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Mora S, Mann G, Adegoke OAJ. Sex differences in cachexia and branched-chain amino acid metabolism following chemotherapy in mice. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16003. [PMID: 38631892 PMCID: PMC11023815 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is a major contributor to cachexia, but studies often investigate male animals. Here, we investigated whether sex modifies the effects of chemotherapy on cachexia and BCAA metabolism. Ten-week-old CD2F1 male and female mice were treated with the chemotherapy drug cocktail folfiri (50 mg/kg 5-fluorouracil, 90 mg/kg leucovorin, and 24 mg/kg CPT11) (drug) or vehicle twice a week for 6 weeks. Insulin tolerance tests were conducted and BCAA levels and metabolism were measured in plasma and tissues. Drug treatment reduced body and skeletal muscle weights and anabolic signaling in both sexes, with females showing worsened outcomes (p < 0.05 for all). Drug treatment increased plasma BCAA only in males, but BCAA concentrations in the skeletal muscle of both sexes were decreased; this decrease was more profound in males (p = 0.0097). In addition, muscle expression of the BCAA transporter LAT1 was reduced; this reduction was more severe in females (p = 0.0264). In both sexes, the (inhibitory) phosphorylation of BCKD-E1αser293 was increased along with decreased BCKD activity. In the liver, drug treatment increased BCAA concentrations and LAT1 expression, but BCKD activity was suppressed in both sexes (p < 0.05 for all). Our results demonstrate that altered BCAA metabolism may contribute to chemotherapy-induced cachexia in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Mora
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health ScienceYork UniversityTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Gagandeep Mann
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health ScienceYork UniversityTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Olasunkanmi A. J. Adegoke
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health ScienceYork UniversityTorontoOntarioCanada
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Wang M, Ou Y, Yuan XL, Zhu XF, Niu B, Kang Z, Zhang B, Ahmed A, Xing GQ, Su H. Heterogeneously elevated branched-chain/aromatic amino acids among new-onset type-2 diabetes mellitus patients are potentially skewed diabetes predictors. World J Diabetes 2024; 15:53-71. [PMID: 38313852 PMCID: PMC10835491 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lack of specific predictors for type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) severely impacts early intervention/prevention efforts. Elevated branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs: Isoleucine, leucine, valine) and aromatic amino acids (AAAs: Tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine)) show high sensitivity and specificity in predicting diabetes in animals and predict T2DM 10-19 years before T2DM onset in clinical studies. However, improvement is needed to support its clinical utility. AIM To evaluate the effects of body mass index (BMI) and sex on BCAAs/AAAs in new-onset T2DM individuals with varying body weight. METHODS Ninety-seven new-onset T2DM patients (< 12 mo) differing in BMI [normal weight (NW), n = 33, BMI = 22.23 ± 1.60; overweight, n = 42, BMI = 25.9 ± 1.07; obesity (OB), n = 22, BMI = 31.23 ± 2.31] from the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China, were studied. One-way and 2-way ANOVAs were conducted to determine the effects of BMI and sex on BCAAs/AAAs. RESULTS Fasting serum AAAs, BCAAs, glutamate, and alanine were greater and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was lower (P < 0.05, each) in OB-T2DM patients than in NW-T2DM patients, especially in male OB-T2DM patients. Arginine, histidine, leucine, methionine, and lysine were greater in male patients than in female patients. Moreover, histidine, alanine, glutamate, lysine, valine, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan were significantly correlated with abdominal adiposity, body weight and BMI, whereas isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine were negatively correlated with HDL. CONCLUSION Heterogeneously elevated amino acids, especially BCAAs/AAAs, across new-onset T2DM patients in differing BMI categories revealed a potentially skewed prediction of T2DM development. The higher BCAA/AAA levels in obese T2DM patients would support T2DM prediction in obese individuals, whereas the lower levels of BCAAs/AAAs in NW-T2DM individuals may underestimate T2DM risk in NW individuals. This potentially skewed T2DM prediction should be considered when BCAAs/AAAs are to be used as the T2DM predictor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yang Ou
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xiang-Lian Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xiu-Fang Zhu
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Ben Niu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zhuang Kang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Nanchong Central Hospital & The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical University, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Anwar Ahmed
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Guo-Qiang Xing
- The Affiliated Hospital and Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical University, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Research and Development, Lotus Biotech.com LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - Heng Su
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China
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Lian N, Luo K, Xie H, Kang Y, Tang K, Lu P, Li T. Obesity by High-Fat Diet Increases Pain Sensitivity by Reprogramming Branched-Chain Amino Acid Catabolism in Dorsal Root Ganglia. Front Nutr 2022; 9:902635. [PMID: 35634382 PMCID: PMC9133809 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.902635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a significant health concern as a result of poor-quality diet, for example, high-fat diet (HFD). Although multiple biological and molecular changes have been identified to contribute to HFD-induced pain susceptibility, the mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we show that mice under 8 weeks of HFD were sensitive to mechanical and thermal stimuli, which was coupled with an accumulation of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) in lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG) due to local BCAA catabolism deficiency. This HFD-induced hyperalgesic phenotype could be exacerbated by supply of excessive BCAAs or mitigated by promotion of BCAA catabolism via BT2 treatment. In addition, our results suggested that HFD-related pain hypersensitivity was associated with a pro-inflammatory status in DRG, which could be regulated by BCAA abundance. Therefore, our study demonstrates that defective BCAA catabolism in DRG facilitates HFD-induced pain hypersensitivity by triggering inflammation. These findings not only reveal metabolic underpinnings for the pathogenesis of HFD-related hyperalgesia but also offer potential targets for developing diet-based therapy of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Lian
- Department of Anesthesiology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Mitochondria and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kaiteng Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Mitochondria and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huijing Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Mitochondria and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Mitochondria and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kuo Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Mitochondria and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peilin Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Mitochondria and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Peilin Lu,
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Mitochondria and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Li,
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Della Torre S. Beyond the X Factor: Relevance of Sex Hormones in NAFLD Pathophysiology. Cells 2021; 10:2502. [PMID: 34572151 PMCID: PMC8470830 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major health issue worldwide, being frequently associated with obesity, unbalanced dietary regimens, and reduced physical activity. Despite their greater adiposity and reduced physical activity, women show a lower risk of developing NAFLD in comparison to men, likely a consequence of a sex-specific regulation of liver metabolism. In the liver, sex differences in the uptake, synthesis, oxidation, deposition, and mobilization of lipids, as well as in the regulation of inflammation, are associated with differences in NAFLD prevalence and progression between men and women. Given the major role of sex hormones in driving hepatic sexual dimorphism, this review will focus on the role of sex hormones and their signaling in the regulation of hepatic metabolism and in the molecular mechanisms triggering NAFLD development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Della Torre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Mann G, Mora S, Madu G, Adegoke OAJ. Branched-chain Amino Acids: Catabolism in Skeletal Muscle and Implications for Muscle and Whole-body Metabolism. Front Physiol 2021; 12:702826. [PMID: 34354601 PMCID: PMC8329528 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.702826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are critical for skeletal muscle and whole-body anabolism and energy homeostasis. They also serve as signaling molecules, for example, being able to activate mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). This has implication for macronutrient metabolism. However, elevated circulating levels of BCAAs and of their ketoacids as well as impaired catabolism of these amino acids (AAs) are implicated in the development of insulin resistance and its sequelae, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and of some cancers, although other studies indicate supplements of these AAs may help in the management of some chronic diseases. Here, we first reviewed the catabolism of these AAs especially in skeletal muscle as this tissue contributes the most to whole body disposal of the BCAA. We then reviewed emerging mechanisms of control of enzymes involved in regulating BCAA catabolism. Such mechanisms include regulation of their abundance by microRNA and by post translational modifications such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination. We also reviewed implications of impaired metabolism of BCAA for muscle and whole-body metabolism. We comment on outstanding questions in the regulation of catabolism of these AAs, including regulation of the abundance and post-transcriptional/post-translational modification of enzymes that regulate BCAA catabolism, as well the impact of circadian rhythm, age and mTORC1 on these enzymes. Answers to such questions may facilitate emergence of treatment/management options that can help patients suffering from chronic diseases linked to impaired metabolism of the BCAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Olasunkanmi A. J. Adegoke
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Rocha-Rodrigues S, Sousa M, Lourenço Reis P, Leão C, Cardoso-Marinho B, Massada M, Afonso J. Bidirectional Interactions between the Menstrual Cycle, Exercise Training, and Macronutrient Intake in Women: A Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:438. [PMID: 33572821 PMCID: PMC7910908 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Women have a number of specificities that differentiate them from men. In particular, the role of sex steroid hormones and the menstrual cycle (MC) significantly impact women's physiology. The literature has shown nonlinear relationships between MC, exercise, and nutritional intake. Notably, these relationships are bidirectional and less straightforward than one would suppose. For example, the theoretical implications of the MC's phases on exercise performance do not always translate into relevant practical effects. There is often a disconnect between internal measures (e.g., levels of hormone concentrations) and external performance. Furthermore, it is not entirely clear how nutritional intake varies across the MC's phases and whether these variations impact on exercise performance. Therefore, a thorough review of the existing knowledge could help in framing these complex relationships and potentially contribute to the optimization of exercise prescription and nutritional intake according to the naturally occurring phases of the MC. Throughout this review, an emerging trend is the lack of generalizability and the need to individualize interventions, since the consequences of the MC's phases and their relationships with exercise and nutritional intake seem to vary greatly from person to person. In this sense, average data are probably not relevant and could potentially be misleading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Rocha-Rodrigues
- Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Quinta de Prados, Edifício Ciências de Desporto, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Tumor & Microenvironment Interactions Group, i3S, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica Sousa
- Nutrition & Metabolism, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal;
- CINTESIS, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Lourenço Reis
- Hospital da Luz Arrábida, Luz Saúde, Praceta Henrique Moreira, 150, 4400-346 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal;
| | - César Leão
- Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Quinta de Prados, Edifício Ciências de Desporto, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | - Marta Massada
- Centre for Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport of the University of Porto. Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (M.M.); (J.A.)
- St. Mary’s Hospital of Porto, Rua de Camões, 906, 4049-025 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Afonso
- Centre for Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport of the University of Porto. Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (M.M.); (J.A.)
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Cabrera D, Kruger M, Wolber FM, Roy NC, Fraser K. Effects of short- and long-term glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis on plasma metabolome and lipidome of ovariectomized sheep. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2020; 21:349. [PMID: 32503480 PMCID: PMC7275480 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-020-03362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the metabolic and lipidomic changes that accompany bone loss in osteoporosis might provide insights about the mechanisms behind molecular changes and facilitate developing new drugs or nutritional strategies for osteoporosis prevention. This study aimed to examine the effects of short- or long-term glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis on plasma metabolites and lipids of ovariectomized (OVX) sheep. METHODS Twenty-eight aged ewes were divided randomly into four groups: an OVX group, OVX in combination with glucocorticoids for two months (OVXG2), and OVX in combination with five doses of glucocorticoids (OVXG5) to induce bone loss, and a control group. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry untargeted metabolomic analysis was applied to monthly plasma samples to follow the progression of osteoporosis over five months. RESULTS The metabolite profiles revealed significant differences in the plasma metabolome of OVX sheep and OVXG when compared with the control group by univariate analysis. Nine metabolites were altered, namely 5-methoxytryptophan, valine, methionine, tryptophan, glutaric acid, 2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid, indole-3-carboxaldehyde, 5-hydroxylysine and malic acid. Similarly, fifteen lipids were perturbed from multiple lipid classes such as lysophoslipids, phospholipids and ceramides. CONCLUSION This study showed that OVX and glucocorticoid interventions altered the metabolite and lipid profiles of sheep, suggesting that amino acid and lipid metabolisms are potentially the main perturbed metabolic pathways regulating bone loss in OVX sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Cabrera
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, AgResearch Grasslands, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Marlena Kruger
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Frances M. Wolber
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
- School of Food Advanced technology, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
- Centre for Metabolic Health Research, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Nicole C. Roy
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, AgResearch Grasslands, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Karl Fraser
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, AgResearch Grasslands, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
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Yamanashi K, Kinugawa S, Fukushima A, Kakutani N, Takada S, Obata Y, Nakano I, Yokota T, Kitaura Y, Shimomura Y, Anzai T. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation ameliorates angiotensin II-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. Life Sci 2020; 250:117593. [PMID: 32234320 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Sarcopenia is characterized by muscle mass and strength loss and reduced physical activity. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) were recently described as an activator of protein synthesis via mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling for muscle atrophy. In cardiovascular diseases, excessive activation of the renin-angiotensin system may induce an imbalance of protein synthesis and degradation, and this plays a crucial role in muscle atrophy. We investigated the effects of BCAAs on angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced muscle atrophy in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS We administered Ang II (1000 ng/kg/min) or vehicle to 10-12-week-old male C57BL/6J mice via subcutaneous osmotic minipumps for 4 weeks with or without BCAA supplementation (3% BCAA in tap water). KEY FINDINGS The skeletal muscle weight/tibial length and cross-sectional area were smaller in the Ang II mice than the vehicle mice; these changes were induced by an imbalance of protein synthesis and degradation signaling such as Akt/mTOR and MuRF-1/Atrogin-1. Compared to the Ang II mice, the mTOR signaling was significantly activated and Ang II-induced muscle atrophy was ameliorated in the Ang II + BCAA mice, and this attenuated the reduction of exercise capacity. Notably, the decrease of muscle weight/tibial length in the fast-twitch dominant muscles (e.g., the extensor digitorum longus) was significantly ameliorated compared to that in the slow-twitch dominant muscles (e.g., soleus). Histologically, the effect of BCAA was larger in fast-twitch than slow-twitch fibers, which may be related to the difference in BCAA catabolism. SIGNIFICANCE BCAA supplementation could contribute to the prevention of skeletal muscle atrophy induced by Ang II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuma Yamanashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 0608638, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kinugawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 0608638, Japan.
| | - Arata Fukushima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 0608638, Japan
| | - Naoya Kakutani
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 0608638, Japan; Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan
| | - Shingo Takada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 0608638, Japan; Faculty of Lifelong Sport, Department of Sports Education, Hokusho University, Ebetsu 0698511, Japan
| | - Yoshikuni Obata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 0608638, Japan
| | - Ippei Nakano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 0608638, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokota
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 0608638, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kitaura
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 4648601, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Shimomura
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 4648601, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Anzai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 0608638, Japan
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Zhou WJ, Zhang J, Yang HL, Wu K, Xie F, Wu JN, Wang Y, Yao L, Zhuang Y, Xiang JD, Zhang AJ, He YY, Li MQ. Estrogen inhibits autophagy and promotes growth of endometrial cancer by promoting glutamine metabolism. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:99. [PMID: 31429768 PMCID: PMC6700828 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0412-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Excessive estrogen exposure is an important pathogenic factor in uterine endometrial cancer (UEC). Recent studies have reported the metabolic properties can influence the progression of UEC. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Methods Glutaminase (GLS), MYC and autophagy levels were detected. The biological functions of estrogen-MYC-GLS in UEC cells (UECC) were investigated both in vivo and in vitro. Results Our study showed that estrogen remarkably increased GLS level through up-regulating c-Myc, and enhanced glutamine (Gln) metabolism in estrogen-sensitive UEC cell (UECC), whereas fulvestrant (an ER inhibitor antagonist) could reverse these effects. Estrogen remarkably promoted cell viability and inhibited autophagy of estrogen sensitive UECC. However, CB-839, a potent selective oral bioavailable inhibitor of both splice variants of GLS, negatively regulated Gln metabolism, and inhibited the effects of Gln and estrogen on UECC’s growth and autophagy in vitro and / or in vivo. Conclusions CB-839 triggers autophagy and restricts growth of UEC by suppressing ER/Gln metabolism, which provides new insights into the potential value of CB-839 in clinical treatment of estrogen-related UEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Zhou
- Center of Reproductive Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, No.1326, Pingliang Road, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.100, Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Li Yang
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, No.1326, Pingliang Road, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Wu
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, No.1326, Pingliang Road, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Xie
- Insititue of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang-Nan Wu
- Clinical Epidemiology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Insititue of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yao
- Insititue of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhuang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.100, Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang-Dong Xiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.100, Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Jun Zhang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yin-Yan He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.100, Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ming-Qing Li
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, No.1326, Pingliang Road, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China. .,Insititue of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Perng W, Tang L, Song PXK, Tellez-Rojo MM, Cantoral A, Peterson KE. Metabolomic profiles and development of metabolic risk during the pubertal transition: a prospective study in the ELEMENT Project. Pediatr Res 2019; 85:262-268. [PMID: 30297880 PMCID: PMC6377825 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0195-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES (1) Examine associations of a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolite pattern with metabolic risk across adolescence; (2) use Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) to identify novel metabolites of metabolic risk. METHODS We used linear regression to examine associations of a BCAA score with change (∆) in metabolic biomarkers over 5-year follow-up in 179 adolescents 8-14 years at baseline. Next, we applied LASSO, a regularized regression technique well suited for reduction of high-dimensional data, to identify metabolite predictors of ∆biomarkers. RESULTS In boys, the BCAA score corresponded with decreasing C-peptide, C-peptide-based insulin resistance (CP-IR), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL). In pubertal girls, the BCAA pattern corresponded with increasing C-peptide and leptin. LASSO identified asparagine as a predictor of decreasing C-peptide (β = -0.33) and CP-IR (β = -0.012), and acetyl-carnitine (β = 2.098), 4-hydroxyproline (β = -0.050), ornithine (β = -0.353), and α-aminoisobutyric acid (β = -0.793) as determinants of TC in boys. In girls, histidine was a negative determinant of TC (β = -0.033). CONCLUSIONS The BCAA pattern was associated with ∆glycemia and ∆lipids in a sex-specific manner. LASSO identified asparagine, which influences growth hormone secretion, as a determinant of decreasing C-peptide and CP-IR in boys, and metabolites on lipid metabolism pathways as determinants of decreasing cholesterol in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Perng
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Lu Tang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter X K Song
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Martha Maria Tellez-Rojo
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Cantoral
- CONACYT, National Institute of Public Health, Center for Research on Nutrition and Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karen E Peterson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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11
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Wallace M, Green CR, Roberts LS, Lee YM, McCarville JL, Sanchez-Gurmaches J, Meurs N, Gengatharan JM, Hover JD, Phillips SA, Ciaraldi TP, Guertin DA, Cabrales P, Ayres JS, Nomura DK, Loomba R, Metallo CM. Enzyme promiscuity drives branched-chain fatty acid synthesis in adipose tissues. Nat Chem Biol 2018; 14:1021-1031. [PMID: 30327559 PMCID: PMC6245668 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-018-0132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid synthase (FASN) predominantly generates straight-chain fatty acids using acetyl-CoA as the initiating substrate. However, monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids (mmBCFAs) are also present in mammals but are thought to be primarily diet derived. Here we demonstrate that mmBCFAs are de novo synthesized via mitochondrial BCAA catabolism, exported to the cytosol by adipose-specific expression of carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT), and elongated by FASN. Brown fat exhibits the highest BCAA catabolic and mmBCFA synthesis fluxes, whereas these lipids are largely absent from liver and brain. mmBCFA synthesis is also sustained in the absence of microbiota. We identify hypoxia as a potent suppressor of BCAA catabolism that decreases mmBCFA synthesis in obese adipose tissue, such that mmBCFAs are significantly decreased in obese animals. These results identify adipose tissue mmBCFA synthesis as a novel link between BCAA metabolism and lipogenesis, highlighting roles for CrAT and FASN promiscuity influencing acyl-chain diversity in the lipidome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Wallace
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Courtney R Green
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lindsay S Roberts
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, and Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yujung Michelle Lee
- Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Justin L McCarville
- Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joan Sanchez-Gurmaches
- Division of Endocrinology, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Noah Meurs
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jivani M Gengatharan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Justin D Hover
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Susan A Phillips
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Theodore P Ciaraldi
- Virginia San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.,Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David A Guertin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Pedro Cabrales
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Janelle S Ayres
- Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel K Nomura
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, and Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Rohit Loomba
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christian M Metallo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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12
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Reduction in amino-acid-induced anti-hypothermic effects during general anesthesia in ovariectomized rats with progesterone replacement. J Anesth 2015; 30:123-31. [PMID: 26373953 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-015-2075-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to determine whether the ovarian hormones, estrogen and progesterone, had different influences on amino-acid-induced anti-hypothermic effects during general anesthesia. METHODS Ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley female rats were divided into four groups: those administered 17β-estradiol plus saline or an amino acid mixture (E2-Sal and E2-AA, respectively) and progesterone plus saline or an amino acid mixture (P-Sal and P-AA, respectively). Five weeks after ovariectomy, rats were given either E2 or P and then administered either Sal or AA solution for 180 min during anesthesia with sevoflurane. Rectal temperatures were measured. RESULTS Rectal temperatures were significantly higher in the E2-AA group than in the E2-Sal group 165 and 180 min after initiating the infusion of the test solutions. However, no significant differences were observed between the P-treated groups. The phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and S6K1 was significantly greater in the E2-AA group than in the E2-Sal group (P < 0.05, P < 0.001, respectively). In contrast, the phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 was significantly lower in the P-AA group than in the P-Sal group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that progesterone reduces amino-acid-induced anti-hypothermic effects during general anesthesia.
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13
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Kadota Y, Toyoda T, Kitaura Y, Adams SH, Shimomura Y. Regulation of hepatic branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex in rats fed a high-fat diet. Obes Res Clin Pract 2015; 7:e439-44. [PMID: 24459688 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Branched-chain α-ketoacid (BCKA) dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC) regulates branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism at the level of BCKA catabolism. It has been demonstrated that the activity of hepatic BCKDC is markedly decreased in type 2 diabetic animal models. In this study, we examined the regulation of hepatic BCKDC in rats with diet-induced obesity (DIO). Rats were fed a control or a 60% of energy high-fat diet (HFD) for twelve weeks. Concentrations of blood components and the activities and protein amounts of hepatic BCKDC and its specific kinase (BDK) were measured. The concentrations of plasma glucose, insulin, and corticosterone were significantly elevated in DIO rats compared to those fed the control diet, suggestive of insulin resistance. Blood BCAA concentrations were not increased. The activity of hepatic BCKDC that was present in the active form in the liver was higher in DIO rats compared to controls, although the total activity and the enzyme amount were not different between two diet groups. The activity of hepatic BDK and the abundance of BDK bound to the BCKDC were decreased in DIO rats. The total amount of hepatic BDK was also significantly decreased in DIO rats. In rats made obese through HFD feeding, in contrast to prior studies in rat models of type 2 diabetes, hepatic BDK was down-regulated and thereby hepatic BCKDC was activated, suggesting that DIO promotes liver BCKA catabolism. In this model there was no evidence that increased blood BCAAs drive DIO-associated insulin resistance, since concentrations of BCAAs were not altered by DIO.
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MESH Headings
- 3-Methyl-2-Oxobutanoate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide)/metabolism
- Amino Acids, Branched-Chain/genetics
- Amino Acids, Branched-Chain/metabolism
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat
- Down-Regulation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Immunoprecipitation
- Insulin/metabolism
- Liver/enzymology
- Male
- Obesity/enzymology
- Obesity/metabolism
- Protein Kinases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
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14
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Cheon W, Lim K. Change of gene expression on protein uptake composition and hindlimb-suspension in rat skeletal muscle. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2015; 19:107-13. [PMID: 26244129 PMCID: PMC4523800 DOI: 10.5717/jenb.2015.15052508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study was to investigate changes in BCAT and BCKDH genes by Hindlimb-Suspension (HS) and protein intake composition (casein, Whey protein) in rats. [Methods] Following 5-day preliminary feeding, forty-eight male 5 weeks old Sprague Dawley albino rats (110g) divided into 17% protein intake group (24 rats) and 30% protein intake group (24 rats), and each group divided further into Hindlimb-Suspension group (HS; 12 rats) and control group(CON; 12 rats). Eventually, this study was performed with Whey protein intake group (HS; 6 rats, CON; 6 rats) and casein intake group (HS; 6 rats, CON; 6 rats). For analysis purposes, total RNA was extracted from isolated skeletal muscles, and mRNA expression was analyzed using Real Time PCR. Two-way ANOVA was performed to examine the difference in BCATm and BCKDH mRNA expression on protein uptake and myoatrophy. post-hoc test was perform on interaction if any, and significance level was set at p<0.05. [Results] In this study, BCATm and BCKDH gene analysis in rat skeletal muscles by hindlimb-suspension and protein intake composition resulted in significant higher BCATm expression in 30% dietary protein group and hindlimb-suspension group that control group. In addition, regarding BCKDH, BCKDH was significantly higher in hindlimb-suspended 30% protein intake group than control group. [Conclusion] Overall, protein intake and myoatrophy demonstrated close relationship in skeletal muscles. Therefore, it is likely to affect effectively in prevention or recovery of exercise induced muscle disorder. This effect is considered to be applied to maintain and improve health of not only athletes but also the general public. Additionally it would be applied in convalescent rehabilitation due to skeletal muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wookwang Cheon
- Department of Physical Education, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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15
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Okame R, Nakahara K, Murakami N. Plasma amino acid profiles at various reproductive stages in female rats. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:815-21. [PMID: 25787929 PMCID: PMC4527503 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We measured the plasma levels of amino acids at various reproductive stages in female
rats, including the estrous cycle, pregnancy and lactation, and compared the resulting
amino acid profiles using two- or three-dimensional figures. These figures revealed that
the amino acid profiles of pregnant and lactating dams differed considerably from those
during the estrous cycle or in male rats. The plasma levels of individual amino acids were
almost the same between proestrus, estrus, metestrus and diestrus, and their profiles did
not differ significantly. However, the amino acid profiles changed during pregnancy and
lactation in dams. The plasma Ser level decreased significantly in mid and late pregnancy,
whereas Tyr, Gly and His decreased significantly in the late and end stages of pregnancy,
and Trp and Lys significantly decreased and increased at the end of pregnancy,
respectively. Much larger changes in amino acid profiles were observed during lactation,
when the levels of many amino acids increased significantly, and none showed a significant
decrease. Plasma Pro, Ser and Gly levels increased continuously from day 1 until day 15 of
lactation, whereas Asn and Met increased significantly from days 1 and 5 respectively
until the end of lactation. These results suggest that the profiles of plasma amino acids
show characteristic changes according to reproductive stage and that it may be necessary
to consider such differences when performing amino acid-based diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Okame
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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16
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Garcia Caraballo SC, Comhair TM, Houten SM, Dejong CHC, Lamers WH, Koehler SE. High-protein diets prevent steatosis and induce hepatic accumulation of monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:1263-74. [PMID: 25287814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The hallmark of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is steatosis of unknown etiology. To test how dietary protein decreases steatosis, we fed female C57BL/6 J mice low-fat (8 en%) or high-fat (42 en%) combined with low-protein (11 en%), high-protein (HP; 35 en%) or extra-high-protein (HPX; 58 en%) diets for 3 weeks. The 35 en% protein diets reduced hepatic triglyceride, free fatty acid, cholesterol and phospholipid contents to ~50% of that in 11 en% protein diets. Every additional 10 en% protein reduced hepatic fat content ~1.5 g%. HP diets had no effect on lipogenic or fatty acid-oxidizing genes except Ppargc1α (+30%), increased hepatic PCK1 content 3- to 5-fold, left plasma glucose and hepatic glycogen concentration unchanged, and decreased inflammation and cell stress (decreased Fgf21 and increased Gsta expression). The HP-mediated decrease in steatosis correlated inversely with plasma branched-chain amino-acid (BCAA) concentrations and hepatic content of BCAA-derived monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids (mmBCFAs) 14-methylpentadecanoic (14-MPDA; valine-derived) and, to a lesser extent, 14-methylhexadecanoic acid (isoleucine-derived). Liver lipid content was 1.6- to 1.8-fold higher in females than in males, but the anti-steatotic effect of HP diets was equally strong. The strong up-regulation of PCK1 and literature data showing an increase in phosphoenolpyruvate and a decline in tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates in liver reveal that an increased efflux of these intermediates from mitochondria represents an important effect of an HP diet. The HP diet-induced increase in 14-MPDA and the dietary response in gene expression were more pronounced in females than males. Our findings are compatible with a facilitating role of valine-derived mmBCFAs in the antisteatotic effect of HP diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia C Garcia Caraballo
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Tine M Comhair
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Nutrigenomics Consortium, Top Institute of Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sander M Houten
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H C Dejong
- Department of General Surgery, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter H Lamers
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Tytgat Institute for Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Nutrigenomics Consortium, Top Institute of Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - S Eleonore Koehler
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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17
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Zhang L, Wang Y, Xu Y, Lei H, Zhao Y, Li H, Lin X, Chen G, Tang H. Metabonomic analysis reveals efficient ameliorating effects of acupoint stimulations on the menopause-caused alterations in mammalian metabolism. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3641. [PMID: 24407431 PMCID: PMC5378040 DOI: 10.1038/srep03641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Acupoint stimulations are effective in ameliorating symptoms of menopause which is an unavoidable ageing consequence for women. To understand the mechanistic aspects of such treatments, we systematically analyzed the effects of acupoint laser-irradiation and catgut-embedding on the ovariectomy-induced rat metabolic changes using NMR and GC-FID/MS methods. Results showed that ovariectomization (OVX) caused comprehensive metabolic changes in lipid peroxidation, glycolysis, TCA cycle, choline and amino acid metabolisms. Both acupoint laser-irradiation and catgut-embedding ameliorated the OVX-caused metabonomic changes more effectively than hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with nilestriol. Such effects of acupoint stimulations were highlighted in alleviating lipid peroxidation, restoring glucose homeostasis and partial reversion of the OVX-altered amino acid metabolism. These findings provided new insights into the menopause effects on mammalian biochemistry and beneficial effects of acupoint stimulations in comparison with HRT, demonstrating metabonomics as a powerful approach for potential applications in disease prognosis and developments of effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Biospectroscopy and Metabonomics Centre, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yulan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Biospectroscopy and Metabonomics Centre, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yunxiang Xu
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, P. R. China
| | - Hehua Lei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Biospectroscopy and Metabonomics Centre, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Biospectroscopy and Metabonomics Centre, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Huihui Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Biospectroscopy and Metabonomics Centre, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiaosheng Lin
- Affiliated BaoAn TCM Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518101, China
| | - Guizhen Chen
- Affiliated BaoAn TCM Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518101, China
| | - Huiru Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Biospectroscopy and Metabonomics Centre, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Biospectroscopy and Metabolomics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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18
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Nagata C, Nakamura K, Wada K, Tsuji M, Tamai Y, Kawachi T. Branched-chain amino acid intake and the risk of diabetes in a Japanese community: the Takayama study. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 178:1226-32. [PMID: 24008908 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwt112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplementation with branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), including leucine, isoleucine, and valine, has shown potential benefits for the metabolic profile. However, higher blood BCAA levels have been associated with insulin resistance. To our knowledge, there has been no study on dietary BCAAs and the risk of diabetes. We examined the association between BCAA intake and risk of diabetes in a population-based cohort study in Japan. A total of 13,525 residents of Takayama City, Japan, who enrolled in a cohort study in 1992 responded to a follow-up questionnaire seeking information about diabetes in 2002. Diet at baseline was assessed by means of a validated food frequency questionnaire. A high intake of BCAAs in terms of percentage of total protein was significantly associated with a decreased risk of diabetes in women after controlling for covariates; the hazard ratio for the highest tertile versus the lowest was 0.57 (95% confidence interval: 0.36, 0.90; P-trend = 0.02). In men, leucine intake was significantly marginally associated with the risk of diabetes; the hazard ratio for the highest tertile versus the lowest was 0.70 (95% confidence interval: 0.48, 1.02; P-trend = 0.06). Data suggest that a high intake of BCAAs may be associated with a decrease in the risk of diabetes.
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19
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Garcia-Caraballo SC, Comhair TM, Verheyen F, Gaemers I, Schaap FG, Houten SM, Hakvoort TBM, Dejong CHC, Lamers WH, Koehler SE. Prevention and reversal of hepatic steatosis with a high-protein diet in mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:685-95. [PMID: 23410526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The hallmark of NAFLD is steatosis of unknown etiology. We tested the effect of a high-protein (HP)(2) diet on diet-induced steatosis in male C57BL/6 mice with and without pre-existing fatty liver. Mice were fed all combinations of semisynthetic low-fat (LF) or high-fat (HF) and low-protein (LP) or HP diets for 3weeks. To control for reduced energy intake by HF/HP-fed mice, a pair-fed HF/LP group was included. Reversibility of pre-existing steatosis was investigated by sequentially feeding HF/LP and HF/HP diets. HP-containing diets decreased hepatic lipids to ~40% of corresponding LP-containing diets, were more efficient in this respect than reducing energy intake to 80%, and reversed pre-existing diet-induced steatosis. Compared to LP-containing diets, mice fed HP-containing diets showed increased mitochondrial oxidative capacity (elevated Pgc1α, mAco, and Cpt1 mRNAs, complex-V protein, and decreased plasma free and short-chain acyl-carnitines, and [C0]/[C16+C18] carnitine ratio); increased gluconeogenesis and pyruvate cycling (increased PCK1 protein and fed plasma-glucose concentration without increased G6pase mRNA); reduced fatty-acid desaturation (decreased Scd1 expression and [C16:1n-7]/[C16:0] ratio) and increased long-chain PUFA elongation; a selective increase in plasma branched-chain amino acids; a decrease in cell stress (reduced phosphorylated eIF2α, and Fgf21 and Chop expression); and a trend toward less inflammation (lower Mcp1 and Cd11b expression and less phosphorylated NFκB). CONCLUSION HP diets prevent and reverse steatosis independently of fat and carbohydrate intake more efficiently than a 20% reduction in energy intake. The effect appears to result from fuel-generated, highly distributed small, synergistic increases in lipid and BCAA catabolism, and a decrease in cell stress.
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20
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Chelikani V, Downard AJ, Kunze G, Gooneratne R, Pasco N, Baronian KH. Investigating yeast cell responses to oestrogen by electrochemical detection. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.11.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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21
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Badawy AAB, Dougherty DM, Richard DM. Specificity of the Acute Tryptophan and Tyrosine Plus Phenylalanine Depletion and Loading Tests Part II: Normalisation of the Tryptophan and the Tyrosine Plus Phenylalanine to Competing Amino Acid Ratios in a New Control Formulation. Int J Tryptophan Res 2011; 3:35-47. [PMID: 20725610 PMCID: PMC2923411 DOI: 10.4137/ijtr.s5169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Current formulations for acute tryptophan (Trp) or tyrosine (Tyr) plus phenylalanine (Phe) depletion and loading cause undesirable decreases in ratios of Trp or Tyr + Phe to competing amino acids (CAA), thus undermining the specificities of these tests. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) cause these unintended decreases, and lowering their content in a new balanced control formulation in the present study led to normalization of all ratios. Four groups (n = 12 each) of adults each received one of four 50 g control formulations, with 0% (traditional), 20%, 30%, or 40% less of the BCAA. The free and total [Trp]/[CAA] and [Phe + Tyr]/[BCAA + Trp] ratios all decreased significantly during the first 5 h following the traditional formulation, but were fully normalized by the formulation containing 40% less of the BCAA. We recommend the latter as a balanced control formulation and propose adjustments in the depletion and loading formulations to enhance their specificities for 5-HT and the catecholamines.
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Yashida MH, Da Silva Faria ALD, Caldeira EJ. Estrogen and insulin replacement therapy modulates the expression of insulin-like growth factor-I receptors in the salivary glands of diabetic mice. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 294:1930-8. [PMID: 21965157 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus results in various complications, also compromising the salivary glands. Hormone levels and interactions with cellular receptors are altered, intensifying the damage caused by this disease. Hormone replacement therapy alone or combined with other treatments may reverse this damage, but doubts still exist regarding the efficacy of this procedure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of estrogen replacement therapy combined with insulin treatment on salivary secretory cells and on the expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I receptors in salivary glands of spontaneously diabetic (NOD) mice. Twenty-five mice were divided into five groups of five animals each: group I (NOD diabetic), group II (NOD diabetic treated with insulin), group III (NOD diabetic treated with estrogen), group IV (NOD diabetic treated with insulin and estrogen), and group V (control Balb/c mice). Group II received insulin, group III received estrogen, and group IV received insulin plus estrogen administered daily for 20 days. Groups I and V received saline for the same period of time to simulate treatment. Glucose and estrogen levels were monitored during treatment, and salivary gland samples were collected at the end of treatment for stereological analysis and immunofluorescence detection of IGF-I receptors. Tissue restructuring and regulation of IGF-I receptors expression were observed in animals submitted to estrogen replacement therapy plus insulin. Estrogen effectively promoted the recovery of salivary secretory cells, demonstrating that this hormone alone, and especially when combined with insulin, might be important for the reversal of hyperglycemia-induced tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Hayashi Yashida
- Tissue Morphology Laboratory, Department of Morphology and Basic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brazil
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Cuperlovic-Culf M, Chute IC, Culf AS, Touaibia M, Ghosh A, Griffiths S, Tulpan D, Léger S, Belkaid A, Surette ME, Ouellette RJ. 1H NMR metabolomics combined with gene expression analysis for the determination of major metabolic differences between subtypes of breast cell lines. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00382h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Hakimov HA, Walters S, Wright TC, Meidinger RG, Verschoor CP, Gadish M, Chiu DKY, Strömvik MV, Forsberg CW, Golovan SP. Application of iTRAQ to catalogue the skeletal muscle proteome in pigs and assessment of effects of gender and diet dephytinization. Proteomics 2009; 9:4000-16. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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25
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Joshi M, Jeoung N, Obayashi M, Hattab E, Brocken E, Liechty E, Kubek M, Vattem K, Wek R, Harris R. Impaired growth and neurological abnormalities in branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase-deficient mice. Biochem J 2006; 400:153-62. [PMID: 16875466 PMCID: PMC1635446 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The BCKDH (branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex) catalyses the rate-limiting step in the oxidation of BCAAs (branched-chain amino acids). Activity of the complex is regulated by a specific kinase, BDK (BCKDH kinase), which causes inactivation, and a phosphatase, BDP (BCKDH phosphatase), which causes activation. In the present study, the effect of the disruption of the BDK gene on growth and development of mice was investigated. BCKDH activity was much greater in most tissues of BDK-/- mice. This occurred in part because the E1 component of the complex cannot be phosphorylated due to the absence of BDK and also because greater than normal amounts of the E1 component were present in tissues of BDK-/- mice. Lack of control of BCKDH activity resulted in markedly lower blood and tissue levels of the BCAAs in BDK-/- mice. At 12 weeks of age, BDK-/- mice were 15% smaller than wild-type mice and their fur lacked normal lustre. Brain, muscle and adipose tissue weights were reduced, whereas weights of the liver and kidney were greater. Neurological abnormalities were apparent by hind limb flexion throughout life and epileptic seizures after 6-7 months of age. Inhibition of protein synthesis in the brain due to hyperphosphorylation of eIF2alpha (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2alpha) might contribute to the neurological abnormalities seen in BDK-/- mice. BDK-/- mice show significant improvement in growth and appearance when fed a high protein diet, suggesting that higher amounts of dietary BCAA can partially compensate for increased oxidation in BDK-/- mice. Disruption of the BDK gene establishes that regulation of BCKDH by phosphorylation is critically important for the regulation of oxidative disposal of BCAAs. The phenotype of the BDK-/- mice demonstrates the importance of tight regulation of oxidative disposal of BCAAs for normal growth and neurological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandar A. Joshi
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, U.S.A
| | - Nam Ho Jeoung
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, U.S.A
| | - Mariko Obayashi
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, U.S.A
| | - Eyas M. Hattab
- †Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, U.S.A
| | - Eric G. Brocken
- †Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, U.S.A
| | - Edward A. Liechty
- ‡Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, U.S.A
| | - Michael J. Kubek
- §Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, U.S.A
| | - Krishna M. Vattem
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, U.S.A
| | - Ronald C. Wek
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, U.S.A
| | - Robert A. Harris
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, U.S.A
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Parker G, Pederson B, Obayashi M, Schroeder J, Harris R, Roach P. Gene expression profiling of mice with genetically modified muscle glycogen content. Biochem J 2006; 395:137-45. [PMID: 16356168 PMCID: PMC1409698 DOI: 10.1042/bj20051456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen, a branched polymer of glucose, forms an energy re-serve in numerous organisms. In mammals, the two largest glyco-gen stores are in skeletal muscle and liver, which express tissue-specific glycogen synthase isoforms. MGSKO mice, in which mGys1 (mouse glycogen synthase) is disrupted, are devoid of muscle glycogen [Pederson, Chen, Schroeder, Shou, DePaoli-Roach and Roach (2004) Mol. Cell. Biol. 24, 7179-7187]. The GSL30 mouse line hyper-accumulates glycogen in muscle [Manchester, Skurat, Roach, Hauschka and Lawrence (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 10707-10711]. We performed a microarray analysis of mRNA from the anterior tibialis, medial gastrocnemius and liver of MGSKO mice, and from the gastroc-nemius of GSL30 mice. In MGSKO mice, transcripts of 79 genes varied in their expression in the same direction in both the anterior tibialis and gastrocnemius. These included several genes encoding proteins proximally involved in glycogen metabolism. The Ppp1r1a [protein phosphatase 1 regulatory (inhibitor) sub-unit 1A] gene underwent the greatest amount of downregulation. In muscle, the downregulation of Pfkfb1 and Pfkfb3, encoding isoforms of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphospha-tase, is consistent with decreased glycolysis. Pathways for branched-chain amino acid, and ketone body utilization appear to be downregulated, as is the capacity to form the gluconeogenic precursors alanine, lactate and glutamine. Expression changes among several members of the Wnt signalling pathway were identified, suggesting an as yet unexplained role in glycogen meta-bolism. In liver, the upregulation of Pfkfb1 and Pfkfb3 expression is consistent with increased glycolysis, perhaps as an adaptation to altered muscle metabolism. By comparing changes in muscle expression between MGSKO and GSL30 mice, we found a subset of 44 genes, the expression of which varied as a function of muscle glycogen content. These genes are candidates for regulation by glycogen levels. Particularly interesting is the observation that 11 of these genes encode cardiac or slow-twitch isoforms of muscle contractile proteins, and are upregulated in muscle that has a greater oxidative capacity in MGSKO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen E. Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5122, U.S.A., and Indiana University Center for Diabetes Research Indianapolis, IN 46202-5122, U.S.A
| | - Bartholomew A. Pederson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5122, U.S.A., and Indiana University Center for Diabetes Research Indianapolis, IN 46202-5122, U.S.A
| | - Mariko Obayashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5122, U.S.A., and Indiana University Center for Diabetes Research Indianapolis, IN 46202-5122, U.S.A
| | - Jill M. Schroeder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5122, U.S.A., and Indiana University Center for Diabetes Research Indianapolis, IN 46202-5122, U.S.A
| | - Robert A. Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5122, U.S.A., and Indiana University Center for Diabetes Research Indianapolis, IN 46202-5122, U.S.A
| | - Peter J. Roach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5122, U.S.A., and Indiana University Center for Diabetes Research Indianapolis, IN 46202-5122, U.S.A
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Brosnan JT. The Fourth Workshop on the Assessment of Adequate intake of Dietary Amino Acids: general discussion of sessions 1 and 2. J Nutr 2005; 135:1576S-9S. [PMID: 15930472 DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.6.1576s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John T Brosnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
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