1
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Howard EJ, Meyer RK, Weninger SN, Martinez T, Wachsmuth HR, Pignitter M, Auñon-Lopez A, Kangath A, Duszka K, Gu H, Schiro G, Laubtiz D, Duca FA. Impact of Plant-Based Dietary Fibers on Metabolic Homeostasis in High-Fat Diet Mice via Alterations in the Gut Microbiota and Metabolites. J Nutr 2024; 154:2014-2028. [PMID: 38735572 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiota contributes to metabolic disease, and diet shapes the gut microbiota, emphasizing the need to better understand how diet impacts metabolic disease via gut microbiota alterations. Fiber intake is linked with improvements in metabolic homeostasis in rodents and humans, which is associated with changes in the gut microbiota. However, dietary fiber is extremely heterogeneous, and it is imperative to comprehensively analyze the impact of various plant-based fibers on metabolic homeostasis in an identical setting and compare the impact of alterations in the gut microbiota and bacterially derived metabolites from different fiber sources. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of different plant-based fibers (pectin, β-glucan, wheat dextrin, resistant starch, and cellulose as a control) on metabolic homeostasis through alterations in the gut microbiota and its metabolites in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. METHODS HFD-fed mice were supplemented with 5 different fiber types (pectin, β-glucan, wheat dextrin, resistant starch, or cellulose as a control) at 10% (wt/wt) for 18 wk (n = 12/group), measuring body weight, adiposity, indirect calorimetry, glucose tolerance, and the gut microbiota and metabolites. RESULTS Only β-glucan supplementation during HFD-feeding decreased adiposity and body weight gain and improved glucose tolerance compared with HFD-cellulose, whereas all other fibers had no effect. This was associated with increased energy expenditure and locomotor activity in mice compared with HFD-cellulose. All fibers supplemented into an HFD uniquely shifted the intestinal microbiota and cecal short-chain fatty acids; however, only β-glucan supplementation increased cecal butyrate concentrations. Lastly, all fibers altered the small-intestinal microbiota and portal bile acid composition. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that β-glucan consumption is a promising dietary strategy for metabolic disease, possibly via increased energy expenditure through alterations in the gut microbiota and bacterial metabolites in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Howard
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Rachel K Meyer
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Savanna N Weninger
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Taylor Martinez
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Hallie R Wachsmuth
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Marc Pignitter
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arturo Auñon-Lopez
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Archana Kangath
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Kalina Duszka
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Haiwei Gu
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Gabriele Schiro
- PANDA Core for Genomics and Microbiome Research, Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Daniel Laubtiz
- PANDA Core for Genomics and Microbiome Research, Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Frank A Duca
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States; BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.
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2
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Basuray N, Deehan EC, Vieira FT, Avedzi HM, Duke RL, Colín-Ramírez E, Tun HM, Zhang Z, Wine E, Madsen KL, Field CJ, Haqq AM. Dichotomous effect of dietary fiber in pediatrics: a narrative review of the health benefits and tolerance of fiber. Eur J Clin Nutr 2024; 78:557-568. [PMID: 38480843 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-024-01429-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Dietary fibers are associated with favorable gastrointestinal, immune, and metabolic health outcomes when consumed at sufficient levels. Despite the well-described benefits of dietary fibers, children and adolescents continue to fall short of daily recommended levels. This gap in fiber intake (i.e., "fiber gap") might increase the risk of developing early-onset pediatric obesity and obesity-related comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus into adulthood. The structure-dependent physicochemical properties of dietary fiber are diverse. Differences in solubility, viscosity, water-holding capacity, binding capability, bulking effect, and fermentability influence the physiological effects of dietary fibers that aid in regulating appetite, glycemic and lipidemic responses, and inflammation. Of growing interest is the fermentation of fibers by the gut microbiota, which yields both beneficial and less favorable end-products such as short-chain fatty acids (e.g., acetate, propionate, and butyrate) that impart metabolic and immunomodulatory properties, and gases (e.g., hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane) that cause gastrointestinal symptoms, respectively. This narrative review summarizes (1) the implications of fibers on the gut microbiota and the pathophysiology of pediatric obesity, (2) some factors that potentially contribute to the fiber gap with an emphasis on undesirable gastrointestinal symptoms, (3) some methods to alleviate fiber-induced symptoms, and (4) the therapeutic potential of whole foods and commonly marketed fiber supplements for improved health in pediatric obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Basuray
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Edward C Deehan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Flávio T Vieira
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hayford M Avedzi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Reena L Duke
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Hein M Tun
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Zhengxiao Zhang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Eytan Wine
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Karen L Madsen
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Catherine J Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Andrea M Haqq
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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3
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Zhang C, Pi X, Li X, Huo J, Wang W. Edible herbal source-derived polysaccharides as potential prebiotics: Composition, structure, gut microbiota regulation, and its related health effects. Food Chem 2024; 458:140267. [PMID: 38968717 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Recently, with changes in dietary patterns, there has been increased interest in the concept of food and medicine homology, which can help prevent disease development. This has led to a growing focus on the development of functional health foods derived from edible herbal sources. Polysaccharides, found in many edible herbal sources, are gaining popularity as natural ingredients in the production of functional food products. The gut microbiota can effectively utilize most edible herbal polysaccharides (EHPs) and produce beneficial metabolites; therefore, the prebiotic potential of EHPs is gradually being recognized. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the structural features and characterization of EHPs to promote gut microbiota regulation as well as the structure-activity relationship between EHPs and gut microbiota. As prebiotics, intestinal microbiota can use EHPs to indirectly produce metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids to promote overall health; on the other hand, different EHP structures possess some degree of selectivity on gut microbiota regulation. Moreover, we evaluate the functionality and mechanism underlying EHPs in terms of anticancer activity, antimetabolic diseases, anti-inflammatory activity, and anti-neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Zhang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Harbin, China, 150036
| | - Xiaowen Pi
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xiuwei Li
- Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Harbin, China, 150036
| | - Jinhai Huo
- Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Harbin, China, 150036.
| | - Weiming Wang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Harbin, China, 150036.
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4
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Lou X, Li P, Luo X, Lei Z, Liu X, Liu Y, Gao L, Xu W, Liu X. Dietary patterns interfere with gut microbiota to combat obesity. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1387394. [PMID: 38953044 PMCID: PMC11215203 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1387394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders are global epidemics that occur when there is chronic energy intake exceeding energy expenditure. Growing evidence suggests that healthy dietary patterns not only decrease the risk of obesity but also influence the composition and function of the gut microbiota. Numerous studies manifest that the development of obesity is associated with gut microbiota. One promising supplementation strategy is modulating gut microbiota composition by dietary patterns to combat obesity. In this review, we discuss the changes of gut microbiota in obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders, with a particular emphasis on the impact of dietary components on gut microbiota and how common food patterns can intervene in gut microbiota to prevent obesity. While there is promise in intervening with the gut microbiota to combat obesity through the regulation of dietary patterns, numerous key questions remain unanswered. In this review, we critically review the associations between dietary patterns, gut microbes, and obesity, aiming to contribute to the further development and application of dietary patterns against obesity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaomeng Liu
- Nutrition and Food Hygiene Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical College, Xinxiang, China
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5
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Chakraborty P, Gamage HKAH, Laird AS. Butyrate as a potential therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative disorders. Neurochem Int 2024; 176:105745. [PMID: 38641025 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Maintaining an optimum microbial community within the gastrointestinal tract is intricately linked to human metabolic, immune and brain health. Disturbance to these microbial populations perturbs the production of vital bioactive compounds synthesised by the gut microbiome, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Of the SCFAs, butyrate is known to be a major source of energy for colonocytes and has valuable effects on the maintenance of intestinal epithelium and blood brain barrier integrity, gut motility and transit, anti-inflammatory effects, and autophagy induction. Inducing endogenous butyrate production is likely to be beneficial for gut-brain homeostasis and for optimal neuronal function. For these reasons, butyrate has gained interest as a potential therapy for not only metabolic and immunological disorders, but also conditions related to the brain, including neurodegenerative diseases. While direct and indirect sources of butyrate, including prebiotics, probiotics, butyrate pro-drugs and glucosidase inhibitors, offer a promising therapeutic avenue, their efficacy and dosage in neurodegenerative conditions remain largely unknown. Here, we review current literature on effects of butyrate relevant to neuronal function, the impact of butyrate in a range of neurodegenerative diseases and related treatments that may have potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapti Chakraborty
- Macquarie University Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hasinika K A H Gamage
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia; ARC Training Centre for Facilitated Advancement of Australia's Bioactives, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Angela S Laird
- Macquarie University Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
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6
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Chen Y, Zhao Y, Lu H, Zhang W, Gai Y, Niu G, Meng X, Lv H, Qian X, Ding X, Chen J. Protective effect of short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides from chicory on alcohol-induced injury in GES-1 cells via Keap1/Nrf2 and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1374579. [PMID: 38807640 PMCID: PMC11132183 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1374579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that polysaccharides derived from chicory possess the ability to regulate host signaling and modify mucosal damage. Yet, the effect and mechanism of short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scFOS) on gastric mucosa remain unclear. Hence, the protective effect of three scFOS (1-Kestose, Nystose, and 1F-Fructofuranosylnystose) against ethanol-induced injury in gastric epithelial (GES-1) cells, and the underlying molecular mechanism involved was investigated in this study. Treatment with 7% ethanol decreased the cell viability of GES-1 cells, resulting in oxidative stress and inflammation. However, pretreatment with scFOS exhibited significant improvements in cell viability, and mitigated oxidative stress and inflammation. scFOS markedly elevated the protein expression of Nrf2, HO-1, SOD1 and SOD2, while suppressing the expression of Keap1. scFOS pretreatment could also maintain mitochondrial membrane potential balance and reduce apoptosis. In addition, scFOS was observed to reduce the protein level of NLRP3, Caspase-1 and ASC. In conclusion, scFOS served a preventive function in mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation in ethanol-exposed GES-1 cells through modulation of the Keap1/Nrf2 and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways. Collectively, the results indicated that scFOS could significantly mitigate ethanol-induced gastric cell damage, suggesting its potential for safeguarding gastrointestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanan Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Weichen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanan Gai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Guanting Niu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuhua Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Lv
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoguo Qian
- Fengning PingAn High-Tech Industrial Co., Ltd, Chengde, China
| | - Xiaoqin Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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7
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Gruskiene R, Lavelli V, Sereikaite J. Application of inulin for the formulation and delivery of bioactive molecules and live cells. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 327:121670. [PMID: 38171683 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Inulin is a fructan biosynthesized mainly in plants of the Asteraceae family. It is also found in edible vegetables and fruits such as onion, garlic, leek, and banana. For the industrial production of inulin, chicory and Jerusalem artichoke are the main raw material. Inulin is used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic as well biotechnological industries. It has a GRAS status and exhibits prebiotic properties. Inulin can be used as a wall material in the encapsulation process of drugs and other bioactive compounds and the development of their delivery systems. In the review, the use of inulin for the encapsulation of probiotics, essential and fatty oils, antioxidant compounds, natural colorant and other bioactive compounds is presented. The encapsulation techniques, materials and the properties of final products suitable for the delivery into food are discussed. Research limitations are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruta Gruskiene
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vera Lavelli
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Italy
| | - Jolanta Sereikaite
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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8
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López MG, Salomé-Abarca LF. The agavins (Agave carbohydrates) story. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 327:121671. [PMID: 38171684 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Fructans, are carbohydrates defined as fructose-based polymers with countable degree of polymerization (DP) ranging so far from DP3 to DP60. There are different types of fructans depending on their molecular arrangement. They are categorized as linear inulins and levans, neoseries of inulin and levan, branched graminans, and highly branched neofructans, so called agavins (Agave carbohydrates). It is worth to note that agavins are the most recently described type of fructans and they are also the most complex ones. The complexity of these carbohydrates is correlated to their various isomers and degree of polymerization range, which is correlated to their multifunctional application in industry and human health. Here, we narrate the story of the agavins' discovery. This included their chemical characterization, their benefits, biotechnological applications, and drawbacks over human health. Finally, a perspective of the study of agavins and their interactions with other metabolites through metabolomics is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes G López
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN-Unidad Irapuato, Guanajuato 36824, Mexico.
| | - Luis Francisco Salomé-Abarca
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN-Unidad Irapuato, Guanajuato 36824, Mexico
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9
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Lin X, Zhang X, Xu B. Differences in physicochemical, rheological, and prebiotic properties of inulin isolated from five botanical sources and their potential applications. Food Res Int 2024; 180:114048. [PMID: 38395565 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
This study compares the physicochemical and prebiotic properties of inulin isolated from five botanical sources. The average degree of polymerization (DP) for inulin ranged from 5.00 to 13.33. Notably, inulin from Dahlia tubers (DP = 13) and Platycodonis Radix (DP = 8) demonstrated granular, clustered morphology under SEM, semi-crystalline structures via X-ray diffraction, and exhibited shear-thinning behaviors from shear rate 1 s-1 to 500 s-1. In contrast, inulin from Jerusalem artichoke (DP = 5), chicory root (DP = 7), and Asparagi Radix (DP = 5) showcased rough flake morphologies under SEM, amorphous structures in X-ray patterns, and similar shear-thinning behaviors. All inulin types showed acid stability at pH levels below 2.0, with a reducing sugar conversion ratio (RRS) under 1 %. Furthermore, the isolated inulin from the different sources presented prebiotic capacity when added as a sole carbon source in the culture media of the probiotics Lactobacillus paracasei and Bifidobacterium longum. This study provides the properties of inulin from various sources, thereby offering a reference for the selection of appropriate inulin in industrial applications based on the desired characteristics of the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Lin
- Food Science and Technology Program, Department of Life Sciences, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519087, China
| | - Xuanyi Zhang
- Food Science and Technology Program, Department of Life Sciences, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519087, China
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, Department of Life Sciences, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519087, China.
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10
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Ghali ENHK, Pranav, Chauhan SC, Yallapu MM. Inulin-based formulations as an emerging therapeutic strategy for cancer: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129216. [PMID: 38185294 PMCID: PMC10922702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Cancer stands as the second leading cause of death in the United States (US). Most chemotherapeutic agents exhibit severe adverse effects that are attributed to exposure of drugs to off-target tissues, posing a significant challenge in cancer therapy management. In recent years, inulin, a naturally occurring prebiotic fiber has gained substantial attention for its potential in cancer treatment owing to its multitudinous health values. Its distinctive structure, stability, and nutritional properties position it as an effective adjuvant and carrier for drug delivery in cancer therapy. To address some of the above unmet clinical issues, this review summarizes the recent efforts towards the development of inulin-based nanomaterials and nanocomposites for healthcare applications with special emphasis on the multifunctional role of inulin in cancer therapy as a synergist, signaling molecule, immunomodulatory and anticarcinogenic molecule. Furthermore, the review provides a concise overview of ongoing clinical trials and observational studies associated with inulin-based therapy. In conclusion, the current review offers insights on the significant role of inulin interventions in exploring its potential as a therapeutic agent to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eswara Naga Hanuma Kumar Ghali
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Pranav
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Subhash C Chauhan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA.
| | - Murali M Yallapu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA.
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11
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Akram W, Pandey V, Sharma R, Joshi R, Mishra N, Garud N, Haider T. Inulin: Unveiling its potential as a multifaceted biopolymer in prebiotics, drug delivery, and therapeutics. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129131. [PMID: 38181920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, inulin has gained much attention as a promising multifunctional natural biopolymer with numerous applications in drug delivery, prebiotics, and therapeutics. It reveals a multifaceted biopolymer with transformative implications by elucidating the intricate interplay between inulin and the host, microbiome, and therapeutic agents. Their flexible structure, exceptional targetability, biocompatibility, inherent ability to control release behavior, tunable degradation kinetics, and protective ability make them outstanding carriers in healthcare and biomedicine. USFDA has approved Inulin as a nutritional dietary supplement for infants. The possible applications of inulin in biomedicine research inspired by nature are presented. The therapeutic potential of inulin goes beyond its role in prebiotics and drug delivery. Recently, significant research efforts have been made towards inulin's anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties for their potential applications in treating various chronic diseases. Moreover, its ability to reduce inflammation and modulate immune responses opens new avenues for treating conditions such as autoimmune disorders and gastrointestinal ailments. This review will attempt to illustrate the inulin's numerous and interconnected roles, shedding light on its critical contributions to the advancement of healthcare and biomedicine and its recent advancement in therapeutics, and conclude by taking valuable insights into the prospects and opportunities of inulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Akram
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh 4774005, India
| | - Vikas Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh 4774005, India
| | - Rajeev Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh 4774005, India
| | - Ramakant Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ShriRam college of Pharmacy, Banmore 476444, India
| | - Neeraj Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh 4774005, India
| | - Navneet Garud
- School of Studies in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, India
| | - Tanweer Haider
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh 4774005, India.
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Talukdar JR, Cooper M, Lyutvyn L, Zeraatkar D, Ali R, Berbrier R, Janes S, Ha V, Darling PB, Xue M, Chu A, Chowdhury F, Harnack HE, Huang L, Malik M, Powless J, Lavergne FV, Zhang X, Ehrlich S, Jenkins DJ, Sievenpiper JL, Banfield L, Mbuagbaw L, de Souza RJ. The effects of inulin-type fructans on cardiovascular disease risk factors: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 119:496-510. [PMID: 38309832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inulin-type fructans (ITF) are the leading prebiotics in the market. Available evidence provides conflicting results regarding the beneficial effects of ITF on cardiovascular disease risk factors. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ITF supplementation on cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Emcare, AMED, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library databases from inception through May 15, 2022. Eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) administered ITF or placebo (for example, control, foods, diets) to adults for ≥2 weeks and reported one or more of the following: low, very-low, or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, VLDL-C, HDL-C); total cholesterol; apolipoprotein A1 or B; triglycerides; fasting blood glucose; body mass index; body weight; waist circumference; waist-to-hip ratio; systolic or diastolic blood pressure; or hemoglobin A1c. Two reviewers independently and in duplicate screened studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. We pooled data using random-effects model, and assessed the certainty of evidence (CoE) using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. RESULTS We identified 1767 studies and included 55 RCTs with 2518 participants in meta-analyses. The pooled estimate showed that ITF supplementation reduced LDL-C [mean difference (MD) -0.14 mmol/L, 95% confidence interval (95% CI: -0.24, -0.05), 38 RCTs, 1879 participants, very low CoE], triglycerides (MD -0.06 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.12, -0.01, 40 RCTs, 1732 participants, low CoE), and body weight (MD -0.97 kg, 95% CI: -1.28, -0.66, 36 RCTs, 1672 participants, low CoE) but little to no significant effect on other cardiovascular disease risk factors. The effects were larger when study duration was ≥6 weeks and in pre-obese and obese participants. CONCLUSION ITF may reduce low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and body weight. However, due to low to very low CoE, further well-designed and executed trials are needed to confirm these effects. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42019136745.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhalok Ronjan Talukdar
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew Cooper
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lyuba Lyutvyn
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Dena Zeraatkar
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rahim Ali
- Faculty of Law, Common Law Section, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rachel Berbrier
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sabrina Janes
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vanessa Ha
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Pauline B Darling
- School of Nutrition Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mike Xue
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alexandro Chu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Fariha Chowdhury
- Department of Rehabilitation Science(s), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Hope E Harnack
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Louise Huang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mikail Malik
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jacqui Powless
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Florence V Lavergne
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shelley Ehrlich
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - David Ja Jenkins
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John L Sievenpiper
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laura Banfield
- Health Sciences Library, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Global Health Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Lawrence Mbuagbaw
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Biostatistics Unit, Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Centre, St Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Centre for Development of Best Practices in Health (CDBPH), Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Russell J de Souza
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Global Health Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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13
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Matsinkou Soh R, Ngaha Damndja W, Njintang Yanou N. Functional foods of sub-Saharan Africa and their implications in the management of type 2 diabetes: A review. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:24-34. [PMID: 38268906 PMCID: PMC10804129 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Throughout the world, the prevalence of metabolic diseases in general and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in particular is constantly growing, and sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is not spared. The use of functional foods is a more practical option among the different approaches used in the management of T2DM owing to the fact that they are relatively less costly, safer, and more accessible. In addition to their low glycemic index just like foods currently used to manage diabetes, functional foods contain bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, dietary fibers, saponins, and peptides. They are so named because they have additional health advantages beyond their basic nutritional worth. Bioactive compounds can be found in a variety of SSA plant-based foods, such as spices, fruits, vegetables, legumes, starchy foods, prepared foods, mixed foods, and prepared dishes. The goal of this review is to highlight some of the investigations into the effectiveness of local food and their antidiabetic mechanisms that have been studied in various SSA regions. Using the literature review as a basis, the authors state that SSA foods are rich in various bioactive compounds capable of regulating blood sugar through enhanced glucose tolerance, antioxidant effects, insulin sensitivity, and inhibition or activation of some key enzymes of the glucose metabolism that are linked to the prevention and management of T2DM. Many of the cited findings are preliminary, obtained from cell and preclinical studies, and therefore other studies need to be done to demonstrate the full potential of these foods to serve as bases for dietary guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosane Matsinkou Soh
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National School of Agro‐Industrial SciencesUniversity of NgaoundereNgaoundereCameroon
| | - Wilfred Ngaha Damndja
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National School of Agro‐Industrial SciencesUniversity of NgaoundereNgaoundereCameroon
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14
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Duque-Soto C, Leyva-Jiménez FJ, Quirantes-Piné R, López-Bascón MA, Lozano-Sánchez J, Borrás-Linares I. Evaluation of Olive Leaf Phenolic Compounds' Gastrointestinal Stability Based on Co-Administration and Microencapsulation with Non-Digestible Carbohydrates. Nutrients 2023; 16:93. [PMID: 38201923 PMCID: PMC10780473 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The large generation of olive by-products has motivated their revalorization into high-added-value products. In this regard, olive leaves pose as an interesting source of bioactive compounds, due to their phenolic content with commonly known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties, with potential application in non-communicable diseases. However, their effectiveness and applicability into functional foods is limited by their instability under gastrointestinal conditions. Thus, the development of protective formulations is essential. In this study, the spray-drying encapsulation of a phenolic-rich olive leaf extract with inulin as the encapsulating agent was optimized. Then, the behavior of the free extract under gastrointestinal conditions, its co-administration with the encapsulating agent, and the optimized microencapsulated formulation were studied through an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion process following the INFOGEST protocol. Digestion of the free extract resulted in the degradation of most compounds, whereas this was minimized in the co-administration of the non-encapsulated extract with the encapsulating agent. This protective effect, related to its interaction with inulin, was similar to the microencapsulated formulation. Thus, both approaches, co-administration and microencapsulation with inulin, could be promising strategies for the improvement of the stability of these anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory compounds under gastrointestinal conditions, enhancing their beneficial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Duque-Soto
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Farmacy, University of Granada, Campus Universitario Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Francisco Javier Leyva-Jiménez
- Area of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain;
- Regional Institute for Applied Scientific Research (IRICA), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Rosa Quirantes-Piné
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avda Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - María Asunción López-Bascón
- Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Health Science Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento 37, Edificio BioRegión, 18016 Granada, Spain;
| | - Jesús Lozano-Sánchez
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Farmacy, University of Granada, Campus Universitario Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Isabel Borrás-Linares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avda Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain;
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15
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Florowska A, Florowski T, Kruszewski B, Janiszewska-Turak E, Bykowska W, Ksibi N. Thermal and Modern, Non-Thermal Method Induction as a Factor of Modification of Inulin Hydrogel Properties. Foods 2023; 12:4154. [PMID: 38002211 PMCID: PMC10670224 DOI: 10.3390/foods12224154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the properties of inulin hydrogels obtained with different methods, e.g., the traditional-thermal method and new, non-thermal methods, used in food production, like ultrasonic, high-pressure homogenization (HPH), and high hydrostatic pressures (HHPs). It was found that each of the compared induction methods allowed for obtaining inulin hydrogels. However, the use of non-thermal induction methods allows for obtaining a gel structure faster than in the case of thermal induction. In addition, hydrogels obtained with new, non-thermal methods differ from gels obtained with thermal treatment. They were characterized by higher stability (from 1.7 percent point-of-stability parameters for HHP 150 MPa to 18.8 for HPH II cycles) and in most cases, by improved microrheological properties-lower solid-liquid balance toward the solid phase, increased elasticity and viscosity indexes, and lowering the flow index. The gels obtained with the new, non-thermal method were also characterized by a more delicate structure, including lower firmness (the differences between thermal and non-thermal inductions were from 0.73 N for HHP at 500 MPa to 2.39 N for HHP at 150 MPa) and spreadability (the differences between thermal and non-thermal inductions were from 7.60 Ns for HHP at 500 MPa to 15.08 Ns for HHP at 150 MPa). The color of ultrasound-induced inulin gels, regarding the HPH and HHP technique, was darker (the differences in the L* parameter between thermal and non-thermal inductions were from 1.92 for HHP at 500 MPa to 4.37 for 10 min ultrasounds) and with a lower a* color parameter (the differences in the a* parameter between thermal and non-thermal inductions were from 0.16 for HHP at 500 MPa to 0.39 for HPH II cycles) and b* color parameter (the differences in the b* parameter between thermal and non-thermal inductions were from 1.69 for 5 min ultrasounds to 2.68 for HPH II cycles). It was also found that among the compared induction methods, the high-pressure technique has the greatest potential for modifying the properties of the created inulin hydrogels. Thanks to its application, depending on the amount of applied pressure, it was possible to obtain gels with very different characteristics, both delicate (i.e., soft and spreadable), using HHP at 150 MPa, and hard, using HHP at 500 MPa, the closest in characteristics to gels induced with the thermal method. This may allow the properties of hydrogels to be matched to the characteristics of the food matrix being created.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Florowska
- Department of Food Technology and Assessment, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 159c Nowoursynowska Street, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (T.F.); (B.K.); (W.B.)
| | - Tomasz Florowski
- Department of Food Technology and Assessment, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 159c Nowoursynowska Street, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (T.F.); (B.K.); (W.B.)
| | - Bartosz Kruszewski
- Department of Food Technology and Assessment, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 159c Nowoursynowska Street, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (T.F.); (B.K.); (W.B.)
| | - Emilia Janiszewska-Turak
- Department of Food Engineering and Process Management, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 159c Nowoursynowska Street, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Weronika Bykowska
- Department of Food Technology and Assessment, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 159c Nowoursynowska Street, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (T.F.); (B.K.); (W.B.)
| | - Nour Ksibi
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, El Manar Tunis 2092, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants (LPAM), Centre of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, BP. 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
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16
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Li Z, Wen Q, Pi J, Zhang D, Nie J, Wei W, Li W, Guo DA. An inulin-type fructan isolated from Serratula chinensis alleviated the dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice through regulation of intestinal barrier and gut microbiota. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 320:121206. [PMID: 37659809 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we aimed to explore the polysaccharide material basis of Serratula chinensis and establish its beneficial effects against colitis. A neutral polysaccharide (SCP) was extracted from S. chinensis in high yield using hot water. The molecular weights were calculated by HPSEC as Mw = 2928 Da, Mn = 2634 Da, and Mw/Mn = 1.11. FT-IR and 1D/2D-NMR spectroscopic analyses confirmed that SCP was an inulin-type fructan with α-D-Glcp-(1 → [1)-β-D-Fruf-(2]17) linkages. Treatment with SCP (200 or 400 mg/kg) alleviated dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse colitis symptoms, including the loss of body weight, increase of disease activity index score, and shortening of colon length. Histopathological and immunofluorescence assessments revealed that SCP could reduce pathological damage to the colon, restore the number of goblet cells, increase the content of glycoproteins in goblet cells and mucins in crypts, and enhance the expression of tight junction proteins ZO-1 and occludin. In addition, metagenomic sequencing revealed that SCP could improve the dysbiosis of gut microbiomes and act on multiple microbial functions. Moreover, SCP treatment increased the content of colonic acetic acid and butanoic acid. Collectively, these results indicated that SCP could alleviate the DSS-induced colitis in mice through regulation of intestinal barrier and gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Li
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528400, China
| | - Qiuyi Wen
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528400, China; College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Jiaju Pi
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528400, China
| | - Daidi Zhang
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528400, China
| | - Jinchun Nie
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528400, China
| | - Wenlong Wei
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Research Center for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Li
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528400, China
| | - De-An Guo
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528400, China; Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Research Center for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
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17
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Vasfilova ES. Fructose-Containing Plant Carbohydrates: Biological Activities and Medical Applications. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2023; 512:343-353. [PMID: 38087025 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496623700655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The review considers the chemical structure specifics and distribution in plants for fructose-containing carbohydrates (fructans). Various biological activities were observed in fructans and associated with their physicochemical features. Fructans affect many physiological and biochemical processes in the human body, improving health and reducing the risk of various disorders. Prebiotic activity is the most important physiological function of fructans. Fructans improve the microflora composition in the colon and intestinal mucosa by increasing the content of useful bacteria and decreasing the content of potentially harmful microorganisms, stimulate the physiological functions of the microflora, and provide for a better state of the intestine and a better health status. By modifying the intestinal microbiota and utilizing certain additional mechanisms, fructans can favorably affect the immune function, decrease the risk of various inflammatory processes, and to reduce the likelihood of tumorigenesis due to exposure to carcinogens. Fructans improve carbohydrate and lipid metabolism by reducing the blood levels of glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and increasing the blood content of high-density lipoprotein (HLD). Fructans are low in calories, and their use in foods reduces the risk of obesity. Fructans facilitate higher calcium absorption and increase the bone density, thus reducing the risk of osteoporosis. Fructants protect the body from oxidative stress, intestinal infections, and parasitic invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Vasfilova
- Institute Botanic Garden, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia.
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18
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Yang Y, Zhou B, Zhang S, Si L, Liu X, Li F. Prebiotics for depression: how does the gut microbiota play a role? Front Nutr 2023; 10:1206468. [PMID: 37485386 PMCID: PMC10358272 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1206468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression, a mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and aversion to activity that can interfere with daily life, is a condition of great concern. Prebiotics, which are non-digestible substances selectively utilized by host microorganisms for health benefits, have gained attention for their potential to improve overall wellness and alleviate various disorders including depression. This study aims to review clinical trials utilizing carbohydrate-type prebiotics such as inulin-type fructans, galactooligosaccharides (GOS), human milk oligosaccharides, resistant starch, prebiotic phytochemicals including epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), chlorogenic acids, resveratrol, and prebiotic lipids (n-3 polysaturated fatty acids) to determine their effects on depression. Our findings suggest that GOS at a daily dosage of 5 g and eicosapentaenoic acid at or less than 1 g can effectively mitigate depressive symptoms. While EGCG exhibits potential antidepressant properties, a higher dosage of 3 g/d may be necessary to elicit significant effects. The plausible mechanisms underlying the impact of prebiotics on depression include the synthesis of neurotransmitters, production of short-chain fatty acids, and regulation of inflammation.
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Bian H, Zhou Q, Du Z, Zhang G, Han R, Chen L, Tian J, Li Y. Integrated Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Analysis of the Fructan Metabolism Response to Low-Temperature Stress in Garlic. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1290. [PMID: 37372470 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As the main reserve carbohydrate in garlic, fructan contributes to garlic's yield and quality formation. Numerous studies have shown that plant fructan metabolism induces a stress response to adverse environments. However, the transcriptional regulation mechanism of garlic fructan in low-temperature environments is still unknown. In this study, the fructan metabolism of garlic seedlings under low-temperature stress was revealed by transcriptome and metabolome approaches. With the extension of stress time, the number of differentially expressed genes and metabolites increased. Using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), three key enzyme genes related to fructan metabolism were screened (a total of 12 transcripts): sucrose: sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase (1-SST) gene; fructan: fructan 6G fructosyltransferase (6G-FFT) gene; and fructan 1-exohydrolase (1-FEH) gene. Finally, two hub genes were obtained, namely Cluster-4573.161559 (6G-FFT) and Cluster-4573.153574 (1-FEH). The correlation network and metabolic heat map analysis between fructan genes and carbohydrate metabolites indicate that the expression of key enzyme genes in fructan metabolism plays a positive promoting role in the fructan response to low temperatures in garlic. The number of genes associated with the key enzyme of fructan metabolism in trehalose 6-phosphate was the highest, and the accumulation of trehalose 6-phosphate content may mainly depend on the key enzyme genes of fructan metabolism rather than the enzyme genes in its own synthesis pathway. This study not only obtained the key genes of fructan metabolism in garlic seedlings responding to low temperatures but also preliminarily analyzed its regulatory mechanism, providing an important theoretical basis for further elucidating the cold resistance mechanism of garlic fructan metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Bian
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Germplasm Resources in Qinghai Tibet Plateau, Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Qianyi Zhou
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Germplasm Resources in Qinghai Tibet Plateau, Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Zhongping Du
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Germplasm Resources in Qinghai Tibet Plateau, Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Guangnan Zhang
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Germplasm Resources in Qinghai Tibet Plateau, Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Rui Han
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Germplasm Resources in Qinghai Tibet Plateau, Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Laisheng Chen
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Germplasm Resources in Qinghai Tibet Plateau, Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Germplasm Resources in Qinghai Tibet Plateau, Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Yi Li
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
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20
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Speciani MC, Gargari G, Penagini R, Mutignani M, Ferraroni M, Natale A, Katsoulis M, Cintolo M, Leone P, Airoldi A, Vecchi M, Bonzi R, Ciafardini C, Oreggia B, Carnevali P, Guglielmetti S, Riso P, La Vecchia C, Rossi M. Garlic consumption in relation to colorectal cancer risk and to alterations of blood bacterial DNA. Eur J Nutr 2023:10.1007/s00394-023-03110-2. [PMID: 37093261 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Garlic consumption has been inversely associated to intestinal adenoma (IA) and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk, although evidence is not consistent. Gut microbiota has been implied in CRC pathogenesis and is also influenced by garlic consumption. We analyzed whether dietary garlic influence CRC risk and bacterial DNA in blood. METHODS We conducted a case-control study in Italy involving 100 incident CRC cases, 100 IA and 100 healthy controls matched by center, sex and age. We used a validated food frequency questionnaire to assess dietary habits and garlic consumption. Blood bacterial DNA profile was estimated using qPCR and16S rRNA gene profiling. We derived odds ratios (ORs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of IA and CRC according to garlic consumption from multiple conditional logistic regression. We used Mann-Whitney and chi-square tests to evaluate taxa differences in abundance and prevalence. RESULTS The OR of CRC for medium/high versus low/null garlic consumption was 0.27 (95% CI = 0.11-0.66). Differences in garlic consumption were found for selected blood bacterial taxa. Medium/high garlic consumption was associated to an increase of Corynebacteriales order, Nocardiaceae family and Rhodococcus genus, and to a decrease of Family XI and Finegoldia genus. CONCLUSIONS The study adds data on the protective effect of dietary garlic on CRC risk. Moreover, it supports evidence of a translocation of bacterial material to bloodstream and corroborates the hypothesis of a diet-microbiota axis as a mechanism behind the role of garlic in CRC prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Carola Speciani
- Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry, and Epidemiology "G. A. Maccacaro", Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 22, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gargari
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Penagini
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Mutignani
- Digestive and Interventional Endoscopy Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Ferraroni
- Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry, and Epidemiology "G. A. Maccacaro", Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 22, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Natale
- Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry, and Epidemiology "G. A. Maccacaro", Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 22, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Michail Katsoulis
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, UCL, London, UK
| | - Marcello Cintolo
- Digestive and Interventional Endoscopy Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Leone
- General Surgery Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Aldo Airoldi
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Vecchi
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Rossella Bonzi
- Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry, and Epidemiology "G. A. Maccacaro", Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 22, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Clorinda Ciafardini
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Oreggia
- General Surgery Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Carnevali
- Division of Minimally-Invasive Surgical Oncology, Niguarda Cancer Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Guglielmetti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Riso
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry, and Epidemiology "G. A. Maccacaro", Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 22, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Rossi
- Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry, and Epidemiology "G. A. Maccacaro", Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Celoria 22, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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21
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Shi H, Li X, Hou C, Chen L, Zhang Y, Li J. Effects of Pomegranate Peel Polyphenols Combined with Inulin on Gut Microbiota and Serum Metabolites of High-Fat-Induced Obesity Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:5733-5744. [PMID: 36996454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Pomegranate peel polyphenols (PPPs) and inulin have been reported to have lipid-lowering effects. Here, the effects of PPPs combined with inulin on obesity traits and the change of the gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and serum metabolomics profiles in rats with a high-fat diet (HFD) were investigated. According to the experimental results, PPPs were most effective in reducing the body weight and serum and liver lipid levels. Besides, PPPs ameliorated the disorder of gut microbiota, in particular, the enrichment of SCFA producers, such as Lactobacillus, Roseburia, Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, Bacteroides, and Allobaculum, and the depletion of the Blautia and unclassified Lachnospiraceae population. PPPs also regulated the levels of metabolites changed by HFD feeding via tryptophan metabolism, valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis, and arachidonic acid metabolism pathways. The correlation analysis showed that PPPs remitted HFD-induced elevation in triglycerides (TGs), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels and lowered high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels through regulating the gut microbiota, SCFAs, and related metabolites. These findings elucidated that PPPs have a good anti-obesity effect. This study extends the understanding of PPP effects on high-fat-induced obesity, which includes the relationship among gut microbiota, SCFAs, serum metabolites, and TG-, IL-6- and TNF-α- lowering and HDL-elevating functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidan Shi
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
- University Key Laboratory of Food Processing Byproducts for Advanced Development and High Value Utilization, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Xuezhi Li
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
- University Key Laboratory of Food Processing Byproducts for Advanced Development and High Value Utilization, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Chen Hou
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
- University Key Laboratory of Food Processing Byproducts for Advanced Development and High Value Utilization, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Li Chen
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
- University Key Laboratory of Food Processing Byproducts for Advanced Development and High Value Utilization, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yuhuan Zhang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
- University Key Laboratory of Food Processing Byproducts for Advanced Development and High Value Utilization, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Jianke Li
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
- University Key Laboratory of Food Processing Byproducts for Advanced Development and High Value Utilization, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
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22
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Cankar K, Hakkert JC, Sevenier R, Papastolopoulou C, Schipper B, Baixinho JP, Fernández N, Matos MS, Serra AT, Santos CN, Vahabi K, Tissier A, Bundock P, Bosch D. Lactucin Synthase Inactivation Boosts the Accumulation of Anti-inflammatory 8-Deoxylactucin and Its Derivatives in Chicory ( Cichorium intybus L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:6061-6072. [PMID: 37036799 PMCID: PMC10119987 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
For several sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) found in Asteraceae plants, very interesting biomedical activities have been demonstrated. Chicory roots accumulate the guaianolide STLs 8-deoxylactucin, lactucin, and lactucopicrin predominantly in oxalated forms in the latex. In this work, a supercritical fluid extract fraction of chicory STLs containing 8-deoxylactucin and 11β,13-dihydro-8-deoxylactucin was shown to have anti-inflammatory activity in an inflamed intestinal mucosa model. To increase the accumulation of these two compounds in chicory taproots, the lactucin synthase that takes 8-deoxylactucin as the substrate for the regiospecific hydroxylation to generate lactucin needs to be inactivated. Three candidate cytochrome P450 enzymes of the CYP71 clan were identified in chicory. Their targeted inactivation using the CRISPR/Cas9 approach identified CYP71DD33 to have lactucin synthase activity. The analysis of the terpene profile of the taproots of plants with edits in CYP71DD33 revealed a nearly complete elimination of the endogenous chicory STLs lactucin and lactucopicrin and their corresponding oxalates. Indeed, in the same lines, the interruption of biosynthesis resulted in a strong increase of 8-deoxylactucin and its derivatives. The enzyme activity of CYP71DD33 to convert 8-deoxylactucin to lactucin was additionally demonstrated in vitro using yeast microsome assays. The identified chicory lactucin synthase gene is predominantly expressed in the chicory latex, indicating that the late steps in the STL biosynthesis take place in the latex. This study contributes to further elucidation of the STL pathway in chicory and shows that root chicory can be positioned as a crop from which different health products can be extracted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Cankar
- Wageningen
Plant Research, Wageningen University &
Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna Christina Hakkert
- Wageningen
Plant Research, Wageningen University &
Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Sevenier
- Keygene
N.V., Agro Business Park
90, 6708PW Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Christina Papastolopoulou
- Wageningen
Plant Research, Wageningen University &
Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Schipper
- Wageningen
Plant Research, Wageningen University &
Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - João P. Baixinho
- Instituto
de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Av. República, Qta. Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto
de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier,
Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Naiara Fernández
- Instituto
de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Av. República, Qta. Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Melanie S. Matos
- Instituto
de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Av. República, Qta. Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto
de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier,
Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Teresa Serra
- Instituto
de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Av. República, Qta. Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto
de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier,
Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Claudia Nunes Santos
- Instituto
de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Av. República, Qta. Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto
de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier,
Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- iNOVA4Health,
NOVA Medical School Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM,
Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Khabat Vahabi
- Department
of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute
of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Alain Tissier
- Department
of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute
of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Martin-Luther-Universität
Halle-Wittenberg, Institut für Pharmazie, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Paul Bundock
- Keygene
N.V., Agro Business Park
90, 6708PW Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Dirk Bosch
- Wageningen
Plant Research, Wageningen University &
Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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23
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Chen X, de Vos P. Structure-function relationship and impact on the gut-immune barrier function of non-digestible carbohydrates and human milk oligosaccharides applicable for infant formula. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-21. [PMID: 37035930 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2199072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (hMOs) in mothers' milk play a crucial role in guiding the colonization of microbiota and gut-immune barrier development in infants. Non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs) such as synthetic single hMOs, galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), inulin-type fructans and pectin oligomers have been added to infant formula to substitute some hMOs' functions. HMOs and NDCs can modulate the gut-immune barrier, which is a multiple-layered functional unit consisting of microbiota, a mucus layer, gut epithelium, and the immune system. There is increasing evidence that the structures of the complex polysaccharides may influence their efficacy in modulating the gut-immune barrier. This review focuses on the role of different structures of individual hMOs and commonly applied NDCs in infant formulas in (i) direct regulation of the gut-immune barrier in a microbiota-independent manner and in (ii) modulation of microbiota composition and microbial metabolites of these polysaccharides in a microbiota-dependent manner. Both have been shown to be essential for guiding the development of an adequate immune barrier, but the effects are very dependent on the structural features of hMO or NDC. This knowledge might lead to tailored infant formulas for specific target groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Chen
- Immunoendocrinology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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24
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Li C, Bassey AP, Zhou G. Molecular Changes of Meat Proteins During Processing and Their Impact on Quality and Nutritional Values. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2023; 14:85-111. [PMID: 36972162 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-052720-124932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Meats are rich in lipids and proteins, exposing them to rapid oxidative changes. Proteins are essential to the human diet, and changes in the structure and functional attributes can greatly influence the quality and nutritional value of meats. In this article, we review the molecular changes of proteins during processing, their impact on the nutritional value of fresh and processed meat, the digestibility and bioavailability of meat proteins, the risks associated with high meat intake, and the preventive strategies employed to mitigate these risks. This information provides new research directions to reduce or prevent oxidative processes that influence the quality and nutritional values of meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbao Li
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Jiangsu Collaborative Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control; College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China;
| | - Anthony Pius Bassey
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Jiangsu Collaborative Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control; College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China;
| | - Guanghong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Jiangsu Collaborative Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control; College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China;
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25
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Birsa ML, Sarbu LG. Health Benefits of Key Constituents in Cichorium intybus L. Nutrients 2023; 15:1322. [PMID: 36986053 PMCID: PMC10058675 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Cichorium (Asteraceae) that originates from the Mediterranean area consists of six species (Cichorium intybus, Cichorium frisee, Cichorium endivia, Cichorium grouse, Cichorium chico and Cichorium pumilum). Cichorium intybus L., commonly known as chicory, has a rich history of being known as a medicinal plant and coffee substitute. A variety of key constituents in chicory play important roles as antioxidant agents. The herb is also used as a forage plant for animals. This review highlights the bioactive composition of C. intybus L. and summarizes the antioxidant activity associated with the presence of inulin, caffeic acid derivatives, ferrulic acid, caftaric acid, chicoric acid, chlorogenic and isochlorogenic acids, dicaffeoyl tartaric acid, sugars, proteins, hydroxycoumarins, flavonoids and sesquiterpene lactones. It also covers the plant's occurrence, agriculture improvement, natural biosynthesis, geographical distribution and waste valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura G. Sarbu
- Department of Chemistry, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 11 Carol I Blvd., 700506 Iasi, Romania
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26
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Guimarães VHD, Marinho BM, Motta-Santos D, Mendes GDRL, Santos SHS. Nutritional implications in the mechanistic link between the intestinal microbiome, renin-angiotensin system, and the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 113:109252. [PMID: 36509338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and metabolic disorders represent a significant global health problem and the gut microbiota plays an important role in modulating systemic homeostasis. Recent evidence shows that microbiota and its signaling pathways may affect the whole metabolism and the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS), which in turn seems to modify microbiota. The present review aimed to investigate nutritional implications in the mechanistic link between the intestinal microbiome, renin-angiotensin system, and the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome components. A description of metabolic changes was obtained based on relevant scientific literature. The molecular and physiological mechanisms that impact the human microbiome were addressed, including the gut microbiota associated with obesity, diabetes, and hepatic steatosis. The RAS interaction signaling and modulation were analyzed. Strategies including the use of prebiotics, symbiotics, probiotics, and biotechnology may affect the gut microbiota and its impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Hugo Dantas Guimarães
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Barbhara Mota Marinho
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daisy Motta-Santos
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy, and Occupational Therapy - EEFFTO, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabriela da Rocha Lemos Mendes
- Food Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Sciences (ICA), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Henrique Sousa Santos
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Food Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Sciences (ICA), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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27
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The Interplay of Dietary Fibers and Intestinal Microbiota Affects Type 2 Diabetes by Generating Short-Chain Fatty Acids. Foods 2023; 12:foods12051023. [PMID: 36900540 PMCID: PMC10001013 DOI: 10.3390/foods12051023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Foods contain dietary fibers which can be classified into soluble and insoluble forms. The nutritional composition of fast foods is considered unhealthy because it negatively affects the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Dietary fiber is resistant to digestive enzymes in the gut, which modulates the anaerobic intestinal microbiota (AIM) and fabricates SCFAs. Acetate, butyrate, and propionate are dominant in the gut and are generated via Wood-Ljungdahl and acrylate pathways. In pancreatic dysfunction, the release of insulin/glucagon is impaired, leading to hyperglycemia. SCFAs enhance insulin sensitivity or secretion, beta-cell function, leptin release, mitochondrial function, and intestinal gluconeogenesis in human organs, which positively affects type 2 diabetes (T2D). Research models have shown that SCFAs either enhance the release of peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) from L-cells (entero-endocrine), or promotes the release of leptin hormone in adipose tissues through G-protein receptors GPR-41 and GPR-43. Dietary fiber is a component that influences the production of SCFAs by AIM, which may have beneficial effects on T2D. This review focuses on the effectiveness of dietary fiber in producing SCFAs in the colon by the AIM as well as the health-promoting effects on T2D.
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28
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Perler BK, Friedman ES, Wu GD. The Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Relationship Between Diet and Human Health. Annu Rev Physiol 2023; 85:449-468. [PMID: 36375468 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-031522-092054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between diet, the gut microbiome, and host health is complex. Diets associated with health have many similarities: high fiber, unsaturated fatty acids, and polyphenols while being low in saturated fats, sodium, and refined carbohydrates. Over the past several decades, dietary patterns have changed significantly in Westernized nations with the increased consumption of calorically dense ultraprocessed foods low in fiber and high in saturated fats, salt, and refined carbohydrates, leading to numerous negative health consequences including obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. The gut microbiota is an environmental factor that interacts with diet and may also have an impact on health outcomes, many of which involve metabolites produced by the microbiota from dietary components that can impact the host. This review focuses on our current understanding of the complex relationship between diet, the gut microbiota, and host health, with examples of how diet can support health, increase an individual's risk for disease, and be used as a therapy for specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce K Perler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - Elliot S Friedman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - Gary D Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
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29
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Identifying glycan consumers in human gut microbiota samples using metabolic labeling coupled with fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Nat Commun 2023; 14:662. [PMID: 36750571 PMCID: PMC9905522 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36365-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition and metabolism of the human gut microbiota are strongly influenced by dietary complex glycans, which cause downstream effects on the physiology and health of hosts. Despite recent advances in our understanding of glycan metabolism by human gut bacteria, we still need methods to link glycans to their consuming bacteria. Here, we use a functional assay to identify and isolate gut bacteria from healthy human volunteers that take up different glycans. The method combines metabolic labeling using fluorescent oligosaccharides with fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), followed by amplicon sequencing or culturomics. Our results demonstrate metabolic labeling in various taxa, such as Prevotella copri, Collinsella aerofaciens and Blautia wexlerae. In vitro validation confirms the ability of most, but not all, labeled species to consume the glycan of interest for growth. In parallel, we show that glycan consumers spanning three major phyla can be isolated from cultures of sorted labeled cells. By linking bacteria to the glycans they consume, this approach increases our basic understanding of glycan metabolism by gut bacteria. Going forward, it could be used to provide insight into the mechanism of prebiotic approaches, where glycans are used to manipulate the gut microbiota composition.
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30
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Epidemiologic studies and clinical trials have demonstrated the benefits of dietary fiber. This occurs through a combination of the physiochemical properties of fiber and through microbial fermentation that occurs in the colon which result in the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). The purpose of this review is to highlight the physiochemical properties of fiber that result in the range of physiologic effects and to review the literature on the health benefits of acetate, propionate, and butyrate. RECENT FINDINGS Of the variety of properties and functions exerted by dietary fibers, the fermentability and production of SCFA's are emphasized in this review. Studies done in both animal and humans reveal the anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, and possible anti-neoplastic roles SCFAs exert at the mucosal level. Many clinical questions remain regarding the optimal dose, type, and method of delivery of fiber to exert the desired beneficial effects. It has the potential to be used in the management of clinical symptoms, prevention of disease, and improvement in human health. Further studies to address this novel use of fiber has the potential to make a large impact in clinical practice.
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Mysonhimer AR, Holscher HD. Gastrointestinal Effects and Tolerance of Nondigestible Carbohydrate Consumption. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:2237-2276. [PMID: 36041173 PMCID: PMC9776669 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nondigestible carbohydrates (NDCs) are food components, including nonstarch polysaccharides and resistant starches. Many NDCs are classified as dietary fibers by the US FDA. Because of their beneficial effects on human health and product development, NDCs are widely used in the food supply. Although there are dietary intake recommendations for total dietary fiber, there are no such recommendations for individual NDCs. NDCs are heterogeneous in their chemical composition and physicochemical properties-characteristics that contribute to their tolerable intake levels. Guidance on tolerable intake levels of different NDCs is needed because overconsumption can lead to undesirable gastrointestinal side effects, further widening the gap between actual and suggested fiber intake levels. In this review, we synthesize the literature on gastrointestinal effects of NDCs that the FDA accepts as dietary fibers (β-glucan, pectin, arabinoxylan, guar gum, alginate, psyllium husk, inulin, fructooligosaccharides and oligofructose, galactooligosaccharides, polydextrose, cellulose, soy fiber, resistant maltodextrin/dextrin) and present tolerable intake dose recommendations for their consumption. We summarized the findings from 103 clinical trials in adults without gastrointestinal disease who reported gastrointestinal effects, including tolerance (e.g., bloating, flatulence, borborygmi/rumbling) and function (e.g., transit time, stool frequency, stool consistency). These studies provided doses ranging from 0.75-160 g/d and lasted for durations ranging from a single-meal tolerance test to 28 wk. Tolerance was NDC specific; thus, recommendations ranged from 3.75 g/d for alginate to 25 g/d for soy fiber. Future studies should address gaps in the literature by testing a wider range of NDC doses and consumption forms (solid compared with liquid). Furthermore, future investigations should also adopt a standard protocol to examine tolerance and functional outcomes across studies consistently.
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Dietary Fiber Intake and Gut Microbiota in Human Health. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122507. [PMID: 36557760 PMCID: PMC9787832 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary fiber is fermented by the human gut microbiota, producing beneficial microbial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids. Over the last few centuries, dietary fiber intake has decreased tremendously, leading to detrimental alternations in the gut microbiota. Such changes in dietary fiber consumption have contributed to the global epidemic of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other metabolic disorders. The responses of the gut microbiota to the dietary changes are specific to the type, amount, and duration of dietary fiber intake. The intricate interplay between dietary fiber and the gut microbiota may provide clues for optimal intervention strategies for patients with type 2 diabetes and other noncommunicable diseases. In this review, we summarize current evidence regarding dietary fiber intake, gut microbiota modulation, and modification in human health, highlighting the type-specific cutoff thresholds of dietary fiber for gut microbiota and metabolic outcomes.
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Lee-Ling C, Hui Yan T, Saupi N, Nazamid S, Sarbini SR. An in vitro study: prebiotic effects of edible palm hearts in batch human fecal fermentation system. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:7231-7238. [PMID: 35760587 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Edible palm hearts (EPH), known as palmito, chonta or swamp cabbage in America or umbut in Malaysia, is a type of vegetable harvested from palm tree species. EPH is firm and smooth and described as having a flavor resembling artichoke. It has underlying prebiotic potential that selectively stimulates the growth and activity of beneficial colonic microbiota, thus enhancing the host's health. This study is the first to present results of EPH from local species such as oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), sago palm (Metroxylon sagu) and coconut (Cocos nucifera) using in vitro colonic fermentation with human fecal slurry. Samples obtained at 0, 6, 12 and 24 h were evaluated by bacterial enumeration using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS All EPH samples revealed induction effects towards Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus-Enterococcus and Bacteroidaceae/Prevotellaceae populations similar to those in inulin fermentation. A significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) in pathogenic Clostridium histolyticum group was observed in the response of raw sago palm hearts. In general, all samples stimulate the production of SCFA. Particularly in the colonic fermentation of sago palm heart, acetate and propionate revealed the highest concentrations of 286.18 and 284.83 mmol L-1 in raw and cooked form, respectively. CONCLUSION This study concluded that edible palm hearts can be a potential prebiotic ingredient that promotes human gastrointestinal health, as well as discovering a new direction towards an alternative source of functional foods. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chai Lee-Ling
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus, Bintulu, Malaysia
| | - Tan Hui Yan
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus, Bintulu, Malaysia
| | - Noorasmah Saupi
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus, Bintulu, Malaysia
| | - Saari Nazamid
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Shahrul Razid Sarbini
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus, Bintulu, Malaysia
- Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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Świątkiewicz M, Zimniewska M, Różańska W, Gryszczyńska A, Kołodziej J, Młocek W, Czech A. Assessment of flax and hemp fibres in terms of their impact on the growth performance and health status of weaned piglets. Animal 2022; 16:100677. [PMID: 36481350 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Weaning is a critical phase in intensive piglet production marked by the frequent occurrence of digestive disorders posing health and economic burden. To stave off such weaning-related problems, antibiotics and supplements containing high levels of ZnO are often used. In this study, we investigated whether natural fibres obtained from two plants known for their dietary fibre profile and antioxidant properties: flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) and hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), can serve as a health-promoting diet supplement. The study was conducted on a total of 191 Polish Large White piglets from 18 L, from their birth to 56 days of age. Piglets were divided by litters into six groups: W1.5, F1.5, H1.5, W2.0, F2.0, and H2.0. Groups W1.5, F1.5, and H1.5 received feed supplemented with 1.5% fibre from wood cellulose (W), flax (F), and hemp (H), respectively, while groups W2.0, F2.0, and H2.0 received feed with a higher 2.0% content of the same fibres. Flax and hemp fibres were characterised by a complex composition, antioxidant properties due to the presence of phenolic acids, and low risk of mycotoxin contamination. Flax fibre resulted in best weight gains and feed conversion ratio (P ≤ 0.05) of piglets, while hemp fibre had higher positive effect on antioxidant status (P ≤ 0.05) compared to the other two fibre additives. Neither flax nor hemp fibres had any adverse effect on the haematological and biochemical blood parameters. Piglets receiving a diet with 1.5% added fibre showed better growth performance, while diet supplementation with 2% fibre had a beneficial effect on the content of butyric acid in the small intestinal chyme (P ≤ 0.05). The results suggested that both flax and hemp fibres can be innovative feed additives for weaned piglets. However, further studies should be conducted in commercial farms, as the effects of dietary fibre could vary in more challenging environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Świątkiewicz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, National Research Institute of Animal Production, ul. Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland.
| | - M Zimniewska
- Department of Innovative Textile Technologies, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants National Research Institute, ul. Wojska Polskiego 71b, 60-630 Poznań, Poland
| | - W Różańska
- Department of Innovative Textile Technologies, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants National Research Institute, ul. Wojska Polskiego 71b, 60-630 Poznań, Poland
| | - A Gryszczyńska
- Department of Pharmacology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants National Research Institute, ul. Wojska Polskiego 71b, 60-630 Poznań, Poland
| | - J Kołodziej
- Department of Innovative Textile Technologies, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants National Research Institute, ul. Wojska Polskiego 71b, 60-630 Poznań, Poland
| | - W Młocek
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, ul. Balicka 253c, 30-198 Krakow, Poland
| | - A Czech
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, ul. Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
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Kirakosyan RN, Sumin AV, Polupanova AA, Pankova MG, Degtyareva IS, Sleptsov NN, Khuat QV. Influence of Plant Growth Regulators and Artificial Light on the Growth and Accumulation of Inulin of Dedifferentiated Chicory ( Cichorium intybus L.) Callus Cells. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12101524. [PMID: 36294959 PMCID: PMC9604921 DOI: 10.3390/life12101524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicory (Chicorium intybus L.) is a perennial herb of the family Asteraceae, widely distributed in Asia and Europe, commonly used industrially as a raw material for extracting inulin because of a high content of inulin and biologically active compounds. Light conditions and plant growth regulators (PGRs) are two of many factors that affect the growth and inulin content of chicory callus. The aim of this work is to study the effect of PGRs and light conditions on proliferation and accumulation of inulin of chicory callus in vitro. In this study, we used semi-solid MS medium supplemented with different auxins (including Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), naphthylacetic acid (NAA), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)) at a concentration of 5.5−9.5 mg/L in combination with 2.0 mg/L 6 benzylaminopurine (BA) to determine induction and proliferation of callus. The increasing value of callus fresh weight was used to assess the growth of the callus in treatments. The results showed that a steady increase in callus fresh weight and inulin content in callus cells was obtained when they were cultured on MS medium supplemented with a combination of 2.0 mg/L BA with 7.5 mg/L IAA in lighting conditions with radiation equalized by the flux density of photosynthetic photons and ratios of radiation levels in the region of FR—far red > R—red. Increasing demand for organic inulin sources in production practice can be met by our finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima N. Kirakosyan
- Department of Biotechnology, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timiryazevskaya Str., 49, 127550 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(985)-460-66-65
| | - Anton V. Sumin
- Department of Biotechnology, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timiryazevskaya Str., 49, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A. Polupanova
- Department of Biotechnology, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timiryazevskaya Str., 49, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria G. Pankova
- Department of Biotechnology, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timiryazevskaya Str., 49, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina S. Degtyareva
- Department of Biotechnology, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timiryazevskaya Str., 49, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay N. Sleptsov
- Department of Plant Physiology, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timiryazevskaya Str., 49, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Quyet V. Khuat
- Department of Biotechnology, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timiryazevskaya Str., 49, 127550 Moscow, Russia
- Biology and Agricultural Engineering Faculty, Hanoi Pedagogical University 2, Nguyen Van Linh, Phuc Yen 15000, Vietnam
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Khalid W, Arshad MS, Jabeen A, Muhammad Anjum F, Qaisrani TB, Suleria HAR. Fiber‐enriched botanicals: A therapeutic tool against certain metabolic ailments. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:3203-3218. [PMID: 36249968 PMCID: PMC9548355 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Khalid
- Department of Food Science Faculty of Life Sciences Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajid Arshad
- Department of Food Science Faculty of Life Sciences Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Jabeen
- Department of Food Science Faculty of Life Sciences Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Faqir Muhammad Anjum
- University of the Gambia Banjul The Gambia
- IFANCA Halal Apex (Pvt.) Limited Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Tahira Batool Qaisrani
- Department of Agricultural Engineering and Technology Ghazi University Dera Ghazi Khan Pakistan
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Tao J, Wang S, Qiu H, Xie R, Zhang H, Chen N, Li S. Modulation of growth performance, antioxidant capacity, non-specific immunity and disease resistance in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) upon compound probiotic cultures inclusion. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:804-812. [PMID: 35843521 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of compound probiotic cultures (CPC; Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, non-specific immunity and disease resistance of juvenile largemouth bass. Triplicate groups of largemouth bass (average weight 42.05 ± 0.02 g), with a destiny of 30 individuals per tank, were fed diets supplemented with different concentration of compound probiotic cultures (CPC) (0%, CPC (0.0); 0.5%, CPC (0.5); 1.0%, CPC (1.0); 2.0%, CPC (2.0)). After the feeding trial, tissue samples of largemouth bass were collected and the challenge test with Aeromonas hydrophila was performed. Results indicated that the CPC supplementation produced no significant difference on the growth performance, feed utilization and body composition of largemouth bass, while significantly increased the cumulative survival rate in the Aeromonas hydrophila challenge test. Meanwhile, the inclusion of CPC elevated the hepatic antioxidant capacity, and the highest activity of antioxidant enzymes, including T-AOC, CAT, GPx and T-SOD, was observed in the CPC (2.0) group. Meanwhile, the transcription of Nrf2/keap1 and antioxidant related genes, including CAT, GPx, GST, SOD1 and SOD2, was significantly elevated with the inclusion of CPC. In addition, the inclusion of CPC improved the non-specific immunity of largemouth bass. The activity of serum lysozyme was significantly elevated in the CPC (2.0) group, while the transcription of RelA and pro-inflammatory factors, including TNF-α and IL-1β, was inhibited with the inclusion of CPC. Meanwhile, related genes potentially linked to RelA, including TLR2 and p38 MAPK, were detected that their relative expression was significantly inhibited with the inclusion of CPC. The current findings indicated that the inclusion of 2% CPC improved the antioxidant capacity, non-specific immunity and disease resistance of juvenile largemouth bass, and suggested that 2% CPC as a functional additive could be applied to the diet of juvenile largemouth bass in aquaculture practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Tao
- Research Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 20136, China; National Demonstration Center on Experiment Teaching of Fisheries Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Shilin Wang
- Research Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 20136, China; National Demonstration Center on Experiment Teaching of Fisheries Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Hongjie Qiu
- Research Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 20136, China; National Demonstration Center on Experiment Teaching of Fisheries Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Ruitao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhanjiang, 524000, China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhanjiang, 524000, China
| | - Naisong Chen
- Research Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 20136, China; National Demonstration Center on Experiment Teaching of Fisheries Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Songlin Li
- Research Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 20136, China; National Demonstration Center on Experiment Teaching of Fisheries Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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Qian XH, Xie RY, Liu XL, Chen SD, Tang HD. Mechanisms of Short-Chain Fatty Acids Derived from Gut Microbiota in Alzheimer's Disease. Aging Dis 2022; 13:1252-1266. [PMID: 35855330 PMCID: PMC9286902 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are important metabolites derived from the gut microbiota through fermentation of dietary fiber. SCFAs participate a number of physiological and pathological processes in the human body, such as host metabolism, immune regulation, appetite regulation. Recent studies on gut-brain interaction have shown that SCFAs are important mediators of gut-brain interactions and are involved in the occurrence and development of many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. This review summarizes the current research on the potential roles and mechanisms of SCFAs in AD. First, we introduce the metabolic distribution, specific receptors and signaling pathways of SCFAs in human body. The concentration levels of SCFAs in AD patient/animal models are then summarized. In addition, we illustrate the effects and mechanisms of SCFAs on the cognitive level, pathological features (Aβ and tau) and neuroinflammation in AD. Finally, we analyze the translational value of SCFAs as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-hang Qian
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Ru-yan Xie
- Shanghai Guangci Memorial hospital, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Xiao-li Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital South Campus, Shanghai 201406, China.
| | - Sheng-di Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Sheng-di Chen () and Dr. Hui-dong Tang (), Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hui-dong Tang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Sheng-di Chen () and Dr. Hui-dong Tang (), Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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Talukdar JR, Cooper MA, Lyutvyn L, Zeraatkar D, Ali R, Bierbrier R, Janes S, Ha V, Darling PB, Sievenpiper JL, Jenkins DJA, Banfield L, Mbuagbaw L, de Souza RJ. Effects of inulin-type fructans supplementation on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e058875. [PMID: 35793918 PMCID: PMC9260802 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This review aims to assess the effects of dietary supplementation with inulin-type fructans (ITF) compared with no supplementation on cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults and assess the quality of trial reporting using the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) and CONSORT for abstract (CONSORT-A) checklists. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will search randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Emcare, AMED and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from inception to 31 March 2022, without any language restrictions. The RCTs need to administer ITF in adults for at least 2 weeks and assess effects on at least one cardiovascular risk factor. We will exclude RCTs that (1) assessed the postprandial effects of ITF; (2) included pregnant or lactating participants; (3) enrolled participants undergoing treatment that might affect the response to ITF. We will assess the study risk of bias (RoB) using V.2 of the Cochrane RoB tool for RCTs (RoB 2) and the certainty of the evidence using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) approach. We will pool data using a random-effects model. We will use the χ2 test to compare compliance of CONSORT and CONSORT-A checklists and Poisson regression to identify factors associated with better reporting. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval is not required for secondary analysis of already published data. We will publish the reviews in a peer-review journal. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42019136745.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhalok Ronjan Talukdar
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Lyuba Lyutvyn
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dena Zeraatkar
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rahim Ali
- Faculty of Law (Common Law Section), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel Bierbrier
- Department of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Vanessa Ha
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pauline B Darling
- School of Nutrition Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - John L Sievenpiper
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David J A Jenkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Banfield
- Health Sciences Library, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawrence Mbuagbaw
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Biostatistics Unit, Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Centre, St Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Development of Best Practices in Health (CDBPH), Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Russell J de Souza
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Global Health Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Cornes R, Sintes C, Peña A, Albin S, O'Brien KO, Abrams SA, Donangelo CM. Daily Intake of a Functional Synbiotic Yogurt Increases Calcium Absorption in Young Adult Women. J Nutr 2022; 152:1647-1654. [PMID: 35411924 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foods containing both prebiotics and probiotics (synbiotics) might enhance calcium bioavailability. OBJECTIVES We investigated the acute effect in young adult women on calcium absorption of consuming (185 mL) a synbiotic yogurt (SYN) containing inulin (4 g) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (>1 × 107 CFU/mL) compared with a control yogurt (CON). METHODS Adult normal-weight women (25.0 ± 3.5 y, n = 30) participated in a 3-wk crossover study testing daily consumption of SYN compared with CON. Habitual dietary intake, bone mineral density (BMD), calcium biomarkers, and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D were measured at baseline. Calcium absorption was tested after each phase of the study using a 42Ca oral tracer. Cumulative tracer recovery was measured in 0-4-h, 0-24-h, and 0-36-h urine pools collected postdosing. The SYN/CON tracer ratio from the timed urine pools was the primary outcome. A beneficial response to SYN was defined as 0-36-h SYN/CON tracer ratio >1. RESULTS Net 42Ca recovered increased over time in each of the SYN and CON urine pools postdosing (Friedman, P < 0.001), with a trend for higher 42Ca recovery in the 0-36-h urine pool postdosing in the SYN (1.14%) compared with the CON (0.90%) study (Wilcoxon, P = 0.07). For CON, the majority of total tracer was recovered in the 0-24-h pool (86%), whereas for SYN only 50% of total tracer was recovered in the 0-24-h pool (Friedman, P = 0.001). The SYN/CON tracer ratio in the 0-36-h pool (1.24) was >1 (Wilcoxon, P = 0.015). About two-thirds (n = 19) of women studied responded to the SYN treatment. Responders had higher vegetable intake (P = 0.03), tended to have higher potassium and calcium intakes (P ≤ 0.08), and had higher total body BMD (P = 0.09), than nonresponders. CONCLUSIONS Short-term daily consumption of a synbiotic yogurt enhanced calcium absorption relative to a control yogurt in adult women. Given the observed time delays in tracer recovery, enhancement of calcium absorption likely occurred in the large intestine.The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (study registration ID: NCT03420716).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Cornes
- Escuela de Nutrición, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Celia Sintes
- Escuela de Nutrición, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Amparo Peña
- Escuela de Nutrición, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Santiago Albin
- Escuela de Nutrición, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Steven A Abrams
- Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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41
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Mudannayake DC, Jayasena DD, Wimalasiri KM, Ranadheera CS, Ajlouni S. Inulin fructans as functional food ingredients‐ food applications and alternative plant sources: a review. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deshani C. Mudannayake
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Export Agriculture Uva Wellassa University Badulla Sri Lanka
| | - Dinesh D. Jayasena
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Export Agriculture Uva Wellassa University Badulla Sri Lanka
| | - Kuruppu M.S. Wimalasiri
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture University of Peradeniya Peradeniya Sri Lanka
| | - C. S. Ranadheera
- School of Agriculture & Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences The University of Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Said Ajlouni
- School of Agriculture & Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences The University of Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
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42
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Rastall RA, Diez-Municio M, Forssten SD, Hamaker B, Meynier A, Moreno FJ, Respondek F, Stah B, Venema K, Wiese M. Structure and function of non-digestible carbohydrates in the gut microbiome. Benef Microbes 2022; 13:95-168. [PMID: 35729770 DOI: 10.3920/bm2021.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Together with proteins and fats, carbohydrates are one of the macronutrients in the human diet. Digestible carbohydrates, such as starch, starch-based products, sucrose, lactose, glucose and some sugar alcohols and unusual (and fairly rare) α-linked glucans, directly provide us with energy while other carbohydrates including high molecular weight polysaccharides, mainly from plant cell walls, provide us with dietary fibre. Carbohydrates which are efficiently digested in the small intestine are not available in appreciable quantities to act as substrates for gut bacteria. Some oligo- and polysaccharides, many of which are also dietary fibres, are resistant to digestion in the small intestines and enter the colon where they provide substrates for the complex bacterial ecosystem that resides there. This review will focus on these non-digestible carbohydrates (NDC) and examine their impact on the gut microbiota and their physiological impact. Of particular focus will be the potential of non-digestible carbohydrates to act as prebiotics, but the review will also evaluate direct effects of NDC on human cells and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Rastall
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, P.O. Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - M Diez-Municio
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - S D Forssten
- IFF Health & Biosciences, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - B Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2009, USA
| | - A Meynier
- Nutrition Research, Mondelez France R&D SAS, 6 rue René Razel, 91400 Saclay, France
| | - F Javier Moreno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - F Respondek
- Tereos, Zoning Industriel Portuaire, 67390 Marckolsheim, France
| | - B Stah
- Human Milk Research & Analytical Science, Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - K Venema
- Centre for Healthy Eating & Food Innovation (HEFI), Maastricht University - campus Venlo, St. Jansweg 20, 5928 RC Venlo, the Netherlands
| | - M Wiese
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE, Zeist, the Netherlands
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43
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Yao N, Yang Y, Li X, Wang Y, Guo R, Wang X, Li J, Xie Z, Li B, Cui W. Effects of Dietary Nutrients on Fatty Liver Disease Associated With Metabolic Dysfunction (MAFLD): Based on the Intestinal-Hepatic Axis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:906511. [PMID: 35782947 PMCID: PMC9247350 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.906511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has recently become the most common liver disease with a global prevalence of over 25% and is expected to increase. Recently, experts have reached a consensus that “fatty liver disease associated with metabolic dysfunction or MAFLD” may be a more appropriate and inclusive definition than NAFLD. Like the former name NAFLD, MAFLD, as a manifestation of multiple system metabolic disorders involving the liver, has certain heterogeneity in its pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, pathological changes and natural outcomes. We found that there is a delicate dynamic balance among intestinal microflora, metabolites and host immune system to maintain a healthy intestinal environment and host health. On the contrary, this imbalance is related to diseases such as MAFLD. However, there are no clear studies on how dietary nutrients affect the intestinal environment and participate in the pathogenesis of MAFLD. This review summarizes the interactions among dietary nutrients, intestinal microbiota and MAFLD in an attempt to provide evidence for the use of dietary supplements to regulate liver function in patients with MAFLD. These dietary nutrients influence the development and progression of MAFLD mainly through the hepatic-intestinal axis by altering dietary energy absorption, regulating bile acid metabolism, changing intestinal permeability and producing ethanol. Meanwhile, the nutrients have the ability to combat MAFLD in terms of enriching abundance of intestinal microbiota, reducing Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and promoting abundance of beneficial gut microbes. Therefore, family therapy with MAFLD using a reasonable diet could be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yixue Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaotong Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruirui Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuhan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zechun Xie
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Li
| | - Weiwei Cui
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Weiwei Cui
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44
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Wang X, Wang S, Xu D, Peng J, Gao W, Cao Y. The Effect of Glycosylated Soy Protein Isolate on the Stability of Lutein and Their Interaction Characteristics. Front Nutr 2022; 9:887064. [PMID: 35685872 PMCID: PMC9172447 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.887064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutein is a natural fat-soluble carotenoid with various physiological functions. However, its poor water solubility and stability restrict its application in functional foods. The present study sought to analyze the stability and interaction mechanism of the complex glycosylated soy protein isolate (SPI) prepared using SPI and inulin-type fructans and lutein. The results showed that glycosylation reduced the fluorescence intensity and surface hydrophobicity of SPI but improved the emulsification process and solubility. Fluorescence intensity and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) absorption spectroscopy results showed that the fluorescence quenching of the glycosylated soybean protein isolate by lutein was static. Through thermodynamic parameter analysis, it was found that lutein and glycosylated SPI were bound spontaneously through hydrophobic interaction, and the binding stoichiometry was 1:1. The X-ray diffraction analysis results showed that lutein existed in the glycosylated soybean protein isolate in an amorphous form. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis results revealed that lutein had no effect on the secondary structure of glycosylated soy protein isolate. Meanwhile, the combination of lutein and glycosylated SPI improved the water solubility of lutein and the stability of light and heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (BTBU), School of Food and Health, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Shaojia Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (BTBU), School of Food and Health, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Duoxia Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (BTBU), School of Food and Health, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Jingwei Peng
- Chenguang Biotech Group Co., Ltd., Handan, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Chenguang Biotech Group Co., Ltd., Handan, China
| | - Yanping Cao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (BTBU), School of Food and Health, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
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45
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Ye S, Shah BR, Li J, Liang H, Zhan F, Geng F, Li B. A critical review on interplay between dietary fibers and gut microbiota. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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46
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Alsharafani MAM, Abdullah T, Jabur ZA, Hassan AA, Alhendi AS, Abdulmawjood A, Khan IUH. Assessing synergistic effect of Jerusalem Artichoke juice and antioxidant compounds on enhanced viability and persistence of Bifidobacterium species, palatability, and shelf life. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:1994-2008. [PMID: 35702306 PMCID: PMC9179157 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial vegetable and fruit juices with probiotics are new functional type of beverages; however, limitations including persistence and impact of probiotic bacteria on palatability and shelf life may prevent their industrial development. This study evaluated the effect of antioxidant compounds (ascorbic acid, astaxanthin, and ginseng) on viability and persistence of Bifidobacterium spp. in Jerusalem Artichoke (JA) juice; and determine the impact of these antioxidants on the sensory (color, texture, flavor, acidity) properties, free reducing sugar (inulin and fructose), and shelf life in the fortified JA juice. Overall, the JA juice fortified with ascorbic acid showed a significant impact on the rate of persistence of two targeted bifidobacterial strains from 1 to 28 days at 5°C. Both strains produced slight acidity in ascorbic acid fortified JA juice as compared to other tested samples. Similarly, the JA juice fortified with ascorbic acid showed a significantly high increase in the total number of bifidobacterial cells of both species, enhanced palatability, and shelf life as compared to astaxanthin and ginseng extract. The quadratic model indicated a strong association between ascorbic acid, ginseng extract, and astaxanthin with a bifidobacterial cell concentration in the fortified JA juices. The Box–Behnken design was considered a feasible analysis for describing fortified JA juice and the rate of viability and persistence of bifidobacteria during 28 days of storage at 5°C in all trials. In conclusion, JA juice fortified with ascorbic acid showed a significant impact on improving the cell viability and persistence of probiotic bacteria, enhanced palatability, and shelf life as compared to other compounds tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa A M Alsharafani
- Ministry of Science and Technology, Directorate of Environment and Water Research Food Pollution Center Baghdad Iraq
| | - Taghreed Abdullah
- Ministry of Science and Technology, Directorate of Environment and Water Research Food Pollution Center Baghdad Iraq
| | - Zahraa A Jabur
- Ministry of Science and Technology, Directorate of Environment and Water Research Food Pollution Center Baghdad Iraq
| | - Abdulwahed Ahmed Hassan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health (DVPH) College of Veterinary Medicine University Mosul Mosul Iraq.,Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa Research and Development Centre Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Abeer S Alhendi
- Department of Quality Control Grain Board of Iraq Altaji, Baghdad Iraq
| | - Amir Abdulmawjood
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa Research and Development Centre Ottawa Ontario Canada.,Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Izhar U H Khan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Ottawa Research and Development Centre Ottawa Ontario Canada
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47
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Echegaray N, Yegin S, Kumar M, Hassoun A, Bastianello Campagnol PC, Lorenzo JM. Application of oligosaccharides in meat processing and preservation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10947-10958. [PMID: 35648076 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2081963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, consumer preference and attention to foodstuff presented as healthy and with desirable nutritional information, has increased significantly. In this field, the meat industry has a challenging task since meat and meat products have been related to various chronic diseases. Functional ingredients have emerged in response to the increasing demand for healthier and more nutritious foods. On this matter, oligosaccharides such as fructooligosaccharides (FOS), xylooligosaccharides (XOS), galactooligosaccharides (GOS), and chitooligosaccharides (COS) have been presented as suitable ingredients for the meat industry with the aim of obtaining healthier meat derivatives (e.g. with low fat or sugar content, reduced amount of additives, and desirable functional properties, etc.). However, studies considering application of such oligomers in the meat sector are scarce. In addition, a large number of issues remain to be solved related both to obtaining and characterizing the oligosaccharides available in the industry and to the effect that these ingredients have on the features of meat products (mainly physicochemical and sensory). The study of new oligosaccharides, the methodologies for obtaining them, and their application to new meat products should be promoted, as well as improving knowledge about their effects on the properties of functional meat foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Echegaray
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, Ourense, Spain
| | - Sirma Yegin
- Department of Food Engineering, Ege University, Izmir, Bornova, Turkey
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR - Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Abdo Hassoun
- Sustainable AgriFoodtech Innovation & Research (SAFIR), Arras, France
- Syrian Academic Expertise (SAE), Gaziantep, Turkey
| | | | - Jose M Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, Ourense, Spain
- Área de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidad de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
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48
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Jachimowicz K, Winiarska-Mieczan A, Tomaszewska E. The Impact of Herbal Additives for Poultry Feed on the Fatty Acid Profile of Meat. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091054. [PMID: 35565481 PMCID: PMC9101922 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Researchers often found that herbal additives to chicken feed can favorably alter the fatty acid profile of the meat. The most desirable effects of diet modification comprise an increased content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and a reduced content of saturated fatty acids (SFA) in the breast and thigh muscles. A modified fatty acid profile contributes to improvement in the quality of poultry meat, which is reflected in its increased consumption. However, it may be problematic that PUFAs are oxidized easier than other lipids, which can have a negative impact on the sensory traits of meat. By contrast, herbs and herbal products contain antioxidants that can prevent the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol present in animal-origin products and increase the antioxidant potential of the consumer’s body. This paper aims to review the influence of herbal additives for broiler chicken diets on the fatty acid profile of poultry meat. Special attention was paid to changes in the content of SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs, but also alterations in the omega-6:omega-3 ratio. The presented reference literature supports the statement that herbs and bioactive components of herbs added to chicken diets can improve the quality of broiler chicken meat by altering the content of fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Jachimowicz
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka St. 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Winiarska-Mieczan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka St. 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Ewa Tomaszewska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka St. 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
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49
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Microbial Composition of a Traditional Fermented Wheat Preparation—Nishasta and Its Role in the Amelioration of Retinoic Acid-Induced Osteoporosis in Rats. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8040182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermented foods have a long history of human use. The purpose of this study was to characterize the microbial composition of a traditional fermented wheat preparation—Nishasta— and to explore its effect in retinoic acid-induced osteoporosis in Wistar rats. The sample was suspended in sterile water (10% w/v), mixed thoroughly, filtered, and gradually diluted. Aliquots of dilutions were cultured in MRS (DeMan–Rogosa–Sharpe) medium, and colonies with similar morphologies were subjected to DNA extraction. The 16S rRNA gene of the isolates was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, checked by agarose gel electrophoresis, and finally identified by sequencing. Anti-osteoporosis screening of Nishasta was carried out in female Wistar rats using retinoic acid as an inducer (70 mg/kg, p.o. once a day for 14 days). Its effect on bone health parameters was determined. The bone metabolism markers such as hydroxyproline (HOP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were evaluated. The results of microbial characterization revealed the presence of ten clones of Lactobacillus plantarum in the fermented preparation with L. plantarum NF3 as the predominant strain. The average microbial count was 2.4 × 103 CFU/g. Retinoic acid administration led to a marked disorder of various bone health markers in rats. It also increased the levels of urine calcium and phosphorus, indicating increased bone destruction. Treatment with fermented wheat (at 200, 100, and 50 mg/kg doses, p.o. daily for 42 days after the induction of osteoporosis) improved bone mineral density in a dose-dependent manner. It also improved the bone microstructure and reduced the levels of ALP, TRACP, and HOP. Micro-CT revealed that it reduced trabecular separation and increased the percent bone volume, trabecular numbers, trabecular thickness, and bone mineral density in the rats. The results showed that the fermented wheat promoted bone formation and prevented bone resorption. Our findings clearly established the effectiveness of Nishasta against osteoporosis in Wistar rats that can be partly attributed to the improved gut calcium absorption and microbiota composition.
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50
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Roupar D, Coelho MC, Gonçalves DA, Silva SP, Coelho E, Silva S, Coimbra MA, Pintado M, Teixeira JA, Nobre C. Evaluation of Microbial-Fructo-Oligosaccharides Metabolism by Human Gut Microbiota Fermentation as Compared to Commercial Inulin-Derived Oligosaccharides. Foods 2022; 11:foods11070954. [PMID: 35407041 PMCID: PMC8997964 DOI: 10.3390/foods11070954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The prebiotic potential of fructo-oligosaccharides (microbial-FOS) produced by a newly isolated Aspergillus ibericus, and purified by Saccharomyces cerevisiae YIL162 W, was evaluated. Their chemical structure and functionality were compared to a non-microbial commercial FOS sample. Prebiotics were fermented in vitro by fecal microbiota of five healthy volunteers. Microbial-FOS significantly stimulated the growth of Bifidobacterium probiotic strains, triggering a beneficial effect on gut microbiota composition. A higher amount of total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) was produced by microbial-FOS fermentation as compared to commercial-FOS, particularly propionate and butyrate. Inulin neoseries oligosaccharides, with a degree of polymerization (DP) up to 5 (e.g., neokestose and neonystose), were identified only in the microbial-FOS mixture. More than 10% of the microbial-oligosaccharides showed a DP higher than 5. Differences identified in the structures of the FOS samples may explain their different functionalities. Results indicate that microbial-FOS exhibit promising potential as nutraceutical ingredients for positive gut microbiota modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Roupar
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (D.R.); (M.C.C.); (D.A.G.); (J.A.T.)
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Marta C. Coelho
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (D.R.); (M.C.C.); (D.A.G.); (J.A.T.)
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (S.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Daniela A. Gonçalves
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (D.R.); (M.C.C.); (D.A.G.); (J.A.T.)
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Soraia P. Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.P.S.); (E.C.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Elisabete Coelho
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.P.S.); (E.C.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Sara Silva
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (S.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Manuel A. Coimbra
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.P.S.); (E.C.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Manuela Pintado
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (S.S.); (M.P.)
| | - José A. Teixeira
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (D.R.); (M.C.C.); (D.A.G.); (J.A.T.)
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Clarisse Nobre
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (D.R.); (M.C.C.); (D.A.G.); (J.A.T.)
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-253-604-400; Fax: +351-253-678-986
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