1
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Vandermeulen MD, Lorenz MC, Cullen PJ. Conserved signaling modules regulate filamentous growth in fungi: a model for eukaryotic cell differentiation. Genetics 2024:iyae122. [PMID: 39239926 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyae122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic organisms are composed of different cell types with defined shapes and functions. Specific cell types are produced by the process of cell differentiation, which is regulated by signal transduction pathways. Signaling pathways regulate cell differentiation by sensing cues and controlling the expression of target genes whose products generate cell types with specific attributes. In studying how cells differentiate, fungi have proved valuable models because of their ease of genetic manipulation and striking cell morphologies. Many fungal species undergo filamentous growth-a specialized growth pattern where cells produce elongated tube-like projections. Filamentous growth promotes expansion into new environments, including invasion into plant and animal hosts by fungal pathogens. The same signaling pathways that regulate filamentous growth in fungi also control cell differentiation throughout eukaryotes and include highly conserved mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, which is the focus of this review. In many fungal species, mucin-type sensors regulate MAPK pathways to control filamentous growth in response to diverse stimuli. Once activated, MAPK pathways reorganize cell polarity, induce changes in cell adhesion, and promote the secretion of degradative enzymes that mediate access to new environments. However, MAPK pathway regulation is complicated because related pathways can share components with each other yet induce unique responses (i.e. signal specificity). In addition, MAPK pathways function in highly integrated networks with other regulatory pathways (i.e. signal integration). Here, we discuss signal specificity and integration in several yeast models (mainly Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans) by focusing on the filamentation MAPK pathway. Because of the strong evolutionary ties between species, a deeper understanding of the regulation of filamentous growth in established models and increasingly diverse fungal species can reveal fundamentally new mechanisms underlying eukaryotic cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael C Lorenz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Paul J Cullen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260-1300, USA
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2
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Leonard HE, Ciambrone M, Pittermann J. Species-specific responses drive browsing impacts on physiological and functional traits in Quercus agrifolia and Umbellularia californica. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0287160. [PMID: 39047008 PMCID: PMC11268663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Herbivory is a fundamental ecological force in the evolution of plant physiological, morphological, and chemical attributes. In this study, we explored how browsing pressure by local deer populations affected leaf form and function in two California native tree species, Quercus agrifolia (coast live oak) and Umbellularia californica (California bay laurel). Specifically, we investigated how leaf and stem vascular attributes differed between browsed and non-browsed zones of each species. Browsing significantly altered traits such as leaf to phloem ratios and leaf area, but we observed few meaningful differences in leaf and stem anatomy between browsed and non-browsed material. We discuss these results in the context of leaf and stem adaptations to herbivory and water use efficiency and explore future research considerations for investigating leaf and stem vascular trait development with herbivore presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh E. Leonard
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Mary Ciambrone
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Jarmila Pittermann
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
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3
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Liu L, Grover CE, Kong X, Jareczek J, Wang X, Si A, Wang J, Yu Y, Chen Z. Expression profile analysis of cotton fiber secondary cell wall thickening stage. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17682. [PMID: 38993976 PMCID: PMC11238726 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
To determine the genes associated with the fiber strength trait in cotton, three different cotton cultivars were selected: Sea Island cotton (Xinhai 32, with hyper-long fibers labeled as HL), and upland cotton (17-24, with long fibers labeled as L, and 62-33, with short fibers labeled as S). These cultivars were chosen to assess fiber samples with varying qualities. RNA-seq technology was used to analyze the expression profiles of cotton fibers at the secondary cell wall (SCW) thickening stage (20, 25, and 30 days post-anthesis (DPA)). The results showed that a large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained from the three assessed cotton cultivars at different stages of SCW development. For instance, at 20 DPA, Sea Island cotton (HL) had 6,215 and 5,364 DEGs compared to upland cotton 17-24 (L) and 62-33 (S), respectively. Meanwhile, there were 1,236 DEGs between two upland cotton cultivars, 17-24 (L) and 62-33 (S). Gene Ontology (GO) term enrichment identified 42 functions, including 20 biological processes, 11 cellular components, and 11 molecular functions. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis identified several pathways involved in SCW synthesis and thickening, such as glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, galactose metabolism, propanoate metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids pathway, valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation, fatty acid elongation pathways, and plant hormone signal transduction. Through the identification of shared DEGs, 46 DEGs were found to exhibit considerable expressional differences at different fiber stages from the three cotton cultivars. These shared DEGs have functions including REDOX enzymes, binding proteins, hydrolases (such as GDSL thioesterase), transferases, metalloproteins (cytochromatin-like genes), kinases, carbohydrates, and transcription factors (MYB and WRKY). Therefore, RT-qPCR was performed to verify the expression levels of nine of the 46 identified DEGs, an approach which demonstrated the reliability of RNA-seq data. Our results provided valuable molecular resources for clarifying the cell biology of SCW biosynthesis during fiber development in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Cotton Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Xinjiang, China
| | - Corrinne E. Grover
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Xianhui Kong
- Cotton Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Xinjiang, China
| | - Josef Jareczek
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Xuwen Wang
- Cotton Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Xinjiang, China
| | - Aijun Si
- Cotton Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Xinjiang, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Cotton Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yu Yu
- Cotton Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhiwen Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Coal-based Ecological Carbon Sequestration Technology of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Graphene Forestry Application of National Forest and Grass Administration, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
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4
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Baird AS, Medeiros CD, Caringella MA, Bowers J, Hii M, Liang J, Matsuda J, Pisipati K, Pohl C, Simon B, Tagaryan S, Buckley TN, Sack L. How and why do species break a developmental trade-off? Elucidating the association of trichomes and stomata across species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2024; 111:e16328. [PMID: 38727415 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
PREMISE Previous studies have suggested a trade-off between trichome density (Dt) and stomatal density (Ds) due to shared cell precursors. We clarified how, when, and why this developmental trade-off may be overcome across species. METHODS We derived equations to determine the developmental basis for Dt and Ds in trichome and stomatal indices (it and is) and the sizes of epidermal pavement cells (e), trichome bases (t), and stomata (s) and quantified the importance of these determinants of Dt and Ds for 78 California species. We compiled 17 previous studies of Dt-Ds relationships to determine the commonness of Dt-Ds associations. We modeled the consequences of different Dt-Ds associations for plant carbon balance. RESULTS Our analyses showed that higher Dt was determined by higher it and lower e, and higher Ds by higher is and lower e. Across California species, positive Dt-Ds coordination arose due to it-is coordination and impacts of the variation in e. A Dt-Ds trade-off was found in only 30% of studies. Heuristic modeling showed that species sets would have the highest carbon balance with a positive or negative relationship or decoupling of Dt and Ds, depending on environmental conditions. CONCLUSIONS Shared precursor cells of trichomes and stomata do not limit higher numbers of both cell types or drive a general Dt-Ds trade-off across species. This developmental flexibility across diverse species enables different Dt-Ds associations according to environmental pressures. Developmental trait analysis can clarify how contrasting trait associations would arise within and across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec S Baird
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, Bern, 3013, Switzerland
| | - Camila D Medeiros
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA
| | - Marissa A Caringella
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA
| | - Julia Bowers
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Hii
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA
| | - John Liang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA
| | - Joshua Matsuda
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA
| | - Kirthana Pisipati
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA
| | - Caroline Pohl
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Simon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA
| | - Silvard Tagaryan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA
| | - Thomas N Buckley
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, 95616, CA, USA
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, 90095, CA, USA
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5
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Kikukawa K, Takigawa-Imamura H, Soga K, Kotake T, Higaki T. Smooth Elongation of Pavement Cells Induced by RIC1 Overexpression Leads to Marginal Protrusions of the Cotyledon in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:1356-1371. [PMID: 37718531 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The interdigitated pavement cell shape is suggested to be mechanically rational at both the cellular and tissue levels, but the biological significance of the cell shape is not fully understood. In this study, we explored the potential importance of the jigsaw puzzle-like cell shape for cotyledon morphogenesis in Arabidopsis. We used a transgenic line overexpressing a Rho-like GTPase-interacting protein, ROP-INTERACTIVE CRIB MOTIF-CONTAINING PROTEIN 1 (RIC1), which causes simple elongation of pavement cells. Computer-assisted microscopic analyses, including virtual reality observation, revealed that RIC1 overexpression resulted in abnormal cotyledon shapes with marginal protrusions, suggesting that the abnormal organ shape might be explained by changes in the pavement cell shape. Microscopic, biochemical and mechanical observations indicated that the pavement cell deformation might be due to reduction in the cell wall cellulose content with alteration of cortical microtubule organization. To examine our hypothesis that simple elongation of pavement cells leads to an abnormal shape with marginal protrusion of the cotyledon, we developed a mathematical model that examines the impact of planar cell growth geometry on the morphogenesis of the organ that is an assemblage of the cells. Computer simulations supported experimental observations that elongated pavement cells resulted in an irregular cotyledon shape, suggesting that marginal protrusions were due to local growth variation possibly caused by stochastic bias in the direction of cell elongation cannot be explained only by polarity-based cell elongation, but that an organ-level regulatory mechanism is required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hisako Takigawa-Imamura
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Kouichi Soga
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585 Japan
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan
- Green Biology Research Center, Saitama University, Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan
| | - Takumi Higaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555 Japan
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami 2-39-1 Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555 Japan
- International Research Center for Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami 2-39-1 Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555 Japan
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6
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Yakubu I, Kong HG. The Relationship between the Sugar Preference of Bacterial Pathogens and Virulence on Plants. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 39:529-537. [PMID: 38081313 PMCID: PMC10721386 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.rw.06.2023.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic bacteria colonize plant surfaces and inner tissues to acquire essential nutrients. Nonstructural sugars hold paramount significance among these nutrients, as they serve as pivotal carbon sources for bacterial sustenance. They obtain sugar from their host by diverting nonstructural carbohydrates en route to the sink or enzymatic breakdown of structural carbohydrates within plant tissues. Despite the prevalence of research in this domain, the area of sugar selectivity and preferences exhibited by plant pathogenic bacteria remains inadequately explored. Within this expository framework, our present review endeavors to elucidate the intricate variations characterizing the distribution of simple sugars within diverse plant tissues, thus influencing the virulence dynamics of plant pathogenic bacteria. Subsequently, we illustrate the apparent significance of comprehending the bacterial preference for specific sugars and sugar alcohols, postulating this insight as a promising avenue to deepen our comprehension of bacterial pathogenicity. This enriched understanding, in turn, stands to catalyze the development of more efficacious strategies for the mitigation of plant diseases instigated by bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismaila Yakubu
- Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture/Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Nigeria
| | - Hyun Gi Kong
- Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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7
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Jolliffe JB, Pilati S, Moser C, Lashbrooke JG. Beyond skin-deep: targeting the plant surface for crop improvement. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6468-6486. [PMID: 37589495 PMCID: PMC10662250 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The above-ground plant surface is a well-adapted tissue layer that acts as an interface between the plant and its surrounding environment. As such, its primary role is to protect against desiccation and maintain the gaseous exchange required for photosynthesis. Further, this surface layer provides a barrier against pathogens and herbivory, while attracting pollinators and agents of seed dispersal. In the context of agriculture, the plant surface is strongly linked to post-harvest crop quality and yield. The epidermal layer contains several unique cell types adapted for these functions, while the non-lignified above-ground plant organs are covered by a hydrophobic cuticular membrane. This review aims to provide an overview of the latest understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying crop cuticle and epidermal cell formation, with focus placed on genetic elements contributing towards quality, yield, drought tolerance, herbivory defence, pathogen resistance, pollinator attraction, and sterility, while highlighting the inter-relatedness of plant surface development and traits. Potential crop improvement strategies utilizing this knowledge are outlined in the context of the recent development of new breeding techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Bryanne Jolliffe
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
- Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, San Michele all’Adige, 38098, Italy
| | - Stefania Pilati
- Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, San Michele all’Adige, 38098, Italy
| | - Claudio Moser
- Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, San Michele all’Adige, 38098, Italy
| | - Justin Graham Lashbrooke
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
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8
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Dubois M, Achon I, Brench RA, Polyn S, Tenorio Berrío R, Vercauteren I, Gray JE, Inzé D, De Veylder L. SIAMESE-RELATED1 imposes differentiation of stomatal lineage ground cells into pavement cells. NATURE PLANTS 2023:10.1038/s41477-023-01452-7. [PMID: 37386150 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01452-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The leaf epidermis represents a multifunctional tissue consisting of trichomes, pavement cells and stomata, the specialized cellular pores of the leaf. Pavement cells and stomata both originate from regulated divisions of stomatal lineage ground cells (SLGCs), but whereas the ontogeny of the stomata is well characterized, the genetic pathways activating pavement cell differentiation remain relatively unexplored. Here, we reveal that the cell cycle inhibitor SIAMESE-RELATED1 (SMR1) is essential for timely differentiation of SLGCs into pavement cells by terminating SLGC self-renewal potency, which depends on CYCLIN A proteins and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE B1. By controlling SLGC-to-pavement cell differentiation, SMR1 determines the ratio of pavement cells to stomata and adjusts epidermal development to suit environmental conditions. We therefore propose SMR1 as an attractive target for engineering climate-resilient plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Dubois
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
| | - Ignacio Achon
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
| | - Robert A Brench
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Stefanie Polyn
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
| | - Rubén Tenorio Berrío
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
| | - Ilse Vercauteren
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
| | - Julie E Gray
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
| | - Lieven De Veylder
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium.
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9
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Elliott J, Cortvriend J, Depietra G, Brennan C, Compton RG. Kinetics of Lipophilic Pesticide Uptake by Living Maize. ACS AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 3:445-454. [PMID: 37206884 PMCID: PMC10189725 DOI: 10.1021/acsagscitech.3c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report the uptake of a lipophilic fungicide into the cuticle of living leaves of young maize from droplets of a suspension concentrate. The action of a "coffee-ring" effect is demonstrated during fungicide formulation drying, and the fungicide particle distribution is quantified. We develop a simple, two-dimensional model of uptake leading to a "reservoir" of cuticular fungicide. This model allows inferences of physicochemical properties for fungicides inside the cuticular medium. The diffusion coefficient closely agrees with literature penetration experiments (Dcut ≈ 10-18 m2 s-1). The logarithm of the inferred cuticle-water partition coefficient log10 Kcw = 6.03 ± 0.04 is consistent with ethyl acetate as a model solvent for the maize cuticle. Two limiting kinetic uptake regimes are inferred from the model for short and long times, with the transition resulting from longitudinal saturation of the cuticle beneath the droplet. We discuss the strengths, limitations, and generalizability of our model within the "cuticle reservoir" approximation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph
R. Elliott
- Department
of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, Great
Britain
| | - Joseph Cortvriend
- Jealott’s
Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta
Ltd., Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, Great Britain
| | - Giovambattista Depietra
- Jealott’s
Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta
Ltd., Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, Great Britain
| | - Colin Brennan
- Jealott’s
Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta
Ltd., Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, Great Britain
| | - Richard G. Compton
- Department
of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, Great
Britain
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10
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Methods to Visualize and Quantify Cortical Microtubule Arrays in Arabidopsis Conical Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2604:317-325. [PMID: 36773246 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2867-6_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Many studies from different model organisms have demonstrated that microtubules are essential for various cellular processes, including cell division, cell morphogenesis, and intracellular trafficking. In interphase plant cells, oriented cortical microtubule arrays are highly characteristic in cells that display various morphologies, such as elongated hypocotyl cells and root cells, jigsaw-puzzled leaf pavement cells, and petal epidermal conical cells. Conical cells represent a specialized epidermal cell type found in the petal epidermis of many flowering plants. It has been suggested that in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the petal adaxial epidermal cells develop from a roughly hemispherical morphology to a conical shape, correlating with the reorientation of cortical microtubules from random to well-ordered circumferential arrays. This chapter presents an overview of the methods available to visualize the microtubule cytoskeleton in living conical cells via confocal microscopy.
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11
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Serrano-Mejía C, Bello-Bedoy R, Arteaga MC, Castillo GR. Does Domestication Affect Structural and Functional Leaf Epidermal Traits? A Comparison between Wild and Cultivated Mexican Chili Peppers ( Capsicum annuum). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3062. [PMID: 36432791 PMCID: PMC9692241 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
During domestication, lineages diverge phenotypically and genetically from wild relatives, particularly in preferred traits. In addition to evolutionary divergence in selected traits, other fitness-related traits that are unselected may change in concert. For instance, the selection of chili pepper fruits was not intended to change the structure and function of the leaf epidermis. Leaf stomata and trichome densities play a prominent role in regulating stomatal conductance and resistance to herbivores. Here, we assessed whether domestication affected leaf epidermis structure and function in Capsicum annuum. To do this, we compared leaf stomata and trichome densities in six cultivated varieties of Mexican Capsicum annuum and their wild relative. We measured stomatal conductance and resistance to herbivores. Resistance to (defense against) herbivores was measured as variation in the herbivory rate and larvae mortality of Spodoptera frugiperda fed with leaves of wild and cultivated plants. As expected, the different varieties displayed low divergence in stomatal density and conductance. Leaf trichome density was higher in the wild relative, but variation was not correlated with the herbivory rate. In contrast, a higher mortality rate of S. frugiperda larvae was recorded when fed with the wild relative and two varieties than larvae fed with four other varieties. Overall, although domestication did not aim at resistance to herbivores, this evolutionary process produced concerted changes in defensive traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Serrano-Mejía
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana 3917, C.P. Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Rafael Bello-Bedoy
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana 3917, C.P. Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico
| | - María Clara Arteaga
- Departamento de Biología de la Conservación, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Guillermo R. Castillo
- Facultad de Negocios Sostenibles, Universidad del Medio Ambiente, San Mateo Acatitlán, Valle de Bravo 51200, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
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12
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Chaban IA, Gulevich AA, Baranova EN. Formation of Unique Placental Seed Capsules in the Maturation Process of the Tomato Fruit. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911101. [PMID: 36232399 PMCID: PMC9570308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphological and anatomical study of the seed formation features in a juicy tomato fruit was carried out. The ovules, which form on the placenta, have been shown to be gradually enveloped by the protrusions of placental tissue that arises simultaneously with them. As a result of this process, each seed is enclosed in an individual capsule. These seed capsules have been shown in vivo to be airtight and air-filled. Tomato seeds, as has been shown in this study, develop inside these capsules until the full maturity of the fruit and do not come into contact with the detached and moldered cells of the placenta protrusions, which convert into a gel (pulp). Using scanning electron microscopy, it was possible to reveal the details of a ribbon-like “pubescence” formation of the tomato seed, as well as to understand the mechanism of cracking of the outer layer cells in the seed coat, associated with the detection of calcium oxalate crystals in these cells. The unique outer layer of the tomato seed coat seems to play the role of a scaffold that maintains a constant volume of the protective capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna A. Chaban
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryzevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (I.A.C.); (A.A.G.)
| | - Alexander A. Gulevich
- Plant Cell Engineering Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (I.A.C.); (A.A.G.)
| | - Ekaterina N. Baranova
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryzevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia
- Plant Protection Laboratory, N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 4, 127276 Moscow, Russia
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13
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Teixeira CT, Kuster VC, da Silva Carneiro RG, Cardoso JCF, Dos Santos Isaias RM. Anatomical profiles validate gall morphospecies under similar morphotypes. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2022; 135:593-608. [PMID: 35641669 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-022-01397-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant galls are generated by the stimuli of gall-inducing organisms on their hosts, creating gall morphotypes that vary in color, shape, size, and tissue organization. Herein, we propose to compare the structural features of gall morphotypes on the superhost Croton floribundus (Euphorbiaceae) in order to recognize gall morphospecies, i.e., galls with similar shapes but different internal structures. Non-galled leaves and galls were analyzed macroscopically, histologically, and histochemically for the detection of primary metabolites, and the results obtained were used for statistical analyses of similarity. Among the eight gall morphospecies, four are globoid, two are lenticular, one is fusiform and one is marginal leaf rolling. Stomatal differentiation and the occurrence of different types of trichomes were impaired in some gall morphospecies. Three patterns of organization of the ground system are recognized, ranging from the maintenance of mesophyll cells that differentiate into palisade and spongy cells dorsiventrally to the formation of a complex cortex with three morphofunctional layers. The marginal leaf rolling galls have the simplest anatomical structures, quite similar to those of the non-galled host leaf, while lenticular, globoid (types I to IV), and fusiform galls are anatomically more complex. Herein, we report on eight gall morphospecies occurring on C. floribundus, which are distinguished by morpho-anatomical attributes and show the disruption of the morphogenetic patterns of the host leaf toward the morphogenesis of unique gall features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Trindade Teixeira
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Renê Gonçalves da Silva Carneiro
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Campus Samambaia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Rosy Mary Dos Santos Isaias
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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14
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Fu X, Shan H, Yao X, Cheng J, Jiang Y, Yin X, Kong H. Petal development and elaboration. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3308-3318. [PMID: 35275176 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Petals can be simple or elaborate, depending on whether they have complex basic structures and/or highly specialized epidermal modifications. It has been proposed that the independent origin and diversification of elaborate petals have promoted plant-animal interactions and, therefore, the evolutionary radiation of corresponding plant groups. Recent advances in floral development and evolution have greatly improved our understanding of the processes, patterns, and mechanisms underlying petal elaboration. In this review, we compare the developmental processes of simple and elaborate petals, concluding that elaborate petals can be achieved through four main paths of modifications (i.e. marginal elaboration, ventral elaboration, dorsal elaboration, and surface elaboration). Although different types of elaborate petals were formed through different types of modifications, they are all results of changes in the expression patterns of genes involved in organ polarity establishment and/or the proliferation, expansion, and differentiation of cells. The deployment of existing genetic materials to perform a new function was also shown to be a key to making elaborate petals during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Hongyan Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xu Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongchao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Hongzhi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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15
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Chaban IA, Gulevich AA, Kononenko NV, Khaliluev MR, Baranova EN. Morphological and Structural Details of Tomato Seed Coat Formation: A Different Functional Role of the Inner and Outer Epidermises in Unitegmic Ovule. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1101. [PMID: 35567102 PMCID: PMC9104524 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand how and what structures of the tomato ovule with a single integument form the seed coat of a mature seed, a detailed study of the main development stages of the tomato ovule integument was carried out using the methods of light and electron microscopy. The integument itself it was shown to transform in the course of development into the coat (skin) of a mature seed, but the outer and inner epidermises of the integument and some layers of the integument parenchyma are mainly involved in this process. The outer epidermis cells are highly modified in later stages; their walls are thickened and lignified, creating a unique relatively hard outer coat. The fate of the inner epidermis of integument is completely different. It is separated from the other parenchyma cells of integument and is transformed into an independent new secretory tissue, an endothelium, which fences off the forming embryo and endosperm from the death zone. Due to the secretory activity of the endothelium, the dying inner parenchyma cells of the integument are lysed. Soon after the cuticle covers the endosperm, the lysis of dead integument cells stops and their flattened remnants form dense layers, which then enter the final composition of the coat of mature tomato seed. The endothelium itself returns to the location of the integument inner epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna A. Chaban
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander A. Gulevich
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.G.); (M.R.K.)
| | - Neonila V. Kononenko
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Marat R. Khaliluev
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.G.); (M.R.K.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiotechnology, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timiryazevskaya 49, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina N. Baranova
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia;
- N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 4, 127276 Moscow, Russia
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16
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Ferreira BG, Moreira GRP, Carneiro RGS, Isaias RMS. Complex meristematic activity induced by Eucecidoses minutanus on Schinus engleri turns shoots into galls. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:209-225. [PMID: 34730229 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Gall-inducing organisms change the development of their host plant organs, resulting in ontogenetic patterns not observed in the non-galled plants. Distinct taxa induce galls on Schinus spp., manipulating meristematic patterns in the host plant in distinct ways. Here we report ontogenetic novelties induced in the lateral buds of S. engleri by Eucecidoses minutanus, a Cecidosidae, whose galls have been poorly understood. METHODS The anatomy, histochemistry, and histometry of galls in distinct phases of development, non-galled buds, and stems of Schinus engleri were analyzed in parallel with the instars of E. minutanus to detail the morphogenetic changes in the host with each larval stage. RESULTS Ontogenetic phases of the galls were intricately associated with larval development. First and second-instar larvae induced pericycle and pith cells to dedifferentiate into the gall inner meristem, where hyperplasia and cell hypertrophy characterized the growth and development phase of the gall. The innermost layers were lipid-rich nutritive cells that lined the larval chamber. Additional vascular bundle rows were produced in young galls. Third and fourth instar-larvae were associated with the gall maturation phase: centripetal lignification of the outer parenchyma cell layers, epidermal stratification, and activation of a cambium-like meristem (CLM). The CLM activity resulted in new layers of nutritive cells that differentiated inward as the first layers of nutritive cells were consumed by E. minutanus larvae, and, also, in more parenchyma cell layers that formed outward. All tissues between the innermost layer of nutritive tissue that surround the gall chamber and the outermost layer of the dermal system that externally covers the gall form the gall wall, and increased in thickness until the end of gall maturation. CONCLUSIONS E. minutanus induces a structurally complex globoid stem gall, modifying all host plant tissues and stimulating a novel meristematic pattern in S. engleri. The gall developmental stages are each related to specific gall-inducing instars, as gall development progresses according to the development of E. minutanus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno G Ferreira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Botânica, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 353, A1-104, Cidade Universitária, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gilson R P Moreira
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Zoologia, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Campus do Vale, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Renê G S Carneiro
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Av. Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Rosy M S Isaias
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Campus Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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17
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Zuch DT, Doyle SM, Majda M, Smith RS, Robert S, Torii KU. Cell biology of the leaf epidermis: Fate specification, morphogenesis, and coordination. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:209-227. [PMID: 34623438 PMCID: PMC8774078 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
As the outermost layer of plants, the epidermis serves as a critical interface between plants and the environment. During leaf development, the differentiation of specialized epidermal cell types, including stomatal guard cells, pavement cells, and trichomes, occurs simultaneously, each providing unique and pivotal functions for plant growth and survival. Decades of molecular-genetic and physiological studies have unraveled key players and hormone signaling specifying epidermal differentiation. However, most studies focus on only one cell type at a time, and how these distinct cell types coordinate as a unit is far from well-comprehended. Here we provide a review on the current knowledge of regulatory mechanisms underpinning the fate specification, differentiation, morphogenesis, and positioning of these specialized cell types. Emphasis is given to their shared developmental origins, fate flexibility, as well as cell cycle and hormonal controls. Furthermore, we discuss computational modeling approaches to integrate how mechanical properties of individual epidermal cell types and entire tissue/organ properties mutually influence each other. We hope to illuminate the underlying mechanisms coordinating the cell differentiation that ultimately generate a functional leaf epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Zuch
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Siamsa M Doyle
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 90183, Sweden
| | - Mateusz Majda
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 90183, Sweden
| | - Keiko U Torii
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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18
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Leaf plasticity across wet and dry seasons in Croton blanchetianus (Euphorbiaceae) at a tropical dry forest. Sci Rep 2022; 12:954. [PMID: 35046463 PMCID: PMC8770520 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04958-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant species of the Brazilian Caatinga experience seasonal wet and dry extremes, requiring seasonally different leaf characteristics for optimizing water availability. We investigated if Croton blanchetianus Baill exhibits leaf morphoanatomical traits across seasons and positioning in sunlight/natural shade. Leaves of ten 1-3 m tall plants in full sunlight and ten in natural shade were assessed in May, July (wet season), October and December (dry season) 2015 for gas exchange, leaf size, lamina and midrib cross sections (14 parameters), and chloroplast structure (5 parameters). Net photosynthesis was greater during the wet season (21.6 µm−2 s−1) compared to the dry season (5.8 µm−2 s−1) and was strongly correlated with almost all measured parameters (p < 0.01). Shaded leaves in the wet season had higher specific leaf area (19.9 m2 kg−1 in full-sun and 23.1 m2 kg−1 in shade), but in the dry season they did not differ from those in full sun (7.5 m2 kg−1 and 7.2 m2 kg−1). In the wet season, the expansion of the adaxial epidermis and mesophyll lead to larger and thicker photosynthetic area of leaves. Furthermore, chloroplast thickness, length and area were also significantly larger in full sunlight (2.1 μm, 5.1 μm, 15.2 μm2; respectively) and shaded plants (2.0 μm, 5.2 μm, 14.8 μm2; respectively) during wetter months. Croton blanchetianus exhibits seasonal plasticity in leaf structure, presumably to optimize water use efficiency during seasons of water abundance and deficit. These results suggest that the species is adaptable to the increased drought stress projected by climate change scenarios.
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19
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Han G, Li Y, Qiao Z, Wang C, Zhao Y, Guo J, Chen M, Wang B. Advances in the Regulation of Epidermal Cell Development by C2H2 Zinc Finger Proteins in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:754512. [PMID: 34630497 PMCID: PMC8497795 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.754512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plant epidermal cells, such as trichomes, root hairs, salt glands, and stomata, play pivotal roles in the growth, development, and environmental adaptation of terrestrial plants. Cell fate determination, differentiation, and the formation of epidermal structures represent basic developmental processes in multicellular organisms. Increasing evidence indicates that C2H2 zinc finger proteins play important roles in regulating the development of epidermal structures in plants and plant adaptation to unfavorable environments. Here, we systematically summarize the molecular mechanism underlying the roles of C2H2 zinc finger proteins in controlling epidermal cell formation in plants, with an emphasis on trichomes, root hairs, and salt glands and their roles in plant adaptation to environmental stress. In addition, we discuss the possible roles of homologous C2H2 zinc finger proteins in trichome development in non-halophytes and salt gland development in halophytes based on bioinformatic analysis. This review provides a foundation for further study of epidermal cell development and abiotic stress responses in plants.
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20
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Nagata K, Abe M. The lipid-binding START domain regulates the dimerization of ATML1 via modulating the ZIP motif activity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Dev Growth Differ 2021; 63:448-454. [PMID: 34543439 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, the epidermis is the outermost cell layer composed of many specialized types of epidermal cells, such as pavement cells, trichomes, and guard cells. The homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-ZIP) class Ⅳ transcription factors (TFs), which are unique to the plant kingdom, have been recognized as key regulators of epidermis development. Unlike animal HD proteins, which can bind to DNA as monomers, plant HD-ZIP class Ⅳ TFs bind to DNA as dimers, although little is known about the regulation of their dimerization process. Here, we show that the homodimerization of ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA MERISTEM LAYER 1 (ATML1) - HD-ZIP class Ⅳ TF that is required for protoderm development - is regulated by the lipid-binding steroidogenic acute regulatory protein-related lipid transfer (START) domain. We found that ATML1 forms homodimer through interaction via its ZIP motif in yeast and plant cells, although the interaction is abolished by generating a mutation into the lipid-binding START domain to disrupt the lipid-binding ability. These results suggest that lipidic ligands function as key regulators of protoderm development via modulating the dimerization of ATML1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Nagata
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsutomo Abe
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Kikukawa K, Yoshimura K, Watanabe A, Higaki T. Metal-Nano-Ink Coating for Monitoring and Quantification of Cotyledon Epidermal Cell Morphogenesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:745980. [PMID: 34621288 PMCID: PMC8490765 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.745980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
During cotyledon growth, the pavement cells, which make up most of the epidermal layer, undergo dynamic morphological changes from simple to jigsaw puzzle-like shapes in most dicotyledonous plants. Morphological analysis of cell shapes generally involves the segmentation of cells from input images followed by the extraction of shape descriptors that can be used to assess cell shape. Traditionally, replica and fluorescent labeling methods have been used for time-lapse observation of cotyledon epidermal cell morphogenesis, but these methods require expensive microscopes and can be technically demanding. Here, we propose a silver-nano-ink coating method for time-lapse imaging and quantification of morphological changes in the epidermal cells of growing Arabidopsis thaliana cotyledons. To obtain high-resolution and wide-area cotyledon surface images, we placed the seedlings on a biaxial goniometer and adjusted the cotyledons, which were coated by dropping silver ink onto them, to be as horizontal to the focal plane as possible. The omnifocal images that had the most epidermal cell shapes in the observation area were taken at multiple points to cover the whole surface area of the cotyledon. The multi-point omnifocal images were automatically stitched, and the epidermal cells were automatically and accurately segmented by machine learning. Quantification of cell morphological features based on the segmented images demonstrated that the proposed method could quantitatively evaluate jigsaw puzzle-shaped cell growth and morphogenesis. The method was successfully applied to phenotyping of the bpp125 triple mutant, which has defective pavement cell morphogenesis. The proposed method will be useful for time-lapse non-destructive phenotyping of plant surface structures and is easier to use than the conversional methods that require fluorescent dye labeling or transformation with marker gene constructs and expensive microscopes such as the confocal laser microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotomi Kikukawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Akira Watanabe
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takumi Higaki
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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22
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Liu S, Jobert F, Rahneshan Z, Doyle SM, Robert S. Solving the Puzzle of Shape Regulation in Plant Epidermal Pavement Cells. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 72:525-550. [PMID: 34143651 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-080720-081920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The plant epidermis serves many essential functions, including interactions with the environment, protection, mechanical strength, and regulation of tissue and organ growth. To achieve these functions, specialized epidermal cells develop into particular shapes. These include the intriguing interdigitated jigsaw puzzle shape of cotyledon and leaf pavement cells seen in many species, the precise functions of which remain rather obscure. Although pavement cell shape regulation is complex and still a long way from being fully understood, the roles of the cell wall, mechanical stresses, cytoskeleton, cytoskeletal regulatory proteins, and phytohormones are becoming clearer. Here, we provide a review of this current knowledge of pavement cell morphogenesis, generated from a wealth of experimental evidence and assisted by computational modeling approaches. We also discuss the evolution and potential functions of pavement cell interdigitation. Throughout the review, we highlight some of the thought-provoking controversies and creative theories surrounding the formation of the curious puzzle shape of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Liu
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; ,
| | - François Jobert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; ,
| | - Zahra Rahneshan
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; ,
| | - Siamsa M Doyle
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; ,
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; ,
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23
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Xu X, Smaczniak C, Muino JM, Kaufmann K. Cell identity specification in plants: lessons from flower development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4202-4217. [PMID: 33865238 PMCID: PMC8163053 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms display a fascinating complexity of cellular identities and patterns of diversification. The concept of 'cell type' aims to describe and categorize this complexity. In this review, we discuss the traditional concept of cell types and highlight the impact of single-cell technologies and spatial omics on the understanding of cellular differentiation in plants. We summarize and compare position-based and lineage-based mechanisms of cell identity specification using flower development as a model system. More than understanding ontogenetic origins of differentiated cells, an important question in plant science is to understand their position- and developmental stage-specific heterogeneity. Combinatorial action and crosstalk of external and internal signals is the key to cellular heterogeneity, often converging on transcription factors that orchestrate gene expression programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocai Xu
- Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cezary Smaczniak
- Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jose M Muino
- Systems Biology of Gene Regulation, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kaufmann
- Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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24
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Németh MZ, Mizuno Y, Kobayashi H, Seress D, Shishido N, Kimura Y, Takamatsu S, Suzuki T, Takikawa Y, Kakutani K, Matsuda Y, Kiss L, Nonomura T. Ampelomyces strains isolated from diverse powdery mildew hosts in Japan: Their phylogeny and mycoparasitic activity, including timing and quantifying mycoparasitism of Pseudoidium neolycopersici on tomato. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251444. [PMID: 33974648 PMCID: PMC8112701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 26 Ampelomyces strains were isolated from mycelia of six different powdery mildew species that naturally infected their host plants in Japan. These were characterized based on morphological characteristics and sequences of ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (rDNA-ITS) regions and actin gene (ACT) fragments. Collected strains represented six different genotypes and were accommodated in three different clades of the genus Ampelomyces. Morphology of the strains agreed with that of other Ampelomyces strains, but none of the examined characters were associated with any groups identified in the genetic analysis. Five powdery mildew species were inoculated with eight selected Ampelomyces strains to study their mycoparasitic activity. In the inoculation experiments, all Ampelomyces strains successfully infected all tested powdery mildew species, and showed no significant differences in their mycoparasitic activity as determined by the number of Ampelomyces pycnidia developed in powdery mildew colonies. The mycoparasitic interaction between the eight selected Ampelomyces strains and the tomato powdery mildew fungus (Pseudoidium neolycopersici strain KTP-03) was studied experimentally in the laboratory using digital microscopic technologies. It was documented that the spores of the mycoparasites germinated on tomato leaves and their hyphae penetrated the hyphae of Ps. neolycopersici. Ampelomyces hyphae continued their growth internally, which initiated the atrophy of the powdery mildew conidiophores 5 days post inoculation (dpi); caused atrophy 6 dpi; and complete collapse of the parasitized conidiphores 7 dpi. Ampelomyces strains produced new intracellular pycnidia in Ps. neolycopersici conidiophores ca. 8-10 dpi, when Ps. neolycopersici hyphae were successfully destroyed by the mycoparasitic strain. Mature pycnidia released spores ca. 10-14 dpi, which became the sources of subsequent infections of the intact powdery mildew hyphae. Mature pycnidia contained each ca. 200 to 1,500 spores depending on the mycohost species and Ampelomyces strain. This is the first detailed analysis of Ampelomyces strains isolated in Japan, and the first timing and quantification of mycoparasitism of Ps. neolycopersici on tomato by phylogenetically diverse Ampelomyces strains using digital microscopic technologies. The developed model system is useful for future biocontrol and ecological studies on Ampelomyces mycoparasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márk Z. Németh
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Yuusaku Mizuno
- Laboratory of Phytoprotection, Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Phytoprotection, Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
| | - Diána Seress
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Naruki Shishido
- Laboratory of Phytoprotection, Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kimura
- Laboratory of Phytoprotection, Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
| | | | - Tomoko Suzuki
- Department of Chemical Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women’s University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Takikawa
- Plant Center, Institute of Advanced Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Koji Kakutani
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Matsuda
- Laboratory of Phytoprotection, Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
| | - Levente Kiss
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
- * E-mail: (TN); (LK)
| | - Teruo Nonomura
- Laboratory of Phytoprotection, Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
- Agricultural Technology and Innovation Research Institute, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
- * E-mail: (TN); (LK)
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25
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Suárez-Baron H, Alzate JF, González F, Pelaz S, Ambrose BA, Pabón-Mora N. Gene expression underlying floral epidermal specialization in Aristolochia fimbriata (Aristolochiaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 127:749-764. [PMID: 33630993 PMCID: PMC8103811 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The epidermis constitutes the outermost tissue of the plant body. Although it plays major structural, physiological and ecological roles in embryophytes, the molecular mechanisms controlling epidermal cell fate, differentiation and trichome development have been scarcely studied across angiosperms, and remain almost unexplored in floral organs. METHODS In this study, we assess the spatio-temporal expression patterns of GL2, GL3, TTG1, TRY, MYB5, MYB6, HDG2, MYB106-like, WIN1 and RAV1-like homologues in the magnoliid Aristolochia fimbriata (Aristolochiaceae) by using comparative RNA-sequencing and in situ hybridization assays. KEY RESULTS Genes involved in Aristolochia fimbriata trichome development vary depending on the organ where they are formed. Stem, leaf and pedicel trichomes recruit most of the transcription factors (TFs) described above. Conversely, floral trichomes only use a small subset of genes including AfimGL2, AfimRAV1-like, AfimWIN1, AfimMYB106-like and AfimHDG2. The remaining TFs, AfimTTG1, AfimGL3, AfimTRY, AfimMYB5 and AfimMYB6, are restricted to the abaxial (outer) and the adaxial (inner) pavement epidermal cells. CONCLUSIONS We re-evaluate the core genetic network shaping trichome fate in flowers of an early-divergent angiosperm lineage and show a morphologically diverse output with a simpler genetic mechanism in place when compared to the models Arabidopsis thaliana and Cucumis sativus. In turn, our results strongly suggest that the canonical trichome gene expression appears to be more conserved in vegetative than in floral tissues across angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan F Alzate
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica (CNSG), Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Favio González
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Soraya Pelaz
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA (Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats), Barcelona, Spain
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Zhang X, Wang Y, Zhu X, Wang X, Zhu Z, Li Y, Xie J, Xiong Y, Yang Z, He G, Sang X. Curled Flag Leaf 2, Encoding a Cytochrome P450 Protein, Regulated by the Transcription Factor Roc5, Influences Flag Leaf Development in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:616977. [PMID: 33643332 PMCID: PMC7907467 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.616977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Moderate curling generally causes upright leaf blades, which favors the establishment of ideal plant architecture and increases the photosynthetic efficiency of the population, both of which are desirable traits for super hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.). In this study, we identified a novel curled-leaf mutant, curled flag leaf 2 (cfl2), which shows specific curling at the base of the flag leaf owing to abnormal epidermal development, caused by enlarged bulliform cells and increased number of papillae with the disordered distribution. Map-based cloning reveals that CFL2 encodes a cytochrome P450 protein and corresponds to the previously reported OsCYP96B4. CFL2 was expressed in all analyzed tissues with differential abundance and was downregulated in the clf1 mutant [a mutant harbors a mutation in the homeodomain leucine zipper IV (HD-ZIP IV) transcription factor Roc5]. Yeast one-hybrid and transient expression assays confirm that Roc5 could directly bind to the cis-element L1 box in the promoter of CFL2 before activating CFL2 expression. RNA sequencing reveals that genes associated with cellulose biosynthesis and cell wall-related processes were significantly upregulated in the cfl2 mutant. The components of cell wall, such as lignin, cellulose, and some kinds of monosaccharide, were altered dramatically in the cfl2 mutant when compared with wild-type "Jinhui10" (WT). Taken together, CFL2, as a target gene of Roc5, plays an important role in the regulation of flag leaf shape by influencing epidermis and cell wall development.
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27
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Ogita S, Asrori MI, Sasamoto H. Establishment of Pluripotent Cell Cultures to Explore Allelopathic Activity of Coffee Cells by Protoplast Co-Culture Bioassay Method. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9091170. [PMID: 32916944 PMCID: PMC7570047 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We focused on the demonstration of a new pluripotent coffee cell culture system to control the growth and metabolic functions. Somatic cells in the epidermal layer of in vitro somatic embryos (SEs) of Coffea canephora expressed higher pluripotency to produce secondary SEs than primary or secondary meristematic tissue. SEs were ideal explants to selectively induce functionally-differentiated cell lines, both non-embryogenic callus (nEC) and embryogenic callus (EC). The protoplast co-culture bioassay method was used to explore allelopathic activity of these cultured coffee cells. Cell wall formation of lettuce protoplasts varied after five days of co-culture. A strong stimulative reaction was observed at lower nEC protoplast densities, whereas growth was inhibited at higher densities. The reaction of lettuce protoplasts after 12 days of co-culture was recognized as an inhibitory reaction of colony formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinjiro Ogita
- Department of Local Resources, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shobara 727-0023, Japan
- Program in Biological System Science, Graduate School of Comprehensive Scientific Research, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shobara 727-0023, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-824-74-1772
| | - Muchamad Imam Asrori
- Program in Biological System Science, Graduate School of Comprehensive Scientific Research, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shobara 727-0023, Japan;
| | - Hamako Sasamoto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu 183-8509, Japan;
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28
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Simon NML, Sugisaka J, Honjo MN, Tunstad SA, Tunna G, Kudoh H, Dodd AN. Altered stomatal patterning accompanies a trichome dimorphism in a natural population of Arabidopsis. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00262. [PMID: 32995701 PMCID: PMC7507053 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes are large epidermal cells on the surface of leaves that are thought to deter herbivores, yet the presence of trichomes can also negatively impact plant growth and reproduction. Stomatal guard cells and trichomes have shared developmental origins, and experimental manipulation of trichome formation can lead to changes in stomatal density. The influence of trichome formation upon stomatal development in natural populations of plants is currently unknown. Here, we show that a natural population of Arabidopsis halleri that includes hairy (trichome-bearing) and glabrous (no trichomes) morphs has differences in stomatal density that are associated with this trichome dimorphism. We found that glabrous morphs had significantly greater stomatal density and stomatal index than hairy morphs. One interpretation is that this arises from a trade-off between the proportions of cells that have trichome and guard cell fates during leaf development. The differences in stomatal density between the two morphs might have impacts upon environmental adaptation, in addition to herbivory deterrence caused by trichome development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiro Sugisaka
- Center for Ecological Research Kyoto University Otsu Shiga Japan
| | - Mie N Honjo
- Center for Ecological Research Kyoto University Otsu Shiga Japan
| | | | - George Tunna
- School of Biological Sciences University of Bristol Bristol UK
| | - Hiroshi Kudoh
- Center for Ecological Research Kyoto University Otsu Shiga Japan
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29
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Tang K, Yang S, Feng X, Wu T, Leng J, Zhou H, Zhang Y, Yu H, Gao J, Ma J, Feng X. GmNAP1 is essential for trichome and leaf epidermal cell development in soybean. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:609-621. [PMID: 32415514 PMCID: PMC7385028 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01013-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Map-based cloning revealed that two novel soybean distorted trichome mutants were due to loss function of GmNAP1 gene, which affected the trichome morphology and pavement cell ploidy by regulating actin filament assembly. Trichomes increase both biotic and abiotic stress resistance in soybean. In this study, Gmdtm1-1 and Gmdtm1-2 mutants with shorter trichomes and bigger epidermal pavement cells were isolated from an ethyl methylsulfonate mutagenized population. Both of them had reduced plant height and smaller seeds. Map-based cloning and bulked segregant analysis identified that a G-A transition at the 3' boundary of the sixth intron of Glyma.20G019300 in the Gmdtm1-1 mutant and another G-A transition mutation at the 5' boundary of the fourteenth intron of Glyma.20G019300 in Gmdtm1-2; these mutations disrupted spliceosome recognition sites creating truncated proteins. Glyma.20G019300 encodes a Glycine max NCK-associated protein 1 homolog (GmNAP1) in soybean. Further analysis revealed that the GmNAP1 involved in actin filament assembling and genetic information processing pathways during trichome and pavement cell development. This study shows that GmNAP1 plays an important role in soybean growth and development and agronomic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuanqiang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Suxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China.
| | - Xingxing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiantian Leng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China
| | - Huangkai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yaohua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China
| | - Hui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China
| | - Jinshan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China
| | - Jingjing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xianzhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China
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30
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Thamkaew G, Gómez Galindo F. Influence of pulsed and moderate electric field protocols on the reversible permeabilization and drying of Thai basil leaves. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2020.102430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Sara HC, René GH, Rosa UC, Angela KG, Clelia DLP. Agave angustifolia albino plantlets lose stomatal physiology function by changing the development of the stomatal complex due to a molecular disruption. Mol Genet Genomics 2020; 295:787-805. [PMID: 31925511 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-019-01643-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stomatal development is regulated by signaling pathways that function in multiple cellular programs, including cell fate and cell division. However, recent studies suggest that molecular signals are affected by CO2 concentration, light intensity, and water pressure deficit, thereby modifying distribution patterns and stomatic density and likely other foliar features as well. Here, we show that in addition to lacking chloroplasts, the albino somaclonal variants of Agave angustifolia Haw present an irregular epidermal development and morphological abnormalities of the stomatal complex, affecting the link between the stomatal conductance, transpiration and photosynthesis, as well as the development of the stoma in the upper part of the leaves. In addition, we show that changes in the transcriptional levels of SPEECHLESS (SPCH), TOO MANY MOUTHS (TMM), MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 4 and 6 (MAPK4 and MAPK6) and FOUR LIPS (FLP), all from the meristematic tissue and leaf, differentially modulate the stomatal function between the green, variegated and albino in vitro plantlets of A. angustifolia. Likewise, we highlight the conservation of microRNAs miR166 and miR824 as part of the regulation of AGAMOUS-LIKE16 (AGL16), recently associated with the control of cell divisions that regulate the development of the stomatal complex. We propose that molecular alterations happening in albino cells formed from the meristematic base can lead to different anomalies during the transition and specification of the stomatal cell state in leaf development of albino plantlets. We conclude that the molecular alterations in the meristematic cells in albino plants might be the main variable associated with stoma distribution in this phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernández-Castellano Sara
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Unidad de Biotecnología, Calle 43 N°130 x 32 y 34, Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Garruña-Hernández René
- CONACYT-Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal, Avenida Tecnológico s/n Conkal, 97345, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Us-Camas Rosa
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Unidad de Biotecnología, Calle 43 N°130 x 32 y 34, Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Kú-Gonzalez Angela
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Calle 43 N° 130 x 32 y 34, Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - De-la-Peña Clelia
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Unidad de Biotecnología, Calle 43 N°130 x 32 y 34, Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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Zhou Q, Jiang Z, Zhang X, Lai Q, Li Y, Zhao F, Zhao Z. Tree age did not affect the leaf anatomical structure or ultrastructure of Platycladus orientalis L. (Cupressaceae). PeerJ 2019; 7:e7938. [PMID: 31681514 PMCID: PMC6824329 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tree aging is a new research area and has attracted research interest in recent years. Trees show extraordinary longevity; Platycladus orientalis L. (Cupressaceae) has a lifespan of thousands of years. Ancient trees are precious historical heritage and scientific research materials. However, tree aging and tree senescence have different definitions and are poorly understood. Since leaves are the most sensitive organ of a tree, we studied the structural response of leaves to tree age. Experiments investigating the leaf morphological structure, anatomical structure and ultrastructure were conducted in healthy P. orientalis at three different ages (ancient trees >2,000 years, 200 years < middle-aged trees <500 years, young trees <50 years) at the world’s largest planted pure forest in the Mausoleum of the Yellow Emperor, Shaanxi Province, China. Interestingly, tree age did not significantly impact leaf cellular structure. Ancient P. orientalis trees in forests older than 2,000 years still have very strong vitality, and their leaves still maintained a perfect anatomical structure and ultrastructure. Our observations provide new evidence for the unique pattern of tree aging, especially healthy aging. Understanding the relationships between leaf structure and tree age will enhance the understanding of tree aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyi Zhou
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yang Ling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhaohong Jiang
- College of Life Science, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yang Ling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qing Lai
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yang Ling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yang Ling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Beijing Agricultural Technology Extension Station, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Zhao
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yang Ling, Shaanxi, China
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O'Farrill G, Medellín RA, Matter SF, Cameron GN. HABITAT USE AND DIET OF DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP (OVIS CANADENSIS MEXICANA) AND ENDEMIC MULE DEER (ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS NELSONII) ON TIBURÓN ISLAND, MEXICO. SOUTHWEST NAT 2019. [DOI: 10.1894/0038-4909-63-4-225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgina O'Farrill
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada (GO)
| | - Rodrigo A. Medellín
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico (RAM)
| | - Stephen F. Matter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221 (SFM, GNC)
| | - Guy N. Cameron
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221 (SFM, GNC)
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Schlechter RO, Miebach M, Remus-Emsermann MN. Driving factors of epiphytic bacterial communities: A review. J Adv Res 2019; 19:57-65. [PMID: 31341670 PMCID: PMC6630024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria establish complex, compositionally consistent communities on healthy leaves. Ecological processes such as dispersal, diversification, ecological drift, and selection as well as leaf surface physicochemistry and topology impact community assembly. Since the leaf surface is an oligotrophic environment, species interactions such as competition and cooperation may be major contributors to shape community structure. Furthermore, the plant immune system impacts on microbial community composition, as plant cells respond to bacterial molecules and shape their responses according to the mixture of molecules present. Such tunability of the plant immune network likely enables the plant host to differentiate between pathogenic and non-pathogenic colonisers, avoiding costly immune responses to non-pathogenic colonisers. Plant immune responses are either systemically distributed or locally confined, which in turn affects the colonisation pattern of the associated microbiota. However, how each of these factors impacts the bacterial community is unclear. To better understand this impact, bacterial communities need to be studied at a micrometre resolution, which is the scale that is relevant to the members of the community. Here, current insights into the driving factors influencing the assembly of leaf surface-colonising bacterial communities are discussed, with a special focus on plant host immunity as an emerging factor contributing to bacterial leaf colonisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf O. Schlechter
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Moritz Miebach
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Mitja N.P. Remus-Emsermann
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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35
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Zhou Q, Jiang Z, Zhang X, Zhang T, Zhu H, Cui B, Li Y, Zhao F, Zhao Z. Leaf anatomy and ultrastructure in senescing ancient tree, Platycladus orientalis L. (Cupressaceae). PeerJ 2019; 7:e6766. [PMID: 30997297 PMCID: PMC6462394 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Platycladus orientalis L. (Cupressaceae) has a lifespan of thousands of years. Ancient trees have very high scientific, economic and cultural values. The senescence of ancient trees is a new research area but is poorly understood. Leaves are the primary and the most sensitive organ of a tree. To understand leaf structural response to tree senescence in ancient trees, experiments investigating the morphology, anatomy and ultrastructure were conducted with one-year leaves of ancient P. orientalis (ancient tree >2,000 years) at three different tree senescent levels (healthy, sub-healthy and senescent) at the world's largest planted pure forest in the Mausoleum of Yellow Emperor, Shaanxi Province, China. Observations showed that leaf structure significantly changed with the senescence of trees. The chloroplast, mitochondria, vacuole and cell wall of mesophyll cells were the most significant markers of cellular ultrastructure during tree senescence. Leaf ultrastructure clearly reflected the senescence degree of ancient trees, confirming the visual evaluation from above-ground parts of trees. Understanding the relationships between leaf structure and tree senescence can support decision makers in planning the protection of ancient trees more promptly and effectively by adopting the timely rejuvenation techniques before the whole tree irreversibly recesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyi Zhou
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yang Ling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhaohong Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yang Ling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yang Ling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yang Ling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hailan Zhu
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yang Ling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bei Cui
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yang Ling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yang Ling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Beijing Agricultural Technology Extension Station, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Zhao
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yang Ling, Shaanxi, China
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Tripathi R, Rai K, Singh S, Agrawal M, Agrawal SB. Role of supplemental UV-B in changing the level of ozone toxicity in two cultivars of sunflower: growth, seed yield and oil quality. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 28:277-293. [PMID: 30761429 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-019-02020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B) is inherent part of solar spectrum and tropospheric ozone (O3) is a potent secondary air pollutant. Therefore the present study was conducted to evaluate the responses of Helianthus annuus L. cvs DRSF 108 and Sungold (sunflower) to supplemental UV-B (sUV-B; ambient + 7.2 kJ m-2 d-1) and elevated ozone (O3; ambient + 10 ppb), given singly and in combination under field conditions using open-top chambers. The individual and interactive effects of O3 and sUV-B induced varying changes in both the cultivars of sunflower ranging from ultrastructural variations to growth, biomass, yield and oil composition. Reduction in leaf area of Sungold acted as a protective feature which minimized the perception of sUV-B as well as uptake of O3 thus led to lesser carbon loss compared to DRSF 108. Number- and weight of heads plant-1 decreased although more in Sungold with decline of oil content. Both the stresses when given singly and combination induced rancidification of oil and thus made the oil less suitable for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Tripathi
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Kshama Rai
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Suruchi Singh
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Madhoolika Agrawal
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - S B Agrawal
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Sapala A, Runions A, Smith RS. Mechanics, geometry and genetics of epidermal cell shape regulation: different pieces of the same puzzle. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 47:1-8. [PMID: 30170216 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Pavement cells in the leaf epidermis of many plant species have intricate shapes that fit together much like the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. They provide an accessible system to understand the development of complex cell shape. Since a protrusion in one cell must fit into the indentation in its neighbor, puzzle cells are also a good system to study how cell shape is coordinated across a plant tissue. Although molecular mechanisms have been proposed for both the patterning and coordination of puzzle cells, evidence is accumulating that mechanical and/or geometric cues may play a more significant role than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Sapala
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Adam Runions
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
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Vőfély RV, Gallagher J, Pisano GD, Bartlett M, Braybrook SA. Of puzzles and pavements: a quantitative exploration of leaf epidermal cell shape. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:540-552. [PMID: 30281798 PMCID: PMC6585845 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal cells of leaves are diverse: tabular pavement cells, trichomes, and stomatal complexes. Pavement cells from the monocot Zea mays (maize) and the eudicot Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) have highly undulate anticlinal walls. The molecular basis for generating these undulating margins has been extensively investigated in these species. This has led to two assumptions: first, that particular plant lineages are characterized by particular pavement cell shapes; and second, that undulatory cell shapes are common enough to be model shapes. To test these assumptions, we quantified pavement cell shape in epidermides from the leaves of 278 vascular plant taxa. We found that monocot pavement cells tended to have weakly undulating margins, fern cells had strongly undulating margins, and eudicot cells showed no particular undulation degree. Cells with highly undulating margins, like those of Arabidopsis and maize, were in the minority. We also found a trend towards more undulating cell margins on abaxial leaf surfaces; and that highly elongated leaves in ferns, monocots and gymnosperms tended to have highly elongated cells. Our results reveal the diversity of pavement cell shapes, and lays the quantitative groundwork for testing hypotheses about pavement cell form and function within a phylogenetic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róza V. Vőfély
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeBateman StreetCambridgeCB1 2LRUK
| | - Joseph Gallagher
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts611 North Pleasant StreetAmherstMA01003‐9297USA
| | - Grace D. Pisano
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts611 North Pleasant StreetAmherstMA01003‐9297USA
| | - Madelaine Bartlett
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts611 North Pleasant StreetAmherstMA01003‐9297USA
| | - Siobhan A. Braybrook
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeBateman StreetCambridgeCB1 2LRUK
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of California at Los Angeles610 Charles E Young Dr. SouthLos AngelesCA90095USA
- Molecular Biology InstituteUniversity of California at Los Angeles611 Charles E. Young Drive EastLos AngelesCA90095‐1570USA
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Abstract
Morphological analysis of cell shapes requires segmentation of cell contours from input images and subsequent extraction of meaningful shape descriptors that provide the basis for qualitative and quantitative assessment of shape characteristics. Here, we describe the publicly available ImageJ plugin PaCeQuant and its associated R package PaCeQuantAna, which provides a pipeline for fully automatic segmentation, feature extraction, statistical analysis, and graphical visualization of cell shape properties. PaCeQuant is specifically well suited for analysis of jigsaw puzzle-like leaf epidermis pavement cells from 2D input images and supports the quantification of global, contour-based, skeleton-based, and pavement cell-specific shape descriptors.
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40
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Roka L, Koudounas K, Daras G, Zoidakis J, Vlahou A, Kalaitzis P, Hatzopoulos P. Proteome of olive non-glandular trichomes reveals protective protein network against (a)biotic challenge. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 231:210-218. [PMID: 30286324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Olive is one of the most important fruit crop trees in the history of Mediterranean because of the high quality oil. Olive oil has a well-balanced fatty acid composition along with biophenols, which make it exceptional in human diet and provide an exceptional value to the olive oil. Leaf non-glandular peltate trichomes are specialized cell types representing a protective barrier against acute environmental conditions. To characterize the proteome of this highly differentiated cell type, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis among isolated trichomes and trichome-less leaves. Proteins were separated and identified using the 2-DE MALDI-TOF/MS method. A number of enzymes involved in abiotic and biotic stress responses are present and may be responsible for the adaptation to prolonged adverse environmental conditions. The results show that this highly differentiated cell type is physiologically active fulfilling the demands of the trichomes in furnishing the leaf with a highly protective mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loukia Roka
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Gerasimos Daras
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Jerome Zoidakis
- Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonia Vlahou
- Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Kalaitzis
- Horticultural Genetics, Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania, Greece
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Galdon‐Armero J, Fullana‐Pericas M, Mulet PA, Conesa MA, Martin C, Galmes J. The ratio of trichomes to stomata is associated with water use efficiency in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:607-619. [PMID: 30066411 PMCID: PMC6321981 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes are specialised structures that originate from the aerial epidermis of plants, and play key roles in the interaction between the plant and the environment. In this study we investigated the trichome phenotypes of four lines selected from the Solanum lycopersicum × Solanum pennellii introgression line (IL) population for differences in trichome density, and their impact on plant performance under water-deficit conditions. We performed comparative analyses at morphological and photosynthetic levels of plants grown under well-watered (WW) and also under water-deficit (WD) conditions in the field. Under WD conditions, we observed higher trichome density in ILs 11-3 and 4-1, and lower stomatal size in IL 4-1 compared with plants grown under WW conditions. The intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi ) was higher under WD conditions in IL 11-3, and the plant-level water use efficiency (WUEb ) was also higher in IL 11-3 and in M82 for WD plants. The ratio of trichomes to stomata (T/S) was positively correlated with WUEi and WUEb , indicating an important role for both trichomes and stomata in drought tolerance in tomato, and offering a promising way to select for improved water use efficiency of major crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mateu Fullana‐Pericas
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions – INAGEAUniversitat de les Illes BalearsCarretera de Valldemossa km 7.507122PalmaSpain
| | - Pere A. Mulet
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions – INAGEAUniversitat de les Illes BalearsCarretera de Valldemossa km 7.507122PalmaSpain
| | - Miquel A. Conesa
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions – INAGEAUniversitat de les Illes BalearsCarretera de Valldemossa km 7.507122PalmaSpain
| | - Cathie Martin
- Department of Metabolic BiologyJohn Innes CentreColney LaneNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Jeroni Galmes
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions – INAGEAUniversitat de les Illes BalearsCarretera de Valldemossa km 7.507122PalmaSpain
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Abstract
AbstractSalvia nemorosa L. is an aromatic herb distributed widely in various regions of Iran, and is used in traditional and modern medicine. In the present study, leaf trichome densities and also type were investigated in six populations of the species, because the effective substances of this species exist in essential oil of glandular trichomes. For this, the mature intact leaves of each population were fixed in FAA solution, and then transverse hand sections were double-stained and studied using light microscopy. Leaf indumentum in all of the populations was dense pilose, with the exception of Tehran population that had loose pilose. Thirteen kinds of trichomes were identified, the main of which were peltate and capitate. PCA-biplot showed that each of these populations had prominent trichome trait(s). Furthermore, significant positive/negative correlations were found between some trichome types with main ecological factors of habitat. The studied populations clustered separately in the UPGMA tree, moreover, PCA and also PCO plots produced similar results. Our findings confirmed that ecological parameters of a habitat have strong effects on trichome morphology and density.
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Singh SK, Dhawan SS. Analyzing trichomes and spatio-temporal expression of a cysteine protease gene Mucunain in Mucuna pruriens L. (DC). PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:575-584. [PMID: 28975523 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mucuna pruriens is a well-known legume for the itching attributes of the trichome and a valuable medicinal herb that is used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, sexual debilities, etc. Its cultivation was deprived due to its itching behavior. The wild genotype of M. pruriens have the largest trichome length (2015 ± 29 μm) compared to other genotype and mutants. The white-seeded variety of M. pruriens was found to be the most suitable for large-scale cultivation due to the small trichome size and less trichome density on the pod. The external surface trichomes have protuberance with unknown function. The unicellular trichomes of Mucuna show the flowing fluid or cytoplasm inside the trichome. The unigenes regulating the differentiation and development of the trichome such as GLABRA-1, GLABRA-2, and cpr-5 have been identified in M. pruriens transcriptome of the leaf. The Mucunain shows a higher transcript abundance in the flower and pod cover compared to the seeds. The Mucunain was found in every stage of plant growth, but it was highly expressed during maturity (about 170 days) with a high fragment per kilobase per million value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susheel Kumar Singh
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal And Aromatic Plants, P.O.-CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Sunita Singh Dhawan
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal And Aromatic Plants, P.O.-CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India.
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Sapala A, Runions A, Routier-Kierzkowska AL, Das Gupta M, Hong L, Hofhuis H, Verger S, Mosca G, Li CB, Hay A, Hamant O, Roeder AHK, Tsiantis M, Prusinkiewicz P, Smith RS. Why plants make puzzle cells, and how their shape emerges. eLife 2018; 7:e32794. [PMID: 29482719 PMCID: PMC5841943 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The shape and function of plant cells are often highly interdependent. The puzzle-shaped cells that appear in the epidermis of many plants are a striking example of a complex cell shape, however their functional benefit has remained elusive. We propose that these intricate forms provide an effective strategy to reduce mechanical stress in the cell wall of the epidermis. When tissue-level growth is isotropic, we hypothesize that lobes emerge at the cellular level to prevent formation of large isodiametric cells that would bulge under the stress produced by turgor pressure. Data from various plant organs and species support the relationship between lobes and growth isotropy, which we test with mutants where growth direction is perturbed. Using simulation models we show that a mechanism actively regulating cellular stress plausibly reproduces the development of epidermal cell shape. Together, our results suggest that mechanical stress is a key driver of cell-shape morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Sapala
- Department of Comparative Development and GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneGermany
| | - Adam Runions
- Department of Comparative Development and GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneGermany
- Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
| | | | - Mainak Das Gupta
- Department of Comparative Development and GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneGermany
- Department of Microbiology and Cell BiologyIndian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
| | - Lilan Hong
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Hugo Hofhuis
- Department of Comparative Development and GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneGermany
| | - Stéphane Verger
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des PlantesUniversité de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRSLyonFrance
| | - Gabriella Mosca
- Department of Comparative Development and GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneGermany
| | - Chun-Biu Li
- Department of MathematicsStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Angela Hay
- Department of Comparative Development and GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneGermany
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des PlantesUniversité de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRSLyonFrance
| | - Adrienne HK Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Miltos Tsiantis
- Department of Comparative Development and GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneGermany
| | | | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Comparative Development and GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneGermany
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Abstract
Liquid crystals play an important role in biology because the combination of order and mobility is a basic requirement for self-organisation and structure formation in living systems. Cholesteric liquid crystals are omnipresent in living matter under both in vivo and in vitro conditions and address the major types of molecules essential to life. In the animal and plant kingdoms, the cholesteric structure is a recurring design, suggesting a convergent evolution to an optimised left-handed helix. Herein, we review the recent advances in the cholesteric organisation of DNA, chromatin, chitin, cellulose, collagen, viruses, silk and cholesterol ester deposition in atherosclerosis. Cholesteric structures can be found in bacteriophages, archaea, eukaryotes, bacterial nucleoids, chromosomes of unicellular algae, sperm nuclei of many vertebrates, cuticles of crustaceans and insects, bone, tendon, cornea, fish scales and scutes, cuttlebone and squid pens, plant cell walls, virus suspensions, silk produced by spiders and silkworms, and arterial wall lesions. This article specifically aims at describing the consequences of the cholesteric geometry in living matter, which are far from being fully defined and understood, and discusses various perspectives. The roles and functions of biological cholesteric liquid crystals include maximisation of packing efficiency, morphogenesis, mechanical stability, optical information, radiation protection and evolution pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Mitov
- Centre d'Elaboration de Matériaux et d'Etudes Structurales (CEMES), CNRS, BP 94347, 29 rue Jeanne-Marvig, F-31055 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
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46
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Busta L, Hegebarth D, Kroc E, Jetter R. Changes in cuticular wax coverage and composition on developing Arabidopsis leaves are influenced by wax biosynthesis gene expression levels and trichome density. PLANTA 2017; 245:297-311. [PMID: 27730411 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2603-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wax coverage on developing Arabidopsis leaf epidermis cells is constant and thus synchronized with cell expansion. Wax composition shifts from fatty acid to alkane dominance, mediated by CER6 expression. Epidermal cells bear a wax-sealed cuticle to hinder transpirational water loss. The amount and composition of the cuticular wax mixture may change as organs develop, to optimize the cuticle for specific functions during growth. Here, morphometrics, wax chemical profiling, and gene expression measurements were integrated to study developing Arabidopsis thaliana leaves and, thus, further our understanding of cuticular wax ontogeny. Before 5 days of age, cells at the leaf tip ceased dividing and began to expand, while cells at the leaf base switched from cycling to expansion at day 13, generating a cell age gradient along the leaf. We used this spatial age distribution together with leaves of different ages to determine that, as leaves developed, their wax compositions shifted from C24/C26 to C30/C32 and from fatty acid to alkane constituents. These compositional changes paralleled an increase in the expression of the elongase enzyme CER6 but not of alkane pathway enzymes, suggesting that CER6 transcriptional regulation is responsible for both chemical shifts. Leaves bore constant numbers of trichomes between 5 and 21 days of age and, thus, trichome density was higher on young leaves. During this time span, leaves of the trichome-less gl1 mutant had constant wax coverage, while wild-type leaf coverage was initially high and then decreased, suggesting that high trichome density leads to greater apparent coverage on young leaves. Conversely, wax coverage on pavement cells remained constant over time, indicating that wax accumulation is synchronized with cell expansion throughout leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Busta
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Daniela Hegebarth
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Edward Kroc
- Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, 3182 Earth Sciences Building, 2207 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education, University of British Columbia, 2125 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Wu S, Ning F, Wu X, Wang W. Proteomic Characterization of Differential Abundant Proteins Accumulated between Lower and Upper Epidermises of Fleshy Scales in Onion (Allium cepa L.) Bulbs. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168959. [PMID: 28036352 PMCID: PMC5201266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The onion (Allium cepa L.) is widely planted worldwide as a valuable vegetable crop. The scales of an onion bulb are a modified type of leaf. The one-layer-cell epidermis of onion scales is commonly used as a model experimental material in botany and molecular biology. The lower epidermis (LE) and upper epidermis (UE) of onion scales display obvious differences in microscopic structure, cell differentiation and pigment synthesis; however, associated proteomic differences are unclear. LE and UE can be easily sampled as single-layer-cell tissues for comparative proteomic analysis. In this study, a proteomic approach based on 2-DE and mass spectrometry (MS) was applied to compare LE and UE of fleshy scales from yellow and red onions. We identified 47 differential abundant protein spots (representing 31 unique proteins) between LE and UE in red and yellow onions. These proteins are mainly involved in pigment synthesis, stress response, and cell division. Particularly, the differentially accumulated chalcone-flavanone isomerase and flavone O-methyltransferase 1-like in LE may result in the differences in the onion scale color between red and yellow onions. Moreover, stress-related proteins abundantly accumulated in both LE and UE. In addition, the differential accumulation of UDP-arabinopyranose mutase 1-like protein and β-1,3-glucanase in the LE may be related to the different cell sizes between LE and UE of the two types of onion. The data derived from this study provides new insight into the differences in differentiation and developmental processes between onion epidermises. This study may also make a contribution to onion breeding, such as improving resistances and changing colors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Wu
- College of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fen Ning
- College of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- College of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Jiu S, Wang C, Zheng T, Liu Z, Leng X, Pervaiz T, Lotfi A, Fang J, Wang X. Characterization of VvPAL-like promoter from grapevine using transgenic tobacco plants. Funct Integr Genomics 2016; 16:595-617. [PMID: 27562678 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-016-0516-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A 2000-bp 5'-flanking region of VvPAL-like was isolated from 'Summer Black' grapevine by PCR amplification, named pVvPAL-like. To gain a better understanding of the expression and regulatory mechanism of VvPAL-like, a chimeric expression unit consisting of the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene under the control of a 2000-bp fragment of the VvPAL-like promoter was transformed into tobacco via Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Histochemical staining showed that the full-length promoter directs efficient expression of the reporter gene in cotyledons and hypocotyls, stigma, style, anthers, pollen, ovary, trichomes, and vascular bundles of transgenic plants. A series of 5' progressive deletions of the promoter revealed the presence of a negative regulatory region (-424 to -292) in the VvPAL-like promoter. Exposure of the transgenic tobacco plants to various abiotic stresses demonstrated that the full-length construct could be induced by light, copper (Cu), abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-acetic (IAA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA) (N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid), ethylene, and drought. Furthermore, the ethylene-responsive region was found to be located in the -1461/-930 fragment, while the element(s) for the MeJA-responsive expression may be present in the -424/-292 region in the VvPAL-like promoter. These findings will help us to better understand the molecular mechanisms by which VvPAL-like participates in biosynthesis of flavonoids and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- SongTao Jiu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit development, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing city, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit development, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing city, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit development, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing city, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit development, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing city, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - XiangPeng Leng
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit development, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing city, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tariq Pervaiz
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit development, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing city, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Abolfazl Lotfi
- Department of Plant Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - JingGui Fang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit development, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing city, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - XiaoMin Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing city, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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Zhou W, Wang Y, Wu Z, Luo L, Liu P, Yan L, Hou S. Homologs of SCAR/WAVE complex components are required for epidermal cell morphogenesis in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4311-23. [PMID: 27252469 PMCID: PMC5301933 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous actins (F-actins) play a vital role in epidermal cell morphogenesis. However, a limited number of studies have examined actin-dependent leaf epidermal cell morphogenesis events in rice. In this study, two recessive mutants were isolated: less pronounced lobe epidermal cell2-1 (lpl2-1) and lpl3-1, whose leaf and stem epidermis developed a smooth surface, with fewer serrated pavement cell (PC) lobes, and decreased papillae. The lpl2-1 also exhibited irregular stomata patterns, reduced plant height, and short panicles and roots. Molecular genetic studies demonstrated that LPL2 and LPL3 encode the PIROGI/Specifically Rac1-associated protein 1 (PIR/SRA1)-like and NCK-associated protein 1 (NAP1)-like proteins, respectively, two components of the suppressor of cAMP receptor/Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein-family verprolin-homologous protein (SCAR/WAVE) regulatory complex involved in actin nucleation and function. Epidermal cells exhibited abnormal arrangement of F-actins in both lpl2 and lpl3 expanding leaves. Moreover, the distorted trichomes of Arabidopsis pir could be partially restored by an overexpression of LPL2 A yeast two-hybrid assay revealed that LPL2 can directly interact with LPL3 in vitro Collectively, the results indicate that LPL2 and LPL3 are two functionally conserved homologs of the SCAR/WAVE complex components, and that they play an important role in controlling epidermal cell morphogenesis in rice by organising F-actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yuchuan Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhongliang Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Liang Luo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Longfeng Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Suiwen Hou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Xu C, Tang X, Shao H, Wang H. Salinity Tolerance Mechanism of Economic Halophytes From Physiological to Molecular Hierarchy for Improving Food Quality. Curr Genomics 2016; 17:207-14. [PMID: 27252587 PMCID: PMC4869007 DOI: 10.2174/1389202917666160202215548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil salinity is becoming the key constraints factor to agricultural production. Therefore, the plant especially the crops possessing capacities of salt tolerance will be of great economic significance. The adaptation or tolerance of plant to salinity stress involves a series of physiological, metabolic and molecular mechanisms. Halophytes are the kind of organisms which acquire special salt tolerance mechanisms to respond to the salt tress and ensure normal growth and development under saline conditions in their lengthy evolutionary adaptation, so understanding how halophytes respond to salinity stress will provide us with methods and tactics to foster and develop salt resistant varieties of crops. The strategies in physiological and molecular level adopted by halophytes are various including the changes in photosynthetic and transpiration rate, the sequestration of Na+ to extracellular or vacuole, the regulation of stomata aperture and stomatal density, the accumulation and synthesis of the phytohormones as well as the relevant gene expression underlying these physiological traits, such as the stress signal transduction, the regulation of the transcription factors, the activation and expression of the transporter genes, the activation or inhibition of the synthetases and so on. This review focuses on the research advances of the regulating mechanisms in halophytes from physiological to molecular, which render the halophytes tolerance and adaption to salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongzhi Xu
- College of Plant Science, Tarim University, Alar843300,Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaoli Tang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology & Bioresources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai 264003, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongbo Shao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology & Bioresources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai 264003, China
- Institute of Agro-biotechnology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology & Bioresources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai 264003, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Yantai Academy of China Agriculture University, Yantai 264670, China
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