1
|
Mondragon Portocarrero ADC, Lopez-Santamarina A, Lopez PR, Ortega ISI, Duman H, Karav S, Miranda JM. Substitutive Effects of Milk vs. Vegetable Milk on the Human Gut Microbiota and Implications for Human Health. Nutrients 2024; 16:3108. [PMID: 39339708 PMCID: PMC11435326 DOI: 10.3390/nu16183108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: In the last two decades, the consumption of plant-based dairy substitutes in place of animal-based milk has increased in different geographic regions of the world. Dairy substitutes of vegetable origin have a quantitative composition of macronutrients such as animal milk, although the composition of carbohydrates, proteins and fats, as well as bioactive components, is completely different from that of animal milk. Many milk components have been shown to have relevant effects on the intestinal microbiota. Methods: Therefore, the aim of this review is to compare the effects obtained by previous works on the composition of the gut microbiota after the ingestion of animal milk and/or vegetable beverages. Results: In general, the results obtained in the included studies were very positive for animal milk intake. Thus, we found an increase in gut microbiota richness and diversity, increase in the production of short-chain fatty acids, and beneficial microbes such as Bifidobacterium, lactobacilli, Akkermansia, Lachnospiraceae or Blautia. In other cases, we found a significant decrease in potential harmful bacteria such as Proteobacteria, Erysipelotrichaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae or Clostridium perfingens after animal-origin milk intake. Vegetable beverages have also generally produced positive results in the gut microbiota such as the increase in the relative presence of lactobacilli, Bifidobacterium or Blautia. However, we also found some potential negative results, such as increases in the presence of potential pathogens such as Enterobacteriaceae, Salmonella and Fusobacterium. Conclusions: From the perspective of their effects on the intestinal microbiota, milks of animal origin appear to be more beneficial for human health than their vegetable substitutes. These different effects on the intestinal microbiota should be considered in those cases where the replacement of animal milks by vegetable substitutes is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia del Carmen Mondragon Portocarrero
- Laboratorio de Higiene Inspección y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Campus Terra, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (A.d.C.M.P.); (A.L.-S.); (P.R.L.)
| | - Aroa Lopez-Santamarina
- Laboratorio de Higiene Inspección y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Campus Terra, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (A.d.C.M.P.); (A.L.-S.); (P.R.L.)
| | - Patricia Regal Lopez
- Laboratorio de Higiene Inspección y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Campus Terra, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (A.d.C.M.P.); (A.L.-S.); (P.R.L.)
| | - Israel Samuel Ibarra Ortega
- Área Académica de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo km. 4.5, Pachuca 42076, Hidalgo, Mexico;
| | - Hatice Duman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17000, Türkiye; (H.D.); (S.K.)
| | - Sercan Karav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17000, Türkiye; (H.D.); (S.K.)
| | - Jose Manuel Miranda
- Laboratorio de Higiene Inspección y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Campus Terra, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (A.d.C.M.P.); (A.L.-S.); (P.R.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang C, Lu Y, Kong L, Guo Z, Zhao K, Xiang Z, Ma X, Gao H, Liu Y, Gao Z, Xu L, Chai W, Li Y, Zhao Y. Human milk oligosaccharides in milk of mothers with term and preterm delivery at different lactation stage. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 321:121263. [PMID: 37739493 PMCID: PMC10565836 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are structurally diverse unconjugated glycans, and play crucial roles in protecting infants from infections. Preterm birth is one of the leading causes of neonatal mortality, and preterm infants are particularly vulnerable and are in need of improved outcomes from breast-feeding due to the presence of bioactive HMOs. However, studies on specific difference in HMOs as a function of gestation time have been very limited. We established an approach to extract and analyze HMOs based on 96-well plate extraction and mass spectrometry, and determined maternal phenotypes through distinctive fragments in product-ion spectra. We enrolled 85 women delivering at different gestation times (25-41 weeks), and observed different HMOs correlating with gestation time based on 233 samples from the 85 donors. With the increase of postpartum age, we observed a regular changing trajectory of HMOs in composition and relative abundance, and found significant differences in HMOs secreted at different postpartum times. Preterm delivery induced more variations between participants with different phenotypes compared with term delivery, and more HMOs varied with postpartum age in the population of secretors. The sialylation level in mature milk decreased for women delivering preterm while such decrease was not observed for women delivering on term.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuncui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China; Western Institute of Health Data Science, 28 High Tech Avenue, Chongqing 401329, China
| | - Yue Lu
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400015, China
| | - Lin Kong
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400015, China
| | - Zhendong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Keli Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400015, China
| | - Xinyue Ma
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huanyu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China; Western Institute of Health Data Science, 28 High Tech Avenue, Chongqing 401329, China
| | - Yongfang Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400015, China
| | - Zhongmin Gao
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400015, China
| | - Lijuan Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400015, China
| | - Wengang Chai
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400015, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; Western Institute of Health Data Science, 28 High Tech Avenue, Chongqing 401329, China.
| | - Yao Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400015, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Duman H, Karav S. Bovine colostrum and its potential contributions for treatment and prevention of COVID-19. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1214514. [PMID: 37908368 PMCID: PMC10613682 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1214514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine colostrum (BC) is the initial milk an animal produces after giving birth, particularly in the first few days. Numerous bioactive substances found in BC, including proteins, enzymes, growth factors, immunoglobulins, etc., are beneficial to human health. BC has a significant role to play as part of a healthy diet, with well-documented health and nutritional advantages for people. Therefore, the use of BC and its crucial derivatives in the development of functional food and pharmaceuticals for the prevention of several diseases such as gastrointestinal and respiratory system disorders is becoming increasingly popular around the world. A novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified as the cause of a cluster of pneumonia cases that is called Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. After the first SARS-CoV-2 virus-related fatality was announced, the illness quickly spread throughout China and to other continents, causing a pandemic. Since then, numerous studies have been initiated to develop safe and efficient treatments. To prevent viral infection and potential lingering effects, it is important to investigate alternative treatments for COVID-19. Due to its effective bioactive profile and its immunomodulatory roles in biological processes, BC might be considered a promising approach to assist in combating people affected by the SARS-CoV-2 or prevention from the virus. BC has immunomodulatory effects because to its high concentration of bioactive components such as immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, cytokines, and growth factors, etc., which might help control immunological responses, potentially fostering a balanced immune response. Furthermore, its bioactive components have a potential cross-reactivity against SARS-CoV-2, aiding in virus neutralization and its comprehensive food profile also supplies important vitamins, minerals, and amino acids, fostering a healthy immune system. Hence, the possible contributions of BC to the management of COVID-19 were reviewed in this article based on the most recent research on the subject. Additionally, the key BC components that influence immune system modulation were evaluated. These components may serve as potential mediators or therapeutic advantages in COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sercan Karav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Türkiye
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zuurveld M, Ayechu-Muruzabal V, Folkerts G, Garssen J, van‘t Land B, Willemsen LEM. Specific Human Milk Oligosaccharides Differentially Promote Th1 and Regulatory Responses in a CpG-Activated Epithelial/Immune Cell Coculture. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020263. [PMID: 36830632 PMCID: PMC9953370 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper early life immune development creates a basis for a healthy and resilient immune system, which balances immune tolerance and activation. Deviations in neonatal immune maturation can have life-long effects, such as development of allergic diseases. Evidence suggests that human milk oligosaccharides (HMOS) possess immunomodulatory properties essential for neonatal immune maturation. To understand the immunomodulatory properties of enzymatic or bacterial produced HMOS, the effects of five HMOS (2'FL, 3FL, 3'SL, 6'SL and LNnT), present in human milk have been studied. A PBMC immune model, the IEC barrier model and IEC/PBMC transwell coculture models were used, representing critical steps in mucosal immune development. HMOS were applied to IEC cocultured with activated PBMC. In the presence of CpG, 2'FL and 3FL enhanced IFNγ (p < 0.01), IL10 (p < 0.0001) and galectin-9 (p < 0.001) secretion when added to IEC; 2'FL and 3FL decreased Th2 cell development while 3FL enhanced Treg polarization (p < 0.05). IEC were required for this 3FL mediated Treg polarization, which was not explained by epithelial-derived galectin-9, TGFβ nor retinoic acid secretion. The most pronounced immunomodulatory effects, linking to enhanced type 1 and regulatory mediator secretion, were observed for 2'FL and 3FL. Future studies are needed to further understand the complex interplay between HMO and early life mucosal immune development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marit Zuurveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (M.Z.); (L.E.M.W.)
| | - Veronica Ayechu-Muruzabal
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research B.V., 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Belinda van‘t Land
- Danone Nutricia Research B.V., 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linette E. M. Willemsen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (M.Z.); (L.E.M.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Belchik SE, Oba PM, Wyss R, Asare PT, Vidal S, Miao Y, Adesokan Y, Suchodolski JS, Swanson KS. Effects of a milk oligosaccharide biosimilar on fecal characteristics, microbiota, and bile acid, calprotectin, and immunoglobulin concentrations of healthy adult dogs treated with metronidazole. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad011. [PMID: 36617268 PMCID: PMC9912710 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent dog and cat experiments, a novel milk oligosaccharide biosimilar (GNU100) positively modulated fecal microbiota and metabolite profiles, suggesting benefits to gastrointestinal health. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of GNU100 on the fecal characteristics, microbiota, and bile acid (BA) concentrations of healthy adult dogs treated with antibiotics. Twelve healthy adult female dogs (mean age: 3.74 ± 2.4 yr) were used in an 8-wk crossover design study (dogs underwent both treatments). All dogs were fed a control diet during a 2-wk baseline, then randomly allotted to 1 of 2 treatments (diet only or diet + 1% GNU100) for another 6 wk. From weeks 2 to 4, dogs were orally administered metronidazole (20 mg/kg BW) twice daily. Fecal scores were recorded daily and fresh fecal samples were collected at weeks 2, 4, 5, 6, and 8 for measurement of pH, dry matter, microbiota populations, and BA, immunoglobulin A, and calprotectin concentrations. On weeks 0, 4, and 8, blood samples were collected for serum chemistry and hematology analysis. All data were analyzed as repeated measures using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS version 9.4, with significance considered P < 0.05. Metronidazole increased (P < 0.0001) fecal scores (looser stools) and modified (P < 0.05) fecal microbiota and BA profiles. Using qPCR, metronidazole reduced fecal Blautia, Fusobacterium, Turicibacter, Clostridium hiranonis, and Faecalibacterium abundances, and increased fecal Streptococcus and Escherichia coli abundances. DNA sequencing analysis demonstrated that metronidazole reduced microbial alpha diversity and influenced the relative abundance of 20 bacterial genera and families. Metronidazole also increased primary BA and reduced secondary BA concentrations. Most antibiotic-induced changes returned to baseline by week 8. Fecal scores were more stable (P = 0.01) in GNU100-fed dogs than controls after antibiotic administration. GNU100 also influenced fecal microbiota and BA profiles, reducing (P < 0.05) the influence of metronidazole on microbial alpha diversity and returning some fecal microbiota and secondary BA to baseline levels at a quicker (P < 0.05) rate than controls. In conclusion, our results suggest that GNU100 supplementation provides benefits to dogs treated with antibiotics, providing more stable fecal scores, maintaining microbial diversity, and allowing for quicker recovery of microbiota and secondary BA profiles which play an essential role in gut health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Belchik
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Patricia M Oba
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Romain Wyss
- Gnubiotics Sciences, Route de la Corniche 6, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Paul T Asare
- Gnubiotics Sciences, Route de la Corniche 6, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Sara Vidal
- Gnubiotics Sciences, Route de la Corniche 6, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Yong Miao
- Gnubiotics Sciences, Route de la Corniche 6, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Yemi Adesokan
- Gnubiotics Sciences, Route de la Corniche 6, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jensen-Kroll J, Demetrowitsch T, Clawin-Rädecker I, Klempt M, Waschina S, Schwarz K. Microbiota independent effects of oligosaccharides on Caco-2 cells -A semi-targeted metabolomics approach using DI-FT-ICR-MS coupled with pathway enrichment analysis. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:968643. [PMID: 36353731 PMCID: PMC9638022 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.968643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Milk oligosaccharides (MOS) and galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are associated with many benefits, including anti-microbial effects and immune-modulating properties. However, the cellular mechanisms of these are largely unknown. In this study, the effects of enriched GOS and MOS mixtures from caprine and bovine milk consisting mainly 6'-galactosyllactose, 3'-sialyllactose, and 6'-sialyllactose on Caco-2 cells were investigated, and the treatment-specific metabolomes were described. In the control, the cells were treated with a sugar mix consisting of one-third each of glucose, galactose and lactose. A local metabolomics workflow with pathway enrichment was established, which specifically addresses DI-FT-ICR-MS analyses and includes adaptations in terms of measurement technology and sample matrices. By including quality parameters, especially the isotope pattern, we increased the precision of annotation. The independence from online tools, the fast adaptability to changes in databases, and the specific adjustment to the measurement technology and biomaterial used, proved to be a great advantage. For the first time it was possible to find 71 active pathways in a Caco-2 cell experiment. These pathways were assigned to 12 main categories, with amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism being the most dominant categories in terms of the number of metabolites and metabolic pathways. Treatment of Caco-2 cells with high GOS and glucose contents resulted in significant effects on several metabolic pathways, whereas the MOS containing treatments resulted only for individual metabolites in significant changes. An effect based on bovine or caprine origin alone could not be observed. Thus, it was shown that MOS and GOS containing treatments can exert microbiome-independent effects on the metabolome of Caco-2 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Jensen-Kroll
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Division of Food Technology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tobias Demetrowitsch
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Division of Food Technology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ingrid Clawin-Rädecker
- Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institute, Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin Klempt
- Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institute, Kiel, Germany
| | - Silvio Waschina
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Division of Nutriinformatics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Karin Schwarz
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Division of Food Technology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nutritional Profile, Processing and Potential Products: A Comparative Review of Goat Milk. DAIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy3030044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Goat milk contains an abundance of different macro and micro-nutrients. Compared with other milk, goat milk is a viable option due to its low allergy levels and is preferred for infants with cow milk allergies. A wide variety of goat milk-based products, including yoghurt, ice cream, fermented milk, and cheese, are available on the market. They are produced using effective processing technology and are known to exhibit numerous health benefits after consumption. However, goat milk consumption is limited in many nations (compared with cow, buffalo, camel, and sheep milk) due to a lack of awareness of its nutritional composition and the significance of its different byproducts. This review provides a detailed explanation of the various macronutrients that may be present, with special attention paid to each component, its purpose, and the health benefits it offers. It also compares goat milk with milk from other species in terms of its superiority and nutritional content, as well as the types, production methods, health advantages, and other beneficial properties of the various goat milk products that are currently available on the market.
Collapse
|
8
|
Salvo ED, Conte F, Casciaro M, Gangemi S, Cicero N. Bioactive natural products in donkey and camel milk: a perspective review. Nat Prod Res 2022; 37:2098-2112. [PMID: 36048020 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2116706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian milk has numerous components that exhibit chemical and functional activities. They support human homeostasis. Immunoglobulins, peptides with antibacterial and antimicrobial activities, carbohydrates, lipids, and minor molecules have positive effects on health. Beyond the nutritional values of milk, milk-borne biologically active compounds such as proteins and other minor constituents exhibit essential physiological and biochemical functions. Human milk guarantees a healthy development and improves immunity. It is hypoallergenic. Sometimes, it is necessary to substitute this food with other milk for different reasons. Cow, sheep, goat, camel and donkey milk are natural alternatives. We evaluated the different compounds within donkey and camel milk analysing their biomolecular characteristics and potential benefits for human health. Camel and donkey milk bioactive products could be good candidates for controlling several diseases and excellent substitutes in the case of milk protein allergies in infants. However, more research should be conducted to further evaluate their nutraceutical potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Di Salvo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca Conte
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marco Casciaro
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Science and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Nicola Cicero
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Science and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Science4Life srl Spin off Company, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bornbusch SL, Keady MM, Power ML, Muletz-Wolz CR. Milk microbiomes of three great ape species vary among host species and over time. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11017. [PMID: 35773288 PMCID: PMC9247006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15091-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian neonates, milk consumption provides nutrients, growth factors, immune molecules, and microbes. Milk microbiomes are increasingly recognized for their roles in seeding infant gut microbiomes and priming immune development. However, milk microbiome variation within and among individuals remains under investigation. We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to investigate factors shaping milk microbiomes in three captive great ape species: Gorilla gorilla gorilla (individuals, N = 4; samples, n = 29), Pongo abelii (N = 2; n = 16), and Pongo pygmaeus (N = 1; n = 9). We demonstrate variation among host species, over lactation, and between housing facilities. In phylogenetic community composition, milk microbiomes were distinct among the three ape species. We found only a few shared, abundant bacterial taxa and suggest that they likely serve functional roles. The diversity and community composition of milk microbiomes showed gradual changes over time in gorillas and the Bornean orangutan, which was detectable with our comprehensive sampling over lactation stages (> 300-day span). In gorillas, milk microbiomes differed between housing facilities, but were similar between dams within a facility. These results support the strong influence of evolutionary history in shaping milk microbiomes, but also indicate that more proximate cues from mother, offspring, and the environment affect the distribution of rarer microbial taxa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sally L Bornbusch
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Mia M Keady
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
- Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael L Power
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Carly R Muletz-Wolz
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Taufik E, Arief II, Budiman C, Wibisono Y, Noviyanto A. Characterization of Bioactive Sialyl Oligosaccharides Separated from Colostrum of Indonesia Dairy Goat. Food Sci Anim Resour 2022; 42:426-440. [PMID: 35611077 PMCID: PMC9108947 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2022.e13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioactive functions of oligosaccharides from human milk have been reported by many studies. Many of oligosaccharides isolated from colostrum and/or milk of dairy animals have been reported to have similar chemical structures with those in human colostrum and/or milk. It has been proved by several studies that the oligosaccharides with similar chemical structure shared common bioactivities. Among domesticated dairy animals, bovine/cattle, caprine/goat, and ovine/sheep are the most commonly used species to isolate oligosaccharides from their colostrum and/or milk. Several studies on the oligosaccharides from goat colostrum and milk have revealed similar properties to that of human milk and possess the highest content of sialyl oligosaccharides (SOS) as compared to other ruminants. Indonesia ranks first in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) for goat milk production. Therefore, goat milk is the second most consumed milk in the country. The most reared dairy goat breed in Indonesia is Etawah Grade. However, oligosaccharides from Indonesia dairy animals including goat, have not been characterized. This is the first study to characterize oligosaccharides from Indonesia dairy animals. The present study was aimed to isolate and characterize oligosaccharides, specifically SOS from the colostrum of Etawah Grade goats by using proton/1H-nuclear magnetic resonance. The SOS successfully characterized in this study were: Neu5Ac(α2-3)Gal(β1-4)Glc (3'-N-acetylneuraminyllactose), Neu5Ac(α2-6)Gal(β1-4)Glc (6'-N-acetylneuraminyllactose), Neu5Gc(α2-3)Gal(β1-4)Glc (3'-N-glycolylneuraminyllactose), Neu5Gc(α2-6)Gal(β1-4)Glc (6'-N-glycolylneuraminyllactose), Neu5Ac(α2-6)Gal(β1-4) GlcNAc (6'-N-acetylneuraminyllactosamine) and Neu5Gc(α2-6)Gal(β1-4)GlcNAc (6'-N-glycolylneuraminyllactosamine). This finding shows that Etawah Grade, as a local dairy goat breed in Indonesia, is having significant potential to be natural source of oligosaccharides that can be utilized in the future food and pharmaceutical industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Epi Taufik
- Department of Animal Production and
Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor
16680, Indonesia
| | - Irma Isnafia Arief
- Department of Animal Production and
Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor
16680, Indonesia
| | - Cahyo Budiman
- Department of Animal Production and
Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor
16680, Indonesia
| | - Yusuf Wibisono
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering,
Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Alfian Noviyanto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Mercu Buana University, Jakarta 11650, Indonesia
- Nano Center Indonesia,
Banten 15314, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen Z, Chang Y, Liu H, You Y, Liu Y, Yu X, Dou Y, Ma D, Chen L, Tong X, Xing Y. Distribution and Influencing Factors of the Sialic Acid Content in the Breast Milk of Preterm Mothers at Different Stages. Front Nutr 2022; 9:753919. [PMID: 35399671 PMCID: PMC8988678 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.753919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims This study aimed to detect breast milk sialic acid (SA) content and the changing pattern, to understand the various stages of breastfeeding SA secretion, and the influence factors of the human milk SA content. Methods We recruited mothers and their infants as our subjects. At days 7, 14, 30, 120, and 365 after delivery, the contents of SA in breast milk were collected and detected through Fluorescence Detector-High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The participants completed the baseline questionnaire at ≤day 7 and were followed up at days 30, 120, and 365. Results A total of 95 mothers with 122 infants were included in the analysis, including 22 mothers with 22 term infants, 25 mothers with 35 late preterm infants, 31 mothers with 39 very preterm infants, and 17 mothers with 26 extremely preterm infants. Similar to previous findings, the results of the study showed that, compared with breast milk of term mothers at the same period, breast milk of preterm mothers contained more SA at each time node, and the content of SA in breast milk increased with decreasing gestational weeks. Moreover, maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, and delivery mode had significant effects on total SA in breast milk, especially for the preterm infant breast milk. Significant negative associations occurred between SA contents and infant growth status, especially in preterm infants. Conclusions We have confirmed the previous observations showing that with the prolongation of lactation time, the content of SA in breast milk gradually decreased, and the content of SA in the breast milk of preterm mothers was higher than that of term mothers. In addition, SA content was associated with maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, and delivery mode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Chen
- School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanmei Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxia You
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanpin Liu
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xue Yu
- School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqi Dou
- School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Defu Ma
- School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Defu Ma
| | - Lijun Chen
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
- Lijun Chen
| | - Xiaomei Tong
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Xiaomei Tong
| | - Yan Xing
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Yan Xing
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Sialyloligosaccharides (SOS) are bioactive molecules that play an important role in brain development and the increase in immunity in infants. In adults, they act as prebiotics, enhancing protection against microbial pathogens. In the present work, we aimed to analyze the levels of SOS in mature milk, at days 60 and 120 after calving in four cow breeds: Holstein (HO), Simmental × Holstein (SM × HO), Simmental (SM), all fed with total mixed ration (TMR) in intensive production, and Podolica (POD) raised on pasture in an extensive system. The concentrations of SOS (3′-sialyllactose = 3′-SL, 6′-sialyllactose = 6′-SL, 6′-Sialyl-N-acetyllactosamine = 6′-SLN, disialyllactose = DSL, expressed in mg/L) were determined using HPAEC-PAD, a high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. Results showed both breed and lactation effects. The contents of 3′-SL, 6′-SL, 6′-SLN, and DSL were higher at 60 than 120 days (p < 0.001), as well as in POD, as compared to the other breeds (p < 0.001). Furthermore, SM showed a significantly greater level of 3′-SL than HO (p < 0.001), as well as a significantly higher level of 6′-SLN in SM than HO (p < 0.001) and SM × HO (p < 0.001). Our findings may have implications for several areas of sustainability that might be used in the cattle management system.
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Appropriate nutrition is essential for optimal development and growth of preterm infants. Infants less than 25 weeks corrected gestational age are frequently the most difficult group for which to provide adequate nutrition due to minimal energy stores and high fluid losses. Nutrient delivery becomes an integral, but also very challenging part in their management. Early administration of intravenous nutrients provides a critical bridge to full enteral nutrition. However, enteral feeding is challenging due to immaturities of the intestinal tract, feeding intolerance and the risk of catastrophic gastrointestinal disease such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Decreased gastric acid production, increased gut permeability, reduced immunoglobulins, immature intestinal epithelia and a decreased mucin barrier all contribute to weakness to gastrointestinal insult. This review aims to illustrate the importance of enteral feeding and the common challenges and approaches in the nutrition of infants born at this age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Patton
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Diomel de la Cruz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Josef Neu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Effect of sialyllactose administration on growth performance and intestinal epithelium development in suckling piglets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
15
|
Jain S, Kumar M, Tripathi S, Singh SN. Oral Application of Mother's Own Milk for Prevention of Late Onset Sepsis in Preterm Very Low Birth Weight Neonates: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Breastfeed Med 2022; 17:59-64. [PMID: 34714125 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2021.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Oral application of mother's own milk (MOM) in very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates may provide an effective method of cleaning the oral cavity and influencing the immunocompetent cells there. Methods: A double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted in a tertiary level neonatal unit on VLBW neonates; that is, neonates with birth weight <1,500 g, hospitalized within 72 hours of birth. The intervention was oral care with MOM. The primary objective was to observe the effect of oral care with MOM on late onset sepsis (LOS) and also on mortality, days to attain full enteral feed, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), exclusive breastfeeding rates at discharge, and total hospital stay (THS). Results: One hundred ten neonates were randomized to intervention and no-intervention group; 55 in each group. Neonates in the intervention group developed LOS in 9.1% versus 27.3% in no-intervention group (p = 0.013). Mortality was 9.1% versus 16.4% (p = 0.252); days to attain full enteral feeds were 6.94 ± 2.34 versus7.4 ± 2.31 days (p = 0.306); exclusive BF rates at discharge were 83% versus 75% (p = 0.449); THS was 30.72 ± 8.72 versus 33.5 ± 8.7 days (p = 0.267) in the two groups, respectively. There was no effect on NEC. Conclusion: Oral care of VLBW neonates with MOM reduces LOS and mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smrati Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, India
| | - Mala Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, India
| | - Shalini Tripathi
- Department of Pediatrics, King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, India
| | - S N Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Duan Q, Yu B, Huang Z, Luo Y, Zheng P, Mao X, Yu J, Luo J, Yan H, He J. Protective effect of sialyllactose on the intestinal epithelium in weaned pigs upon enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli challenge. Food Funct 2022; 13:11627-11637. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02066a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sialyllactose (SL), one of the most abundant oligosaccharides present in porcine breast milk, has been implicated in many biological functions, including the prebiotic and immune-modulating effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Duan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Jie Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Hui Yan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Weldu WD, Wang CC. Rationalizing the Stereoelectronic Influence of Interglycosidic Bond Conformations on the Reactivity of 1,4- O-Linked Disaccharide Donors. J Org Chem 2021; 86:17906-17917. [PMID: 34818891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Disaccharide donors are key precursors in convergent glycan synthesis strategies. Unexpectedly, we observed that disaccharide thioglycosyl donors containing 1,4-O-linked α-glycosidic bonds are much more reactive than their β-analogues with the same protecting group pattern. Herein, we rationalized that such a difference in their reactivity is attributed to the conformation of the 1,4-O-interglycosidic bond which is controlled by anomeric and exo-anomeric effects. Moreover, the conformational preferences of these donors are dictated by the dihedral angles ϕ and ψ of their interglycosidic linkages and the torsional angle ω of their side chain along the C5-C6 bond. This fundamental research clarifies how the long-range stereoelectronic effects from the nonreducing end sugar can influence the reactivity of the leaving group at the reducing end and the behavior of disaccharide donors thereof.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Welday Desta Weldu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.,Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology (SCST), Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chung Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.,Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology (SCST), Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
How far is it from infant formula to human milk? A look at the human milk oligosaccharides. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
19
|
Sekerel BE, Bingol G, Cullu Cokugras F, Cokugras H, Kansu A, Ozen H, Tamay Z. An Expert Panel Statement on the Beneficial Effects of Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs) in Early Life and Potential Utility of HMO-Supplemented Infant Formula in Cow's Milk Protein Allergy. J Asthma Allergy 2021; 14:1147-1164. [PMID: 34594114 PMCID: PMC8478436 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s323734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review by pediatric gastroenterology and allergy-immunology experts aimed to address the biological roles of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and the potential utility of HMOs in prevention of allergy with particular emphasis on cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA). The participating experts consider HMOs amongst the most critical bioactive components of human milk, which act as antimicrobials and antivirals by preventing pathogen adhesion to epithelial cells, as intestinal epithelial cell modulators by enhancing maturation of intestinal mucosa and intestinal epithelial barrier function, as prebiotics by promoting healthy microbiota composition and as immunomodulators by modulating immune cells indirectly and directly. Accordingly, the participating experts consider the proposed link between HMOs and prevention of allergy to be primarily based on the impact of HMO on gut microbiota, intestinal mucosal barrier, immunomodulation and immune maturation. Along with the lower risk of respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, HMO-supplemented formulas seem to be promising alternatives in the management of CMPA. Nonetheless, the effects of individual as well as complex mixtures of HMO in terms of clear clinical and immunological effects and tolerance development need to be further explored to fully realize the immunomodulatory mechanisms and the potential for HMOs in prevention of allergic diseases and CMPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bulent Enis Sekerel
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gulbin Bingol
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fugen Cullu Cokugras
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Haluk Cokugras
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aydan Kansu
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hasan Ozen
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Tamay
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ong SL, Blenkiron C, Haines S, Acevedo-Fani A, Leite JAS, Zempleni J, Anderson RC, McCann MJ. Ruminant Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Nutritional and Therapeutic Opportunity? Nutrients 2021; 13:2505. [PMID: 34444665 PMCID: PMC8398904 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk has been shown to contain a specific fraction of extracellular particles that are reported to resist digestion and are purposefully packaged with lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids to exert specific biological effects. These findings suggest that these particles may have a role in the quality of infant nutrition, particularly in the early phase of life when many of the foundations of an infant's potential for health and overall wellness are established. However, much of the current research focuses on human or cow milk only, and there is a knowledge gap in how milk from other species, which may be more commonly consumed in different regions, could also have these reported biological effects. Our review provides a summary of the studies into the extracellular particle fraction of milk from a wider range of ruminants and pseudo-ruminants, focusing on how this fraction is isolated and characterised, the stability and uptake of the fraction, and the reported biological effects of these fractions in a range of model systems. As the individual composition of milk from different species is known to differ, we propose that the extracellular particle fraction of milk from non-traditional and minority species may also have important and distinct biological properties that warrant further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siew Ling Ong
- Smart Foods Innovation Centre of Excellence, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, AgResearch Ltd., Massey University Campus, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
| | - Cherie Blenkiron
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1051, New Zealand;
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland 1051, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Haines
- Beyond Food Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Ltd., Lincoln 7674, New Zealand;
| | - Alejandra Acevedo-Fani
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (A.A.-F.); (J.A.S.L.)
| | - Juliana A. S. Leite
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (A.A.-F.); (J.A.S.L.)
| | - Janos Zempleni
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
| | - Rachel C. Anderson
- Smart Foods Innovation Centre of Excellence, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, AgResearch Ltd., Massey University Campus, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (A.A.-F.); (J.A.S.L.)
| | - Mark J. McCann
- Smart Foods Innovation Centre of Excellence, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, AgResearch Ltd., Massey University Campus, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (A.A.-F.); (J.A.S.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Szklany K, Kraneveld AD, Tiemessen MM, Garssen J, Knippels LMJ. Nutritional Interventions to Prevent the Development of Atopic Diseases: A Focus on Cow's Milk Allergy. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 268:471-486. [PMID: 34085122 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In the western world the prevalence of atopic diseases such as food allergies is increasing highly significantly. One of the earliest and most prevalent food allergies occurring in the first year of life is cow's milk allergy. No treatment is available and only avoidance of the cow's milk allergens prevents the occurrence of an allergic reaction. Since cow's milk allergic children have an increased risk of developing other allergies later in life, investigating nutritional strategies to prevent the development of cow's milk allergy by developing oral tolerance is of high interest. Nutritional components such as prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids possess potential to support the maturation of the immune system early in life that might prevent the development of cow's milk allergy. The available research, so far, shows promising results particularly on the development of eczema. However, the preventive effects of the nutritional interventions on the development of food allergy are inconclusive. Future research may benefit from the combination of various dietary components. To clarify the preventive effects of the nutritional components in food allergy more randomized clinical trials are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Szklany
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aletta D Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Machteld M Tiemessen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leon M J Knippels
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bioactive Compounds in Infant Formula and Their Effects on Infant Nutrition and Health: A Systematic Literature Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2021; 2021:8850080. [PMID: 34095293 PMCID: PMC8140835 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8850080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infant formulas are an alternative to replace or supplement human milk when breastfeeding is not possible. The knowledge of human milk's bioactive compounds and their beneficial effects has attracted the interest of researchers in the field of infant nutrition, as well as researchers of technology and food sciences that seek to improve the nutritional characteristics of infant formulas. Several scientific studies evaluate the optimization of infant formula composition. The bioactive compound inclusion has been used to upgrade the quality and nutrition of infant formulas. In this context, the purpose of this systematic literature review is to assess the scientific evidence of bioactive compounds present in infant formulas (α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, taurine, milk fat globule membrane, folates, polyamines, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, prebiotics, and probiotics) and their effects on infant nutrition and health. Through previously determined criteria, studies published in the last fifteen years from five different databases were included to identify the advances in the optimization of infant formula composition. Over the last few years, there has been optimization of the infant formula composition, not only to increase the similarities in their content of macro and micronutrients but also to include novel bioactive ingredients with potential health benefits for infants. Although the infant food industry has advanced in the last years, there is no consensus on whether novel bioactive ingredients added to infant formulas have the same functional effects as the compounds found in human milk. Thus, further studies about the impact of bioactive compounds in infant nutrition are fundamental to infant health.
Collapse
|
23
|
Singh KS, Singh BP, Rokana N, Singh N, Kaur J, Singh A, Panwar H. Bio-therapeutics from human milk: prospects and perspectives. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:2669-2687. [PMID: 33740837 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human milk is elixir for neonates and is a rich source of nutrients and beneficial microbiota required for infant growth and development. Its benefits prompted research into probing the milk components and their use as prophylactic or therapeutic agents. Culture-independent estimation of milk microbiome and high-resolution identification of milk components provide information, but a holistic purview of these research domains is lacking. Here, we review the current research on bio-therapeutic components of milk and simplified future directions for its efficient usage. Publicly available databases such as PubMed and Google scholar were searched for keywords such as probiotics and prebiotics related to human milk, microbiome and milk oligosaccharides. This was further manually curated for inclusion and exclusion criteria relevant to human milk and clinical efficacy. The literature was classified into subgroups and then discussed in detail to facilitate understanding. Although milk research is still in infancy, it is clear that human milk has many functions including protection of infants by passive immunization through secreted antibodies, and transfer of immune regulators, cytokines and bioactive peptides. Unbiased estimates show that the human milk carries a complex community of microbiota which serves as the initial inoculum for establishment of infant gut. Our search effectively screened for evidence that shows that milk also harbours many types of prebiotics such as human milk oligosaccharides which encourage growth of beneficial probiotics. The milk also trains the naive immune system of the infant by supplying immune cells and stimulatory factors, thereby strengthening mucosal and systemic immune system. Our systematic review would improve understanding of human milk and the inherent complexity and diversity of human milk. The interrelated functional role of human milk components especially the oligosaccharides and microbiome has been discussed which plays important role in human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S Singh
- National Centre for Microbial Resource - National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, India.,Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - B P Singh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Science, RK University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
| | - N Rokana
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - N Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Rama University, Uttar Pradesh, Kanpur, India
| | - J Kaur
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - A Singh
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - H Panwar
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lee AH, Vidal S, Oba PM, Wyss R, Miao Y, Adesokan Y, Swanson KS. Evaluation of a novel animal milk oligosaccharide biosimilar: macronutrient digestibility and gastrointestinal tolerance, fecal metabolites, and fecal microbiota of healthy adult dogs and in vitro genotoxicity assays. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6102879. [PMID: 33454743 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk oligosaccharides (MO) are bioactive compounds in mammalian milk that provide health benefits to neonates beyond essential nutrients. GNU100, a novel animal MO biosimilar, was recently tested in vitro, with results showing beneficial shifts in microbiota and increased short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, but other effects of GNU100 were unknown. Three studies were conducted to evaluate the safety, palatability, and gastrointestinal (GI) tolerance of GNU100. In study 1, the mutagenic potential of GNU100 was tested using a bacterial reverse mutation assay and a mammalian cell micronucleus test. In study 2, palatability was assessed by comparing diets containing 0% vs. 1% GNU100 in 20 adult dogs. In study 3, 32 adult dogs were used in a completely randomized design to assess the safety and GI tolerance of GNU100 and explore utility. Following a 2-wk baseline, dogs were assigned to one of four treatments and fed for 26 wk: 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% GNU100. On weeks 2, 4, and 26, fresh fecal samples were collected to measure stool quality, immunoglobulin A, and calprotectin, and blood samples were collected to measure serum chemistry, inflammatory markers, and hematology. On weeks 2 and 4, fresh fecal samples were collected to measure metabolites and microbiota. On week 4, total feces were collected to assess apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility. Although revertant numbers were greater compared with the solvent control in tester strain WP2uvrA(pKM101) in the presence of metabolic activation (S9) in the initial experiment, they remained below the threshold for a positive mutagenic response in follow-up confirmatory tests, supporting that GNU100 is not mutagenic. Similarly, no cytotoxicity or chromosome damage was observed in the cell micronucleus test. The palatability test showed that 1% GNU100 was strongly preferred (P < 0.05; 3.6:1 consumption ratio) over the control. In study 3, all dogs were healthy and had no signs of GI intolerance or illness. All diets were well accepted, and food intake, fecal characteristics, metabolite concentrations, and macronutrient digestibilities were not altered. GNU100 modulated fecal microbiota, increasing evenness and Catenibacterium, Megamonas, and Prevotella (SCFA producers) and reducing Collinsella. Overall, the results suggest that GNU100 is palatable and well-tolerated, causes no genotoxicity or adverse effects on health, and beneficially shifts the fecal microbiota, supporting the safety of GNU100 for the inclusion in canine diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne H Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Sara Vidal
- Gnubiotics Sciences SA, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Patrícia M Oba
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Romain Wyss
- Gnubiotics Sciences SA, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Yong Miao
- Gnubiotics Sciences SA, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Liu C, Huang S, Wu Z, Li T, Li N, Zhang B, Han D, Wang S, Zhao J, Wang J. Cohousing-mediated microbiota transfer from milk bioactive components-dosed mice ameliorate colitis by remodeling colonic mucus barrier and lamina propria macrophages. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1-23. [PMID: 33789528 PMCID: PMC8018355 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1903826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) are highly abundant in breast milk, and have been shown to exhibit potent immunomodulatory effects. Yet, their role in the gut microbiota modulation in relation to colitis remains understudied. Since the mixtures of fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) perfectly mimic the properties and functions of HMOs, the combination of MFGM, FOS, and GOS (CMFG) has therefore been developed and used in this study. Here, CMFG were pre-fed to mice for three weeks to investigate its preventive effect on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) induced colitis. Moreover, CMFG-treated and vehicle-treated mice were cohoused to further elucidate the preventive role of the gut microbiota transfer in colitis. At the end of the study, 16S rDNA gene amplicon sequencing, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) profiling, transcriptome sequencing, histological analysis, immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry analysis were conducted. Our results showed that CMFG pre-supplementation alleviated DSS-induced colitis as evidenced by decreased disease activity index (DAI) score, reduced body weight loss, increased colon length and mucin secretion, and ameliorated intestinal damage. Moreover, CMFG reduced macrophages in the colon, resulting in decreased levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and MPO in the colon and circulation. Furthermore, CMFG altered the gut microbiota composition and promoted SCFAs production in DSS-induced colitis. Markedly, the cohousing study revealed that transfer of gut microbiota from CMFG-treated mice largely improved the DSS-induced colitis as evidenced by reduced intestinal damage and decreased macrophages infiltration in the colon. Moreover, transfer of the gut microbiota from CMFG-treated mice protected against DSS-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis and promotes SCFAs production, which showed to be associated with colitis amelioration. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the beneficial role of CMFG in the gastrointestinal diseases, and further provide evidence for the rational design of effective prophylactic functional diets in both animals and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shimeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shilan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangchao Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Review on the potential application of non-phenolic compounds from native Latin American food byproducts in inflammatory bowel diseases. Food Res Int 2021; 139:109796. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
27
|
Vieira TF, Corrêa RCG, Peralta RA, Peralta-Muniz-Moreira RF, Bracht A, Peralta RM. An Overview of Structural Aspects and Health Beneficial Effects of Antioxidant Oligosaccharides. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:1759-1777. [PMID: 32039673 DOI: 10.2174/1381612824666180517120642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-digestible oligosaccharides are versatile sources of chemical diversity, well known for their prebiotic actions, found naturally in plants or produced by chemical or enzymatic synthesis or by hydrolysis of polysaccharides. Compared to polyphenols or even polysaccharides, the antioxidant potential of oligosaccharides is still unexplored. The aim of the present work was to provide an up-to-date, broad and critical contribution on the topic of antioxidant oligosaccharides. METHODS The search was performed by crossing the words oligosaccharides and antioxidant. Whenever possible, attempts at establishing correlations between chemical structure and antioxidant activity were undertaken. RESULTS The most representative in vitro and in vivo studies were compiled in two tables. Chitooligosaccharides and xylooligosaccharides and their derivatives were the most studied up to now. The antioxidant activities of oligosaccharides depend on the degree of polymerization and the method used for depolymerization. Other factors influencing the antioxidant strength are solubility, monosaccharide composition, the type of glycosidic linkages of the side chains, molecular weight, reducing sugar content, the presence of phenolic groups such as ferulic acid, and the presence of uronic acid, among others. Modification of the antioxidant capacity of oligosaccharides has been achieved by adding diverse organic groups to their structures, thus increasing also the spectrum of potentially useful molecules. CONCLUSION A great amount of high-quality evidence has been accumulating during the last decade in support of a meaningful antioxidant activity of oligosaccharides and derivatives. Ingestion of antioxidant oligosaccharides can be visualized as beneficial to human and animal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane F Vieira
- Program Post-graduated of Food Science, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil
| | - Rúbia C G Corrêa
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.,Program of Master in Science, Technology and Food Safety, Cesumar Institute of Science, Technology and Innovation (ICETI), Centro Universitário de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rosely A Peralta
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Adelar Bracht
- Program Post-graduated of Food Science, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Rosane M Peralta
- Program Post-graduated of Food Science, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Łubiech K, Twarużek M. Lactobacillus Bacteria in Breast Milk. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3783. [PMID: 33321792 PMCID: PMC7764098 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast milk is an optimal food for infants and toddlers. The composition of breast milk adapts to the needs of the developing organism, satisfying nutritional needs at an early stage of growth and development. The results of research to date have shown that breast milk is the best food for a child, containing not only nutrients but also biologically active substances that aid in the optimal, proper growth and development of infants. Among the many components of breast milk, an important element is the probiotic microflora, including bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus spp. These organisms exert a multidirectional, health-promoting effect on the body of children who consume breast milk. The number of lactic acid bacteria, including Lactobacillus, colonizing the breast milk environment and their species diversity varies and depends on many factors, both maternal and environmental. Breast milk, as a recommended food for infants, is an important source of probiotic microflora. The aim of this study was to present the current understanding of probiotic bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus present in breast milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Łubiech
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30 St., 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wrigglesworth DJ, Goonatilleke E, Haydock R, Hughes KR, Lebrilla CB, Swanson KS, Jones P, Watson P. High-throughput glycomic analyses reveal unique oligosaccharide profiles of canine and feline milk samples. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243323. [PMID: 33270789 PMCID: PMC7714234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligosaccharides are important components of milk, serving as substrates for the intestinal microbiota, acting as antimicrobials that prevent pathogen colonization, and supporting the developing gastrointestinal immune system of neonates. Nutrient composition of canine and feline milk samples has been described previously, but little is known about the oligosaccharide content. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize canine and feline milk samples using a high-throughput glycomics approach. 23 dogs (9 Labrador retriever and 14 Labrador retriever x golden retriever crossbreed) and 6 domestic shorthair cats were recruited to the study. Milk samples were collected by manual expression at time points after parturition. Samples were collected across 2 phases per species, differentiated by maternal diet. Following extraction, oligosaccharide content was determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In canine milk samples, 3 structures accounted for over 90% of all oligosaccharides detected across two diet groups. These were 3’-sialyllactose, 6’-sialyllactose, and 2’-fucosyllactose. In feline samples, a more diverse range of oligosaccharides was detected, with up to 16 structures present at relative abundance >1% of the total. Difucosyllactose-N-hexaose b, 3’-sialyllactose and lacto-N-neohexaose were all detected at abundances >10% in feline milk samples. Statistically significant differences (p<0.05) in oligosaccharide abundances were observed between collection time points and between diet groups within species. These data explore the oligosaccharide content of canine and feline maternal milk, representing an opportunity to generate a fundamental understanding of the nutritional needs of new-born puppies and kittens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Wrigglesworth
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Waltham-on the-Wolds, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Elisha Goonatilleke
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Richard Haydock
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Waltham-on the-Wolds, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin R. Hughes
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Waltham-on the-Wolds, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Carlito B. Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kelly S. Swanson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Paul Jones
- Mars Incorporated, Mclean, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Phillip Watson
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Waltham-on the-Wolds, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Schematic overview of oligosaccharides, with survey on their major physiological effects and a focus on milk ones. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2020.100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
|
31
|
Islam S, Reddy UK, Natarajan P, Abburi VL, Bajwa AA, Imran M, Zahoor MY, Abdullah M, Bukhari AM, Iqbal S, Ashraf K, Nadeem A, Rehman H, Rashid I, Shehzad W. Population demographic history and population structure for Pakistani Nili-Ravi breeding bulls based on SNP genotyping to identify genomic regions associated with male effects for milk yield and body weight. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242500. [PMID: 33232358 PMCID: PMC7685427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The domestic Nili-Ravi water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is the best dairy animal contributing 68% to total milk production in Pakistan. In this study, we identified genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to estimate various population genetic parameters such as diversity, pairwise population differentiation, linkage disequilibrium (LD) distribution and for genome-wide association study for milk yield and body weight traits in the Nili-Ravi dairy bulls that they may pass on to their daughters who are retained for milking purposes. The genotyping by sequencing approach revealed 13,039 reference genome-anchored SNPs with minor allele frequency of 0.05 among 167 buffalos. Population structure analysis revealed that the bulls were grouped into two clusters (K = 2), which indicates the presence of two different lineages in the Pakistani Nili-Ravi water buffalo population, and we showed the extent of admixture of these two lineages in our bull collection. LD analysis revealed 4169 significant SNP associations, with an average LD decay of 90 kb for these buffalo genome. Genome-wide association study involved a multi-locus mixed linear model for milk yield and body weight to identify genome-wide male effects. Our study further illustrates the utility of the genotyping by sequencing approach for identifying genomic regions to uncover additional demographic complexity and to improve the complex dairy traits of the Pakistani Nili-Ravi water buffalo population that would provide the lot of economic benefits to dairy industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saher Islam
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Umesh K. Reddy
- Department of Biology, West Virginia State University, Institute, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Purushothaman Natarajan
- Department of Biology, West Virginia State University, Institute, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Venkata Lakshmi Abburi
- Department of Biology, West Virginia State University, Institute, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Amna Arshad Bajwa
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yasir Zahoor
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abdullah
- Department of Livestock Production, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pattoki, Pakistan
| | - Aamir Mehmood Bukhari
- Semen Production Unit, Qadirabad, District Sahiwal, Pakistan
- Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Government of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Iqbal
- Semen Production Unit, Qadirabad, District Sahiwal, Pakistan
- Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Government of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kamran Ashraf
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asif Nadeem
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Habibur Rehman
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Imran Rashid
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Wasim Shehzad
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zuurveld M, van Witzenburg NP, Garssen J, Folkerts G, Stahl B, van't Land B, Willemsen LEM. Immunomodulation by Human Milk Oligosaccharides: The Potential Role in Prevention of Allergic Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:801. [PMID: 32457747 PMCID: PMC7221186 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and incidence of allergic diseases is rising and these diseases have become the most common chronic diseases during childhood in Westernized countries. Early life forms a critical window predisposing for health or disease. Therefore, this can also be a window of opportunity for allergy prevention. Postnatally the gut needs to mature, and the microbiome is built which further drives the training of infant's immune system. Immunomodulatory components in breastmilk protect the infant in this crucial period by; providing nutrients that contain substrates for the microbiome, supporting intestinal barrier function, protecting against pathogenic infections, enhancing immune development and facilitating immune tolerance. The presence of a diverse human milk oligosaccharide (HMOS) mixture, containing several types of functional groups, points to engagement in several mechanisms related to immune and microbiome maturation in the infant's gastrointestinal tract. In recent years, several pathways impacted by HMOS have been elucidated, including their capacity to; fortify the microbiome composition, enhance production of short chain fatty acids, bind directly to pathogens and interact directly with the intestinal epithelium and immune cells. The exact mechanisms underlying the immune protective effects have not been fully elucidated yet. We hypothesize that HMOS may be involved in and can be utilized to provide protection from developing allergic diseases at a young age. In this review, we highlight several pathways involved in the immunomodulatory effects of HMOS and the potential role in prevention of allergic diseases. Recent studies have proposed possible mechanisms through which HMOS may contribute, either directly or indirectly, via microbiome modification, to induce oral tolerance. Future research should focus on the identification of specific pathways by which individual HMOS structures exert protective actions and thereby contribute to the capacity of the authentic HMOS mixture in early life allergy prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marit Zuurveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Nikita P. van Witzenburg
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Global Centre of Excellence Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research B.V., Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Global Centre of Excellence Human Milk Research and Analytical Sciences, Danone Nutricia Research B.V., Utrecht, Netherlands
- Division of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Belinda van't Land
- Global Centre of Excellence Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research B.V., Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Linette E. M. Willemsen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Coussement P, Bauwens D, Peters G, Maertens J, De Mey M. Mapping and refactoring pathway control through metabolic and protein engineering: The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 40:107512. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
34
|
Faria JB, Santiago MB, Silva CB, Geraldo-Martins VR, Nogueira RD. Development of Streptococcus mutans biofilm in the presence of human colostrum and 3'-sialyllactose. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2020; 35:630-635. [PMID: 32164475 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1730321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the initial adhesion and formation of Streptococcus mutans biofilm in vitro in the presence of saliva, human colostrum and 3'-sialyllactose. Methods: Human colostrum and salivas were collected from 30 mothers and newborn postpartum. Eighteen hours culture of S. mutans was treated with colostrum or 3'-sialyllactose in three different moments: before, during, and after 24 h from the microbial inoculation. Salivas were also tested in conjunction with colostrum. The assays were realized in sterile 96-well flat-bottom microtiter plates for 24 h. The biofilms were fixed, washed, stained with crystal violet, and extracted. Absorbance was measured to evaluate biofilm growth mass. Results: Colostrum applied after and during the inoculation decreased biofilm formation when compared with the control (p < .05). The presence of saliva increased the biofilm biomass (p < .05). The application of 3'-sialyllactose reduced biofilm formation independently of moments of application (p < .05). Conclusion: Saliva contributed to the proliferation of biofilm and colostrum did not prevent the initial adhesion, but interfered in the accumulation and development of microorganisms in biofilms. 3'-sialyllactose significantly decreased biofilm formation. This information expands the importance of colostrum as a potent oral antimicrobial biofluid.
Collapse
|
35
|
Lu Y, Jin W, Yang Y, Jia Y, Sun L, Liu J, Wang L, Zhang F, Ge W, Wang J, Huang L, Wang Z. Online LC-UV-ESI-MS/MS Comparative Analysis of Changes in Goat Colostrum N/ O-Glycopatterns at Different Parities. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:2174-2182. [PMID: 31985220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Goat milk oligosaccharides are complex carbohydrates with a variety of biological functions. Free oligosaccharides from goat milk show more similarity to human milk than cow milk. At present, changes in goat milk glycoconjugates at different parities remain poorly studied. Herein, we qualitatively and quantitatively compared the goat milk glycoprotein N/O-glycome at different parities using a stable isotope labeling followed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and online hydrophilic interaction chromatography. N-Glycans were mainly fucosylated and nonfucosylated nonsialylated, and both fucosylation and sialylation gradually increased with parity, amounting (at the third parity) to 1.25 times and 3.3 times those of the first parity, respectively. O-Glycans were mostly nonfucosylated and nonsialylated, and sialylation increased with increasing parity, and Neu5Ac-sialylated was up to 9 times higher in the third parity than in the first parity, whereas Neu5Gc-sialylated was 5.5 times higher. This study provides a reference for exploring an alternative milk source closest to human milk and for the development of humanized formula milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lu
- The College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an 710069 , China
| | - Wanjun Jin
- The College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an 710069 , China
| | - Yuerong Yang
- The College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an 710069 , China
| | - Yue Jia
- The College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an 710069 , China
| | - Lujia Sun
- The College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an 710069 , China
| | - Jie Liu
- The College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an 710069 , China
| | - Langhong Wang
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology , Northwest University , Xi'an 710069 , China
| | - Fuxing Zhang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an 710119 , China
| | - Wupeng Ge
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100 , China
| | - Jiansheng Wang
- Shaanxi Hongxing Meiling Dairy Co., Ltd. , Fuping 711700 , China
| | - Linjuan Huang
- The College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an 710069 , China
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology , Northwest University , Xi'an 710069 , China
| | - Zhongfu Wang
- The College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an 710069 , China
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology , Northwest University , Xi'an 710069 , China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ha SH, Kwak CH, Park JY, Abekura F, Lee YC, Kim JS, Chung TW, Kim CH. 3'-sialyllactose targets cell surface protein, SIGLEC-3, and induces megakaryocyte differentiation and apoptosis by lipid raft-dependent endocytosis. Glycoconj J 2020; 37:187-200. [PMID: 31900723 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-019-09902-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
3'-sialyllactose is one of the abundant components in human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) that protect infants from various viral infections in early stages of immune system development. 3SL is a combination of lactose and sialic acid. Most sialic acids are widely expressed in animal cells and they bind to siglec proteins. In this study, we demonstrate that 3SL specifically binds to CD33. It induces megakaryocyte differentiation and subsequent apoptosis by targeting cell surface protein siglec-3 (CD33) in human chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells. The 3SL-bound CD33 was internalized to the cytosol via caveolae-dependent endocytosis. At the molecular level, 3SL-bound CD33 recruits the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) and SH2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP1). SOCS3 is degraded with CD33 by proteasome degradation, while SHP-1 activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) to induce megakaryocytic differentiation and subsequent apoptosis. The present study, therefore, suggests that 3SL is a potential anti-leukemia agent affecting differentiation and apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hyung Ha
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, 300 Chunchun-Dong, Jangan-Gu, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do, 440-746, South Korea
| | - Choong-Hwan Kwak
- School of Korean Medicine, Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Park
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, 300 Chunchun-Dong, Jangan-Gu, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do, 440-746, South Korea
| | - Fukushi Abekura
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, 300 Chunchun-Dong, Jangan-Gu, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do, 440-746, South Korea
| | - Young-Choon Lee
- Faculty of Medicinal Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Suk Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea
| | - Tae-Wook Chung
- School of Korean Medicine, Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50612, Republic of Korea.
| | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, 300 Chunchun-Dong, Jangan-Gu, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do, 440-746, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Maessen SE, Derraik JGB, Binia A, Cutfield WS. Perspective: Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Fuel for Childhood Obesity Prevention? Adv Nutr 2020; 11:35-40. [PMID: 31612908 PMCID: PMC7442366 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity begins early but has lifelong consequences for health and well-being. Breastfeeding is thought to be preventive against obesity, but the extent and cause of this association are not well understood. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are abundant in human milk and not present in commercially available infant formula. These complex sugars are thought to contribute to the development of the infant gut microbiome and immune system. Recently, they have been investigated as a potential link between breastfeeding and lower obesity risk. So far, only a few human studies have examined HMO composition of human milk in association with the infant's concurrent anthropometry or subsequent growth in infancy, with conflicting results. However, HMOs have been shown to modulate the gut microbiome profile by selectively promoting the growth of specific bacteria, such as bifidobacteria. Moreover, there are differences in the gut microbiome of lean and obese humans, and there is some evidence that the early composition of the gut microbiome can predict later obesity. Although it seems that HMOs might have a role in infant growth and adiposity, there is not enough consistent evidence to understand their potential role in obesity prevention. More data, particularly from large or longitudinal studies, are needed to clarify the functions of HMOs and other breast-milk components in determining long-term health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Maessen
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - José G B Derraik
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- A Better Start—National Science Challenge, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aristea Binia
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wayne S Cutfield
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- A Better Start—National Science Challenge, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Profile and content of sialylated oligosaccharides in donkey milk at early lactation. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
39
|
Sousa YR, Medeiros LB, Pintado MME, Queiroga RC. Goat milk oligosaccharides: Composition, analytical methods and bioactive and nutritional properties. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
40
|
Faijes M, Castejón-Vilatersana M, Val-Cid C, Planas A. Enzymatic and cell factory approaches to the production of human milk oligosaccharides. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:667-697. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
41
|
Toghi M, Bitarafan S, Kasmaei HD, Ghafouri-Fard S. Bifidobacteria: A probable missing puzzle piece in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 36:101378. [PMID: 31487552 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.101378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immunopathogenesis is not fully understood. In the recent years, the role of gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of this disorder has been highlighted. Bifidobacteria as a component of gut microbiome might also be involved in MS pathogenesis. Being emerged in early days after birth, bifidobacteria have a prominent role in immune system maturation and function. Some factors like mode of delivery, breast feeding, mother's blood group and her secretory state and also environmental factors could influence its level in the early infancy, which may remain throughout lifetime. In this review, we discussed possible immunopathogenic link between the bifidobacteria and MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Toghi
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Bitarafan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hosein Delavar Kasmaei
- Department of Neurology, Shohada-e-Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Çavdar G, Papich T, Ryan EP. Microbiome, Breastfeeding and Public Health Policy in the United States: The Case for Dietary Fiber. Nutr Metab Insights 2019; 12:1178638819869597. [PMID: 31488950 PMCID: PMC6710673 DOI: 10.1177/1178638819869597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An emerging body of literature has highlighted the significance of breastmilk oligosaccharides and dietary fibers in complementary weaning foods for the development of the infant's microbiome that has both short- and long-term health implications. This review highlights the newborns' consumption of fiber and oligosaccharides as directly linked to the mother's diet, and that current dietary recommendations for pregnant mothers in the United States and globally fall short in both addressing the importance of dietary fiber intake for enhancing mother's health and establishing the developing infant microbiome. Although limited in data, there is suggestion for maternal dietary interventions to include healthy fibers as an effective means of promoting infant health via modification of breast milk composition. This paper argues that there is an urgent need for a two-fold national policy that addresses the significance of fiber in breastfeeding mothers' diets and modifies the dietary recommendations accordingly, and provides a paid parental leave, which would enable mothers to not only breastfeed for at least six months, but to also effectively follow the dietary recommendations needed to support breast milk quality that is linked to their infants' health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Çavdar
- Department of Political Science, Colorado State Univeristy, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Theresa Papich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hassanzad M, Maleki Mostashari K, Ghaffaripour H, Emami H, Rahimi Limouei S, Velayati AA. Synbiotics and Treatment of Asthma: A Double-Blinded, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Galen Med J 2019; 8:e1350. [PMID: 34466498 PMCID: PMC8343960 DOI: 10.31661/gmj.v8i0.1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We examined the efficiency and safety of a specific synbiotic compound, brand name Kidilact®, in the treatment of asthma in children 12 years of age or younger. Materials and Methods: This double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted in Tehran, Iran, from May 22, 2016, to May 21, 2017. One hundred children, 12 years of age or younger, who suffered from mild to moderate asthma were recruited in this study. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups; the experimental group received a sachet of Kidilact®, and the control group received a sachet of placebo once a day for six months. Both groups were compared in terms of the frequency of asthma attacks that were severe enough to require administration of fast-acting medications, the number of outpatient visits for asthma-related problems, and the frequency of hospitalization due to exacerbated symptoms of asthma. Results: There were fewer complaints of drug-induced side effects, e.g., vomiting, headache, stomachache, and diarrhea, exacerbated cough, and constipation in the experimental group than in the control group. Overall, a significantly greater number of participants in the experimental group were satisfied with the therapeutic intervention than those in the control group, as verified by the participants and their parents/guardians self-report. There was no significant difference between both groups in the frequency of asthma attacks and hospitalization due to exacerbated symptoms of asthma. The only significant difference between both groups was the count of outpatient visits. While the control group made 55 outpatient visits to the hospital, participants in the experimental group visited the hospital only 19 times (P=0.001). Conclusion: Results of our study indicates that synbiotic compound Kidilact® generally alleviates the symptoms of asthma in children of 12 years of age or younger, resulting in less frequent outpatient visits to the hospital due to asthma-related problems while rarely causing any side effects. Due to ease of use, the rarity of side effects, and their indirect positive effects on quality of life of asthmatic patients, we recommend that synbiotics be incorporated in regular treatment and management of children with asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hassanzad
- Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center (PRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keyvan Maleki Mostashari
- Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center (PRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Correspondence to: Keyvan Maleki Mostashari, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Telephone Number: +982126109549 Email Address:
| | - Hosseinali Ghaffaripour
- Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center (PRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Habib Emami
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center (PRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Akbar Velayati
- Mycobacteriology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Food Industrial Production of Monosaccharides Using Microbial, Enzymatic, and Chemical Methods. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation5020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Most monosaccharides in nature are hexoses, which have six carbon atoms; the most well-known hexose is d-glucose. Various hexoses with distinct characteristics can be produced from inexpensive polysaccharides for applications in the food industry. Therefore, identification of the health-related functions of hexose will facilitate the consumption of hexoses in food products to improve quality of life. The hexoses available in foods include N-acetyl glucosamine, d-glucosamine, d-fructose, d-mannose, d-galactose, other d-hexoses, and l-hexoses. Here, an updated overview of food industrial production methods for natural hexoses by microbial, enzymatic, and chemical methods is provided.
Collapse
|
45
|
Wang W, Zhang F, Wen Y, Hu Y, Yuan Y, Wei M, Zhou Y. Cell-free enzymatic synthesis of GDP-L-fucose from mannose. AMB Express 2019; 9:74. [PMID: 31134391 PMCID: PMC6536560 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0798-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
GDP-L-fucose, the key substrate for fucosyloligosaccharide biosynthesis, has been synthesized via a de novo pathway in bacteria. In the present study, genes for GDP-L-fucose biosynthesis were cloned into the expression vector pET-28a (+) to construct five E. coli strains, with recombinant enzymes being purified by using Ni-NTA chromatography. Following optimization of the 3-step reaction, Glk, ManB and ManC were added to the reaction mixture, after which Gmd and WcaG were added to overcome feedback inhibition from the end-product to produce GDP-L-fucose at 178.6 mg/l, with a yield of 14.1%. Our studies provide the basis for using cell-free enzyme production of GDP-L-fucose.
Collapse
|
46
|
Poulsen NA, Robinson RC, Barile D, Larsen LB, Buitenhuis B. A genome-wide association study reveals specific transferases as candidate loci for bovine milk oligosaccharides synthesis. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:404. [PMID: 31117955 PMCID: PMC6532250 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5786-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human milk oligosaccharides (OS) play a key role in brain and gut microbiota development of the neonate, but the underlying biosynthetic steps of OS in the mammary gland are still largely unknown. As bovine milk contains OS with somewhat similar structures and functionalities there is increased interest in further understanding the genetic basis underlying the OS content of milk for eventual extraction and generation of value-added ingredients for infant formulas and nutraceuticals. The present study is the first to report on genetic parameter estimation as well as on a genome wide association study (GWAS) from the largest bovine milk OS dataset analyzed to date. RESULTS In total 15 different bovine milk OS were monitored. Heritabilities ranged from 0 to 0.68 in Danish Holstein and from 0 to 0.92 in Danish Jersey. The GWAS identified in total 1770 SNPs (FDR < 0.10) for five different OS in Danish Holstein and 6913 SNPs (FDR < 0.10) for 11 OS in Danish Jersey. In Danish Holstein, a major overlapping QTL was identified on BTA1 for LNH and LNT explaining 24% of the variation in these OS. The most significant SNPs were associated with B3GNT5, a gene encoding a glycosyltransferase involved in glycan synthesis. In Danish Jersey, a very strong QTL was detected for the OS with composition 2 Hex 1 HexNAc (isomer 1) on BTA11. The most significant SNP had -log10(P-value) of 52.88 (BOVINEHD1100030300) and was assigned to ABO, a gene encoding ABO blood group glycosyltransferases. This SNP has been reported to be a missense mutation and explains 56% of the OS variation. Other candidate genes of interest identified for milk OS were ALG3, B3GALNT2, LOC520336, PIGV, MAN1C1, ST6GALNAC6, GLT6D1, GALNT14, GALNT17, COLGALT2, LFNG and SIGLEC. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first study documenting a solid breeding potential for bovine milk OS and a strong indication of specific candidate genes related to OS synthesis underlying this genetic influence. This new information has the potential to guide breeding strategies to achieve production of milk with higher diversity and concentration of OS and ultimately facilitate large-scale extraction of bovine milk OS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina A. Poulsen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, P. O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Randall C. Robinson
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Daniela Barile
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Lotte B. Larsen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, P. O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Bart Buitenhuis
- Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, P. O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Profiling of aminoxyTMT-labeled bovine milk oligosaccharides reveals substantial variation in oligosaccharide abundance between dairy cattle breeds. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5465. [PMID: 30940931 PMCID: PMC6445284 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41956-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Free milk oligosaccharides are bioactive molecules that function as prebiotics and prevent infections that commonly afflict developing infants. To date, few publications have examined the factors affecting bovine milk oligosaccharide production among cattle in the dairy industry. Here we have applied a high-throughput isobaric labeling technique to measure oligosaccharide abundances in milk collected from Danish Holstein-Friesian and Jersey dairy cattle by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. With a total of 634 milk samples, this collection represents the largest sample set used for milk oligosaccharide profiling in the current literature. This study is also the first to use isobaric labeling for the purpose of measuring free oligosaccharides in a real sample set. We have identified 13 oligosaccharides that vary significantly by breed, with most structures being more abundant in the milk of Jersey cattle. The abundances of several oligosaccharides were increased in second-parity cows, and correlations between the abundances of oligosaccharide pairs were identified, potentially indicating similarities in their synthetic pathways. Fucosylated oligosaccharide structures were widely identified among both breeds. Improving our understanding of oligosaccharide production will aid in developing strategies to recover these compounds from processing streams and may enable their use as a functional ingredient in foods for infants and adults.
Collapse
|
48
|
Pham HT, ten Kate GA, Dijkhuizen L, van Leeuwen SS. Synthesis and Characterization of Sialylated Lactose- and Lactulose-Derived Oligosaccharides by Trypanosoma cruzi Trans-sialidase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:3469-3479. [PMID: 30836749 PMCID: PMC6581423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Sialylated oligosaccharides contribute 12.6-21.9% of total free oligosaccharides in human milk ( hMOS). These acidic hMOS possess prebiotic properties and display antiadhesive effects against pathogenic bacteria. Only limited amounts of sialylated hMOS are currently available. The aim of our work is to enzymatically synthesize sialylated oligosaccharides mimicking hMOS functionality. In this study, we tested mixtures of glucosylated-lactose (GL34), galactosylated-lactulose (LGOS), and galacto-oligosaccharide (Vivinal GOS) molecules, as trans-sialylation acceptor substrates. The recombinant trans-sialidase enzyme from Trypanosoma cruzi (TcTS) was used for enzymatic decoration, transferring (α2→3)-linked sialic acid from donor substrates to nonreducing terminal β-galactopyranosyl units of these acceptor substrates. The GL34 F2 2-Glc-Lac compound with an accessible terminal galactosyl residue was sialylated efficiently (conversion degree of 47.6%). TcTS sialylated at least 5 LGOS structures and 11 Vivinal GOS DP3-4 compounds. The newly synthesized sialylated oligosaccharides are interesting as potential hMOS mimics for applications in biomedical and functional-food products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hien T.
T. Pham
- Microbial
Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute
(GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert A. ten Kate
- Microbial
Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute
(GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Eurofins
Carbohydrate Competence Centre, 8440 AT Heerenveen, The Netherlands
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Microbial
Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute
(GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- CarbExplore
Research BV, Zernikepark
12, 9747 AN Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander S. van Leeuwen
- Microbial
Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute
(GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory
Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Quinn EM, Slattery H, Thompson AP, Kilcoyne M, Joshi L, Hickey RM. Mining Milk for Factors which Increase the Adherence of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis to Intestinal Cells. Foods 2018; 7:E196. [PMID: 30513877 PMCID: PMC6306836 DOI: 10.3390/foods7120196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacteria play a vital role in human nutrition and health by shaping and maintaining the gut ecosystem. In order to exert a beneficial effect, a sufficient population of bifidobacteria must colonise the host. In this study, we developed a miniaturised high-throughput in vitro assay for assessing the colonising ability of bacterial strains in human cells. We also investigated a variety of components isolated from different milk sources for their ability to increase the adherence of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis ATCC 15697, a common member of the gastrointestinal microbiota of breastfed infants, to HT-29 cells. Both conventional and miniaturised colonisation assays were employed to examine the effect of 13 different milk-derived powders on bacterial adherence, including positive controls which had previously resulted in increased bifidobacterial adherence (human milk oligosaccharides and a combination of 3'- and 6'-sialylactose) to intestinal cells. Immunoglobulin G enriched from bovine whey and goat milk oligosaccharides resulted in increased adhesion (3.3- and 8.3-fold, respectively) of B. infantis to the intestinal cells and the miniaturised and conventional assays were found to yield comparable and reproducible results. This study highlights the potential of certain milk components to favourably modulate adhesion of bifidobacteria to human intestinal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erinn M Quinn
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland.
- Advanced Glycoscience Research Cluster, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland.
| | - Helen Slattery
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland.
| | - Aoife P Thompson
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland.
| | - Michelle Kilcoyne
- Advanced Glycoscience Research Cluster, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland.
| | - Lokesh Joshi
- Advanced Glycoscience Research Cluster, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland.
| | - Rita M Hickey
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Immune reactivity against a variety of mammalian milks and plant-based milk substitutes. J DAIRY RES 2018; 85:358-365. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029918000523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The research reported here seeks to evaluate the allergenicity and antigenicity of different mammalian and plant-based milks/milk substitutes in healthy subjects. We used ELISA to measure IgE and IgG antibodies against cow, goat, sheep, camel, human milks, and soy, almond, and coconut plant-based milk substitutes, as well as IgA antibodies against all these apart from human milk, in 500 individuals in order to find the percentage of antibody elevation. IgG and IgE positivity showed that human milk was the least antigenic and allergenic, followed by camel milk. Cow's milk showed the highest percentage of elevation or reactivity. Among plant-based milk substitutes, the almond-based substitute was the most allergenic with the highest IgE reactivity, while the coconut milk substitute was lowest. For IgG and IgA immuno-reactivity, soy was first, with coconut again the lowest. We found IgE and IgG immune reactivity against coconut, almond and soymilks in some individuals who were non-reactive to mammalian milk, therefore, we should not assume that consumption of these milks is automatically without risk of allergenic response. We selected 24 samples out of the original 500 for the measurement of IgE antibodies against five different types of cow's milk, from non-organic to organic, A1 and A2. Statistical variance analysis detected no significant difference in IgE, IgG and IgA immune reactivities of the five different cow milks. Our results showed that if an individual is immuno-reactive to cow's milk, organic or not, the probability of reacting to goat and sheep milk is very high. Overall, the results presented here showed that for individuals allergic to cow's milk, the least allergenic alternatives in descending order are human, camel, sheep, and goat milks. Before choosing an alternative for cow's milk, one must go through accurate and quantitative blood testing for determination of IgE, IgG and IgA antibodies against different mammalian and plant-based milks/milk substitutes.
Collapse
|