats, [14C]thiocyanate accounted for ∼53% of total radioactivity excreted over 48 hours postdose and it, as an endogenous substance, explained the exceptionally long plasma radioactivity half-life. The release of [14C]cyanide from the 2-cyanothiophene moiety is postulated to follow an epoxidation-initiated thiophene-opening based on the detection of non-radiolabeled counterpart metabolites in RLM. This unusual biotransformation serves as a lesson regarding placement of the radioactive label on an aryl nitrile when material will be used for evaluating the metabolism of a new drug candidate. Additionally, the potential cyanide metabolite of nitrile-containing drug molecules may be detected in liver microsomes with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry following a chemical derivatization. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Using [nitrile-14C]BIIB104, non-intuitive metabolites of BIIB104 were discovered involving a novel cyanide release from the 2-cyanothiophene motif via a postulated epoxidation-initiated thiophene-opening. This unusual biotransformation serves as a lesson regarding placement of the radioactive label on an aryl nitrile when material will be used for evaluating the metabolism of a new drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungang Gu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.G., J.H., C.M.), External Innovation Unit (C.L.S.), and Physical Biochemistry (J.Z.), Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (G.S.W., R.S.O.)
| | - Jiansheng Huang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.G., J.H., C.M.), External Innovation Unit (C.L.S.), and Physical Biochemistry (J.Z.), Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (G.S.W., R.S.O.)
| | - Cathy Muste
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.G., J.H., C.M.), External Innovation Unit (C.L.S.), and Physical Biochemistry (J.Z.), Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (G.S.W., R.S.O.)
| | - Jeremy Zhong
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.G., J.H., C.M.), External Innovation Unit (C.L.S.), and Physical Biochemistry (J.Z.), Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (G.S.W., R.S.O.)
| | - Gregory S Walker
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.G., J.H., C.M.), External Innovation Unit (C.L.S.), and Physical Biochemistry (J.Z.), Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (G.S.W., R.S.O.)
| | - R Scott Obach
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.G., J.H., C.M.), External Innovation Unit (C.L.S.), and Physical Biochemistry (J.Z.), Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (G.S.W., R.S.O.)
| | - Christopher L Shaffer
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.G., J.H., C.M.), External Innovation Unit (C.L.S.), and Physical Biochemistry (J.Z.), Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (G.S.W., R.S.O.)
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7
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Tusiewicz K, Wachełko O, Zawadzki M, Szpot P. The stability of cyanide in human biological samples. A systematic review, meta-analysis and determination of cyanide (GC-QqQ-MS/MS) in an authentic casework 7 years after fatal intoxication. Toxicol Mech Methods 2024; 34:271-282. [PMID: 38014466 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2023.2280212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
A 30 year old man was found with no signs of life in front of the house. The cyanide concentration in blood and urine was determined five years after the man's death. What is more, a stability study was conducted for 730 days in an authentic casework blood sample. Sample preparation procedure included precipitation with methanol:water mixture, solid phase extraction (SPE) and derivatization with the use of PFB-Br (pentafluorobenzyl bromide). The sample was analyzed using GC-QqQ-MS/MS (gas chromatopraphy coupled with tandem mass spectrometry) isotope dilution method. Separation was done using a SH-RXI-5MS column (30 m x 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm). Detection of PFB-CN and PFB-13CN was achieved using a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer with an electron ionization (EI) ion source in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. After 5 years from the man's death, cyanide concentration was: 1900 ng/mL in blood and 500 ng/mL in urine. Stability study performed in an authentic blood sample 6 and 7 years after the man's death revealed cyanide concentrations of 1898.2 ng/mL and 1618.7 ng/mL, respectively. While spectrophotometric and colorimetric methods recorded both decrease and increase in cyanide concentration over time, newer chromatographic methods mainly indicate a decrease. The studies presented in this paper seem to confirm this trend. However, in order to interpretate the results of cyanide concentration in biological material reliably, more research is still necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Tusiewicz
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Marcin Zawadzki
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Social Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paweł Szpot
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Zhao H, Chen X, Ni J, Fang L, Chen Y, Ma Y, Cai G, Pan F. Associations of perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate exposure with arthritis and inflammation indicators in young and middle-aged adults, NHANES 2005-2016. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1318737. [PMID: 38495893 PMCID: PMC10940346 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1318737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Perchlorates, nitrates, and thiocyanates are prevalent environmental chemicals. Their potential association with arthritis remains unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the link between perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate exposure and arthritis, as well as the potential role of inflammation in this context. Methods Utilizing the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data spanning from 2005 to 2016, the study enrolled 6597 participants aged 20-59 (young and middle-aged), of which 1045 had arthritis. Employing multivariate logistic regression modeling, multiple linear regression models, restricted cubic spline analysis, Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) modeling, and mediation analysis, we assessed these relationships. Results There was a significant positive association between elevated urinary thiocyanate levels and arthritis risk [1.19 (1.11, 1.28)]. This association held true across subgroups of osteoarthritis (OA) [1.24 (1.10, 1.40)] and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [1.33 (1.15, 1.55)]. Thiocyanate levels displayed a dose-dependent relationship with arthritis risk, showing a linear trend (nonlinear P > 0.05). Conversely, perchlorate and nitrate did not exhibit associations with arthritis risk. BKMR outcomes highlighted a positive correlation between a mixture of perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate and arthritis risk, with thiocyanate being the predominant predictors. Moreover, BKMR and generalized linear model analyses unveiled no significant synergistic effect of urinary perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate on arthritis risk. Furthermore, thiocyanate exposure has been linked to elevated levels of inflammatory indicators (white blood cell, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and systemic immune-inflammatory index (SII)). Conclusion Heightened thiocyanate exposure may be linked to elevated arthritis risk, either single or in combined effects. Additionally, thiocyanate exposure is associated with heightened inflammation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xuyang Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jianping Ni
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lanlan Fang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuting Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yubo Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guoqi Cai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Faming Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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9
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Wang X, Chen Z, Cheng D, Cao Y, Xie X, Zhou J, Wu Y, Li X, Yu J, Yang B. Association between urinary metabolites of volatile organic compounds and cardiovascular disease in the general population from NHANES 2011-2018. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 264:115412. [PMID: 37714034 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contain hundreds of chemicals and human exposure to VOCs is pervasive. However, most studies have considered only a single chemical or a class of similar chemicals. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the association between urinary volatile organic compound metabolites (mVOCs) and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the general population. METHODS The data in this study were collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2011-2018. Eligible patients were aged ≥20 years for whom complete data for 20 types of urinary mVOCs and CVD outcomes were available. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to elucidate the association between mVOCs and CVD. Generalized additive models were used to examine the nonlinear relationships between mVOCs and CVD. RESULTS 6814 indiviuals were included in the final analysis, of whom 508 had CVD. Higher urinary concentrations of N-acetyl-S-(2-carboxyethyl)-L-cysteine (CEMA) and N-Acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-l-cysteine (CYMA) and a lower urinary concentration of 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (ATCA) were associated with CVD outcomes after the adjustment for potential confounding factors. A nonlinear relationship and a threshold effect were only observed between N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)-l-cysteine (AMCC) and CVD among 20 types of mVOCs. There was a significantly positive correlation between AMCC and CVD when AMCC concentration was >2.32 g/mL. CONCLUSION The findings of this study suggested a significant correlation between urinary VOC metabolites and CVD. Urinary mVOCs may indicate hazardous exposure or distinct metabolic traits in patients with CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuecheng Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, TongjiUniversity, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Zijun Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, TongjiUniversity, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Dian Cheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, TongjiUniversity, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Yue Cao
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Xin Xie
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, TongjiUniversity, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, TongjiUniversity, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Yizhang Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, TongjiUniversity, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, TongjiUniversity, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Jinbo Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, TongjiUniversity, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China.
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, TongjiUniversity, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China.
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10
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Shi M, Zhu X, Cheang I, Zhu Q, Guo Q, Liao S, Gao R, Li X. Associations of thiocyanate, nitrate, and perchlorate exposure with dyslipidemia: a cross-sectional, population-based analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:17214-17225. [PMID: 36194328 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23296-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the associations of urinary thiocyanate, nitrate, and perchlorate concentrations with dyslipidemia, individually and in combination, which has not previously been studied. Data from the 2001-2002 and 2005-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) were analyzed in this cross-sectional study. The dependent variables were continuous serum lipid variables (triglycerides [TG], total cholesterol [TC], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], non-HDL-C, and apolipoprotein B [Apo B]) and binary serum lipid variables, with the latter reflecting dyslipidemia (elevated TG, ≥ 150 mg/dL; elevated TC, ≥ 200 mg/dL; elevated LDL-C, ≥ 130 mg/dL; lowered HDL-C, < 40 mg/dL in men and < 5 0 mg/dL in women; elevated non-HDL-C, ≥ 160 mg/dL; and elevated Apo B, ≥ 130 mg/dL). Multivariate logistic, linear, and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression analyses were used to explore the associations of thiocyanate, nitrate, and perchlorate with the continuous and binary serum lipid variables. The linearity of the associations with the binary serum lipid variables was assessed using restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression. A total of 15,563 adults were included in the analysis. The multivariate linear and logistic regression analyses showed that thiocyanate was positively associated with multiple continuous (TG, TC, LDL-C, non-HDL-C, and Apo B, but not HDL-C) and binary (elevated TG, TC, LDL-C, and non-HDL-C) serum lipid variables, whereas perchlorate was negatively associated with elevated LDL-C. Multivariate RCS logistic regression revealed a linear dose-response relationship between thiocyanate and elevated TG, TC, LDL-C, non-HDL-C, and Apo B, but a nonlinear relationship with lowered HDL-C (inflection point = 1.622 mg/L). WQS regression showed that a mixture of thiocyanate, nitrate, and perchlorate was positively associated with all binary serum lipid variables except for Apo B. Our findings indicate that urinary thiocyanate, nitrate, and perchlorate concentrations, individually and in combination, were associated with dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengsha Shi
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xu Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Iokfai Cheang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Qixin Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Shengen Liao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Rongrong Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xinli Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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11
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Quantification of cyanide metabolite 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid in postmortem dried blood spot samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1215:123580. [PMID: 36580818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
2-Aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (ATCA), which is produced by the reaction of cyanide with endogenous cystine, is a promising biomarker of cyanide exposure because of its physicochemical stability. Analysis of more stable metabolite than the toxic gas itself is sometimes useful for postmortem diagnosis of gas poisoning. Here, we developed and validated an approach that uses liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry for quantifying ATCA in dried blood spot (DBS) samples. The linearity of the calibration curve was good in the concentration range of 20-1500 ng/mL. Our method allows for repeatable and the accurate quantification of ATCA, with intra- and inter assay coefficients of variation of below 7.8 % and below 9.3 %, respectively. In addition, the concentration of ATCA in DBSs remained stable for at least one month when stored at -20°C. Our results indicated that our analytical approach can be used to determine past exposure to higher doses of cyanide. In a comparison of ATCA concentrations in DBSs obtained from cadavers with various causes of death, significantly higher ATCA concentrations were observed in fire victims than in non-fire victims, confirming that fire victims inhale large amounts of cyanide gas. Thus, here we extended the possible uses of DBS for quantification of ATCA to forensic toxicological testing for cyanide poisoning.
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12
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Assessment of blood 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid concentrations: Age and sex differences, and correlation with carboxyhemoglobin in fire victims. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2022; 59:102111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2022.102111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Jiang Q, Li Q. Association of environmental exposure to perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate with overweight/obesity and central obesity among children and adolescents in the United States of America using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2016. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev 2022; 2022:107-122. [PMID: 36251327 PMCID: PMC10091814 DOI: 10.1002/cad.20487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The association of overweight/obesity, and central obesity with thiocyanate (SCN), perchlorate (CIO), and nitrate (NO) in childhood and adolescence is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to explore this association in 4447 participants comprising children and adolescents (aged 6-19 years) using data from the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2016. SCN level was positively associated with overweight/obesity in both children and adolescents, while CIO level was negatively associated with overweight/obesity only in children; however, no significant association was found for NO level. Similar associations were found between SCN level and central obesity. Thus, our results suggest that SCN exposure was associated with overweight/obesity and central obesity in both children and adolescents, while a negative association was observed for CIO in children. Strategies to monitor the exposure levels and the mechanisms underlying the relationship between exposure and the weight parameters are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jiang
- Department of Pediatric, Suining Central Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Pediatric, Suining Central Hospital, Sichuan, China
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14
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Nishio T, Toukairin Y, Hoshi T, Arai T, Nogami M. Quantification of 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid as a reliable marker of cyanide exposure using chemical derivatization followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114429. [PMID: 34715581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this research, we have developed a novel and simple liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) method for quantification of 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (ATCA), which is produced by the direct reaction of cyanide (CN) with endogenous cystine. In forensic science, detection of CN is important because CN is a poison that is often used for murder or suicide, in addition to being produced by the thermal decomposition of natural or synthetic materials. However, because CN disappears rapidly from body tissue, ATCA is thought to be a more reliable indicator of CN exposure. For the method reported herein, human blood samples (20 μL) were subjected to protein precipitation followed by derivatization with 4-bromoethyl-7-methoxycoumarin. Blood spiked with ATCA at concentrations ranging from 50 to 1500 ng/mL was used to prepare a calibration curve (lower limit of quantification; 50 ng/mL, lower limit of detection; 25 ng/mL). Our method uses chemical derivatization, so unlike previously reported methods, it does not require tedious pretreatment procedures, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography columns, or specialized equipment. In addition, our method allows for repeatable and accurate quantification of ATCA, with intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation of below 5.0% and below 6.0%, respectively. We used the method to analyze ATCA in postmortem human blood samples, including samples from people who had intentionally ingested CN or were fire victims. Blood ATCA concentrations were higher among people who had ingested CN or were fire victims than among people in a control group (P < 0.0001). The data reported herein demonstrate that our LC/ESI-MS/MS method can be used to detect and quantify ATCA in postmortem blood samples and that CN exposure strongly affects ATCA concentration, providing a useful tool for detection of CN poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Nishio
- Department of Legal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Yoko Toukairin
- Department of Legal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Hoshi
- Department of Legal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Tomomi Arai
- Department of Legal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Makoto Nogami
- Department of Legal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
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15
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Kim M, Jee SC, Kim S, Hwang KH, Sung JS. Identification and Characterization of mRNA Biomarkers for Sodium Cyanide Exposure. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9110288. [PMID: 34822678 PMCID: PMC8624962 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9110288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers in exposure assessment are defined as the quantifiable targets that indicate the exposure to hazardous chemicals and their resulting health effect. In this study, we aimed to identify, validate, and characterize the mRNA biomarker that can detect the exposure of sodium cyanide. To identify reliable biomarkers for sodium cyanide exposure, critical criteria were defined for candidate selection: (1) the expression level of mRNA significantly changes in response to sodium thiocyanate treatment in transcriptomics results (fold change > 2.0 or <0.50, adjusted p-value < 0.05); and (2) the mRNA level is significantly modulated by sodium cyanide exposure in both normal human lung cells and rat lung tissue. We identified the following mRNA biomarker candidates: ADCY5, ANGPTL4, CCNG2, CD9, COL1A2, DACT3, GGCX, GRB14, H1F0, HSPA1A, MAF, MAT2A, PPP1R10, and PPP4C. The expression levels of these candidates were commonly downregulated by sodium cyanide exposure both in vitro and in vivo. We functionally characterized the biomarkers and established the impact of sodium cyanide on transcriptomic profiles using in silico approaches. Our results suggest that the biomarkers may contribute to the regulation and degradation of the extracellular matrix, leading to a negative effect on surrounding lung cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kim
- Department of Life Science, Biomedi Campus, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang 10326, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (M.K.); (S.-C.J.); (S.K.)
| | - Seung-Cheol Jee
- Department of Life Science, Biomedi Campus, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang 10326, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (M.K.); (S.-C.J.); (S.K.)
| | - Soee Kim
- Department of Life Science, Biomedi Campus, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang 10326, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (M.K.); (S.-C.J.); (S.K.)
| | - Kyung-Hwa Hwang
- Jeonbuk Branch, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KIT, KRICT, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeongeup-si 56212, Jeollabuk-do, Korea;
| | - Jung-Suk Sung
- Department of Life Science, Biomedi Campus, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang 10326, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (M.K.); (S.-C.J.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-961-5132; Fax: +82-31-961-5108
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16
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A fatal poisoning case of acetone cyanohydrin and citalopram. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2021; 53:101937. [PMID: 34233261 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2021.101937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acetone cyanohydrin (ACH) is a readily available source of cyanide and is widely used in basic and applied sciences. In toxicology, ACH is classified as extremely hazardous as it readily decomposes on contact with water, with the potential rapid release of highly toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN). We report the case of a young woman found dead from the intentional ingestion of ACH and citalopram, an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor class. The autopsy findings included bright reddish-purple hypostasis and mild pulmonary edema. As ACH can decompose to acetone and HCN, we quantified the concentration of each compound and thiocyanate separately in various body fluids and organs and determined their whole-body distributions by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We observed high concentrations of both acetone and cyanide in the blood (0.63 mg/mL and 17.99 mM, respectively) and gastric contents (9.76 mg/mL and 472.44 mM). The whole-body distributions of acetone and cyanide were similar (i.e., the concentration of each compound was the highest in the lung, followed by the heart, and then the liver). Our results suggest that not only the route of administration but also the dose taken could greatly affect the body distributions of cyanide in humans. In addition, as toxicological screening detected citalopram, which was not prescribed to the deceased, we performed a chiral analysis by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We determined that only (S)-citalopram was ingested antemortem; its concentration was 0.36 μg/mL, which is in the toxic range.
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17
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Oral pre-treatment with thiocyanate (SCN -) protects against myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12712. [PMID: 34135432 PMCID: PMC8209016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92142-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite improvements in revascularization after a myocardial infarction, coronary disease remains a major contributor to global mortality. Neutrophil infiltration and activation contributes to tissue damage, via the release of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and formation of the damaging oxidant hypochlorous acid. We hypothesized that elevation of thiocyanate ions (SCN−), a competitive MPO substrate, would modulate tissue damage. Oral dosing of rats with SCN−, before acute ischemia–reperfusion injury (30 min occlusion, 24 h or 4 week recovery), significantly reduced the infarct size as a percentage of the total reperfused area (54% versus 74%), and increased the salvageable area (46% versus 26%) as determined by MRI imaging. No difference was observed in fractional shortening, but supplementation resulted in both left-ventricle end diastolic and left-ventricle end systolic areas returning to control levels, as determined by echocardiography. Supplementation also decreased antibody recognition of HOCl-damaged myocardial proteins. SCN− supplementation did not modulate serum markers of damage/inflammation (ANP, BNP, galectin-3, CRP), but returned metabolomic abnormalities (reductions in histidine, creatine and leucine by 0.83-, 0.84- and 0.89-fold, respectively), determined by NMR, to control levels. These data indicate that elevated levels of the MPO substrate SCN−, which can be readily modulated by dietary means, can protect against acute ischemia–reperfusion injury.
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18
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Chinopoulos C. From Glucose to Lactate and Transiting Intermediates Through Mitochondria, Bypassing Pyruvate Kinase: Considerations for Cells Exhibiting Dimeric PKM2 or Otherwise Inhibited Kinase Activity. Front Physiol 2020; 11:543564. [PMID: 33335484 PMCID: PMC7736077 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.543564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A metabolic hallmark of many cancers is the increase in glucose consumption coupled to excessive lactate production. Mindful that L-lactate originates only from pyruvate, the question arises as to how can this be sustained in those tissues where pyruvate kinase activity is reduced due to dimerization of PKM2 isoform or inhibited by oxidative/nitrosative stress, posttranslational modifications or mutations, all widely reported findings in the very same cells. Hereby 17 pathways connecting glucose to lactate bypassing pyruvate kinase are reviewed, some of which transit through the mitochondrial matrix. An additional 69 converging pathways leading to pyruvate and lactate, but not commencing from glucose, are also examined. The minor production of pyruvate and lactate by glutaminolysis is scrutinized separately. The present review aims to highlight the ways through which L-lactate can still be produced from pyruvate using carbon atoms originating from glucose or other substrates in cells with kinetically impaired pyruvate kinase and underscore the importance of mitochondria in cancer metabolism irrespective of oxidative phosphorylation.
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19
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Hisatsune K, Murata T, Ogata K, Hida M, Ishii A, Tsuchihashi H, Hayashi Y, Zaitsu K. RECiQ: A Rapid and Easy Method for Determining Cyanide Intoxication by Cyanide and 2-Aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic Acid Quantification in the Human Blood Using Probe Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:23351-23357. [PMID: 32954186 PMCID: PMC7496032 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a rapid and easy method to determine cyanide (CN) intoxication by quantification of CN and 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (ATCA), which is a new and reliable indicator of CN exposure, in the human blood using probe electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (PESI/MS/MS) named RECiQ. For CN, we applied the previously reported one-pot derivatization method using 2,3-naphthalenedialdehyde and taurine, which can directly derivatize CN in the blood. The analytical conditions of the CN derivatization were optimized as a 10 min reaction time at room temperature. In contrast, ATCA could be directly detected in the blood by PESI/MS/MS. We developed quantitative methods for the derivatized CN and ATCA using an internal standard method and validated them using quality control samples, demonstrating that the linearities of each calibration curve were greater than 0.995, and intra- and interday precisions and accuracies were 5.1-15 and 1.1-14%, respectively. Moreover, the lower limit of detections for CN and ATCA were 42 and 43 ng/mL, respectively. Finally, we applied RECiQ to three postmortem blood specimens obtained from victims of fire incidents, which resulted in the successful quantification of CN and ATCA in all samples. As PESI/MS/MS can be completed within 0.5 min, and the sample volume requirement of RECiQ is only 2 μL of blood, these methods are useful not only for the rapid determination of CN exposure but also for the estimation of the CN intoxication levels during an autopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Hisatsune
- Forensic
Science Laboratory, Aichi Prefectural Police
Headquarters, Naka-ku, Nagoya 460-8502, Japan
- Department
of Legal Medicine & Bioethics, Nagoya
University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tasuku Murata
- Shimadzu
Corporation, 1 Nishinokyo-Kuwabaracho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
| | - Koretsugu Ogata
- Shimadzu
Corporation, 1 Nishinokyo-Kuwabaracho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
| | - Minemasa Hida
- Forensic
Science Laboratory, Aichi Prefectural Police
Headquarters, Naka-ku, Nagoya 460-8502, Japan
| | - Akira Ishii
- Department
of Legal Medicine & Bioethics, Nagoya
University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tsuchihashi
- Department
of Legal Medicine & Bioethics, Nagoya
University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yumi Hayashi
- Department
of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daiko-Minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
- In
Vivo Real-Time Omics Laboratory, Institute
for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kei Zaitsu
- Department
of Legal Medicine & Bioethics, Nagoya
University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
- In
Vivo Real-Time Omics Laboratory, Institute
for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- . Tel: +81-52-744-2118. Fax: +81-52-744-2121
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20
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Liu Y, Burton T, Rayner BS, San Gabriel PT, Shi H, El Kazzi M, Wang X, Dennis JM, Ahmad G, Schroder AL, Gao A, Witting PK, Chami B. The role of sodium thiocyanate supplementation during dextran sodium sulphate-stimulated experimental colitis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 692:108490. [PMID: 32721434 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is a condition characterised by the infiltration of leukocytes into the gastrointestinal wall. Leukocyte-MPO catalyses hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN) formation from chloride (Cl-) and thiocyanous (SCN-) anions, respectively. While HOCl indiscriminately oxidises biomolecules, HOSCN primarily targets low-molecular weight protein thiols. Oxidative damage mediated by HOSCN may be reversible, potentially decreasing MPO-associated host tissue destruction. This study investigated the effect of SCN- supplementation in a model of acute colitis. Female mice were supplemented dextran sodium sulphate (DSS, 3% w/v) in the presence of 10 mM Cl- or SCN- in drinking water ad libitum, or with salts (NaCl and NaSCN only) or water only (controls). Behavioural studies showed mice tolerated NaSCN and NaCl-treated water with water-seeking frequency. Ion-exchange chromatography showed increased fecal and plasma SCN- levels in thiocyanate supplemented mice; plasma SCN- reached similar fold-increase for smokers. Overall there was no difference in weight loss and clinical score, mucin levels, crypt integrity and extent of cellular infiltration between DSS/SCN- and DSS/Cl- groups. Neutrophil recruitment remained unchanged in DSS-treated mice, as assessed by fecal calprotectin levels. Total thiol and tyrosine phosphatase activity remained unchanged between DSS/Cl- and DSS/SCN- groups, however, colonic tissue showed a trend in decreased 3-chlorotyrosine (1.5-fold reduction, p < 0.051) and marked increase in colonic GCLC, the rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione synthesis. These data suggest that SCN- administration can modulate MPO activity towards a HOSCN-specific pathway, however, this does not alter the development of colitis within a DSS murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Liu
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Thomas Burton
- Animal Behavioural Facility, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences and the Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Benjamin Saul Rayner
- Heart Research Institute, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Patrick T San Gabriel
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Han Shi
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Mary El Kazzi
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - XiaoSuo Wang
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Joanne M Dennis
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Gulfam Ahmad
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Angie L Schroder
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Antony Gao
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Paul Kenneth Witting
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Belal Chami
- Discipline of Pathology, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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21
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Zhu F, Huang M, Jiao J, Zhuang P, Mao L, Zhang Y. Environmental exposure to perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate in relation to obesity: A population-based study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105191. [PMID: 31639604 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate are well-known thyroid disrupters and may contribute to changes in body weight. However, the associations between environmental exposure to these chemicals and obesity-related outcomes remain unclear. OBJECTIVES We aim to examine the urinary levels of perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate and their associations with obesity and abdominal obesity in the U.S. METHODS Here, we investigated the data of 16,265 adults aged 20-85 years from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) in 2001-2014. Urinary levels of perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate were measured by ion chromatography combined with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Obesity and abdominal obesity were defined by the body mass index and waist circumference, respectively. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the associations. RESULTS Overall, 5794 (35.6%) cases of obesity and 9090 cases (55.9%) of abdominal obesity were observed among the participants. In multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models, urinary nitrate was inversely associated with obesity (p = 0.0022 for trend), while urinary thiocyanate was positively related to obesity (p < 0.001 for trend). Compared with the lowest quartile, the odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) across increasing quartiles were 0.95 (95% CI, 0.83-1.08), 0.88 (0.75-1.03), and 0.74 (0.60-0.90) for urinary nitrate and 1.31 (1.16-1.48), 1.53 (1.36-1.73), and 1.73 (1.47-2.03) for urinary thiocyanate. Urinary perchlorate was not correlated with obesity. Similar associations were also found between exposure to these chemicals and abdominal obesity. CONCLUSIONS A higher exposure to urinary nitrate was associated with a lower risk of obesity, while a positive association was observed for urinary thiocyanate. These findings emphasize the need to longitudinally evaluate environmental exposure to perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate with respect to their effect on obesity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghuan Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengmeng Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Jiao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pan Zhuang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Mao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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22
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Bortey-Sam N, Jackson R, Gyamfi OA, Bhadra S, Freeman C, Mahon SB, Brenner M, Rockwood GA, Logue BA. Diagnosis of cyanide poisoning using an automated, field-portable sensor for rapid analysis of blood cyanide concentrations. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1098:125-132. [PMID: 31948575 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyanide (both HCN and CN- are represented by CN) has multiple industrial applications, is commonly found in some foods, and is a component of fire smoke. Upon exposure, CN blocks production of adenosine triphosphate, causing cellular hypoxia and cytotoxic anoxia, which can eventually result in death. Considering CN's quick onset of action and the long analysis times associated with current techniques, the objective of this study was to develop and validate a rapid and field-portable sensor to detect blood CN concentrations focusing on both concentration and diagnostic accuracy. The sensor takes advantage of the chemical properties of CN by converting it exclusively to HCN via acidification of whole blood. High-speed headspace transfer is used to deliver HCN to a capture solution where it is reacted with naphthalene dialdehyde and taurine to produce a fluorescent β-isoindole product. Simple spectrofluorometric analysis of the product provides quantitative analysis of CN from whole blood in 60 s and requires only 25 μL of blood (obtainable via fingerstick). A limit of detection of 5 μM, a linear range of 10-200 μM (with ≥15 μM considered CN exposed), and excellent accuracy (100 ± 15%) and precision (≤15.2% relative standard deviation) were obtained. To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the sensor, rabbit blood samples (N = 190, including 24 blinded samples) were analyzed by both the sensor and a lab-based spectrophotometric method. An excellent positive correlation was obtained between the sensor and the lab-based method (R2 ˃ 0.995) confirming the concentration accuracy of the CN sensor. Moreover, the sensor produced no false positives or negatives when diagnosing CN poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesta Bortey-Sam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Box 2202, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Randy Jackson
- Seacoast Science, Inc., 2151 Las Palmas Drive, Suite C, Carlsbad, CA, 92011, USA
| | - Obed A Gyamfi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Box 2202, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Subrata Bhadra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Box 2202, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Caleb Freeman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Box 2202, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Sari B Mahon
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA
| | - Matthew Brenner
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92868, USA
| | - Gary A Rockwood
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 2850 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Brian A Logue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Box 2202, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
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23
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Garzón LM, Portilla J. Synthesis of Novel D-π-A Dyes for Colorimetric Cyanide Sensing Based on Hemicyanine-Functionalized N
-(2-Pyridyl)pyrazoles. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luz-Mery Garzón
- Departamento de Química; Universidad de los Andes; Carrera 1 N° 18A-12 Bogotá Colombia
| | - Jaime Portilla
- Departamento de Química; Universidad de los Andes; Carrera 1 N° 18A-12 Bogotá Colombia
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24
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Giordano L, Farnham A, Dhandapani PK, Salminen L, Bhaskaran J, Voswinckel R, Rauschkolb P, Scheibe S, Sommer N, Beisswenger C, Weissmann N, Braun T, Jacobs HT, Bals R, Herr C, Szibor M. Alternative Oxidase Attenuates Cigarette Smoke-induced Lung Dysfunction and Tissue Damage. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 60:515-522. [PMID: 30339461 PMCID: PMC6503618 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0261oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) exposure is the predominant risk factor for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and the third leading cause of death worldwide. We aimed to elucidate whether mitochondrial respiratory inhibition and oxidative stress are triggers in its etiology. In different models of CS exposure, we investigated the effect on lung remodeling and cell signaling of restoring mitochondrial respiratory electron flow using alternative oxidase (AOX), which bypasses the cytochrome segment of the respiratory chain. AOX attenuated CS-induced lung tissue destruction and loss of function in mice exposed chronically to CS for 9 months. It preserved the cell viability of isolated mouse embryonic fibroblasts treated with CS condensate, limited the induction of apoptosis, and decreased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In contrast, the early-phase inflammatory response induced by acute CS exposure of mouse lung, i.e., infiltration by macrophages and neutrophils and adverse signaling, was unaffected. The use of AOX allowed us to obtain novel pathomechanistic insights into CS-induced cell damage, mitochondrial ROS production, and lung remodeling. Our findings implicate mitochondrial respiratory inhibition as a key pathogenic mechanism of CS toxicity in the lung. We propose AOX as a novel tool to study CS-related lung remodeling and potentially to counteract CS-induced ROS production and cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Giordano
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Antoine Farnham
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Praveen K. Dhandapani
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Salminen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jahnavi Bhaskaran
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robert Voswinckel
- Bürgerhospital Friedberg, Klinik für Innere Medizin, Friedberg, Germany
| | - Peter Rauschkolb
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Susan Scheibe
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Natascha Sommer
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christoph Beisswenger
- Department of Internal Medicine V–Pulmonology, Allergology, Intensive Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany; and
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department I Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Howard T. Jacobs
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robert Bals
- Department of Internal Medicine V–Pulmonology, Allergology, Intensive Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany; and
| | - Christian Herr
- Department of Internal Medicine V–Pulmonology, Allergology, Intensive Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany; and
| | - Marten Szibor
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department I Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
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25
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Hendry-Hofer TB, Witeof AE, Ng PC, Mahon SB, Brenner M, Boss GR, Bebarta VS. Intramuscular sodium tetrathionate as an antidote in a clinically relevant swine model of acute cyanide toxicity. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2019; 58:29-35. [PMID: 31008657 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2019.1602272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Cyanide is a metabolic poison used in multiple industries and is a high threat chemical agent. Current antidotes require intravenous administration, limiting their usefulness in a mass casualty scenario. Sodium tetrathionate reacts directly with cyanide yielding thiosulfate and the non-toxic compound thiocyanate. Thiosulfate, in turn, neutralizes a second molecule of cyanide, thus, per mole, sodium tetrathionate neutralizes two moles of cyanide. Historical studies examined its efficacy as a cyanide antidote, but it has not been evaluated in a clinically relevant, large animal model, nor has it previously been administered by intramuscular injection.Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of intramuscular sodium tetrathionate on survival and clinical outcomes in a large, swine model of severe cyanide toxicity.Methods: Anesthetized swine were instrumented for continuous monitoring of hemodynamics, then acclimated and breathing spontaneously prior to potassium cyanide infusion (0.17 mg/kg/min). At 6-min post-apnea (no breaths for 20 s), the cyanide infusion was terminated, and animals were treated with sodium tetrathionate (∼18 mg/kg) or normal saline control. Clinical parameters and laboratory values were evaluated at various time points until death or termination of the experiment (90 min post-treatment).Results: Laboratory values, vital signs, and time to apnea were similar in both groups at baseline and treatment. Survival in the sodium tetrathionate treated group was 100% and 17% in controls (p = 0.0043). All animals treated with sodium tetrathionate returned to breathing at a mean time of 10.85 min after antidote, and all but one control remained apneic through end of the experiment. Animals treated with tetrathionate showed improvement in blood lactate (p ≤ 0.002) starting at 30 min post-treatment. The average time to death in the control group is 63.3 ± 23.2 min. No systemic or localized adverse effects of intramuscular administration of sodium tetrathionate were observed.Conclusion: Sodium tetrathionate significantly improves survival and clinical outcomes in a large, swine model of acute cyanide poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara B Hendry-Hofer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alyssa E Witeof
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Patrick C Ng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.,Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Sari B Mahon
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Brenner
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Gerry R Boss
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Vikhyat S Bebarta
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.,USAF Reserve, Office of the Chief Scientist, San Antonio, TX, USA
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26
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Breen NE, Bonanno JA, Hunt S, Grossman J, Brown J, Nolte H, Rhyne AL. On the half-life of thiocyanate in the plasma of the marine fish Amphiprion ocellaris: implications for cyanide detection. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6644. [PMID: 30972248 PMCID: PMC6450372 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The illegal practice of using cyanide (CN) as a stunning agent to collect fish for both the marine aquarium and live fish food trades has been used throughout the Indo-Pacific for over 50 years. CN fishing is destructive to all life forms within the coral reef ecosystems where it is used and is certainly one of many anthropogenic activities that have led to 95% of the reefs in the Indo-Pacific being labeled at risk for degradation and loss. A field-deployable test for detecting fish caught using CN would assist in combating the use of this destructive practice, however, no reliable and robust test exists. Further, there is little toxicokinetic data available on marine fish to support the development of such a test, yet such data is critical to establishing the concentration range and time scale over which such a test would be viable. This study presents the first direct measurement of the half-life of the metabolite thiocyanate (SCN) after pulsed exposure to CN in a marine fish. SCN was measured in the plasma of Amphiprion ocellaris after exposure to 50 ppm CN for three exposure times (20, 45, and 60 s) using HPLC-UV and a C30 column pre-treated with polyethylene glycol. Plasma SCN levels observed are dose-dependent, reflecting a longer time for conversion of CN to SCN as the dose of CN increases. SCN plasma levels reached a maximum concentration (1.2–2.3 ppm) 12–20 h after exposure to CN. The half-life for the elimination of SCN was 1.01 ± 0.26 days for 45 s exposure and 0.44 ± 0.15 days for 20 s exposure. Fish were also directly exposed to SCN (100 ppm for 11 days) and the observed half-life for SCN elimination was 0.35 ± 0.07 days. Plasma SCN levels did not return to control levels, even after 41 days when exposed to CN but did return to control levels after 48 days when exposed to SCN. The similar half-lives observed for CN and SCN exposure suggests that SCN exposure can be used as a proxy for measuring the rate of SCN elimination following CN exposure. In order for plasma SCN to be used as a marker for CN exposure, these results must be extended to other species and endogenous levels of SCN in wild caught fish must be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E Breen
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, USA
| | - J Alexander Bonanno
- School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara Hunt
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, USA.,Department of Biology, Marine Biology, and Environmental Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, USA
| | - Julia Grossman
- Department of Biology, Marine Biology, and Environmental Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, USA
| | - Jordan Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, USA
| | - Hannah Nolte
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, USA.,Department of Biology, Marine Biology, and Environmental Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, USA
| | - Andrew L Rhyne
- Department of Biology, Marine Biology, and Environmental Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, USA
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27
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Jawale RH, Gogate PR. Novel approaches based on hydrodynamic cavitation for treatment of wastewater containing potassium thiocyanate. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2019; 52:214-223. [PMID: 30528210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Significant development in the industrial technologies and applications based on the use of cyanide derivatives has also led to significant environmental problems critically needing research in developing new technologies for effluent treatment. Present study investigates the use of novel treatment approach of hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) combined with chemical oxidation and catalyst for the degradation of Potassium Thiocyante (KSCN) for the first time. The effect of operating pressure (over the range of 2-5 bar) and initial pH (over the range of 2-7.1) on the degradation has been studied initially. Effect of combination of HC with H2O2 (varying KSCN:H2O2 ratios as 1:0.5-1:3), HC + O3 (varying ozone mass flow rate over the range of 200-400 mg/h), HC + O3 + catalyst (TiO2/ZnO/CuO at fixed loading of 0.1 g/L at optimized ozone flow rate) as process intensifying approaches on the KSCN degradation has also been studied. Combination of HC + O3 + CuO at different loadings of CuO has also been investigated. Use of combination of HC with H2O2 and HC with Ozone resulted in extent of KSCN degradation as 73% and 71.1% respectively. Among the different combinations of HC + O3 + Catalysts (TiO2/ZnO/CuO), HC + O3 + CuO (at loading of 0.15 g/l) resulted in highest KSCN degradation as 86.5%. Combination of HC + H2O2 + O3 + CuO was established to be the best approach yielding complete degradation with synergistic index of 2.98 and 92.9% as the COD removal. The study also focused on establishing kinetic rate constants which revealed that all the approaches followed first order mechanism with higher rate constants for the combination approaches as compared to individual approach. Overall, it has been conclusively established that hydrodynamic cavitation based combined treatment schemes are very effective for the treatment of biorefractory wastewaters containing cyanide derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajashree H Jawale
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 40019, India
| | - Parag R Gogate
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 40019, India.
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28
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Rivera-Burgos D, Babin MC, Staugler JM, Vinci T, Perry MR. An inhalational swine model for the characterization of physiological effects and toxicological profile associated with cyanide poisoning. Inhal Toxicol 2019; 30:509-518. [PMID: 30757927 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2019.1569181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cyanides are highly toxic compounds that have been used as weapons of terrorism throughout history. Cyanide (CN) is acutely toxic by all routes of administration; however, inhalation is the main exposure route. To adequately test effective countermeasures against inhalational CN threats, robust and well-characterized animal models are needed. This paper describes the initial development of a hydrogen cyanide (HCN) exposure swine model for documenting the physiological effects and toxicological profile during and after HCN inhalation exposure. Animals were implanted with telemetry transmitters for heart rate (HR), blood pressure, and electrocardiogram monitoring, and vascular access ports for serial blood collections. Nine female swine were exposed to HCN concentrations of 500 ± 6 ppm while breathing parameters were monitored real-time. Inhaled HCN doses ranged from 2.02 to 2.83 mg/kg. Clinical signs included vocalization, agitation, salivation, respiratory distress and apnea. After HCN exposure initiation, systemic arterial pressure fell dramatically with a concomitant increase in HR. Blood samples were collected to determine CN blood levels using LC-MS/MS and blood gas analysis. In summary, the developed HCN inhalation swine model permitted documentation of the physiological effects associated with CN poisoning. This model could be used to evaluate potential CN medical countermeasures in the event of a public health emergency stemming from inhalational CN threats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thomas Vinci
- a Battelle Memorial Institute , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Mark R Perry
- a Battelle Memorial Institute , Columbus , OH , USA
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29
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Gyamfi OA, Bortey-Sam N, Mahon SB, Brenner M, Rockwood GA, Logue BA. Metabolism of Cyanide by Glutathione To Produce the Novel Cyanide Metabolite 2-Aminothiazoline-4-oxoaminoethanoic Acid. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:718-726. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Obed A. Gyamfi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Box 2202, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
| | - Nesta Bortey-Sam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Box 2202, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
| | - Sari B. Mahon
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Matthew Brenner
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Gary A. Rockwood
- Analytical Toxicology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 3100 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Brian A. Logue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Box 2202, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
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30
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Li SY, Petrikovics I, Yu JCC. Development of magnetic carbon nanotubes for dispersive micro solid phase extraction of the cyanide metabolite, 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid, in biological samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1109:67-75. [PMID: 30738339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (ATCA) is a minor metabolite of cyanide and is suggested to be a promising biomarker for cyanide exposure due to its specificity to cyanide metabolism and its excellent short- and long-term stability during storage. In this study, magnetic carbon nanotubes, including magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Mag-MWCNT) and magnetic single-walled carbon nanotubes (Mag-SWCNT) were synthesized as a novel sorbent for dispersive micro solid phase extraction (d-μSPE) to extract ATCA from biological matrices. ATCA spiked deionized water samples with the addition of the isotopic internal standard (ATCA - 13C, 15N) were subjected to Mag-CNT/d-μSPE to confirm extraction efficiency of this new technique. The extracted ATCA was derivatized and quantitated using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. The extraction parameters were optimized and a detection limits of 15 and 25 ng/mL were obtained for synthetic urine and bovine blood respectively with a linear dynamic range of 30-1000 ng/mL. The optimized Mag-CNT/d-μSPE method facilitated efficient extraction of ATCA using 2 mg of Mag-MWCNT with a 10-minute extraction time. The current assay was also found to be effective for the extraction of ATCA with average recoveries of 97.7 ± 4.0% (n = 9) and 96.5 ± 12.1% (n = 9) from synthetic urine and bovine blood respectively. The approach of using Mag-CNT to facilitate d-μSPE offered a novel alternative to extract ATCA from complex biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Yi Li
- Department of Forensic Science, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341, United States of America
| | - Ilona Petrikovics
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341, United States of America
| | - Jorn Chi Chung Yu
- Department of Forensic Science, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341, United States of America.
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Hendry-Hofer TB, Ng PC, Witeof AE, Mahon SB, Brenner M, Boss GR, Bebarta VS. A Review on Ingested Cyanide: Risks, Clinical Presentation, Diagnostics, and Treatment Challenges. J Med Toxicol 2018; 15:128-133. [PMID: 30539383 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-018-0688-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanide, a metabolic poison, is a rising chemial threat and ingestion is the most common route of exposure. Terrorist organizations have threatened to attack the USA and international food and water supplies. The toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of oral cyanide are unique, resulting in high-dose exposures, severe symptoms, and slower onset of symptoms. There are no FDA-approved therapies tested for oral cyanide ingestions and no approved intramuscular or oral therapies, which would be valuable in mass casualty settings. The aim of this review is to evaluate the risks of oral cyanide and its unique toxicokinetics, as well as address the lack of available rapid diagnostics and treatments for mass casualty events. We will also review current strategies for developing new therapies. A review of the literature using the PRISMA checklist detected 7284 articles, screened 1091, and included 59 articles or other reports. Articles referenced in this review were specific to risk, clinical presentation, diagnostics, current treatments, and developing therapies. Current diagnostics of cyanide exposure can take hours or days, which can delay treatment. Moreover, current therapies for cyanide poisoning are administered intravenously and are not specifically tested for oral exposures, which can result in higher cyanide doses and unique toxicodynamics. New therapies developed for oral cyanide exposures that are easily delivered, safe, and can be administered quickly by first responders in a mass casualty event are needed. Current research is aimed at identifying an antidote that is safe, effective, easy to administer, and has a rapid onset of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara B Hendry-Hofer
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Toxicology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Patrick C Ng
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Toxicology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Alyssa E Witeof
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Toxicology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Sari B Mahon
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Brenner
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Gerry R Boss
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Vikhyat S Bebarta
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Toxicology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Office of the Chief Scientist, USAF Reserve, 59th MDW, JB, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Baker A, Garner MC, Kimberley KW, Sims DB, Stordock JH, Taggart RP, Walton DJ. Cyanide Toxicity of Freshly Prepared Smoothies and Juices Frequently Consumed. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION & FOOD SAFETY 2018; 8:215-224. [PMID: 33313363 PMCID: PMC7731941 DOI: 10.9734/ejnfs/2018/44004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study was conducted to detect the presence of cyanide in popular fruit and vegetable smoothies and juices marketed as raw and natural. STUDY DESIGN Eleven (11) popular varieties of drinks were analyzed for total cyanide (TCN). Drinks contained raw vegetables and fruits, flax seeds, whole apples with seeds, raw almond milk, and pasteurized almond milk as ingredients. PLACE AND STUDY DURATION Samples were collected from health food eateries located within Las Vegas, Nevada (USA) during the summer of 2017. METHODOLOGY Fifty milliliters (mL) of a homogenized smoothie and juice drink and 1 gram of flax seeds were subjected to the above-referenced methods for sample preparation per USEPA Methods 9012B (digestion) followed by USEPA method 9014 (colorimetry). RESULTS The highest TCN was detected in drinks containing raw flax seed followed by unpasteurized raw almond milk, then fresh whole apple juice. No TCN was observed in drinks that contained none of the above mentioned items (e.g. flax seed, raw almond milk) or those utilizing pasteurized ingredients. CONCLUSION This study observed that TCN is present in smoothies and juices containing raw flax seeds, fresh whole apples, and/or unpasteurized almond milk. Concentrations were detected as high as 341 μg L-1 in commercially available smoothies containing vegetables, raw flax seeds, almond milk and fruits. Smoothies with vegetables, fruits, unpasteurized almond milk, and no flax seeds contained 41 ug L-1 TCN, while similar smoothies with pasteurized almond milk contained negligible to 9.6 ug L-1 CN-. Unpasteurized almond milk and raw flax seeds were the major sources of TCN in drinks. With the increased demand for raw and natural foods, there is a potential sublethal exposure of TCN by consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Baker
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - M. C. Garner
- Department of Physical Sciences, College of Southern Nevada, N. Las Vegas, NV 89030, USA
| | - K. W. Kimberley
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Southern Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89146, USA
| | - D. B. Sims
- Department of Physical Sciences, College of Southern Nevada, N. Las Vegas, NV 89030, USA
| | - J. H. Stordock
- Department of Physical Sciences, College of Southern Nevada, N. Las Vegas, NV 89030, USA
| | - R. P. Taggart
- Department of Physical Sciences, College of Southern Nevada, N. Las Vegas, NV 89030, USA
| | - D. J. Walton
- Department of Physical Sciences, College of Southern Nevada, N. Las Vegas, NV 89030, USA
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Staugler JM, Babin MC, Matthews MC, Brittain MK, Perry MR. Development of a hydrogen cyanide inhalation exposure system and determination of the inhaled median lethal dose in the swine model. Inhal Toxicol 2018; 30:195-202. [DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2018.1494764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mark R. Perry
- Battelle Biomedical Research Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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34
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Characterization of Cassava Fibre for Potential Wound Dressing Application. JOURNAL OF BIOMIMETICS BIOMATERIALS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.38.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Wound dressing is the application of a sterile pad to protect a wound from further harm and promote healing. Over the past decades, various materials including calcium alginate, hydrogel, hydrocolloid and gauze based wound dressing materials have been developed. Unfortunately, shortcomings such as potential allergic reaction, high cost, short shelf life and scarcity have been associated with their use. In developing countries such as Ghana, sterilized gauze is commonly used in wound dressing but it causes scar formation and traumatic pain during removal. In addressing the issues of cost and availability, there may be local materials like cassava (Manihot esculenta) with the ability to aid in wound healing. Cassava is a cheap staple crop grown in Africa which is rich in carbohydrate, fibre and minerals. This research characterized three genotypes of cassava (IITA-TMS-GAEC-160006 (IT6), IITA-TMS-GAEC-160004 (IT4) and Afisiafi (Afi)). These genotypes have been studied in terms of their fibre content, fluid absorption capacity, hemolytic ability and their ability to promote rapid blood coagulation (coagulation time). Fibre samples were soaked in deionized (DI) water and PBS (Phosphate buffered saline) and at different time intervals the swollen samples were weighed. Fibre samples were also brought into contact with human blood and toxicity of samples determined. The results reveal that the rate of absorption of fluid by fibres in both DI water and PBS ranges between 0.66-0.93 g/min and fibres are generally non-toxic to blood cells. The fibre properties were compared with gauze and from these, some genotypes of cassava fibre were recommended for further research towards the design of a wound dressing material.
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Mannerström M, Toimela T, Sarkanen JR, Heinonen T. Human BJ Fibroblasts is an Alternative to Mouse BALB/c 3T3 Cells in In Vitro Neutral Red Uptake Assay. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 121 Suppl 3:109-115. [PMID: 28374970 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The OECD GD 129 BALB/c 3T3 neutral red uptake (NRU) assay is a standardized test method for estimating starting dose for an acute oral systemic toxicity test in rodents. Mouse BALB/c 3T3 fibroblasts are the most commonly used cells in the NRU assay. We have previously transferred and validated BALB/c 3T3 NRU assay in our GLP laboratory. Subsequently, in order to obtain more human-relevant cytotoxicity data, we performed an intralaboratory validation using human BJ fibroblasts in the NRU assay instead of mouse BALB/c 3T3 fibroblasts. Here, we present comparative cytotoxicity data of 26 different test chemicals (pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals, pesticides and food additives) produced with both BALB/c 3T3 NRU and BJ NRU assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tarja Toimela
- FICAM, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Tuula Heinonen
- FICAM, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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36
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Jackson R, Logue BA. A review of rapid and field-portable analytical techniques for the diagnosis of cyanide exposure. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 960:18-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Willemin ME, Lumen A. Thiocyanate: a review and evaluation of the kinetics and the modes of action for thyroid hormone perturbations. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1281590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Emilie Willemin
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Annie Lumen
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
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Rużycka M, Giebułtowicz J, Fudalej M, Krajewski P, Wroczyński P. Application of 2-Aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic Acid as a Forensic Marker of Cyanide Exposure. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:516-523. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Rużycka
- Bioanalysis
and Drugs Analysis Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Giebułtowicz
- Bioanalysis
and Drugs Analysis Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Fudalej
- Forensic
Medicine Department, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Oczki Street, 02-007 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Krajewski
- Forensic
Medicine Department, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Oczki Street, 02-007 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Wroczyński
- Bioanalysis
and Drugs Analysis Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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Colenbie S, Buylaert W, Stove C, Deschepper E, Vandewoude K, De Smedt T, Bader M, Göen T, Van Nieuwenhuyse A, De Paepe P. Biomarkers in patients admitted to the emergency department after exposure to acrylonitrile in a major railway incident involving bulk chemical material. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:261-270. [PMID: 28110842 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A railway incident with victims of exposure to the cyanogenic substance acrylonitrile (ACN). AIMS We retrospectively (i)built an inventory of the clinical characteristics of individuals admitted to surrounding emergency departments (ED's) and (ii)studied the correlation between N-2-cyanoethylvaline (CEV), a biomarker used in a population study for evaluating exposure to ACN, with lactate and thiocyanate (SCN), biomarkers determined during emergency care. RESULTS 438 patients from 11 ED's were included and presented with known symptoms of ACN poisoning but also with concern about the risks. A comparison of CEV with lactate or SCN was possible in 108 and 73 patients respectively. CEV was very high in a critically ill patient with a high lactate. There was no correlation with CEV in the patients with normal or slightly elevated lactate concentrations. A correlation of CEV with SCN was only observed in smokers. LIMITATIONS First there is a lack of data in some clinical files concerning the time and duration of exposure and the smoking-status. A second limitation is that blood samples for biomarkers were not taken systematically in all patients, which may have induced bias. A third limitation is that blood sampling was possibly done outside the correct time window related to the delayed toxicity of ACN. Finally the number of severely-intoxicated patients was low and ACN exposure may not have taken place e.g. in individuals consulting with psychological symptoms. These aspects may have contributed to the below detection limits' analyses of biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS CEV was markedly elevated in a severely-intoxicated patient with high lactate, a sensitive marker for CN intoxication. We found no correlation of CEV with normal or slightly elevated lactate concentrations but clinicians should consider the possibility of subsequent rises due to the delay in ACN toxicity. CEV correlated with SCN in smokers, which may be explained by ACN in tobacco smoke and deserves further exploration. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the correlation between biomarkers in acute chemical exposures to ACN and these should be carried out prospectively using a preplanned template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Colenbie
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Walter Buylaert
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Christophe Stove
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Ellen Deschepper
- Biostatistics Unit, Department of Public Health, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Koenraad Vandewoude
- Ghent University Hospital, general management, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Tom De Smedt
- Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Elsene, Belgium.
| | - Michael Bader
- BASF SE, Occupational Medicine & Health Protection, GUA/CB-H308, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany.
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine of the Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schillerstrasse 25, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - An Van Nieuwenhuyse
- Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Elsene, Belgium.
| | - Peter De Paepe
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Liang M, Wang K, Guan R, Liu Z, Cao D, Wu Q, Shan Y, Xu Y. Several hemicyanine dyes as fluorescence chemosensors for cyanide anions. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 160:34-38. [PMID: 26921604 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Four hemicyanine dyes as chemosensors for cyanide anions were synthesized easily. Their photophysical properties and recognition properties for cyanide anions were investigated. The results indicate that all the dyes can recognize cyanide anions with obvious color, absorption and fluorescence change. The recognition mechanism analysis basing on in situ (1)H NMR and Job plot data indicates that to the compounds with hydroxyl group, the recognition mechanism is intramolecular hydrogen bonding interaction. However, to the compounds without hydroxyl group, cyanide anion is bonded to carbon-carbon double bond in conjugated bridge and induces N(+)CH3 to neutral NCH3. Fluorescence of the compounds is almost quenched upon the addition of cyanide anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhan Liang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Preparation and Measurement of Building Materials, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Kangnan Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Preparation and Measurement of Building Materials, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Ruifang Guan
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Preparation and Measurement of Building Materials, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China.
| | - Duxia Cao
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Preparation and Measurement of Building Materials, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China.
| | - Qianqian Wu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Preparation and Measurement of Building Materials, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Yanyan Shan
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Preparation and Measurement of Building Materials, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Yongxiao Xu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Preparation and Measurement of Building Materials, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
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41
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Acute health risks related to the presence of cyanogenic glycosides in raw apricot kernels and products derived from raw apricot kernels. EFSA J 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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42
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Luliński P, Giebułtowicz J, Wroczyński P, Maciejewska D. A highly selective molecularly imprinted sorbent for extraction of 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid – Synthesis, characterization and application in post-mortem whole blood analysis. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1420:16-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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