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Law SR, Mathes F, Paten AM, Alexandre PA, Regmi R, Reid C, Safarchi A, Shaktivesh S, Wang Y, Wilson A, Rice SA, Gupta VVSR. Life at the borderlands: microbiomes of interfaces critical to One Health. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2024; 48:fuae008. [PMID: 38425054 PMCID: PMC10977922 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuae008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbiomes are foundational components of the environment that provide essential services relating to food security, carbon sequestration, human health, and the overall well-being of ecosystems. Microbiota exert their effects primarily through complex interactions at interfaces with their plant, animal, and human hosts, as well as within the soil environment. This review aims to explore the ecological, evolutionary, and molecular processes governing the establishment and function of microbiome-host relationships, specifically at interfaces critical to One Health-a transdisciplinary framework that recognizes that the health outcomes of people, animals, plants, and the environment are tightly interconnected. Within the context of One Health, the core principles underpinning microbiome assembly will be discussed in detail, including biofilm formation, microbial recruitment strategies, mechanisms of microbial attachment, community succession, and the effect these processes have on host function and health. Finally, this review will catalogue recent advances in microbiology and microbial ecology methods that can be used to profile microbial interfaces, with particular attention to multi-omic, advanced imaging, and modelling approaches. These technologies are essential for delineating the general and specific principles governing microbiome assembly and functions, mapping microbial interconnectivity across varying spatial and temporal scales, and for the establishment of predictive frameworks that will guide the development of targeted microbiome-interventions to deliver One Health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R Law
- CSIRO MOSH-Future Science Platform, Australia
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Falko Mathes
- CSIRO MOSH-Future Science Platform, Australia
- CSIRO Environment, Floreat, WA 6014, Australia
| | - Amy M Paten
- CSIRO MOSH-Future Science Platform, Australia
- CSIRO Environment, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Pamela A Alexandre
- CSIRO MOSH-Future Science Platform, Australia
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Roshan Regmi
- CSIRO MOSH-Future Science Platform, Australia
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Cameron Reid
- CSIRO MOSH-Future Science Platform, Australia
- CSIRO Environment, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Azadeh Safarchi
- CSIRO MOSH-Future Science Platform, Australia
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Shaktivesh Shaktivesh
- CSIRO MOSH-Future Science Platform, Australia
- CSIRO Data 61, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia
| | - Yanan Wang
- CSIRO MOSH-Future Science Platform, Australia
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia
| | - Annaleise Wilson
- CSIRO MOSH-Future Science Platform, Australia
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, Vic 3220, Australia
| | - Scott A Rice
- CSIRO MOSH-Future Science Platform, Australia
- CSIRO Agriculture, and Food, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Vadakattu V S R Gupta
- CSIRO MOSH-Future Science Platform, Australia
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
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Wulf K, Sun J, Wang C, Ho-Plagaro T, Kwon CT, Velandia K, Correa-Lozano A, Tamayo-Navarrete MI, Reid JB, García Garrido JM, Foo E. The Role of CLE Peptides in the Suppression of Mycorrhizal Colonization of Tomato. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:107-119. [PMID: 37874980 PMCID: PMC10799714 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Symbioses with beneficial microbes are widespread in plants, but these relationships must balance the energy invested by the plants with the nutrients acquired. Symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi occurs throughout land plants, but our understanding of the genes and signals that regulate colonization levels is limited, especially in non-legumes. Here, we demonstrate that in tomato, two CLV3/EMBRYO-SURROUNDING REGION (CLE) peptides, SlCLE10 and SlCLE11, act to suppress AM colonization of roots. Mutant studies and overexpression via hairy transformation indicate that SlCLE11 acts locally in the root to limit AM colonization. Indeed, SlCLE11 expression is strongly induced in AM-colonized roots, but SlCLE11 is not required for phosphate suppression of AM colonization. SlCLE11 requires the FIN gene that encodes an enzyme required for CLE peptide arabinosylation to suppress mycorrhizal colonization. However, SlCLE11 suppression of AM does not require two CLE receptors with roles in regulating AM colonization, SlFAB (CLAVATA1 ortholog) or SlCLV2. Indeed, multiple parallel pathways appear to suppress mycorrhizal colonization in tomato, as double mutant studies indicate that SlCLV2 and FIN have an additive influence on mycorrhizal colonization. SlCLE10 appears to play a more minor or redundant role, as cle10 mutants did not influence intraradical AM colonization. However, the fact that cle10 mutants had an elevated number of hyphopodia and that ectopic overexpression of SlCLE10 did suppress mycorrhizal colonization suggests that SlCLE10 may also play a role in suppressing AM colonization. Our findings show that CLE peptides regulate AM colonization in tomato and at least SlCLE11 likely requires arabinosylation for activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Wulf
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Jiacan Sun
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Chenglei Wang
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
- Enza Zaden Australia, 218 Eumungerie Road, Narromine, NSW 2821, Australia
| | - Tania Ho-Plagaro
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Zaidín Experimental Station (EEZ), CSIC, C. Prof. Albareda, 1, Granada 18008, Spain
| | - Choon-Tak Kwon
- Department of Smart Farm Science, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Kyung Hee University, 1732, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Karen Velandia
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Alejandro Correa-Lozano
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - María Isabel Tamayo-Navarrete
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Zaidín Experimental Station (EEZ), CSIC, C. Prof. Albareda, 1, Granada 18008, Spain
| | - James B Reid
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Jose Manuel García Garrido
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Zaidín Experimental Station (EEZ), CSIC, C. Prof. Albareda, 1, Granada 18008, Spain
| | - Eloise Foo
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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Boyno G, Rezaee Danesh Y, Demir S, Teniz N, Mulet JM, Porcel R. The Complex Interplay between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Strigolactone: Mechanisms, Sinergies, Applications and Future Directions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16774. [PMID: 38069097 PMCID: PMC10706366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants, the cornerstone of life on Earth, are constantly struggling with a number of challenges arising from both biotic and abiotic stressors. To overcome these adverse factors, plants have evolved complex defense mechanisms involving both a number of cell signaling pathways and a complex network of interactions with microorganisms. Among these interactions, the relationship between symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and strigolactones (SLs) stands as an important interplay that has a significant impact on increased resistance to environmental stresses and improved nutrient uptake and the subsequent enhanced plant growth. AMF establishes mutualistic partnerships with plants by colonizing root systems, and offers a range of benefits, such as increased nutrient absorption, improved water uptake and increased resistance to both biotic and abiotic stresses. SLs play a fundamental role in shaping root architecture, promoting the growth of lateral roots and regulating plant defense responses. AMF can promote the production and release of SLs by plants, which in turn promote symbiotic interactions due to their role as signaling molecules with the ability to attract beneficial microbes. The complete knowledge of this synergy has the potential to develop applications to optimize agricultural practices, improve nutrient use efficiency and ultimately increase crop yields. This review explores the roles played by AMF and SLs in plant development and stress tolerance, highlighting their individual contributions and the synergistic nature of their interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Boyno
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van 65090, Türkiye
| | - Younes Rezaee Danesh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van 65090, Türkiye
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran
| | - Semra Demir
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van 65090, Türkiye
| | - Necmettin Teniz
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van 65090, Türkiye
| | - José M. Mulet
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Porcel
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Li Y, Xie Y, Liu Z, Shi L, Liu X, Liang M, Yu S. Plant species identity and mycorrhizal type explain the root-associated fungal pathogen community assembly of seedlings based on functional traits in a subtropical forest. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1251934. [PMID: 37965023 PMCID: PMC10641815 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1251934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Introduction As a crucial factor in determining ecosystem functioning, interaction between plants and soil-borne fungal pathogens deserves considerable attention. However, little attention has been paid into the determinants of root-associated fungal pathogens in subtropical seedlings, especially the influence of different mycorrhizal plants. Methods Using high-throughput sequencing techniques, we analyzed the root-associated fungal pathogen community for 19 subtropical forest species, including 10 ectomycorrhizal plants and 9 arbuscular mycorrhizal plants. We identified the roles of different factors in determining the root-associated fungal pathogen community. Further, we identified the community assembly process at species and mycorrhizal level and managed to reveal the drivers underlying the community assembly. Results We found that plant species identity, plant habitat, and plant mycorrhizal type accounted for the variations in fungal pathogen community composition, with species identity and mycorrhizal type showing dominant effects. The relative importance of different community assembly processes, mainly, homogeneous selection and drift, varied with plant species identity. Interestingly, functional traits associated with acquisitive resource-use strategy tended to promote the relative importance of homogeneous selection, while traits associated with conservative resource-use strategy showed converse effect. Drift showed the opposite relationships with functional traits compared with homogeneous selection. Notably, the relative importance of different community assembly processes was not structured by plant phylogeny. Drift was stronger in the pathogen community for ectomycorrhizal plants with more conservative traits, suggesting the predominant role of stochastic gain and loss in the community assembly. Discussion Our work demonstrates the determinants of root-associated fungal pathogens, addressing the important roles of plant species identity and plant mycorrhizal type. Furthermore, we explored the community assembly mechanisms of root-associated pathogens and stressed the determinant roles of functional traits, especially leaf phosphorus content (LP), root nitrogen content (RN) and root tissue density (RTD), at species and mycorrhizal type levels, offering new perspectives on the microbial dynamics underlying ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shixiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Gomez SK, Maurya AK, Irvin L, Kelly MP, Schoenherr AP, Huguet-Tapia JC, Bombarely A. A snapshot of the transcriptome of Medicago truncatula (Fabales: Fabaceae) shoots and roots in response to an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 52:667-680. [PMID: 37467039 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvad070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants simultaneously interact with belowground symbionts such as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and aboveground antagonists such as aphids. Generally, plants gain access to valuable resources including nutrients and water through the AM symbiosis and are more resistant to pests. Nevertheless, aphids' performance improves on mycorrhizal plants, and it remains unclear whether a more nutritious food source and/or attenuated defenses are the contributing factors. This study examined the shoot and root transcriptome of barrel medic (Medicago truncatula Gaertn.) plants highly colonized by the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis (Blaszk., Wubet, Renker, and Buscot) C. Walker and A. Schüßler (Glomerales: Glomeraceae) and exposed to 7 days of mixed age pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)) herbivory. The RNA-seq samples chosen for this study showed that aphids were heavier when fed mycorrhizal plants compared to nonmycorrhizal plants. We hypothesized that (i) insect-related plant defense pathways will be downregulated in shoots of mycorrhizal plants with aphids compared to nonmycorrhizal plants with aphids; (ii) pathways involved in nutrient acquisition, carbohydrate-related and amino acid transport will be upregulated in shoots of mycorrhizal plants with aphids compared to nonmycorrhizal plants with aphids; and (iii) roots of mycorrhizal plants with aphids will exhibit mycorrhiza-induced resistance. The transcriptome data revealed that the gene repertoire related to defenses, nutrient transport, and carbohydrates differs between nonmycorrhizal and mycorrhizal plants with aphids, which could explain the weight gain in aphids. We also identified novel candidate genes that are differentially expressed in nonmycorrhizal plants with aphids, thus setting the stage for future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana K Gomez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
| | - Abhinav K Maurya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
- Apex Bait Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA 95054, USA
| | - Lani Irvin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
| | - Michael P Kelly
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
| | - Andrew P Schoenherr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
| | - Jose C Huguet-Tapia
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Aureliano Bombarely
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), UPV-CSIC, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Santos M, Diánez F, Sánchez-Montesinos B, Huertas V, Moreno-Gavira A, Esteban García B, Garrido-Cárdenas JA, Gea FJ. Biocontrol of Diseases Caused by Phytophthora capsici and P. parasitica in Pepper Plants. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9030360. [PMID: 36983528 PMCID: PMC10051450 DOI: 10.3390/jof9030360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum, T. longibrachiatum, Paecilomyces variotii, and T. saturnisporum as biological control agents (BCAs) against diseases caused by P. capsici and P. parasitica in pepper. For this purpose, their antagonistic activities were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. We analysed the expression patterns of five defence related genes, CaBGLU, CaRGA1, CaBPR1, CaPTI1, and CaSAR8.2, in leaves. All BCAs showed a high in vitro antagonistic activity, significantly reducing the mycelial growth of P. capsici and P. parasitica. The treatments with T. aggressivum f. europaeum, T. longibrachiatum, and P. variotii substantially reduced the severity of the disease caused by P. capsici by 54, 76, and 70%, respectively, and of the disease caused by P. parasitica by 66, 55, and 64%, respectively. T. saturnisporum had the lowest values of disease reduction. Reinoculation with the four BCAs increased the control of both plant pathogens. Markedly different expression patterns were observed in the genes CaBGLU, CaRGA1, and CaSAR8.2. Based on the results, all four BCAs under study could be used as a biological alternative to chemicals for the control of P. capsici and P. parasitica in pepper with a high success rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila Santos
- Departamento de Agronomía, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-628188339
| | - Fernando Diánez
- Departamento de Agronomía, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Brenda Sánchez-Montesinos
- Departamento de Agronomía, División Ciencias de la Vida, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Universidad de Guanajuato, Irapuato 36500, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Victoria Huertas
- Departamento de Agronomía, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Alejandro Moreno-Gavira
- Departamento de Agronomía, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Belén Esteban García
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Edificio CITE IIB, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - José A. Garrido-Cárdenas
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Edificio CITE IIB, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Gea
- Centro de Investigación, Experimentación y Servicios del Champiñón (CIES), Quintanar del Rey, 16220 Cuenca, Spain
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Eck JL, Kytöviita M, Laine A. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi influence host infection during epidemics in a wild plant pathosystem. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1922-1935. [PMID: 36093733 PMCID: PMC9827988 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
While pathogenic and mutualistic microbes are ubiquitous across ecosystems and often co-occur within hosts, how they interact to determine patterns of disease in genetically diverse wild populations is unknown. To test whether microbial mutualists provide protection against pathogens, and whether this varies among host genotypes, we conducted a field experiment in three naturally occurring epidemics of a fungal pathogen, Podosphaera plantaginis, infecting a host plant, Plantago lanceolata, in the Åland Islands, Finland. In each population, we collected epidemiological data on experimental plants from six allopatric populations that had been inoculated with a mixture of mutualistic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi or a nonmycorrhizal control. Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increased growth in plants from every population, but also increased host infection rate. Mycorrhizal effects on disease severity varied among host genotypes and strengthened over time during the epidemic. Host genotypes that were more susceptible to the pathogen received stronger protective effects from inoculation. Our results show that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi introduce both benefits and risks to host plants, and shift patterns of infection in host populations under pathogen attack. Understanding how mutualists alter host susceptibility to disease will be important for predicting infection outcomes in ecological communities and in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenalle L. Eck
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of Zurich8057ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Minna‐Maarit Kytöviita
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of Jyväskylä40014JyväskyläFinland
| | - Anna‐Liisa Laine
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of Zurich8057ZurichSwitzerland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Helsinki00790HelsinkiFinland
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Volynchikova E, Kim KD. Biological Control of Oomycete Soilborne Diseases Caused by Phytophthora capsici, Phytophthora infestans, and Phytophthora nicotianae in Solanaceous Crops. MYCOBIOLOGY 2022; 50:269-293. [PMID: 36404903 PMCID: PMC9645277 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2022.2136333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Oomycete pathogens that belong to the genus Phytophthora cause devastating diseases in solanaceous crops such as pepper, potato, and tobacco, resulting in crop production losses worldwide. Although the application of fungicides efficiently controls these diseases, it has been shown to trigger negative side effects such as environmental pollution, phytotoxicity, and fungicide resistance in plant pathogens. Therefore, biological control of Phytophthora-induced diseases was proposed as an environmentally sound alternative to conventional chemical control. In this review, progress on biological control of the soilborne oomycete plant pathogens, Phytophthora capsici, Phytophthora infestans, and Phytophthora nicotianae, infecting pepper, potato, and tobacco is described. Bacterial (e.g., Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Chryseobacterium, Paenibacillus, Pseudomonas, and Streptomyces) and fungal (e.g., Trichoderma and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) agents, and yeasts (e.g., Aureobasidium, Curvibasidium, and Metschnikowia) have been reported as successful biocontrol agents of Phytophthora pathogens. These microorganisms antagonize Phytophthora spp. via antimicrobial compounds with inhibitory activities against mycelial growth, sporulation, and zoospore germination. They also trigger plant immunity-inducing systemic resistance via several pathways, resulting in enhanced defense responses in their hosts. Along with plant protection, some of the microorganisms promote plant growth, thereby enhancing their beneficial relations with host plants. Although the beneficial effects of the biocontrol microorganisms are acceptable, single applications of antagonistic microorganisms tend to lack consistent efficacy compared with chemical analogues. Therefore, strategies to improve the biocontrol performance of these prominent antagonists are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Volynchikova
- Laboratory of Plant Disease and Biocontrol, Department of Plant Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Deok Kim
- Laboratory of Plant Disease and Biocontrol, Department of Plant Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Weng W, Yan J, Zhou M, Yao X, Gao A, Ma C, Cheng J, Ruan J. Roles of Arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi as a Biocontrol Agent in the Control of Plant Diseases. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071266. [PMID: 35888985 PMCID: PMC9317293 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscularmycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are a class of beneficial microorganisms that are widely distributed in soil ecosystems and can form symbionts with 80% of terrestrial higher plants, and improve the nutritional status of plants. The use of AMF as a biocontrol method to antagonize soil-borne pathogens has received increasing interest from phytopathologists and ecologists. In this paper, the mechanisms of resistance to diseases induced by AMF and the application of AMF to plant fungal, bacterial, and nematode diseases have been summarized. This study aimed to enhance the potential use of AMF as a biological control method to prevent plant diseases in the future. Root morphological alteration characteristics were explained, including the influence of AMF on root structure, function, and the regulation of AMF via secondary metabolites. AMF can improve the rhizosphere environment by influencing the physical and chemical proprieties of soil, enhancing the growth of other beneficial microorganisms, and by competing with pathogenic microorganisms. Two microorganism types may compete for the same invasive sites in root systems and regulate nutrition distribution. AMF can induce the host plant to form defense systems, including improving phytohormone concentrations, inducing signal substrate production, gene expression regulation, and enhancing protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Weng
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.W.); (X.Y.); (A.G.); (C.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Jun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing in Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Schools of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China;
| | - Meiliang Zhou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Xin Yao
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.W.); (X.Y.); (A.G.); (C.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Aning Gao
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.W.); (X.Y.); (A.G.); (C.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Chao Ma
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.W.); (X.Y.); (A.G.); (C.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Jianping Cheng
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.W.); (X.Y.); (A.G.); (C.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Jingjun Ruan
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.W.); (X.Y.); (A.G.); (C.M.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-8510-8830-5238
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Benjamin G, Pandharikar G, Frendo P. Salicylic Acid in Plant Symbioses: Beyond Plant Pathogen Interactions. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060861. [PMID: 35741382 PMCID: PMC9220041 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants form beneficial symbioses with a wide variety of microorganisms. Among these, endophytes, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia are some of the most studied and well understood symbiotic interactions. These symbiotic microorganisms promote plant nutrition and growth. In exchange, they receive the carbon and metabolites necessary for their development and multiplication. In addition to their role in plant growth and development, these microorganisms enhance host plant tolerance to a wide range of environmental stress. Multiple studies have shown that these microorganisms modulate the phytohormone metabolism in the host plant. Among the phytohormones involved in the plant defense response against biotic environment, salicylic acid (SA) plays an important role in activating plant defense. However, in addition to being a major actor in plant defense signaling against pathogens, SA has also been shown to be involved in plant–microbe symbiotic interactions. In this review, we summarize the impact of SA on the symbiotic interactions. In addition, we give an overview of the impact of the endophytes, AMF, and rhizobacteria on SA-mediated defense response against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pierre Frendo
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, 06000 Nice, France;
- Correspondence:
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11
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Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Leads to Differential Regulation of Genes and miRNAs Associated with the Cell Wall in Tomato Leaves. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060854. [PMID: 35741375 PMCID: PMC9219611 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is an association that provides nutritional benefits to plants. Importantly, it induces a physiological state allowing plants to respond to a subsequent pathogen attack in a more rapid and intense manner. Consequently, mycorrhiza-colonized plants become less susceptible to root and shoot pathogens. This study aimed to identify some of the molecular players and potential mechanisms related to the onset of defense priming by mycorrhiza colonization, as well as miRNAs that may act as regulators of priming genes. The upregulation of cellulose synthases, pectinesterase inhibitors, and xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase, as well as the downregulation of a pectinesterase, suggest that the modification and reinforcement of the cell wall may prime the leaves of mycorrhizal plants to react faster and stronger to subsequent pathogen attack. This was confirmed by the findings of miR164a-3p, miR164a-5p, miR171e-5p, and miR397, which target genes and are also related to the biosynthesis or modification of cell wall components. Our findings support the hypothesis that the reinforcement or remodeling of the cell wall and cuticle could participate in the priming mechanism triggered by mycorrhiza colonization, by strengthening the first physical barriers upstream of the pathogen encounter.
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12
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Gupta SK, Sharma M, Mukherjee S. Buckeye Rot of Tomato in India: Present Status, Challenges, and Future Research Perspectives. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:1085-1095. [PMID: 34879731 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-21-0861-fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tomato in India is commonly exposed to various diseases of fungal, bacterial, and viral origin, resulting in substantial yield losses (≥50%). Buckeye rot (caused by Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica) is among the major constraints in the successful cultivation of tomato crops in various parts of the world, including the Solan district of Himachal Pradesh state, India. The fruit rot becomes more devastating under high humidity and wet soils. Symptoms generally appear on green fruit as alternate dark- and light-brown concentric rings. The genome size of P. nicotianae var. parasitica is 82 Mb with >23,000 predicted genes. High humidity (>60%) and optimal temperatures (20 to 25°C), along with rainfall (≥10 mm), help to disperse the pathogen because the inoculum reaches the fruit through splashing rain. Sporangia germinate indirectly by producing zoospores at 20 to 25°C or directly via germ tubes at >25°C. In the absence of suitable resistant varieties, no single management practice is sufficient to keep the disease below the economic threshold level; therefore, integration of cultural and chemical methods is preferable. This article aims to focus on the etiology and management challenges of buckeye rot. We recommend innovative disease management strategies such as identification and deployment of resistant cultivars as well as spraying of synthetic chemical fungicides, biocontrol agents, and use of abiotic chemicals that induce resistance for developing sustainable crop production practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kumar Gupta
- School of Agriculture, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India
| | - Monica Sharma
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Horticulture & Forestry, Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Neri, Hamirpur, HP 177 001, India
| | - Santanu Mukherjee
- School of Agriculture, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India
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13
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Fujita M, Kusajima M, Fukagawa M, Okumura Y, Nakajima M, Akiyama K, Asami T, Yoneyama K, Kato H, Nakashita H. Response of tomatoes primed by mycorrhizal colonization to virulent and avirulent bacterial pathogens. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4686. [PMID: 35304874 PMCID: PMC8933586 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Most plants interact with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, which enhance disease resistance in the host plant. Because the effects of resistance against bacterial pathogens are poorly understood, we investigated the effects of mycorrhizal colonization on virulent and avirulent pathogens using phytopathological and molecular biology techniques. Tomato plants colonized by Gigaspora margarita acquired resistance not only against the fungal pathogen, Botrytis cinerea, but also against a virulent bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst). In G. margarita-colonized tomato, salicylic acid (SA)- and jasmonic acid (JA)-related defense genes were expressed more rapidly and strongly compared to those in the control plants when challenged by Pst, indicating that the plant immunity system was primed by mycorrhizal colonization. Gene expression analysis indicated that primed tomato plants responded to the avirulent pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. oryzae, more rapidly and strongly compared to the control plant, where the effect on the JA-mediated signals was stronger than in the case with Pst. We found that the resistance induced by mycorrhizal colonization was effective against both fungal and bacterial pathogens including virulent and avirulent pathogens. Moreover, the activation of both SA- and JA-mediated signaling pathways can be enhanced in the primed plant by mycorrhizal colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moeka Fujita
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kusajima
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Japan.,Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatomo Fukagawa
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Japan
| | - Yasuko Okumura
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Japan
| | | | - Kohki Akiyama
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Tadao Asami
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Yoneyama
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Hisaharu Kato
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Japan
| | - Hideo Nakashita
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Japan.
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14
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Kafle A, Frank HER, Rose BD, Garcia K. Split down the middle: studying arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal symbioses using split-root assays. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1288-1300. [PMID: 34791191 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Most land plants symbiotically interact with soil-borne fungi to ensure nutrient acquisition and tolerance to various environmental stressors. Among these symbioses, arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal associations can be found in a large proportion of plants, including many crops. Split-root assays are widely used in plant research to study local and systemic signaling responses triggered by local treatments, including nutrient availability, interaction with soil microbes, or abiotic stresses. However, split-root approaches have only been occasionally used to tackle these questions with regard to mycorrhizal symbioses. This review compiles and discusses split-root assays developed to study arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal symbioses, with a particular emphasis on colonization by multiple beneficial symbionts, systemic resistance induced by mycorrhizal fungi, water and nutrient transport from fungi to colonized plants, and host photosynthate allocation from the host to fungal symbionts. In addition, we highlight how the use of split-root assays could result in a better understanding of mycorrhizal symbioses, particularly for a broader range of essential nutrients, and for multipartite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Kafle
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Hannah E R Frank
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Benjamin D Rose
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Kevin Garcia
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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15
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Evaluation of Nutritional Ingredients, Biologically Active Materials, and Pharmacological Activities of Stropharia rugosoannulata Grown under the Bamboo Forest and in the Greenhouse. J FOOD QUALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/5478227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluations of the nutritional ingredients, biologically active materials, and pharmacological activities (antibacterial and antioxidant) of two types of Stropharia rugosoannulata, grown under the bamboo forest and in the greenhouse, respectively, were carried out in this study. The nutritional ingredient tests included moisture, ash, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, total carbohydrates, total sugar, mineral elements, vitamins, and amino acids. The biologically active material assays included total flavonoids, total polysaccharides, total triterpenoids, and reducing sugars. In addition, a broth microdilution susceptibility test was performed to evaluate antibacterial activity. The antioxidant activity was measured by ABTS+ radical scavenging, ferric-reducing power, and β-carotene bleaching assays. Results showed that two types of S. rugosoannulata were rich in protein, carbohydrate, fiber, mineral, B-group vitamins, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, and reducing sugars, with low content of fat and low Na/K ratio. Besides, they were effective in antibacterial and antioxidant activities, while S. Rugosoannulata grown under the bamboo forest was better than the greenhouse one in some respects such as higher content of protein, calcium, selenium, nicotinic acid, folic acid, polysaccharides and triterpenoids, and stronger antibacterial and antioxidant activities. They were appropriate for functional food and nutritional supplements, especially bamboo forest.
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16
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El-Baky NA, Amara AAAF. Recent Approaches towards Control of Fungal Diseases in Plants: An Updated Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7110900. [PMID: 34829188 PMCID: PMC8621679 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research demonstrates that the number of virulent phytopathogenic fungi continually grows, which leads to significant economic losses worldwide. Various procedures are currently available for the rapid detection and control of phytopathogenic fungi. Since 1940, chemical and synthetic fungicides were typically used to control phytopathogenic fungi. However, the substantial increase in development of fungal resistance to these fungicides in addition to negative effects caused by synthetic fungicides on the health of animals, human beings, and the environment results in the exploration of various new approaches and green strategies of fungal control by scientists from all over the world. In this review, the development of new approaches for controlling fungal diseases in plants is discussed. We argue that an effort should be made to bring these recent technologies to the farmer level.
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Impact of Trichoderma asperellum on Chilling and Drought Stress in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7100385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The acceleration of climate change is necessitating the adoption of shifts in farming practices and technology to ensure the sustainability of agricultural production and food security. Because abiotic stresses such as drought and chilling represent major constraints on agricultural productivity worldwide, in this study, the mitigation of such stresses by the fungus Trichoderma asperellum HK703 was evaluated. The fungus was grown on whole grain oats, kaolin and vermiculite for 5 days and then the formulation was mixed with the potting soil to colonize the roots of the plants. The effect of the bioinoculant on tomato under drought or chilling was analyzed in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants. Leaf, stem and root succulence, electrolyte leakage, the relative growth rate of plant height, stem thickness and leaf area, as well new leaf emergence and chlorophyll content were determined. The results showed that drought or chilling increased electrolyte leakage and reduced plant growth and development traits and chlorophyll (a,b) content. However, inoculation with T. asperellum eliminated or reduced most of the negative impacts of drought compared to the non-stressed plants, with the exception of chlorophyll b content. Furthermore, inoculation with T. asperellum improved some of the evaluated features in chilling stressed plants but had no effect on plant height or chlorophyll (a,b) content. The results of this study indicate that T. asperellum was more effective in alleviating drought than chilling stress in tomato plants.
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18
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Elsharkawy MM, Khedr AA, Mehiar F, El-Kady EM, Baazeem A, Shimizu M. Suppression of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato infection by rhizosphere fungi. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:4350-4356. [PMID: 33955671 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induced resistance against several plant pathogens was reported using different beneficial plant growth-promoting microorganisms. The potential of five fungal isolates, Trichoderma harzianum GT 3-2, Fusarium equiseti GF 18-3, F. equiseti GF 19-1, Phoma sp. GS 10-1 and Phoma sp. GS 14-1, to stimulate tomato growth and resistance against bacterial speck disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pathovar (pv.) tomato DC3000 was evaluated. RESULTS Based on the results of disease severity and growth promotion experiments, GF 18-3 exhibited the best results among all fungal isolates. Treatment with barley grain inocula (BGI) and culture filtrate (CF) of the isolates promoted tomato growth and suppressed the pathogen in pot trials. Furthermore, expressions of the pathogenesis-related genes (PR-1, β-1,3-glucanase A, β-1,3-glucanase B and LOX) were relatively higher than the control in the leaves of tomato plants treated with both BGI and CF. The transcription levels remained consistently higher than the control plants for 6 days post-inoculation with pathogen. CONCLUSION Taken together, the results indicate that the tested fungal isolates have the potential to promote tomato growth and induce systemic resistance against the bacterial speck disease. Analysis of certain PR gene expression revealed significant activation in both BGI and CF treatments, leading to stimulated resistance against the pathogen. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen M Elsharkawy
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh, Egypt
| | - Amr A Khedr
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh, Egypt
| | - Farid Mehiar
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh, Egypt
| | - Elsayed M El-Kady
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh, Egypt
| | - Alaa Baazeem
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Masafumi Shimizu
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu-shi, Japan
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19
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Rodrigues E Silva MT, Calandrelli A, Miamoto A, Rinaldi LK, Pereira Moreno B, da Silva C, Dias-Arieira CR. Pre-inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi affects essential oil quality and the reproduction of root lesion nematode in Cymbopogon citratus. MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:613-623. [PMID: 34510260 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-021-01045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) is an important medicinal and aromatic plant containing citral-rich essential oil, of which the quality and quantity may be affected by nematode infection. Research has shown that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may act as nematode biocontrol agents and improve the chemical composition of plants. Three experiments were conducted to assess the effects of AMF inoculation on vegetative growth, essential oil composition, induction of defense-related proteins, and control of Pratylenchus brachyurus in C. citratus. Seedlings were transplanted into pots inoculated with one of two AMF species (Rhizophagus clarus or Claroideoglomus etunicatum). At 30 days after AMF inoculation, plants were inoculated with P. brachyurus. Evaluations were performed at 75 days after nematode inoculation. Although both AMF treatments led to effective root colonization (> 84%), fungus inoculation was not effective in reducing P. brachyurus population density. Nevertheless, C. etunicatum promoted an increase in shoot weight, and AMF treatments contributed to preserving essential oil composition in nematode-infected plants. In addition, both AMF treatments enhanced polyphenol oxidase activity and R. clarus increased peroxidase activity after nematode inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angélica Miamoto
- Department of Agronomy, State University of Maringá, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | | | | | - Camila da Silva
- Department of Technology, State University of Maringá, Umuarama, Parana, Brazil
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20
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Ding T, Zhang W, Li Y, Duan T. Effect of the AM Fungus Sieverdingia tortuosa on Common Vetch Responses to an Anthracnose Pathogen. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:542623. [PMID: 33391193 PMCID: PMC7775565 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.542623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum lentis Damm causes anthracnose in Vicia sativa L, otherwise known as common vetch. It was first reported in China in 2019. This study evaluates the effects of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Sieverdingia tortuosa (N.C. Schenck & G.S. Sm.) Błaszk., Niezgoda, & B.T. Goto on growth and disease severity in common vetch. Our main finding is that the AM fungus increased root biomass and reduced anthracnose severity of common vetch. Responses correlated with defense, such as chitinase activity, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, the concentrations of jasmonic acid and proline, and the expression of resistance-related genes (e.g., upregulated "signal transduction," "MAPK signaling pathway," "chitinase activity," "response to stress," and the KEGG pathways "phenylpropanoid biosynthesis," "MAPK signaling pathways," and "plant-pathogen interactions"), were also affected These findings provide insight into the mechanism by which this AM fungus regulates the defense response of common vetch to C. lentis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ding
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weizhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yingde Li
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tingyu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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21
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Goicoechea N. Mycorrhizal Fungi as Bioprotectors of Crops Against Verticillium Wilt-A Hypothetical Scenario Under Changing Environmental Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:plants9111468. [PMID: 33143304 PMCID: PMC7693752 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The association that many crops can establish with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) present in soils can enhance the resistance of the host plants against several pathogens, including Verticillium spp. The increased resistance of mycorrhizal plants is mainly due to the improved nutritional and water status of crops and to enhanced antioxidant metabolism and/or increased production of secondary metabolites in the plant tissues. However, the effectiveness of AMF in protecting their host plants against Verticillium spp. may vary depending on the environmental factors. Some environmental factors, such as the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the availability of soil water and the air and soil temperatures, are predicted to change drastically by the end of the century. The present paper discusses to what extent the climate change may influence the role of AMF in protecting crops against Verticillium-induced wilt, taking into account the current knowledge about the direct and indirect effects that the changing environment can exert on AMF communities in soils and on the symbiosis between crops and AMF, as well as on the development, incidence and impact of diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Goicoechea
- Plant Stress Physiology Group, Department of Environmental Biology, School of Sciences, Universidad de Navarra, Associated to CSIC (EEAD, Zaragoza, ICVV, Logroño), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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22
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Jensen RE, Cabral C, Enkegaard A, Steenberg T. Influence of the plant interacting entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana on parasitoid host choice-behavior, development, and plant defense pathways. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238943. [PMID: 32925935 PMCID: PMC7489556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inoculating plants with entomopathogenic fungi may influence plant nutrient uptake and growth, and herbivore performance. Knowledge is limited concerning the effects of this symbiosis on higher trophic levels. We examined how fungal treatment of faba bean seeds with the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana influenced the choice-behavior and development of the aphid parasitoid Aphidius colemani. We also sampled plant material for analysis of changes in expression of genes related to plant defense pathways. While parasitoids were compatible with plants inoculated with B. bassiana initially (66 vs. 65% parasitization on inoculated and control plants, respectively; similar development times of parasitoids: 9.2 days), the emergence of adult parasitoids originating from aphids on fungus treated plants was significantly lower (67 vs. 76%, respectively). We also found that the defense response changed, similar to induced systemic resistance, when plants were treated with B. bassiana, similarly to what has been found for other plant symbiotic microorganisms. These novel findings show that although the application of entomopathogenic fungi to plants can alter the plants' defense against herbivores, it may also have an impact on beneficial insects, so their function and use should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmina Cabral
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Denmark
| | - Annie Enkegaard
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Denmark
| | - Tove Steenberg
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Denmark
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Gough EC, Owen KJ, Zwart RS, Thompson JP. A Systematic Review of the Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Root-Lesion Nematodes, Pratylenchus spp. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:923. [PMID: 32765542 PMCID: PMC7381225 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) occupy the same ecological niche in the phytobiome of many agriculturally important crops. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can enhance the resistance or tolerance of a plant to Pratylenchus and previous studies have been undertaken to investigate the relationship between these organisms. A restructuring of the AMF phylum Glomeromycota has reallocated the species into genera according to molecular analysis. A systematic review of the literature was synthesized to assess the interaction between Pratylenchus spp. and AMF using the revised classification. Plants inoculated with AMF generally exhibited greater tolerance as demonstrated by increased biomass under Pratylenchus pressure. Species of AMF from the order Diversisporales tended to increase Pratylenchus population densities compared to those from the order Glomerales. Species from the genera Funneliformis and Glomus had a reductive effect on Pratylenchus population densities. The interaction between AMF and Pratylenchus spp. showed variation in responses as a result of cultivar, crop species, and AMF species. Putative mechanisms involved in these interactions are discussed.
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Santos JVD, Ribeiro PRA, Carneiro MAB, Soares IC, Fiorini IVA, Cancellier LL, Veiga AD, Albuquerque CJB, Pinho RGVON, Moreira FMS. Formononetin accelerates mycorrhization and increases maize production at low phosphorus application rates. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92 Suppl 1:e20181371. [PMID: 32491139 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020181371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The formononetin biostimulant may be an option for reducing P fertilization once it stimulates mycelial growth of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and increases plant ability to take up nutrients through the roots, especially phosphorus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of formononetin associated with phosphorus fertilization in maize. Field experiments were conducted in a randomized block design with a 3 × 4 factorial arrangement (0, 50 or 70, and 140 kg ha-1 P2O5; and formononetin application rates: 0, 25, 50, and 100 g ha-1), with four replications. Formononetin (100 g ha-1) increased the mycorrhizal colonization rate up to 30% in maize in the first four weeks after emergence when no P fertilizer was applied, and to 17% when 50 or 70 kg ha-1 of P2O5 were applied. The application of 50 and 100 g ha-1 of formononetin significantly increased plant height, ear height, and grain yield (22% - 76%) when no P fertilizer was applied. The use of formononetin in the field stimulates mycorrhizal colonization, has a positive effect on maize yield, and reduces the need for P fertilizer application in maize. However, this effect was evident only at low P soil contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessé V Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Paula R A Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Isaac C Soares
- Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Ivan V A Fiorini
- Departamento de Agricultura, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Adriano D Veiga
- BR-020, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Embrapa Cerrados, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Carlos Juliano B Albuquerque
- Unidade Experimental do Triângulo e Alto Paranaíba, Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais/EPAMIG, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Avenida Universitária, 1000, Universitário, 39404-547 Montes Claros, MG, Brazil
| | - Renzo G VON Pinho
- Departamento de Agricultura, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Fatima M S Moreira
- Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
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Peng Q, Wang Z, Liu P, Liang Y, Zhao Z, Li W, Liu X, Xia Y. Oxathiapiprolin, a Novel Chemical Inducer Activates the Plant Disease Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1223. [PMID: 32059380 PMCID: PMC7072870 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxathiapiprolin was developed as a specific plant pathogenic oomycete inhibitor, previously shown to have highly curative and protective activities against the pepper Phytophthora blight disease under field and greenhouse tests. Therefore, it was hypothesized that oxathiapiprolin might potentially activate the plant disease resistance against pathogen infections. This study investigated the potential and related mechanism of oxathiapiprolin to activate the plant disease resistance using the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pst) and plant Arabidopsis interaction as the targeted system. Our results showed that oxathiapiprolin could activate the plant disease resistance against Pst DC3000, a non-target pathogen of oxathiapiprolin, in Arabidopsis, tobacco, and tomato plants. Our results also showed the enhanced callose deposition and H2O2 accumulation in the oxathiapiprolin-treated Arabidopsis under the induction of flg22 as the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) treatment. Furthermore, increased levels of free salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) were detected in the oxathiapiprolin-treated Arabidopsis plants compared to the mock-treated ones under the challenge of Pst DC3000. Besides, the gene expression results confirmed that at 24 h after the infiltration with Pst DC3000, the oxathiapiprolin-treated Arabidopsis plants had upregulated expression levels of the respiratory burst oxidase homolog D (RBOHD), JA-responsive gene (PDF1.2), and SA-responsive genes (PR1, PR2, and PR5) compared to the control. Taken together, oxathiapiprolin is identified as a novel chemical inducer which activates the plant disease resistance against Pst DC3000 by enhancing the callose deposition, H2O2 accumulation, and hormone SA and JA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.P.); (Z.W.); (P.L.)
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.P.); (Z.W.); (P.L.)
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.P.); (Z.W.); (P.L.)
| | - Yinping Liang
- College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Zhenzhen Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Wenhui Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China;
| | - Xili Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Q.P.); (Z.W.); (P.L.)
| | - Ye Xia
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
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Garzo E, Rizzo E, Fereres A, Gomez SK. High levels of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus colonization on Medicago truncatula reduces plant suitability as a host for pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum). INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:99-112. [PMID: 30039604 PMCID: PMC7379733 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study sheds light on a poorly understood area in insect-plant-microbe interactions, focusing on aphid probing and feeding behavior on plants with varying levels of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus root colonization. It investigates a commonly occurring interaction of three species: pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, barrel medic Medicago truncatula, and the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis, examining whether aphid-feeding behavior changes when insects feed on plants at different levels of AM fungus colonization (42% and 84% root length colonized). Aphid probing and feeding behavior was monitored throughout 8 h of recording using the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique, also, foliar nutrient content and plant growth were measured. Summarizing, aphids took longer to reach their 1st sustained phloem ingestion on the 84% AM plants than on the 42% AM plants or on controls. Less aphids showed phloem ingestion on the 84% AM plants relative to the 42% AM plants. Shoots of the 84% AM plants had higher percent carbon (43.7%) relative to controls (40.5%), and the 84% AM plants had reduced percent nitrogen (5.3%) relative to the 42% AM plants (6%). In conclusion, EPG and foliar nutrient data support the hypothesis that modifications in plant anatomy (e.g., thicker leaves), and poor food quality (reduced nitrogen) in the 84% AM plants contribute to reduced aphid success in locating phloem and ultimately to differences in phloem sap ingestion. This work suggests that M. truncatula plants benefit from AM symbiosis not only because of increased nutrient uptake but also because of reduced susceptibility to aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Garzo
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICA‐CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Eric Rizzo
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Northern ColoradoGreeleyColoradoUSA
| | - Alberto Fereres
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICA‐CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - S. Karen Gomez
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Northern ColoradoGreeleyColoradoUSA
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Abstract
The phytohormone jasmonate (JA) modulates various defense and developmental responses of plants, and is implied in the integration of multiple environmental signals. Given its centrality in regulating plant physiology according to external stimuli, JA influences the establishment of interactions between plant roots and beneficial bacteria or fungi. In many cases, moderate JA signaling promotes the onset of mutualism, while massive JA signaling inhibits it. The output also depends on the compatibility between microbe and host plant and on nutritional or environmental cues. Also, JA biosynthesis and perception participate in the systemic regulation of mutualistic interactions and in microbe-induced resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. Here, we review our current knowledge of the role of JA biosynthesis, signaling, and responses during mutualistic root-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Basso
- Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, Centre INRA-Lorraine, UMR 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine 'Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes', Champenoux, France
| | - Claire Veneault-Fourrey
- Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, Centre INRA-Lorraine, UMR 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine 'Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes', Champenoux, France.
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28
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Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Associations and Role in Mitigation of Drought Stress in Plants. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48474-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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29
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Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Their Potential Applications for Sustainable Agriculture. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-45971-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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30
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Kamle M, Borah R, Bora H, Jaiswal AK, Singh RK, Kumar P. Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) and Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR): Role and Mechanism of Action Against Phytopathogens. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41870-0_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Tiénébo EO, Harrison K, Abo K, Brou YC, Pierson LS, Tamborindeguy C, Pierson EA, Levy JG. Mycorrhization Mitigates Disease Caused by " Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum" in Tomato. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8110507. [PMID: 31731657 PMCID: PMC6918281 DOI: 10.3390/plants8110507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Disease caused by the bacterial pathogen “Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum” (Lso) represents a serious threat to solanaceous crop production. Insecticide applications to control the psyllid vector, Bactericeracockerelli Šulc (Hemiptera: Triozidae) has led to the emergence of resistance in psyllids populations. Efforts to select natural resistant cultivars have been marginally successful and have been complicated by the presence of distinct Lso haplotypes (LsoA, LsoB) differing in symptoms severity on potato and tomato. A potentially promising management tool is to boost host resistance to the pathogen and/or the insect vector by promoting mycorrhization. Here we tested the hypothesis that mycorrhizal fungi can mitigate the effect of Lso infection on tomato plants. The presence of mycorrhizal fungi substantially delayed and reduced the incidence of Lso-induced symptoms on tomato as compared to non-mycorrhized plants. However, PCR with specific Lso primers revealed that mycorrhization did not prevent Lso transmission or translocation to newly formed leaves. Mycorrhization significantly reduced oviposition by psyllids harboring LsoA and survival of nymphs from these eggs. However, mycorrhization had no effect on oviposition by psyllids harboring LsoB or the survival of nymphs from parents harboring LsoB. These findings indicate the use of mycorrhizal fungi is a promising strategy for the mitigation of disease caused by both LsoA and LsoB and warrants additional field testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric-Olivier Tiénébo
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2133, USA; (E.-O.T.); (K.H.)
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Resources, Institut National Polytechnique Felix Houphouët-Boigny, PoBox 1313 Yamoussoukro, Cote d’Ivoire; (K.A.); (Y.C.B.)
| | - Kyle Harrison
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2133, USA; (E.-O.T.); (K.H.)
| | - Kouabenan Abo
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Resources, Institut National Polytechnique Felix Houphouët-Boigny, PoBox 1313 Yamoussoukro, Cote d’Ivoire; (K.A.); (Y.C.B.)
| | - Yao Casimir Brou
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Resources, Institut National Polytechnique Felix Houphouët-Boigny, PoBox 1313 Yamoussoukro, Cote d’Ivoire; (K.A.); (Y.C.B.)
| | - Leland S. Pierson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2133, USA;
| | - Cecilia Tamborindeguy
- Departments of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2133, USA;
| | - Elizabeth A. Pierson
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2133, USA; (E.-O.T.); (K.H.)
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2133, USA;
- Correspondence: (E.A.P.); (J.G.L.); Tel.: +1-979-862-1307 (E.A.P.); +1-832-779-4280 (J.G.L.)
| | - Julien G. Levy
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2133, USA; (E.-O.T.); (K.H.)
- Correspondence: (E.A.P.); (J.G.L.); Tel.: +1-979-862-1307 (E.A.P.); +1-832-779-4280 (J.G.L.)
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Xue L, Almario J, Fabiańska I, Saridis G, Bucher M. Dysfunction in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis has consistent but small effects on the establishment of the fungal microbiota in Lotus japonicus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:409-420. [PMID: 31125425 PMCID: PMC6773208 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Most land plants establish mutualistic interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Intracellular accommodation of AM fungal symbionts remodels important host traits like root morphology and nutrient acquisition. How mycorrhizal colonization impacts plant microbiota is unclear. To understand the impact of AM symbiosis on fungal microbiota, ten Lotus japonicus mutants impaired at different stages of AM formation were grown in non-sterile natural soil and their root-associated fungal communities were studied. Plant mutants lacking the capacity to form mature arbuscules (arb- ) exhibited limited growth performance associated with altered phosphorus (P) acquisition and reduction-oxidation (redox) processes. Furthermore, arb- plants assembled moderately but consistently different root-associated fungal microbiota, characterized by the depletion of Glomeromycota and the concomitant enrichment of Ascomycota, including Dactylonectria torresensis. Single and co-inoculation experiments showed a strong reduction of root colonization by D. torresensis in the presence of AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis, particularly in arbuscule-forming plants. Our results suggest that impairment of central symbiotic functions in AM host plants leads to specific changes in root microbiomes and in tripartite interactions between the host plant, AM and non-AM fungi. This lays the foundation for mechanistic studies on microbe-microbe and microbe-host interactions in AM symbiosis of the model L. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xue
- Botanical InstituteCologne BiocenterUniversity of Cologne50674CologneGermany
| | - Juliana Almario
- Botanical InstituteCologne BiocenterUniversity of Cologne50674CologneGermany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)University of Cologne50674CologneGermany
| | - Izabela Fabiańska
- Botanical InstituteCologne BiocenterUniversity of Cologne50674CologneGermany
| | - Georgios Saridis
- Botanical InstituteCologne BiocenterUniversity of Cologne50674CologneGermany
| | - Marcel Bucher
- Botanical InstituteCologne BiocenterUniversity of Cologne50674CologneGermany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)University of Cologne50674CologneGermany
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Zhang YC, Zou YN, Liu LP, Wu QS. Common mycorrhizal networks activate salicylic acid defense responses of trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata). JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 61:1099-1111. [PMID: 30450833 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri ('Xac'), is an important quarantine disease in citrus crops. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form symbiotic interactions with host plants and further affect their disease resistance, possibly by modulating the activity of salicylic acid (SA), a key phytohormone in disease resistance. Common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) can interconnect plants, but it is not yet clear whether CMNs promote resistance to citrus canker and, if so, whether SA signaling is involved in this process. To test this possibility, we used a two-chambered rootbox to establish CMNs between trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings in chambers inoculated (treated) or not (neighboring) with the AMF, Paraglomus occultum. A subset of the AMF-inoculated seedlings were also inoculated with Xac (+AMF+Xac). At 2 d post-inoculation (dpi), compared with the +AMF-Xac treatment, neighboring seedlings in +AMF+Xac treatment had lower expression levels of the SA biosynthetic genes, PtPAL, PtEPS1, and PtPBS3, but higher SA levels, which attributed to the upregulation of PtPAL and PtPBS3 in treated seedlings and the transfer of SA, via CMNs, to the neighboring seedlings. At 4 dpi, the pathogenesis-related (PR) protein genes, PtPR1, PtPR4, and PtPR5, and the transcriptional regulatory factor gene, PtNPR1, were activated in neighboring seedlings of +AMF+Xac treatment. At 9 dpi, root phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and total soluble phenol and lignin concentrations increased in neighboring seedlings of +AMF+Xac treatment, likely due to the linkage and signal transfer, via CMNs. These findings support the hypothesis that CMNs transfer the SA signal from infected to neighboring healthy seedlings, to activate defense responses and affording protection to neighboring plants against citrus canker infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Can Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
- Institute of Root Biology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Ying-Ning Zou
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
- Institute of Root Biology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Li-Ping Liu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
- Institute of Root Biology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Qiang-Sheng Wu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
- Institute of Root Biology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech Republic
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Does Inoculation with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Reduce Trunk Disease in Grapevine Rootstocks? HORTICULTURAE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae5030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ilyonectria is a weak pathogen known for causing black foot disease in young vines, infecting roots and vascular tissues at the basal end of the rootstock and restricting the movement of water and nutrients. This negatively impacts vine establishment during transplant into the vineyard. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are symbiotic fungi that associate with most plants and have been shown to mitigate the infection and effect of pathogens. This greenhouse study was designed to determine if the mycorrhizal fungi could mitigate Ilyonectria infection and whether this was dependent on inoculation timing. ‘Riparia gloire’ grapevine rootstocks (Vitis riparia) were infected with Ilyonectria either after AM fungi, at the same time as AM fungi, or to roots that were not inoculated by AM fungi. We measured the abundance using specific markers for both the pathogen and AM fungi. Colonization by AM fungi did not suppress Ilyonectria, but instead increased the abundance of Ilyonectria. Further, mycorrhizal rootstocks did not have enhanced growth effects on physiological parameters when compared to non-mycorrhizal rootstocks. These findings stand in contrast to the general perception that AM fungi provide protection against root pathogens.
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Wilkinson TDJ, Miranda JP, Ferrari J, Hartley SE, Hodge A. Aphids Influence Soil Fungal Communities in Conventional Agricultural Systems. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:895. [PMID: 31354767 PMCID: PMC6640087 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form symbioses with the roots of most plant species, including cereals. AMF can increase the uptake of nutrients including nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), and of silicon (Si) as well as increase host resistance to various stresses. Plants can simultaneously interact with above-ground insect herbivores such as aphids, which can alter the proportion of plant roots colonized by AMF. However, it is unknown if aphids impact the structure of AMF communities colonizing plants or the extent of the extraradical mycelium produced in the soil, both of which can influence the defensive and nutritional benefit a plant derives from the symbiosis. This study investigated the effect of aphids on the plant-AMF interaction in a conventionally managed agricultural system. As plants also interact with other soil fungi, the non-AMF fungal community was also investigated. We hypothesized that aphids would depress plant growth, and reduce intraradical AMF colonization, soil fungal hyphal density and the diversity of AM and non-AM fungal communities. To test the effects of aphids, field plots of barley enclosed with insect proof cages were inoculated with Sitobion avenae or remained uninoculated. AMF specific and total fungal amplicon sequencing assessed root fungal communities 46 days after aphid addition. Aphids did not impact above-ground plant biomass, but did increase the grain N:P ratio. Whilst aphid presence had no impact on AMF intraradical colonization, soil fungal hyphal length density, or AMF community characteristics, there was a trend for the aphid treatment to increase vesicle numbers and the relative abundance of the AMF family Gigasporaceae. Contrary to expectations, the aphid treatment also increased the evenness of the total fungal community. This suggests that aphids can influence soil communities in conventional arable systems, a result that could have implications for multitrophic feedback loops between crop pests and soil organisms across the above-below-ground interface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julia Ferrari
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Sue E. Hartley
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- York Environmental Sustainability Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Hodge
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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Miozzi L, Vaira AM, Catoni M, Fiorilli V, Accotto GP, Lanfranco L. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis: Plant Friend or Foe in the Fight Against Viruses? Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1238. [PMID: 31231333 PMCID: PMC6558290 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant roots establish interactions with several beneficial soil microorganisms including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). In addition to promoting plant nutrition and growth, AMF colonization can prime systemic plant defense and enhance tolerance to a wide range of environmental stresses and below-ground pathogens. A protective effect of the AMF against above-ground pathogens has also been described in different plant species, but it seems to largely rely on the type of attacker. Viruses are obligate biotrophic pathogens able to infect a large number of plant species, causing massive losses in crop yield worldwide. Despite their economic importance, information on the effect of the AM symbiosis on viral infection is limited and not conclusive. However, several experimental evidences, obtained under controlled conditions, show that AMF colonization may enhance viral infection, affecting susceptibility, symptomatology and viral replication, possibly related to the improved nutritional status and to the delayed induction of pathogenesis-related proteins in the mycorrhizal plants. In this review, we give an overview of the impact of the AMF colonization on plant infection by pathogenic viruses and summarize the current knowledge of the underlying mechanisms. For the cases where AMF colonization increases the susceptibility of plants to viruses, the term "mycorrhiza-induced susceptibility" (MIS) is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Miozzi
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), Turin, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Vaira
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Catoni
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Fiorilli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Accotto
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), Turin, Italy
| | - Luisa Lanfranco
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Molinero-Rosales N, Martín-Rodríguez JÁ, Ho-Plágaro T, García-Garrido JM. Identification and expression analysis of the arbuscular mycorrhiza-inducible Rieske non-heme oxygenase Ptc52 gene from tomato. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 237:95-103. [PMID: 31051335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) formation enhances plant growth and fitness through improved uptake of water and mineral nutrients in exchange for carbon compounds to the AM fungus. The fungal structure for the reciprocal exchange of nutrients in the symbiosis is the arbuscule, and defence genes expressed in cells containing arbuscules could play a role in the control of hyphal spread and arbuscule formation in the root. We characterized and analyzed the Ptc52 gene from tomato (SlPtc52), a member of the gene family of non-heme oxygenases, whose function has been related to the lethal leaf spot 1 (Lls1) lesion mimic phenotype in plants which is sometimes associated with enhanced disease resistance. Sequence analysis of the SlPTC52 protein revealed conserved typical motifs from non-heme oxygenases, including a Rieske [2Fe-2S] motif, a mononuclear non-heme iron-binding motif and a C-terminal CxxC motif. The level of transcript accumulation was low in stem, flower and green fruits, and high in leaves. Although SlPtc52 expression was perceptible at low levels in roots, its expression increased concomitantly with AM fungus root colonization. Tomato non-mycorrhizal hairy roots expressing the GUS protein under the control of promoter SlPtc52 exhibited GUS activity in the endodermis, the apical meristem of the root tip and in the lateral root primordium. AM fungal colonization also resulted in intensive GUS activity that clearly corresponds to cortical cells containing arbuscules. SlPtc52 gene silencing led to a delay in root colonization and a decrease in arbuscular abundance, suggesting that SlPTC52 plays a regulatory role during AM symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Molinero-Rosales
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ) CSIC, Calle Profesor Albareda nº1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Tania Ho-Plágaro
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ) CSIC, Calle Profesor Albareda nº1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - José Manuel García-Garrido
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ) CSIC, Calle Profesor Albareda nº1, 18008, Granada, Spain.
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Schoenherr AP, Rizzo E, Jackson N, Manosalva P, Gomez SK. Mycorrhiza-Induced Resistance in Potato Involves Priming of Defense Responses Against Cabbage Looper (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 48:370-381. [PMID: 30715218 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvy195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Most plants form mutualistic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi that are ubiquitous in soils. Through this symbiosis, plants can withstand abiotic and biotic stresses. The underlying molecular mechanisms involved in mediating mycorrhiza-induced resistance against insects needs further research, and this is particularly true for potato (Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanales: Solanaceae)), which is the fourth most important crop worldwide. In this study, the tripartite interaction between potato, the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis (Glomerales: Glomeraceae), and cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was examined to determine whether potato exhibits mycorrhiza-induced resistance against this insect. Plant growth, insect fitness, AM fungal colonization of roots, and transcript levels of defense-related genes were measured in shoots and roots after 5 and 8 d of herbivory on mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants. AM fungal colonization of roots did not have an effect on potato growth, but root colonization levels increased by herbivory. Larval weight gain was reduced after 8 d of feeding on mycorrhizal plants compared with nonmycorrhizal plants. Systemic upregulation of Allene Oxide Synthase 1 (AOS1), 12-Oxo-Phytodienoate Reductase 3 (OPR3) (jasmonic acid pathway), Protease Inhibitor Type I (PI-I) (anti-herbivore defense), and Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase (PAL) transcripts (phenylpropanoid pathway) was found during the tripartite interaction. Together, these findings suggest that potato may exhibit mycorrhiza-induced resistance to cabbage looper by priming anti-herbivore defenses aboveground. This study illustrates how mycorrhizal potato responds to herbivory by a generalist-chewing insect and serves as the basis for future studies involving tripartite interactions with other pests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Rizzo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO
| | - Natasha Jackson
- Microbiology and Plant Pathology Department, University of California, Riverside, University Avenue, Riverside, CA
| | - Patricia Manosalva
- Microbiology and Plant Pathology Department, University of California, Riverside, University Avenue, Riverside, CA
| | - S Karen Gomez
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO
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Bueno de Mesquita CP, Martinez Del Río CM, Suding KN, Schmidt SK. Rapid temporal changes in root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and fine root endophytes, not dark septate endophytes, track plant activity and environment in an alpine ecosystem. MYCORRHIZA 2018; 28:717-726. [PMID: 30141076 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-018-0863-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Fungal root endophytes play an important role in plant nutrition, helping plants acquire nutrients in exchange for photosynthates. We sought to characterize the progression of root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), dark septate endophytes (DSE), and fine root endophytes (FRE) over an alpine growing season, and to understand the role of the host plant and environment in driving colonization levels. We sampled four forbs on a regular schedule from June 26th-September 11th from a moist meadow (3535 m a.s.l) on Niwot Ridge, Rocky Mountain Front Range, CO, USA. We quantified the degree of root colonization by storage structures, exchange structures, and hyphae of all three groups of fungi. AMF and FRE percent colonization fluctuated significantly over time, while DSE did not. All AMF structures changed over time, and the degree of change in vesicles differed by plant species. FRE hyphae, AMF arbuscules and AMF vesicles peaked late in the season as plants produced seeds. AMF hyphae levels started high, decreased, and then increased within 20 days, highlighting the dynamic nature of plant-fungal interactions. Overall, our results show that AMF and FRE, not DSE, root colonization rapidly changes over the course of a growing season and these changes are driven by plant phenology and seasonal changes in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifton P Bueno de Mesquita
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0334, USA.
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, USA.
| | - Cormac M Martinez Del Río
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Katharine N Suding
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0334, USA
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, USA
| | - Steven K Schmidt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0334, USA
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Recent Trend: Is the Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Plant-Enemies Performance Biased by Taxon Usage? AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 2018. [DOI: 10.1674/0003-0031-180.2.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Fiorilli V, Vannini C, Ortolani F, Garcia-Seco D, Chiapello M, Novero M, Domingo G, Terzi V, Morcia C, Bagnaresi P, Moulin L, Bracale M, Bonfante P. Omics approaches revealed how arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis enhances yield and resistance to leaf pathogen in wheat. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9625. [PMID: 29941972 PMCID: PMC6018116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27622-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides improved mineral nutrition, plants colonised by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi often display increased biomass and higher tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Notwithstanding the global importance of wheat as an agricultural crop, its response to AM symbiosis has been poorly investigated. We focused on the role of an AM fungus on mineral nutrition of wheat, and on its potential protective effect against Xanthomonas translucens. To address these issues, phenotypical, molecular and metabolomic approaches were combined. Morphological observations highlighted that AM wheat plants displayed an increased biomass and grain yield, as well as a reduction in lesion area following pathogen infection. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the mycorrhizal phenotype, we investigated changes of transcripts and proteins in roots and leaves during the double (wheat-AM fungus) and tripartite (wheat-AM fungus-pathogen) interaction. Transcriptomic and proteomic profiling identified the main pathways involved in enhancing plant biomass, mineral nutrition and in promoting the bio-protective effect against the leaf pathogen. Mineral and amino acid contents in roots, leaves and seeds, and protein oxidation profiles in leaves, supported the omics data, providing new insight into the mechanisms exerted by AM symbiosis to confer stronger productivity and enhanced resistance to X. translucens in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Fiorilli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Università degli Studi di Torino, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Candida Vannini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Francesca Ortolani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Daniel Garcia-Seco
- IRD, Cirad, Univ. Montpellier, Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement (IPME), 34394, Montpellier, France
| | - Marco Chiapello
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Mara Novero
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Università degli Studi di Torino, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Guido Domingo
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Valeria Terzi
- CREA-GB, Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Via San Protaso 302, 29017, Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Italy
| | - Caterina Morcia
- CREA-GB, Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Via San Protaso 302, 29017, Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Italy
| | - Paolo Bagnaresi
- CREA-GB, Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Via San Protaso 302, 29017, Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Italy
| | - Lionel Moulin
- IRD, Cirad, Univ. Montpellier, Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement (IPME), 34394, Montpellier, France
| | - Marcella Bracale
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Università degli Studi di Torino, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
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Liu Y, Feng X, Gao P, Li Y, Christensen MJ, Duan T. Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi increased the susceptibility of Astragalus adsurgens to powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe pisi. Mycology 2018; 9:223-232. [PMID: 30181928 PMCID: PMC6115881 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2018.1477849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe pisi is a major factor that affects the growth of standing milkvetch (Astragalus adsurgens). As arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have shown to be enhancing the resistance of plants to biotrophic pathogens such as powdery mildew, a study was carried out to look at the effects of three AMF, either singularly or in combination, on the growth of standing milkvetch and susceptibility to E. pisi. The results showed that the presence of AMF enhanced the growth of standing milkvetch even though their presence in the roots increased susceptibility to this foliage pathogen compared with plants having no AMF. This increase in growth of plants with severe infection of powdery mildew was especially surprising as leaves contained lower levels of chlorophyll than plants without AMF and had a greater concentration of malondialdehyde, an indicator of the damage of cell membrane. The effects on the extent of growth and powdery mildew enhancement differed inconsistently with the type of AMF in roots. The effects on growth and powdery mildew were not related to intensity of AMF colonisation. The peroxidase (POD) was consistently higher activity (15% to 72%) in plants with AMF than plants without them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Grassland Science Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Grassland Science Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ping Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Grassland Science Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanzhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Grassland Science Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Michael J. Christensen
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Grassland Science Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tingyu Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Grassland Science Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Salloum MS, Menduni MF, Benavides MP, Larrauri M, Luna CM, Silvente S. Polyamines and flavonoids: key compounds in mycorrhizal colonization of improved and unimproved soybean genotypes. Symbiosis 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-018-0558-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Trade-Offs in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis: Disease Resistance, Growth Responses and Perspectives for Crop Breeding. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy7040075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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45
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Mustafa G, Khong NG, Tisserant B, Randoux B, Fontaine J, Magnin-Robert M, Reignault P, Sahraoui ALH. Defence mechanisms associated with mycorrhiza-induced resistance in wheat against powdery mildew. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2017; 44:443-454. [PMID: 32480577 DOI: 10.1071/fp16206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To develop a more sustainable agriculture using alternative control strategies, mechanisms involved in the biocontrol ability of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis mosseae to protect wheat against the foliar biotrophic pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici were investigated under controlled conditions. B. graminis infection on wheat leaves was reduced by 78% in mycorrhizal plants compared with non-mycorrhizal ones (control). Wheat roots inoculated with F. mosseae revealed a systemic resistance in leaves to B. graminis, after a 6-week co-culture. Accordingly, this resistance was associated with a significant reduction of B. graminis haustorium formation in epidermal leaf cells of mycorrhizal wheat and an accumulation of phenolic compounds and H2O2 at B. graminis penetration sites. Moreover, gene expression analysis demonstrated upregulation of genes encoding for several defence markers, such as peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chitinase 1 and nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related proteins 1 in mycorrhizal wheat only in the absence of the pathogen. This study showed that protection of wheat obtained against B. graminis in response to mycorrhizal inoculation by F. mosseae could be interpreted as a mycorrhiza-induced resistance (MIR). Our findings also suggest that MIR-associated mechanisms impaired the B. graminis development process and corresponded to a systemic elicitation of plant defences rather than a primed state in wheat leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghalia Mustafa
- Univ Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4492 - UCEIV - Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, F-62228 Calais cedex, France
| | - Ngan Giang Khong
- Univ Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4492 - UCEIV - Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, F-62228 Calais cedex, France
| | - Benoît Tisserant
- Univ Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4492 - UCEIV - Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, F-62228 Calais cedex, France
| | - Béatrice Randoux
- Univ Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4492 - UCEIV - Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, F-62228 Calais cedex, France
| | - Joël Fontaine
- Univ Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4492 - UCEIV - Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, F-62228 Calais cedex, France
| | - Maryline Magnin-Robert
- Univ Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4492 - UCEIV - Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, F-62228 Calais cedex, France
| | - Philippe Reignault
- Univ Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4492 - UCEIV - Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, F-62228 Calais cedex, France
| | - Anissa Lounès-Hadj Sahraoui
- Univ Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4492 - UCEIV - Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, F-62228 Calais cedex, France
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Mercy L, Lucic-Mercy E, Nogales A, Poghosyan A, Schneider C, Arnholdt-Schmitt B. A Functional Approach towards Understanding the Role of the Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain in an Endomycorrhizal Symbiosis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:417. [PMID: 28424712 PMCID: PMC5371606 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are crucial components of fertile soils, able to provide several ecosystem services for crop production. Current economic, social and legislative contexts should drive the so-called "second green revolution" by better exploiting these beneficial microorganisms. Many challenges still need to be overcome to better understand the mycorrhizal symbiosis, among which (i) the biotrophic nature of AMF, constraining their production, while (ii) phosphate acts as a limiting factor for the optimal mycorrhizal inoculum application and effectiveness. Organism fitness and adaptation to the changing environment can be driven by the modulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain, strongly connected to the phosphorus processing. Nevertheless, the role of the respiratory function in mycorrhiza remains largely unexplored. We hypothesized that the two mitochondrial respiratory chain components, alternative oxidase (AOX) and cytochrome oxidase (COX), are involved in specific mycorrhizal behavior. For this, a complex approach was developed. At the pre-symbiotic phase (axenic conditions), we studied phenotypic responses of Rhizoglomus irregulare spores with two AOX and COX inhibitors [respectively, salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) and potassium cyanide (KCN)] and two growth regulators (abscisic acid - ABA and gibberellic acid - Ga3). At the symbiotic phase, we analyzed phenotypic and transcriptomic (genes involved in respiration, transport, and fermentation) responses in Solanum tuberosum/Rhizoglomus irregulare biosystem (glasshouse conditions): we monitored the effects driven by ABA, and explored the modulations induced by SHAM and KCN under five phosphorus concentrations. KCN and SHAM inhibited in vitro spore germination while ABA and Ga3 induced differential spore germination and hyphal patterns. ABA promoted mycorrhizal colonization, strong arbuscule intensity and positive mycorrhizal growth dependency (MGD). In ABA treated plants, R. irregulare induced down-regulation of StAOX gene isoforms and up-regulation of genes involved in plant COX pathway. In all phosphorus (P) concentrations, blocking AOX or COX induced opposite mycorrhizal patterns in planta: KCN induced higher Arum-type arbuscule density, positive MGD but lower root colonization compared to SHAM, which favored Paris-type formation and negative MGD. Following our results and current state-of-the-art knowledge, we discuss metabolic functions linked to respiration that may occur within mycorrhizal behavior. We highlight potential connections between AOX pathways and fermentation, and we propose new research and mycorrhizal application perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Birgit Arnholdt-Schmitt
- Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity (FunCrop), EU Marie Curie Chair, ICAAM, University of ÉvoraÉvora, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of CearáFortaleza, Brazil
- Science and Technology Park Alentejo (PCTA)Évora, Portugal
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Iasur Kruh L, Lahav T, Abu-Nassar J, Achdari G, Salami R, Freilich S, Aly R. Host-Parasite-Bacteria Triangle: The Microbiome of the Parasitic Weed Phelipanche aegyptiaca and Tomato- Solanum lycopersicum (Mill.) as a Host. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:269. [PMID: 28298918 PMCID: PMC5331046 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Broomrapes (Phelipanche/Orobanche spp.) are holoparasitic plants that subsist on the roots of a variety of agricultural crops, establishing direct connections with the host vascular system. This connection allows for the exchange of various substances and a possible exchange of endophytic microorganisms that inhabit the internal tissues of both plants. To shed some light on bacterial interactions occurring between the parasitic Phelipanche aegyptiaca and its host tomato, we characterized the endophytic composition in the parasite during the parasitization process and ascertained if these changes were accompanied by changes to endophytes in the host root. Endophyte communities of the parasitic weed were significantly different from that of the non-parasitized tomato root but no significant differences were observed between the parasite and its host after parasitization, suggesting the occurrence of bacterial exchange between these two plants. Moreover, the P. aegyptiaca endophytic community composition showed a clear shift from gram negative to gram-positive bacteria at different developmental stages of the parasite life cycle. To examine possible functions of the endophytic bacteria in both the host and the parasite plants, a number of unique bacterial candidates were isolated and characterized. Results showed that a Pseudomonas strain PhelS10, originating from the tomato roots, suppressed approximately 80% of P. aegyptiaca seed germination and significantly reduced P. aegyptiaca parasitism. The information gleaned in the present study regarding the endophytic microbial communities in this unique ecological system of two plants connected by their vascular system, highlights the potential of exploiting alternative environmentally friendly approaches for parasitic weed control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilach Iasur Kruh
- Department of Weed Science, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Agricultural Research OrganizationRamat Yishay, Israel
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, ORT Braude CollegeKarmiel, Israel
| | - Tamar Lahav
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Agricultural Research OrganizationRamat Yishay, Israel
| | - Jacline Abu-Nassar
- Department of Weed Science, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Agricultural Research OrganizationRamat Yishay, Israel
| | - Guy Achdari
- Department of Weed Science, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Agricultural Research OrganizationRamat Yishay, Israel
| | - Raghda Salami
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, ORT Braude CollegeKarmiel, Israel
| | - Shiri Freilich
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Agricultural Research OrganizationRamat Yishay, Israel
| | - Radi Aly
- Department of Weed Science, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Agricultural Research OrganizationRamat Yishay, Israel
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Oyewole B, Olawuyi O, Odebode A, Abiala M. Influence of Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) on drought tolerance and charcoal rot disease of cowpea. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 14:8-15. [PMID: 28459003 PMCID: PMC5397100 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The influence of Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) (Glomus deserticola and Gigaspora gigantea) were evaluated on drought tolerance and charcoal rot disease of cowpea genotypes: IT90K-277-2, IT84S-2246-4 and IT06K123-1. IT90K-277-2 and IT84S-2246-4 were sown in 3 kg of sterilized soil for drought experiment with five treatments. Treatment was established thirty days after germination with inoculation of G. deserticola, the mycorrhizal treated cowpea withstand the water stress and produced high yield. Biocontrol experiment had 2 kg sterilized soil potted into bags with cultivars IT90K-277-2 and IT06K123-1, fourteen treatments were established with soil drenched before planting and simultaneous inoculation. Soil drenched with AMF before planting and inoculation of M. phaseolina after 10 days of germination recorded higher growth parameters, while the simultaneous inoculated plant was the most effective in reducing disease severity. However, simultaneous treatment of G. deserticola, G. gigantea and M. phaseolina were most effective for both growth parameters and reduction of disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B.O. Oyewole
- National Horticultural Research Institute, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - O.J. Olawuyi
- Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - A.C. Odebode
- Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - M.A. Abiala
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Mountain Top University, Prayer City, Nigeria
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Martínez-Medina A, Fernandez I, Lok GB, Pozo MJ, Pieterse CMJ, Van Wees SCM. Shifting from priming of salicylic acid- to jasmonic acid-regulated defences by Trichoderma protects tomato against the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1363-1377. [PMID: 27801946 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial root endophytes such as Trichoderma spp. can reduce infections by parasitic nematodes through triggering host defences. Little is currently known about the complex hormone signalling underlying the induction of resistance. In this study, we investigated whether Trichoderma modulates the hormone signalling network in the host to induce resistance to nematodes. We investigated the role and the timing of the jasmonic acid (JA)- and salicylic acid (SA)-regulated defensive pathways in Trichoderma-induced resistance to the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. A split-root system of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) was used to study local and systemic induced defences by analysing nematode performance, defence gene expression, responsiveness to exogenous hormone application, and dependence on SA and JA signalling of Trichoderma-induced resistance. Root colonization by Trichoderma impeded nematode performance both locally and systemically at multiple stages of the parasitism, that is, invasion, galling and reproduction. First, Trichoderma primed SA-regulated defences, which limited nematode root invasion. Then, Trichoderma enhanced JA-regulated defences, thereby antagonizing the deregulation of JA-dependent immunity by the nematodes, which compromised galling and fecundity. Our results show that Trichoderma primes SA- and JA-dependent defences in roots, and that the priming of responsiveness to these hormones upon nematode attack is plastic and adaptive to the parasitism stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Martínez-Medina
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Ivan Fernandez
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Gerrit B Lok
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - María J Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, Granada, 18008, Spain
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia C M Van Wees
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Mycorrhizal fungi belong to several taxa and develop mutualistic symbiotic associations with over 90% of all plant species, from liverworts to angiosperms. While descriptive approaches have dominated the initial studies of these fascinating symbioses, the advent of molecular biology, live cell imaging, and “omics” techniques have provided new and powerful tools to decipher the cellular and molecular mechanisms that rule mutualistic plant-fungus interactions. In this article we focus on the most common mycorrhizal association, arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), which is formed by a group of soil fungi belonging to Glomeromycota. AM fungi are believed to have assisted the conquest of dry lands by early plants around 450 million years ago and are found today in most land ecosystems. AM fungi have several peculiar biological traits, including obligate biotrophy, intracellular development inside the plant tissues, coenocytic multinucleate hyphae, and spores, as well as unique genetics, such as the putative absence of a sexual cycle, and multiple ecological functions. All of these features make the study of AM fungi as intriguing as it is challenging, and their symbiotic association with most crop plants is currently raising a broad interest in agronomic contexts for the potential use of AM fungi in sustainable production under conditions of low chemical input.
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