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Isernhagen L, Galuska CE, Vernunft A, Galuska SP. Structural Characterization and Abundance of Sialylated Milk Oligosaccharides in Holstein Cows during Early Lactation. Foods 2024; 13:2484. [PMID: 39200411 PMCID: PMC11353935 DOI: 10.3390/foods13162484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Among other bioactive molecules, milk contains high amounts of sialylated milk oligosaccharides (MOs) that influence numerous processes in the offspring. For instance, sialylated MOs inhibit the invasion of pathogens and positively influence the gut microbiome to support the optimal development of the offspring. For these reasons, sialylated MOs are also used in infant formula as well as food supplements and are potential therapeutic substances for humans and animals. Because of the high interest in sialylated bovine MOs (bMOs), we used several analytical approaches, such as gas and liquid chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry, to investigate in detail the profile of sialylated bMOs in the milk of Holstein Friesian cows during early lactation. Most of the 40 MOs identified in this study were sialylated, and a rapid decrease in all detected sialylated bMOs took place during the first day of lactation. Remarkably, we observed a high variance within the sialylation level during the first two days after calving. Therefore, our results suggest that the content of sialylated MOs might be an additional quality marker for the bioactivity of colostrum and transitional milk to ensure its optimized application for the production of milk replacer and food supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sebastian P. Galuska
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (L.I.); (A.V.)
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2
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Donadio JLS, Fabi JP. Comparative analysis of pectin and prebiotics on human microbiota modulation in early life stages and adults. Food Funct 2024; 15:6825-6846. [PMID: 38847603 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo01231c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is essential in human health, influencing various physiological processes ranging from digestion and metabolism to immune function and mental health. Dietary fiber pectins and prebiotics have emerged as key modulators of gut microbiota composition and function, offering potential therapeutic implications for promoting gut health and preventing intestinal inflammatory diseases. In this review, we explore the modulation of gut microbiota by dietary fiber pectins and prebiotics in infants and adults. We begin with an overview of the gut microbiota composition and function in different age groups, highlighting the factors in shaping microbial communities in both age groups, especially the effect of diet. We then delve into the impact of dietary fiber pectins and prebiotics on gut microbiota composition and function, examining their effects on digestive health, intestinal barrier integrity, immune function, metabolic health, and mental health across different life stages. We further compare how aging affects the gut function and immune system, and we discuss the main health outcomes associated with dietary fiber intake and prebiotics, including the impact on digestive health, improvement in immune function, improvement in cholesterol and glucose metabolism, weight management, mental health, and prevention of diseases. Finally, we highlight the challenges and future directions for research. By advancing the understanding of gut microbiota dynamics and translating scientific insights into clinical practice, it could harness the full potential of dietary fiber pectins and prebiotics to optimize gut health, improve overall well-being across the lifespan, and increase longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina Lombello Santos Donadio
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Food Research Center (FoRC), CEPID-FAPESP (Research, Innovation and Dissemination Centers, São Paulo Research Foundation), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Fabi
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Food Research Center (FoRC), CEPID-FAPESP (Research, Innovation and Dissemination Centers, São Paulo Research Foundation), São Paulo, Brazil
- Food and Nutrition Research Center (NAPAN), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Sáez-Fuertes L, Kapravelou G, Grases-Pintó B, Bernabeu M, Knipping K, Garssen J, Bourdet-Sicard R, Castell M, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ, Collado MC, Pérez-Cano FJ. Early-Life Supplementation Enhances Gastrointestinal Immunity and Microbiota in Young Rats. Foods 2024; 13:2058. [PMID: 38998564 PMCID: PMC11241808 DOI: 10.3390/foods13132058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunonutrition, which focuses on specific nutrients in breast milk and post-weaning diets, plays a crucial role in supporting infants' immune system development. This study explored the impact of maternal supplementation with Bifidobacterium breve M-16V and a combination of short-chain galacto-oligosaccharide (scGOS) and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharide (lcFOS) from pregnancy through lactation, extending into the early childhood of the offspring. The synbiotic supplementation's effects were examined at both mucosal and systemic levels. While the supplementation did not influence their overall growth, water intake, or food consumption, a trophic effect was observed in the small intestine, enhancing its weight, length, width, and microscopic structures. A gene expression analysis indicated a reduction in FcRn and Blimp1 and an increase in Zo1 and Tlr9, suggesting enhanced maturation and barrier function. Intestinal immunoglobulin (Ig) A levels remained unaffected, while cecal IgA levels decreased. The synbiotic supplementation led to an increased abundance of total bacteria and Ig-coated bacteria in the cecum. The abundance of Bifidobacterium increased in both the intestine and cecum. Short-chain fatty acid production decreased in the intestine but increased in the cecum due to the synbiotic supplementation. Systemically, the Ig profiles remained unaffected. In conclusion, maternal synbiotic supplementation during gestation, lactation, and early life is established as a new strategy to improve the maturation and functionality of the gastrointestinal barrier. Additionally, it participates in the microbiota colonization of the gut, leading to a healthier composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sáez-Fuertes
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.S.-F.); (G.K.); (B.G.-P.); (M.C.); (F.J.P.-C.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Garyfallia Kapravelou
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.S.-F.); (G.K.); (B.G.-P.); (M.C.); (F.J.P.-C.)
| | - Blanca Grases-Pintó
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.S.-F.); (G.K.); (B.G.-P.); (M.C.); (F.J.P.-C.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Manuel Bernabeu
- Institute of Agrochemisty and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain; (M.B.); (M.C.C.)
| | - Karen Knipping
- Danone Research & Innovation, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.K.); (J.G.)
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Danone Research & Innovation, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.K.); (J.G.)
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Margarida Castell
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.S.-F.); (G.K.); (B.G.-P.); (M.C.); (F.J.P.-C.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research Network for the Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Rodríguez-Lagunas
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.S.-F.); (G.K.); (B.G.-P.); (M.C.); (F.J.P.-C.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - María Carmen Collado
- Institute of Agrochemisty and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain; (M.B.); (M.C.C.)
| | - Francisco José Pérez-Cano
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.S.-F.); (G.K.); (B.G.-P.); (M.C.); (F.J.P.-C.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
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Tortadès M, Marti S, Devant M, Vidal M, Fàbregas F, Terré M. Feeding colostrum and transition milk facilitates digestive tract functionality recovery from feed restriction and fasting of dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:8642-8657. [PMID: 37641341 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the digestive tract recovery and metabolism of feeding either bovine colostrum (BC), transition milk (TM), or milk replacer (MR) after an episode of feed restriction and fasting (FRF) in dairy calves. Thirty-five Holstein male calves (22 ± 4.8 d old) were involved in a 50-d study. After 3 d of feeding 2 L of rehydration solution twice daily and 19 h of fasting (d 1 of study), calves were randomly assigned to one of the 5 feeding treatments (n = 7): calves were offered either pooled BC during 4 (C4) or 10 (C10) days, pooled TM during 4 (TM4) or 10 (TM10) days, or MR for 10 d (CTRL) at the rate of 720 g/d DM content. Then, all calves were fed the same feeding program, gradually decreasing MR from 3 L twice daily to 2 L once daily at 12.5% DM until weaning (d 42), and concentrate feed, water, and straw were offered ad libitum until d 50. Citrulline, Cr-EDTA, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) in serum and complete blood count (CBC) were determined on d -3, 1, 2, 5, and 11 relative to FRF, except BHB and NEFA at d -3. Volatile fatty acids (VFA), lactoferrin (LTF), IgA, and microbiota (Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio and Fecalis prausnitzii) were analyzed in feces on d 5 and 11 before the morning feeding. Health scores were recorded daily from d -3 to d 14 as well as d 23 and 30. Feed concentrate, MR, and straw intake were recorded daily, and body weight on d -3, 1, 2, 5, and 11 and weekly afterward. Calf performance, intake, serum Cr-EDTA, CBC, fecal LTF concentrations and microbiota parameters were similar among treatments throughout the study. Serum NEFA concentrations were greater in TM4, TM10 and C10 calves compared with the CTRL ones from d 2 to 11, and after the FRF, serum concentrations of BHB were lower in CTRL calves than in the other treatments, and on d 11, serum BHB concentrations in the long treatments (C10 and TM10) remained greater than those in the shorter ones (C4 and TM4) and CTRL. Serum citrulline concentrations were similar on d -3 and 1 in all treatments, but they were greater in C4, C10, TM4, and TM10 on d 2 and 5, and on d 11 they were only greater in C10 and TM10 than in CTRL calves. Fecal IgA concentrations tended to be greater in C10 than in CTRL, TM4, and TM10 calves, and in C4 and TM10 than in CTRL animals. Fecal propionate proportion was lesser in C10 than in CTRL, TM4, and TM10 calves, while butyrate was greater in C4 and C10 than in TM4 and CTRL calves. The proportion of non-normal fecal scores of C10 fed calves was greater than TM4 and TM10 calves. Results showed that TM and BC may help to recover intestinal functionality, provide gut immune protection, and increase liver fatty acid oxidation in calves after a FRF episode.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tortadès
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA (Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Marti
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA (Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Devant
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA (Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Vidal
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA (Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Fàbregas
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA (Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Terré
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA (Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain.
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Aly E, Ros-Berruezo G, López Nicolás R, Ali Darwish A, Sánchez-Moya T, Planes-Muñoz D, Frontela-Saseta C. In vitro prebiotic activity of rhLf and galactooligosaccharides on infant intestinal microbiota. NUTR HOSP 2023; 40:701-710. [PMID: 37073751 DOI: 10.20960/nh.04366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Objective: human lactoferrin (Lf) and human milk oligosaccharides possess a wide range of functions. So, the present study focusses on the role of Lf and/or galactooligosaccharides (GOS) in the modulation of gut microbiota composition. Methods: recombinant human lactoferrin (rhLf) was added to the first infant formula (0.10, 0.15, 0.20 %) alone or in combination with GOS (1 %) in vessels of a small-scale batch culture fermentation model. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), microbial population groups, and pH were monitored through fermentation for 24 hours. Results: insignificant changes were observed in pH values and acetic acid accumulated during fermentation. Propionic acid content has been insignificantly increased while butyric acid has been insignificantly decreased. Moreover, increments in all bacterial groups except for Bacteroides were observed through the fermentation process. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium showed an increase in relation to initial time over the fermentation process, demonstrating the prebiotic effect of lactoferrin and GOS. After 24 hours of fermentation, all tested ingredients showed significant similarities in Enterococcus for controls except for 0.20 % rhLf + 1 % GOS, which provoked a diminution of Enterococci growth. Conclusion: despite the importance of the batch culture fermentation technique in uncovering the prebiotic activity of food ingredients, it is not useful for detecting the prebiotic nature of Lf due to its nature as a protein. Thus, Lf maybe shows its prebiotic activity on the gut microbiota through other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmat Aly
- Food Science and Nutrition Department. Faculty of Veterinary Sciences. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum". Universidad de Murcia. Food Technology Research Institute (FTRI). Agricultural Research Center (ARC)
| | - Gaspar Ros-Berruezo
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Nutrición y Bromatología. Área de Conocimiento de Nutrición y Bromatología. Campus Universitario de Espinardo. Universidad de Murcia
| | - Rubén López Nicolás
- Departamento de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Nutrición y Bromatología. Facultad de Veterinaria. Campus de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum". Universidad de Murcia
| | - Aliaa Ali Darwish
- Dairy Technology Research Department. Food Technology Research Institute (FTRI). Agricultural Research Center (ARC)
| | - Teresa Sánchez-Moya
- Departamento de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Nutrición y Bromatología. Facultad de Veterinaria. Campus de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum". Universidad de Murcia
| | - David Planes-Muñoz
- Departamento de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Nutrición y Bromatología. Facultad de Veterinaria. Campus de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum". Universidad de Murcia
| | - Carmen Frontela-Saseta
- Departamento de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Nutrición y Bromatología. Facultad de Veterinaria. Campus de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum". Universidad de Murcia
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Sharif S, Oddie SJ, Heath PT, McGuire W. Prebiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 6:CD015133. [PMID: 37262358 PMCID: PMC10234253 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd015133.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary supplementation with prebiotic oligosaccharides to modulate the intestinal microbiome has been proposed as a strategy to reduce the risk of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) and associated mortality and morbidity in very preterm or very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. OBJECTIVES To assess the benefits and harms of enteral supplementation with prebiotics (versus placebo or no treatment) for preventing NEC and associated morbidity and mortality in very preterm or VLBW infants. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, the Maternity and Infant Care database and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), from the earliest records to July 2022. We searched clinical trials databases and conference proceedings, and examined the reference lists of retrieved articles. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs comparing prebiotics with placebo or no prebiotics in very preterm (< 32 weeks' gestation) or VLBW (< 1500 g) infants. The primary outcomes were NEC and all-cause mortality, and the secondary outcomes were late-onset invasive infection, duration of hospitalisation since birth, and neurodevelopmental impairment. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors separately evaluated risk of bias of the trials, extracted data, and synthesised effect estimates using risk ratio (RR), risk difference (RD), and mean difference (MD), with associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The primary outcomes of interest were NEC and all-cause mortality; our secondary outcome measures were late-onset (> 48 hours after birth) invasive infection, duration of hospitalisation, and neurodevelopmental impairment. We used the GRADE approach to assess the level of certainty of the evidence. MAIN RESULTS We included seven trials in which a total of 705 infants participated. All the trials were small (mean sample size 100). Lack of clarity on methods to conceal allocation and mask caregivers or investigators were potential sources of bias in three of the trials. The studied prebiotics were fructo- and galacto-oligosaccharides, inulin, and lactulose, typically administered daily with enteral feeds during birth hospitalisation. Meta-analyses of data from seven trials (686 infants) suggest that prebiotics may result in little or no difference in NEC (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.60 to 1.56; RD none fewer per 1000, 95% CI 50 fewer to 40 more; low-certainty evidence), all-cause mortality (RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.92; 40 per 1000 fewer, 95% CI 70 fewer to none fewer; low-certainty evidence), or late-onset invasive infection (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.60 to 1.06; 50 per 1000 fewer, 95% CI 100 fewer to 10 more; low-certainty evidence) prior to hospital discharge. The certainty of this evidence is low because of concerns about the risk of bias in some trials and the imprecision of the effect size estimates. The data available from one trial provided only very low-certainty evidence about the effect of prebiotics on measures of neurodevelopmental impairment (Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) Mental Development Index score < 85: RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.25 to 2.90; very low-certainty evidence; BSID Psychomotor Development Index score < 85: RR 0.24, 95% 0.03 to 2.00; very low-certainty evidence; cerebral palsy: RR 0.35, 95% CI 0.01 to 8.35; very low-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The available trial data provide low-certainty evidence about the effects of prebiotics on the risk of NEC, all-cause mortality before discharge, and invasive infection, and very low-certainty evidence about the effect on neurodevelopmental impairment for very preterm or VLBW infants. Our confidence in the effect estimates is limited; the true effects may be substantially different. Large, high-quality trials are needed to provide evidence of sufficient validity to inform policy and practice decisions.
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Key Words
- humans
- infant, newborn
- enterocolitis, necrotizing
- enterocolitis, necrotizing/etiology
- enterocolitis, necrotizing/prevention & control
- infant, extremely premature
- infant, premature, diseases
- infant, premature, diseases/etiology
- infant, premature, diseases/prevention & control
- infant, very low birth weight
- infections
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Sharif
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
| | - Sam J Oddie
- Bradford Neonatology, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Paul T Heath
- Division of Child Health and Vaccine Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - William McGuire
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
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Guimarães VHD, Marinho BM, Motta-Santos D, Mendes GDRL, Santos SHS. Nutritional implications in the mechanistic link between the intestinal microbiome, renin-angiotensin system, and the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 113:109252. [PMID: 36509338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and metabolic disorders represent a significant global health problem and the gut microbiota plays an important role in modulating systemic homeostasis. Recent evidence shows that microbiota and its signaling pathways may affect the whole metabolism and the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS), which in turn seems to modify microbiota. The present review aimed to investigate nutritional implications in the mechanistic link between the intestinal microbiome, renin-angiotensin system, and the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome components. A description of metabolic changes was obtained based on relevant scientific literature. The molecular and physiological mechanisms that impact the human microbiome were addressed, including the gut microbiota associated with obesity, diabetes, and hepatic steatosis. The RAS interaction signaling and modulation were analyzed. Strategies including the use of prebiotics, symbiotics, probiotics, and biotechnology may affect the gut microbiota and its impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Hugo Dantas Guimarães
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Barbhara Mota Marinho
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daisy Motta-Santos
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy, and Occupational Therapy - EEFFTO, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabriela da Rocha Lemos Mendes
- Food Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Sciences (ICA), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Henrique Sousa Santos
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Food Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Sciences (ICA), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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8
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Indrio F, Marchese F, Beghetti I, Pettoello Mantovani M, Grillo A, Aceti A. Biotics in neonatal period: what's the evidence? Minerva Pediatr (Torino) 2022; 74:672-681. [PMID: 35912792 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5276.22.06968-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Breastfeeding is considered the gold standard for infants' nutrition and provides unique benefits for infants' health. Great research interest has been raised about the use of bioactive components in neonatal medicine, both as standalone products and as addition to infant formula, in the attempt to reproduce human milk beneficial effects. Thus, the aim of this narrative review is to summarize most recent evidence on biotics' use in the neonatal period, with a focus on infant formula (IF) supplemented with probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and postbiotics. Growing data indicate overall positive effects of biotic supplemented formula on microbiome composition and metabolic activity. Furthermore, some benefits are also emerging from randomized controlled trials evaluating the clinical impact these enriched formulas may have on the health of formula fed infants. However, clear evidence still lacks and none of this supplemented IF has demonstrated conclusive superiority. To date, whereas no routine recommendations can be done, biotics supplemented IF have generally proven to be well-tolerated and safe in ensuring infants' normal growth, paving the way for future IF alternatives for those infants who are not able to be (fully) breastfed. More RCTs, with adequate design and statistical power, are still needed to better clarify, if present, which benefits the supplementation of IF may confer to infants' short and long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Indrio
- Pediatric Section, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy -
| | - Flavia Marchese
- Pediatric Section, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Isadora Beghetti
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, IRCCS University Hospital of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Assunta Grillo
- Pediatric Section, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Arianna Aceti
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, IRCCS University Hospital of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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9
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Jensen-Kroll J, Demetrowitsch T, Clawin-Rädecker I, Klempt M, Waschina S, Schwarz K. Microbiota independent effects of oligosaccharides on Caco-2 cells -A semi-targeted metabolomics approach using DI-FT-ICR-MS coupled with pathway enrichment analysis. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:968643. [PMID: 36353731 PMCID: PMC9638022 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.968643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Milk oligosaccharides (MOS) and galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are associated with many benefits, including anti-microbial effects and immune-modulating properties. However, the cellular mechanisms of these are largely unknown. In this study, the effects of enriched GOS and MOS mixtures from caprine and bovine milk consisting mainly 6'-galactosyllactose, 3'-sialyllactose, and 6'-sialyllactose on Caco-2 cells were investigated, and the treatment-specific metabolomes were described. In the control, the cells were treated with a sugar mix consisting of one-third each of glucose, galactose and lactose. A local metabolomics workflow with pathway enrichment was established, which specifically addresses DI-FT-ICR-MS analyses and includes adaptations in terms of measurement technology and sample matrices. By including quality parameters, especially the isotope pattern, we increased the precision of annotation. The independence from online tools, the fast adaptability to changes in databases, and the specific adjustment to the measurement technology and biomaterial used, proved to be a great advantage. For the first time it was possible to find 71 active pathways in a Caco-2 cell experiment. These pathways were assigned to 12 main categories, with amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism being the most dominant categories in terms of the number of metabolites and metabolic pathways. Treatment of Caco-2 cells with high GOS and glucose contents resulted in significant effects on several metabolic pathways, whereas the MOS containing treatments resulted only for individual metabolites in significant changes. An effect based on bovine or caprine origin alone could not be observed. Thus, it was shown that MOS and GOS containing treatments can exert microbiome-independent effects on the metabolome of Caco-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Jensen-Kroll
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Division of Food Technology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tobias Demetrowitsch
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Division of Food Technology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ingrid Clawin-Rädecker
- Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institute, Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin Klempt
- Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institute, Kiel, Germany
| | - Silvio Waschina
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Division of Nutriinformatics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Karin Schwarz
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Division of Food Technology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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10
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Yang C, Qiu M, Zhang Z, Song X, Yang L, Xiong X, Hu C, Pen H, Chen J, Xia B, Du H, Li Q, Jiang X, Yu C. Galacto-oligosaccharides and Xylo-oligosaccharides Affect Meat Flavor by Altering the Cecal Microbiome, Metabolome, and Transcriptome of Chickens. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102122. [PMID: 36167016 PMCID: PMC9513281 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that prebiotics can affect meat quality; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate whether prebiotics affect the flavor of chicken meat via the gut microbiome and metabolome. The gut content was collected from chickens fed with or without prebiotics (galacto-oligosaccharides or xylo-oligosaccharides) and subjected to microbiome and metabolome analyses, whereas transcriptome sequencing was performed using chicken breast. Prebiotic supplementation yielded a slight improvement that was not statistically significant in the growth and production performance of chickens. Moreover, treatment with prebiotics promoted fat synthesis and starch hydrolysis, thus increasing meat flavor by enhancing lipase and α-amylase activity in the blood of broiler chickens. The prebiotics altered the proportions of microbiota in the gut at different levels, especially microbiota in the phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, such as members of the Alistipes, Bacteroides, and Faecalibacterium genera. Furthermore, the prebiotics altered the content of cecal metabolites related to flavor substances, including 8 types of lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) and 4 types of amino acid. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) induced by prebiotics were significantly involved in fatty acid accumulation processes, such as lipolysis in adipocytes and the adipocytokine signaling pathway. Changes in gut microbiota were correlated with metabolites, for example, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were positively and negatively correlated with lysoPC, respectively. Finally, DEGs interacted with cecal metabolites, especially meat-flavor-related amino acids and their derivatives. The findings of this study integrated and incorporated associations among the gut microbiota, metabolites, and transcriptome, which suggests that prebiotics affect the flavor of chicken meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaowu Yang
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Mohan Qiu
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Zengrong Zhang
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xiaoyan Song
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Li Yang
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xia Xiong
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Chenming Hu
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Han Pen
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Jialei Chen
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Bo Xia
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Huarui Du
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Qingyun Li
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xiaosong Jiang
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Chunlin Yu
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610066, China.
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11
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Keulers L, Dehghani A, Knippels L, Garssen J, Papadopoulos N, Folkerts G, Braber S, van Bergenhenegouwen J. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics to prevent or combat air pollution consequences: The gut-lung axis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 302:119066. [PMID: 35240267 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution exposure is a public health emergency, which attributes globally to an estimated seven million deaths on a yearly basis We are all exposed to air pollutants, varying from ambient air pollution hanging over cities to dust inside the home. It is a mixture of airborne particulate matter and gases that can be subdivided into three categories based on particle diameter. The smallest category called PM0.1 is the most abundant. A fraction of the particles included in this category might enter the blood stream spreading to other parts of the body. As air pollutants can enter the body via the lungs and gut, growing evidence links its exposure to gastrointestinal and respiratory impairments and diseases, like asthma, rhinitis, respiratory tract infections, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and abdominal pain. It has become evident that there exists a crosstalk between the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, commonly referred to as the gut-lung axis. Via microbial secretions, metabolites, immune mediators and lipid profiles, these two separate organ systems can influence each other. Well-known immunomodulators and gut health stimulators are probiotics, prebiotics, together called synbiotics. They might combat air pollution-induced systemic inflammation and oxidative stress by optimizing the microbiota composition and microbial metabolites, thereby stimulating anti-inflammatory pathways and strengthening mucosal and epithelial barriers. Although clinical studies investigating the role of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in an air pollution setting are lacking, these interventions show promising health promoting effects by affecting the gastrointestinal- and respiratory tract. This review summarizes the current data on how air pollution can affect the gut-lung axis and might impact gut and lung health. It will further elaborate on the potential role of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics on the gut-lung axis, and gut and lung health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loret Keulers
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584, CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Ali Dehghani
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Leon Knippels
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584, CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584, CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nikolaos Papadopoulos
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Oxford Road M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia Braber
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van Bergenhenegouwen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584, CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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12
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Wongkaew M, Tangjaidee P, Leksawasdi N, Jantanasakulwong K, Rachtanapun P, Seesuriyachan P, Phimolsiripol Y, Chaiyaso T, Ruksiriwanich W, Jantrawut P, Sommano SR. Mango Pectic Oligosaccharides: A Novel Prebiotic for Functional Food. Front Nutr 2022; 9:798543. [PMID: 35399687 PMCID: PMC8987974 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.798543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Prebiotics are functional food ingredients that assist probiotic growth and render many other health benefits. Mango peel is the biomass of the processing industry and has recently been value-added as a dietary fiber pectin. Besides its general use as a food additive, mango peel pectin (MPP) is partially hydrolyzed by pectinase to obtain pectic oligosaccharides (POSs) that have recently gained attention as novel prebiotic products and in medical research. This review describes probiotic candidates responsible for the digestion of pectin derivatives and the advantages of POSs as functional additives and their current best retrieval options. Mango pectic oligosaccharide (MPOS) recovery from low methoxyl MPP from mango with prebiotic performance both in vivo and in vitro environments is discussed. Current research gaps and potential developments in the field are also explored. The overall worthiness of this article is the potential use of the cheap-green food processing bioresource for high-value components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malaiporn Wongkaew
- Program in Food Production and Innovation, College of Integrated Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Plant Bioactive Compound Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pipat Tangjaidee
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, School of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Noppol Leksawasdi
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, School of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kittisak Jantanasakulwong
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, School of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pornchai Rachtanapun
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, School of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Phisit Seesuriyachan
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, School of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Yuthana Phimolsiripol
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, School of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Thanongsak Chaiyaso
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, School of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Warintorn Ruksiriwanich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Research and Development of Pharmaceutical and Natural Products Innovation for Human or Animal, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pensak Jantrawut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Research and Development of Pharmaceutical and Natural Products Innovation for Human or Animal, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sarana Rose Sommano
- Plant Bioactive Compound Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cluster of Research and Development of Pharmaceutical and Natural Products Innovation for Human or Animal, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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13
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Sharif S, Heath PT, Oddie SJ, McGuire W. Synbiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 3:CD014067. [PMID: 35230697 PMCID: PMC8887627 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd014067.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal dysbiosis may contribute to the pathogenesis of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) in very preterm or very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Dietary supplementation with synbiotics (probiotic micro-organisms combined with prebiotic oligosaccharides) to modulate the intestinal microbiome has been proposed as a strategy to reduce the risk of NEC and associated mortality and morbidity. OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of enteral supplementation with synbiotics (versus placebo or no treatment, or versus probiotics or prebiotics alone) for preventing NEC and associated morbidity and mortality in very preterm or VLBW infants. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Embase, the Maternity and Infant Care database and CINAHL, from earliest records to 17 June 2021. We searched clinical trials databases and conference proceedings, and examined the reference lists of retrieved articles. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs comparing prophylactic synbiotics supplementation with placebo or no synbiotics in very preterm (< 32 weeks' gestation) or very low birth weight (< 1500 g) infants. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors separately performed the screening and selection process, evaluated risk of bias of the trials, extracted data, and synthesised effect estimates using risk ratio (RR), risk difference (RD), and mean difference, with associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We used the GRADE approach to assess the level of certainty for effects on NEC, all-cause mortality, late-onset invasive infection, and neurodevelopmental impairment. MAIN RESULTS We included six trials in which a total of 925 infants participated. Most trials were small (median sample size 200). Lack of clarity on methods used to conceal allocation and mask caregivers or investigators were potential sources of bias in four of the trials. The studied synbiotics preparations contained lactobacilli or bifidobacteria (or both) combined with fructo- or galacto-oligosaccharides (or both). Meta-analyses suggested that synbiotics may reduce the risk of NEC (RR 0.18, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.40; RD 70 fewer per 1000, 95% CI 100 fewer to 40 fewer; number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) 14, 95% CI 10 to 25; six trials (907 infants); low certainty evidence); and all-cause mortality prior to hospital discharge (RR 0.53, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.85; RD 50 fewer per 1000, 95% CI 120 fewer to 100 fewer; NNTB 20, 95% CI 8 to 100; six trials (925 infants); low-certainty evidence). Synbiotics may have little or no effect on late-onset invasive infection, but the evidence is very uncertain (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.21; RD 20 fewer per 1000, 95% CI 70 fewer to 30 more; five trials (707 infants); very low-certainty evidence). None of the trials assessed neurodevelopmental outcomes. In the absence of high levels of heterogeneity, we did not undertake any subgroup analysis (including the type of feeding). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The available trial data provide only low-certainty evidence about the effects of synbiotics on the risk of NEC and associated morbidity and mortality for very preterm or very low birth weight infants. Our confidence in the effect estimates is limited; the true effects may be substantially different from these estimates. Large, high-quality trials would be needed to provide evidence of sufficient validity and applicability to inform policy and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Sharif
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
| | - Paul T Heath
- Division of Child Health and Vaccine Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Sam J Oddie
- Bradford Neonatology, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - William McGuire
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
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14
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Ayechu-Muruzabal V, van de Kaa M, Mukherjee R, Garssen J, Stahl B, Pieters RJ, van’t Land B, Kraneveld AD, Willemsen LEM. Modulation of the Epithelial-Immune Cell Crosstalk and Related Galectin Secretion by DP3-5 Galacto-Oligosaccharides and β-3′Galactosyllactose. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030384. [PMID: 35327576 PMCID: PMC8945669 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) were shown to support mucosal immune development by enhancing regulatory-type Th1 immune polarization induced by synthetic CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (TLR9 agonist mimicking a bacterial DNA trigger). Epithelial-derived galectin-9 was associated with these immunomodulatory effects. We aimed to identify the most active fractions within GOS based on the degree of polymerization (DP), and to study the immunomodulatory capacities of DP3-sized β-3′galactosyllactose (β-3′GL) using a transwell co-culture model of human intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) and activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). IEC were apically exposed to different DP fractions of GOS or β-3′GL in the presence of CpG, and basolaterally co-cultured with αCD3/CD28-activated PBMC, washed, and incubated in fresh medium for IEC-derived galectin analysis. Only DP3-5 in the presence of CpG enhanced galectin-9 secretion. DP3-sized β-3′GL promoted a regulatory-type Th1 response by increasing IFNγ and IL-10 or galectin-9 concentrations as compared to CpG alone. In addition, IEC-derived galectin-3, -4, and -9 secretion was increased by β-3′GL when combined with CpG. Therefore, the GOS DP3-5 and most effectively DP3-sized β-3′GL supported the immunomodulatory properties induced by CpG by enhancing epithelial-derived galectin secretion, which, in turn, could support mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Ayechu-Muruzabal
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (V.A.-M.); (M.v.d.K.); (J.G.); (A.D.K.)
| | - Melanie van de Kaa
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (V.A.-M.); (M.v.d.K.); (J.G.); (A.D.K.)
| | - Reshmi Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (R.M.); (B.S.); (R.J.P.)
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (V.A.-M.); (M.v.d.K.); (J.G.); (A.D.K.)
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (R.M.); (B.S.); (R.J.P.)
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Roland J. Pieters
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (R.M.); (B.S.); (R.J.P.)
| | - Belinda van’t Land
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Center for Translational Immunology, The Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aletta D. Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (V.A.-M.); (M.v.d.K.); (J.G.); (A.D.K.)
| | - Linette E. M. Willemsen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (V.A.-M.); (M.v.d.K.); (J.G.); (A.D.K.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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de Cuevillas B, Milagro FI, Tur JA, Gil-Campos M, de Miguel-Etayo P, Martínez JA, Navas-Carretero S. Fecal microbiota relationships with childhood obesity: A scoping comprehensive review. Obes Rev 2022; 23 Suppl 1:e13394. [PMID: 34913242 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Childhood obesity is a costly burden in most regions with relevant and adverse long-term health consequences in adult life. Several studies have associated excessive body weight with a specific profile of gut microbiota. Different factors related to fecal microorganism abundance seem to contribute to childhood obesity, such as gestational weight gain, perinatal diet, antibiotic administration to the mother and/or child, birth delivery, and feeding patterns, among others. This review reports and discusses diverse factors that affect the infant intestinal microbiota with putative or possible implications on the increase of the obesity childhood rates as well as microbiota shifts associated with excessive body weight in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña de Cuevillas
- Center for Nutrition Research, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology. School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fermín I Milagro
- Center for Nutrition Research, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology. School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,IdiSNA, Health Research Institute of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Josep A Tur
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS & IDISBA, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Mercedes Gil-Campos
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Metabolism and Investigation Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Maimónides Institute of Biomedicine Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Pilar de Miguel-Etayo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J Alfredo Martínez
- Center for Nutrition Research, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology. School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,IdiSNA, Health Research Institute of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Precision Nutrition Program, Research Institute on Food and Health Sciences IMDEA Food. CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Navas-Carretero
- Center for Nutrition Research, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology. School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,IdiSNA, Health Research Institute of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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16
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Mortaz E, Nomani M, Adcock I, Folkerts G, Garssen J. Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) and 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) can directly suppress growth of specific pathogenic microbes and impact phagocytosis of neutrophils. Nutrition 2022; 96:111601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Abstract
The neonatal body provides a range of potential habitats, such as the gut, for microbes. These sites eventually harbor microbial communities (microbiotas). A "complete" (adult) gut microbiota is not acquired by the neonate immediately after birth. Rather, the exclusive, milk-based nutrition of the infant encourages the assemblage of a gut microbiota of low diversity, usually dominated by bifidobacterial species. The maternal fecal microbiota is an important source of bacterial species that colonize the gut of infants, at least in the short-term. However, development of the microbiota is influenced by the use of human milk (breast feeding), infant formula, preterm delivery of infants, caesarean delivery, antibiotic administration, family details and other environmental factors. Following the introduction of weaning (complementary) foods, the gut microbiota develops in complexity due to the availability of a diversity of plant glycans in fruits and vegetables. These glycans provide growth substrates for the bacterial families (such as members of the Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae) that, in due course, will dominate the gut microbiota of the adult. Although current data are often fragmentary and observational, it can be concluded that the nutrition that a child receives in early life is likely to impinge not only on the development of the microbiota at that time but also on the subsequent lifelong, functional relationships between the microbiota and the human host. The purpose of this review, therefore, is to discuss the importance of promoting the assemblage of functionally robust gut microbiotas at appropriate times in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald W. Tannock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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18
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Sharif S, Oddie SJ, Heath PT, McGuire W. Prebiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants. Hippokratia 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd015133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Sharif
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination; University of York; York UK
| | - Sam J Oddie
- Bradford Neonatology; Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Bradford UK
| | - Paul T Heath
- Division of Child Health and Vaccine Institute; St. George's, University of London; London UK
| | - William McGuire
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination; University of York; York UK
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19
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Abstract
This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To evaluate the effect of enteral supplementation with synbiotics (versus placebo or no treatment, or versus probiotics or prebiotics alone) on the risk of necrotising enterocolitis and associated morbidity and mortality in very preterm or very low birth weight infants.
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20
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Oba PM, Vidal S, Wyss R, Miao Y, Adesokan Y, Swanson KS. Effect of a novel animal milk oligosaccharide biosimilar on the gut microbial communities and metabolites of in vitro incubations using feline and canine fecal inocula. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5897395. [PMID: 32845316 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk oligosaccharides (MO) confer multiple potential physiological benefits, such as the selective growth promotion of beneficial microbiota, inhibition of enteric pathogen growth and adhesion to enterocytes, maturation of the gut mucosal barrier, and modulation of the gastrointestinal immune system. This study was conducted to determine the fermentation potential of GNU100, an animal MO biosimilar, in an in vitro system using healthy canine and feline fecal inocula. Single feline and single canine fecal samples were used to inoculate a batch fermentation system. Tubes containing a blank control (BNC), GNU100 at 0.5% (5 g/L; GNU1), or GNU100 at 1.0% (10 g/L; GNU2) were incubated for 48 h. Gas pressure, pH, lactate, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA; acetate, propionate, and butyrate), and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA; isobutyrate, isovalerate, and valerate) were measured after 6, 24, and 48 h. Ammonium and microbiota (total bacteria by flow cytometry and Pet-16Seq; Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium by quantitative polymerase chain reaction ) were measured after 24 and 48 h. Data were analyzed using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS. Substrates were considered to be a fixed effect and replicates considered to be a random effect. Tukey's multiple comparison analysis was used to compare least squares means, with differences considered significant with P < 0.05. In feline and canine incubations, SCFA increases were greater (P < 0.0001) in GNU100 compared with BNC, with acetate making up the largest SCFA proportion (P < 0.0001). GNU100 cultures led to greater increases (P < 0.0001) in lactate and ammonium than BNC in the feline incubations. GNU100 cultures led to greater increases (P < 0.0001) in ammonium than BNC in canine incubations and greater increases (P < 0.0001) in BCFA than BNC in feline incubations. Pet-16Seq microbial profiles from the feline and canine fecal incubations exhibited a modulation after GNU100 fermentation, with a reduction of the genera Escherichia/Shigella and Salmonella. In feline incubations, Bifidobacterium populations had greater increases (P < 0.0001) in GNU100 than BNC. In feline incubations, Lactobacillus populations had greater increases (P = 0.01) in GNU100 than BNC, with GNU1 leading to greater increases (P = 0.02) in Lactobacillus than BNC tubes in canine incubations. Overall, this study demonstrated that GNU100 was fermented in an in vitro fermentation system inoculated with canine and feline microbiota, resulting in the growth of beneficial bacteria and the production of SCFA, BCFA, and ammonium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia M Oba
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Sara Vidal
- Gnubiotics Sciences SA, Épalinges, Switzerland
| | - Romain Wyss
- Gnubiotics Sciences SA, Épalinges, Switzerland
| | - Yong Miao
- Gnubiotics Sciences SA, Épalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
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21
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Kumar H, Collado MC, Wopereis H, Salminen S, Knol J, Roeselers G. The Bifidogenic Effect Revisited-Ecology and Health Perspectives of Bifidobacterial Colonization in Early Life. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1855. [PMID: 33255636 PMCID: PMC7760687 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive microbial colonization of the infant gastrointestinal tract starts after parturition. There are several parallel mechanisms by which early life microbiome acquisition may proceed, including early exposure to maternal vaginal and fecal microbiota, transmission of skin associated microbes, and ingestion of microorganisms present in breast milk. The crucial role of vertical transmission from the maternal microbial reservoir during vaginal delivery is supported by the shared microbial strains observed among mothers and their babies and the distinctly different gut microbiome composition of caesarean-section born infants. The healthy infant colon is often dominated by members of the keystone genus Bifidobacterium that have evolved complex genetic pathways to metabolize different glycans present in human milk. In exchange for these host-derived nutrients, bifidobacteria's saccharolytic activity results in an anaerobic and acidic gut environment that is protective against enteropathogenic infection. Interference with early-life microbiota acquisition and development could result in adverse health outcomes. Compromised microbiota development, often characterized by decreased abundance of Bifidobacterium species has been reported in infants delivered prematurely, delivered by caesarean section, early life antibiotic exposure and in the case of early life allergies. Various microbiome modulation strategies such as probiotic, prebiotics, synbiotics and postbiotics have been developed that are able to generate a bifidogenic shift and help to restore the microbiota development. This review explores the evolutionary ecology of early-life type Bifidobacterium strains and their symbiotic relationship with humans and discusses examples of compromised microbiota development in which stimulating the abundance and activity of Bifidobacterium has demonstrated beneficial associations with health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Kumar
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.K.); (H.W.); (J.K.)
| | - Maria Carmen Collado
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain;
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland;
| | - Harm Wopereis
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.K.); (H.W.); (J.K.)
| | - Seppo Salminen
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland;
| | - Jan Knol
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.K.); (H.W.); (J.K.)
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guus Roeselers
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.K.); (H.W.); (J.K.)
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22
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Nomayo A, Schwiertz A, Rossi R, Timme K, Foster J, Zelenka R, Tvrdik J, Jochum F. Infant formula with cow's milk fat and prebiotics affects intestinal flora, but not the incidence of infections during infancy in a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Mol Cell Pediatr 2020; 7:6. [PMID: 32613402 PMCID: PMC7329970 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-020-00098-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The postnatal intestinal colonization of human milk-fed and formula-fed infants differs substantially, as does the susceptibility to infectious diseases during infancy. Specific ingredients in human milk, such as prebiotic human milk oligosaccharides and a specifically structured fat composition with high proportion of beta-palmitic acid (beta-PA) promote the growth of intestinal bifidobacteria, which are associated with favorable effects on infants’ health. The present study investigates whether addition of prebiotic galactooligosaccharides (GOS) in combination with higher amounts of beta-PA from cow’s milk fat in infant formula positively affects gut microbiota and the incidence of infections in formula-fed infants. Methods In a double-blind controlled trial, formula-fed infants were randomly assigned to either receive an experimental formula containing a higher proportion of beta-PA (20–25%) from natural cow’s milk fat, and a prebiotic supplement (0.5 g GOS/100 ml), or a standard infant formula with low beta-PA (< 10%), without prebiotics. A breast-fed reference group was also enrolled. After 12 weeks, fecal samples were collected to determine the proportion of fecal bifidobacteria. The number of infections during the first year of life was recorded. Results After 12 weeks, the proportion of fecal bifidobacteria was significantly higher in infants receiving formula with high beta-PA and GOS compared to control, and was similar to the breast-fed group (medians 8.8%, 2.5%, and 5.0% respectively; p < 0.001). The incidence of gastrointestinal or other infections during the first year of life did not differ between groups. Conclusions The combination of higher amounts of beta-PA plus GOS increased significantly the proportion of fecal bifidobacteria in formula-fed infants, but did not affect the incidence of infections. Trial registration The study protocol was registered with Clinical Trials (Protocol Registration and Results System Trial ID: NCT01603719) on 05/15/2012 (retrospectively registered).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Nomayo
- Department of Pediatrics, Evangelisches Waldkrankenhaus Spandau, Stadtrandstr. 555, 13589, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Rainer Rossi
- Department of Pediatrics, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Timme
- Department of Pediatrics, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Foster
- Department of Pediatrics, Evangelisches Waldkrankenhaus Spandau, Stadtrandstr. 555, 13589, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Josef Tvrdik
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Frank Jochum
- Department of Pediatrics, Evangelisches Waldkrankenhaus Spandau, Stadtrandstr. 555, 13589, Berlin, Germany
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23
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Salminen S, Stahl B, Vinderola G, Szajewska H. Infant Formula Supplemented with Biotics: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1952. [PMID: 32629970 PMCID: PMC7400136 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding is natural and the optimal basis of infant nutrition and development, with many benefits for maternal health. Human milk is a dynamic fluid fulfilling an infant's specific nutritional requirements and guiding the growth, developmental, and physiological processes of the infant. Human milk is considered unique in composition, and it is influenced by several factors, such as maternal diet and health, body composition, and geographic region. Human milk stands as a model for infant formula providing nutritional solutions for infants not able to receive enough mother's milk. Infant formulas aim to mimic the composition and functionality of human milk by providing ingredients reflecting those of the latest human milk insights, such as oligosaccharides, bacteria, and bacterial metabolites. The objective of this narrative review is to discuss the most recent developments in infant formula with a special focus on human milk oligosaccharides and postbiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seppo Salminen
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel Vinderola
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial (INLAIN, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2829, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina;
| | - Hania Szajewska
- Department of Paediatrics at the Medical University of Warsaw, 02091 Warsaw, Poland
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24
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Galacto- and Fructo-oligosaccharides Utilized for Growth by Cocultures of Bifidobacterial Species Characteristic of the Infant Gut. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.00214-20. [PMID: 32220841 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00214-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacterial species are common inhabitants of the gut of human infants during the period when milk is a major component of the diet. Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum subspecies longum, and B. longum subspecies infantis have been detected frequently in infant feces, but B. longum subsp. infantis may be disadvantaged numerically in the gut of infants in westernized countries. This may be due to the different durations of breast milk feeding in different countries. Supplementation of the infant diet or replacement of breast milk using formula feeds is common in Western countries. Formula milks often contain galacto- and/or fructo-oligosaccharides (GOS and FOS, respectively) as additives to augment the concentration of oligosaccharides in ruminant milks, but the ability of B. longum subsp. infantis to utilize these potential growth substrates when they are in competition with other bifidobacterial species is unknown. We compared the growth and oligosaccharide utilization of GOS and FOS by bifidobacterial species in pure culture and coculture. Short-chain GOS and FOS (degrees of polymerization [DP] 2 and 3) were favored growth substrates for strains of B. bifidum and B. longum subsp. longum, whereas both B. breve and B. longum subsp. infantis had the ability to utilize both short- and longer-chain GOS and FOS (DP 2 to 6). B. breve was nevertheless numerically dominant over B. longum subsp. infantis in cocultures. This was probably related to the slower use of GOS of DP 3 by B. longum subsp. infantis, indicating that the kinetics of substrate utilization is an important ecological factor in the assemblage of gut communities.IMPORTANCE The kinds of bacteria that form the collection of microbes (the microbiota) in the gut of human infants may influence health and well-being. Knowledge of how the composition of the infant diet influences the assemblage of the bacterial collection is therefore important because dietary interventions may offer opportunities to alter the microbiota with the aim of improving health. Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis is a well-known bacterial species, but under modern child-rearing conditions it may be disadvantaged in the gut. Modern formula milks often contain particular oligosaccharide additives that are generally considered to support bifidobacterial growth. However, studies of the ability of various bifidobacterial species to grow together in the presence of these oligosaccharides have not been conducted. These kinds of studies are essential for developing concepts of microbial ecology related to the influence of human nutrition on the development of the gut microbiota.
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25
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Kongnum K, Taweerodjanakarn S, Hongpattarakere T. Impacts of Prebiotic-Supplemented Diets and Breastmilk on Population and Diversity of Lactobacilli Established in Thai Healthy Infants. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:1191-1202. [PMID: 32088749 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-01920-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The relative abundance and diversity of lactobacilli present in feces of infants fed with breastmilk and fructooligosaccharide-galactooligosaccharide (FOS-GOS)-, and inulin-galactooligosaccharide (inulin-GOS)-supplemented infant formulae and combination of both were compared. Fecal lactobacilli rapidly colonized and reached maximum total cell counts, which were significantly higher in the infants fed by combining breastmilk with a formula containing either FOS-GOS (C1-A infant) or inulin-GOS (C2-C infant) and the exclusively formula fed ones (F1-F and F2-H infants) than those detected in the exclusively breast-fed (B1-D and B2-E infants) (P < 0.05). The greatest relative abundance of fecal lactobacilli species was observed in all infant receiving prebiotic-containing diets, whereas bifidobacteria appeared predominantly in exclusively breast-fed infants. The species composition of lactobacilli was highly unique among individual and more variable in both groups of infants receiving breastmilk than the exclusively formula-fed infants. Breastmilk seem to be a great source of indigenous lactobacilli vertically transferred and continuously seeded infants' gut. Meanwhile, prebiotic supplementation in infant formulae enhanced and sustained the successful colonization of lactobacilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanitta Kongnum
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Taweerodjanakarn
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Tipparat Hongpattarakere
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
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26
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Sestito S, D'Auria E, Baldassarre ME, Salvatore S, Tallarico V, Stefanelli E, Tarsitano F, Concolino D, Pensabene L. The Role of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Prevention of Allergic Diseases in Infants. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:583946. [PMID: 33415087 PMCID: PMC7783417 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.583946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases have been linked to genetic and/or environmental factors, such as antibiotic use, westernized high fat and low fiber diet, which lead to early intestinal dysbiosis, and account for the rise in allergy prevalence, especially in western countries. Allergic diseases have shown reduced microbial diversity, including fewer lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, within the neonatal microbiota, before the onset of atopic diseases. Raised interest in microbiota manipulating strategies to restore the microbial balance for atopic disease prevention, through prebiotics, probiotics, or synbiotics supplementation, has been reported. We reviewed and discussed the role of prebiotics and/or probiotics supplementation for allergy prevention in infants. We searched PubMed and the Cochrane Database using keywords relating to "allergy" OR "allergic disorders," "prevention" AND "prebiotics" OR "probiotics" OR "synbiotics." We limited our evaluation to papers of English language including children aged 0-2 years old. Different products or strains used, different period of intervention, duration of supplementation, has hampered the draw of definitive conclusions on the clinical impact of probiotics and/or prebiotics for prevention of allergic diseases in infants, except for atopic dermatitis in infants at high-risk. This preventive effect on eczema in high-risk infants is supported by clear evidence for probiotics but only moderate evidence for prebiotic supplementation. However, the optimal prebiotic or strain of probiotic, dose, duration, and timing of intervention remains uncertain. Particularly, a combined pre- and post-natal intervention appeared of stronger benefit, although the definition of the optimal intervention starting time during gestation, the timing, and duration in the post-natal period, as well as the best target population, are still an unmet need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Sestito
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Enza D'Auria
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital-University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Elisabetta Baldassarre
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Silvia Salvatore
- Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale "F. Del Ponte", University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Valeria Tallarico
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ettore Stefanelli
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Flora Tarsitano
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Daniela Concolino
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Licia Pensabene
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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27
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Microbial production of sialic acid and sialylated human milk oligosaccharides: Advances and perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:787-800. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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28
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Gopalsamy G, Mortimer E, Greenfield P, Bird AR, Young GP, Christophersen CT. Resistant Starch is Actively Fermented by Infant Faecal Microbiota and Increases Microbial Diversity. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061345. [PMID: 31208010 PMCID: PMC6628288 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In adults, fermentation of high amylose maize starch (HAMS), a resistant starch (RS), has a prebiotic effect. Were such a capacity to exist in infants, intake of RS might programme the gut microbiota during a critical developmental period. This study aimed to determine if infant faecal inocula possess the capacity to ferment HAMS or acetylated-HAMS (HAMSA) and characterise associated changes to microbial composition. Faecal samples were collected from 17 healthy infants at two timepoints: Preweaning and within 10 weeks of first solids. Fermentation was assessed using in vitro batch fermentation. Following 24 h incubation, pH, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production and microbial composition were compared to parallel control incubations. In preweaning infants, there was a significant decrease at 24 h in pH between control and HAMS incubations and a significant increase in the production of total SCFAs, indicating fermentation. Fermentation of HAMS increased further following commencement of solids. Fermentation of RS with weaning faecal inocula increased Shannon's diversity index (H) and was associated with increased abundance of Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides. In conclusion, the faecal inocula from infants is capable of RS fermentation, independent of stage of weaning, but introduction of solids increases this fermentation capacity. RS may thus function as a novel infant prebiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Gopalsamy
- Monash University, Eastern Health Clinical School, Box Hill, VIC 3128, Australia.
- Flinders University, Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia.
| | - Elissa Mortimer
- Flinders University, Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia.
| | - Paul Greenfield
- CSIRO Environomics Future Science Platform, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia.
| | - Anthony R Bird
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Graeme P Young
- Flinders University, Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia.
| | - Claus T Christophersen
- Edith Cowan University, School of Medical & Health Sciences, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia.
- Curtin University, School of Molecular & Life Sciences, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
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29
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30
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Liu Z, Wang T, Pryce JE, MacLeod IM, Hayes BJ, Chamberlain AJ, Jagt CV, Reich CM, Mason BA, Rochfort S, Cocks BG. Fine-mapping sequence mutations with a major effect on oligosaccharide content in bovine milk. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2137. [PMID: 30765736 PMCID: PMC6376028 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38488-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk contains abundant oligosaccharides (OS) which are believed to have strong health benefits for neonates. OS are a minor component of bovine milk and little is known about how the production of OS is regulated in the bovine mammary gland. We have measured the abundance of 12 major OS in milk of 360 cows, which had high density SNP marker genotypes. Most of the OS were found to be highly heritable (h2 between 50 and 84%). A genome-wide association study allowed us to fine-map several QTL and identify candidate genes with major effects on five OS. Among them, a putative causal mutation close to the ABO gene on Chromosome 11 accounted for approximately 80% of genetic variance for two OS, N-acetylgalactosaminyllactose and lacto-N-neotetraose. This mutation lies very close to a variant associated with the expression levels of ABO. A third QTL mapped close to ST3GAL6 on Chromosome 1 explaining 33% of genetic variation of an abundant OS, 3′-sialyllactose. The presence of major gene effects suggests that targeted marker-assisted selection would lead to a significant increase in the level of these OS in milk. This is the first attempt to map candidate genes and causal mutations for bovine milk OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqian Liu
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Tingting Wang
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Jennie E Pryce
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia.,School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Iona M MacLeod
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Ben J Hayes
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia.,Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amanda J Chamberlain
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Christy Vander Jagt
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Coralie M Reich
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Brett A Mason
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Simone Rochfort
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia. .,School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia.
| | - Benjamin G Cocks
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia.,School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
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31
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McKeen S, Young W, Mullaney J, Fraser K, McNabb WC, Roy NC. Infant Complementary Feeding of Prebiotics for theMicrobiome and Immunity. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020364. [PMID: 30744134 PMCID: PMC6412789 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Complementary feeding transitions infants from a milk-based diet to solid foods, providing essential nutrients to the infant and the developing gut microbiome while influencing immune development. Some of the earliest microbial colonisers readily ferment select oligosaccharides, influencing the ongoing establishment of the microbiome. Non-digestible oligosaccharides in prebiotic-supplemented formula and human milk oligosaccharides promote commensal immune-modulating bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, which decrease in abundance during weaning. Incorporating complex, bifidogenic, non-digestible carbohydrates during the transition to solid foods may present an opportunity to feed commensal bacteria and promote balanced concentrations of beneficial short chain fatty acid concentrations and vitamins that support gut barrier maturation and immunity throughout the complementary feeding window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Starin McKeen
- AgResearch, Food Nutrition & Health, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston north4442, New Zealand.
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Wayne Young
- AgResearch, Food Nutrition & Health, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston north4442, New Zealand.
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Jane Mullaney
- AgResearch, Food Nutrition & Health, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston north4442, New Zealand.
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Karl Fraser
- AgResearch, Food Nutrition & Health, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston north4442, New Zealand.
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Warren C McNabb
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Nicole C Roy
- AgResearch, Food Nutrition & Health, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston north4442, New Zealand.
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Chi C, Buys N, Li C, Sun J, Yin C. Effects of prebiotics on sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, mortality, feeding intolerance, time to full enteral feeding, length of hospital stay, and stool frequency in preterm infants: a meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018; 73:657-670. [PMID: 30568297 PMCID: PMC6760619 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-018-0377-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Prebiotics are increasingly recognized as an effective measure to promote health and prevent adverse health outcomes in preterm infants. We aimed to systematically review the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in this area. SUBJECTS/METHODS Relevant studies from January 2000 to June 2018 were searched and selected from PubMed, Medline, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library. RCTs were included if they involved preterm infant participants, included a prebiotic intervention group, measured incidence of sepsis, feeding intolerance, mortality, time to full enteral feeding, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), length of hospital stay, and stool frequency as outcomes. RESULTS Eighteen RCTs (n = 1322) were included in the final meta-analysis. Participants who took prebiotics showed significant decreases in the incidence of sepsis (with a risk ratio (RR) of 0.64, 95% CI: 0.51, 0.78), mortality (RR = 0.58. 95% CI: 0.36, 0.94), length of hospital stay (mean difference (MD): -5.18, 95% CI: -8.94, -1.11), and time to full enteral feeding (MD: -0.99, 95% CI: -1.15, 0.83). The pooled effects showed no significant differences between intervention and control groups in relation to the morbidity rate of NEC (RR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.44, 1.44) or feeding intolerance (RR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.52, 1.45). CONCLUSIONS The results showed that the use of prebiotics with preterm infants is safe and can decrease the incidence of sepsis, mortality, length of hospital stay, and time to full enteral feeding but not NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Nicholas Buys
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Sun
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.
| | - Chenghong Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Structural characterization of glucosylated GOS derivatives synthesized by the Lactobacillus reuteri GtfA and Gtf180 glucansucrase enzymes. Carbohydr Res 2018; 470:57-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Pham HTT, Boger MCL, Dijkhuizen L, van Leeuwen SS. Stimulatory effects of novel glucosylated lactose derivatives GL34 on growth of selected gut bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:707-718. [PMID: 30406451 PMCID: PMC6373440 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9473-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Previously we structurally characterized five glucosylated lactose derivatives (F1-F5) with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 3-4 (GL34), products of Lactobacillus reuteri glucansucrases, with lactose and sucrose as substrates. Here, we show that these GL34 compounds are largely resistant to the hydrolytic activities of common carbohydrate-degrading enzymes. Also, the ability of single strains of gut bacteria, bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, and commensal bacteria, to ferment the GL34 compounds was studied. Bifidobacteria clearly grew better on the GL34 mixture than lactobacilli and commensal bacteria. Lactobacilli and the commensal bacteria Escherichia coli Nissle and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron only degraded the F2 compound α-D-Glcp-(1 → 2)-[β-D-Galp-(1 → 4)-]D-Glcp, constituting around 30% w/w of GL34. Bifidobacteria digested more than one compound from the GL34 mixture, varying with the specific strain tested. Bifidobacterium adolescentis was most effective, completely degrading four of the five GL34 compounds, leaving only one minor constituent. GL34 thus represents a novel oligosaccharide mixture with (potential) synbiotic properties towards B. adolescentis, synthesized from cheap and abundantly available lactose and sucrose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hien T T Pham
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Markus C L Boger
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,CarbExplore Research B.V, Zernikepark 12, 9747 AN, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Sander S van Leeuwen
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
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35
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Tian S, Wang J, Yu H, Wang J, Zhu W. Effects of galacto-oligosaccharides on growth and gut function of newborn suckling piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:75. [PMID: 30349690 PMCID: PMC6193306 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0290-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most research on galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) has mainly focused on their prebiotic effects on the hindgut, but their beneficial effects on the small intestine (SI) have received little attention. Since jejunum is the important place to digest and absorb nutrients efficiently, optimal maturation of the jejunum is necessary for maintaining the high growth rate in the neonate. Therefore, this study investigates the effect of the early intervention with GOS on the intestinal development of the jejunum. Methods A total of 6 litters of neonatal piglets (10 piglets per litter; Duroc × Landrace × Large White) with an average birth weight of 1.55 ± 0.05 kg received 1 of 2 treatments based on their assignment to either the control (CON) group or the GOS (GOS) group in each litter. Piglets in the GOS group were orally administrated 10 mL of a GOS solution (reaching 1 g GOS/kg body weight) per day from the age of 1 to 7 d; the piglets in the CON group were treated with the same dose of physiological saline. All piglets were weaned on d 21. On d 8 and 21 of the experimental trial, 1 pig per group from each of the 6 litters was euthanized. Results The early intervention with GOS increased the average daily gains in the third week (P < 0.05). Decreased crypt depth was also observed in the jejunum of the piglets on d 21 (P < 0.05). The early intervention with GOS increased the jejunal lactase activity on d 8, maltase activity and sucrase activity on d 21 (P < 0.05). In addition, the early intervention with GOS also facilitated the mRNA expression of Sodium glucose co-transporter 1 (SGLT1) on d 8 and the mRNA expression of Glucose transporter type 2 (GLUT2) on d 21 (P < 0.05). It was further determined that GOS up-regulated the mRNA expression of preproglucagon (GCG), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) and epidermal growth factor (EGF). GOS also up-regulated the protein expression of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) and EGF in the jejunum of the piglets. Furthermore, it was also found that GOS enhanced the protein expression of ZO-1 and occludin on d 8 (P < 0.05), as well as increased the mRNA expression of TGF-β and decrease the mRNA expression of IL-12 (P < 0.05). Conclusions These results indicate that GOS have a positive effect on piglet growth performance in addition to decreasing the crypt depth and enhancing functional development in jejunum of suckling piglets. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40104-018-0290-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Tian
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Jue Wang
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Hu Yu
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Jing Wang
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
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Shahramian I, Kalvandi G, Javaherizadeh H, Khalili M, Noori NM, Delaramnasab M, Bazi A. The effects of prebiotic supplementation on weight gain, diarrhoea, constipation, fever and respiratory tract infections in the first year of life. J Paediatr Child Health 2018; 54:875-880. [PMID: 29579345 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.13906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of prebiotics on some common clinical ailments in healthy term infants. METHODS Sixty healthy-term, breastfed (BF) infants were included. Along with these infants, 120 healthy-term formula-fed infants were randomly assigned to either the prebiotic formula (PF, n = 60) or regular formula (RF, n = 60) groups. Ready-to-use prebiotic-supplemented formula containing galacto-oligosaccharides and polydextrose (ratio 1:1) was used. RESULTS At 2 months of age, PF infants demonstrated significantly higher weight gain than BF and RF. At 6 months of age, bodyweight was significantly higher in the RF group compared to BF and PF groups (P < 0.05). Similar results were seen at 8, 10 and 12 months of age. At 10 months of age, the duration of diarrhoea was significantly shorter in PF-fed compared to the RF (P = 0.03) group. A significant difference was found between PF and RF (P < 0.0001) and BF and RF groups (P = 0.002) for diarrhoea duration. Means of constipation episodes per year were 0.03 ± 0.18, 0.433 ± 0.77 and 0.1 ± 0.30 for the BF, RF and PF groups, respectively, with significant difference found between BF and RF (P = 0.006) and PF and RF (P = 0.02). The means of episodes of respiratory tract infections per year for BF, RF and PF groups were 1 ± 0.69, 1.6 ± 0.88 and 1 ± 0.58, respectively (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION Prebiotic-supplemented and regular formula were similar to breast milk regarding prophylactic effects for diarrhoea, constipation and respiratory tract infections in the first year of life. Prebiotic-supplemented formula may be an appropriate substitution for breast milk when breast milk in unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraj Shahramian
- Pediatric Digestive and Hepatic Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | | | - Hazhir Javaherizadeh
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Abuzar Children's Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Manijeh Khalili
- Children and Adolescent Health Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Noor Mohammad Noori
- Children and Adolescent Health Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Delaramnasab
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Amir-Al-Momenin Hospital, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Ali Bazi
- Pediatric Digestive and Hepatic Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran.,Clinical Research Development Unit, Amir-Al-Momenin Hospital, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
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37
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Lohner S, Jakobik V, Mihályi K, Soldi S, Vasileiadis S, Theis S, Sailer M, Sieland C, Berényi K, Boehm G, Decsi T. Inulin-Type Fructan Supplementation of 3- to 6-Year-Old Children Is Associated with Higher Fecal Bifidobacterium Concentrations and Fewer Febrile Episodes Requiring Medical Attention. J Nutr 2018; 148:1300-1308. [PMID: 29982534 PMCID: PMC6074834 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inulin-type fructans used in formula have been shown to promote microbiota composition and stool consistency closer to those of breastfed infants and to have beneficial effects on fever occurrence, diarrhea, and incidence of infections requiring antibiotic treatment in infants. Objectives The primary study aim was to explore whether prophylactic supplementation with prebiotic fructans is able to influence the frequency of infectious diseases in kindergarten children during a winter period. A secondary objective was to ascertain the effect on the intestinal microbiota. Methods 142 boys and 128 girls aged 3-6 y were randomly allocated to consume 6 g/d fructans or maltodextrin for 24 wk. At baseline, stool samples were collected for microbiota analysis and anthropometric measurements were made. During the intervention period diagnoses were recorded by physicians, whereas disease symptoms, kindergarten absenteeism, dietary habits, and stool consistency were recorded by parents. Baseline measurements were repeated at wk 24. Results In total 219 children finished the study. Both the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium (P < 0.001) and that of Lactobacillus (P = 0.014) were 19.9% and 7.8% higher, respectively, post data normalization, in stool samples of children receiving fructans as compared with those of controls at wk 24. This was accompanied by significantly softer stools within the normal range in the prebiotic group from wk 12 onwards. The incidence of febrile episodes requiring medical attention [0.65 ± 1.09 compared with 0.9 ± 1.11 infections/(24 wk × child), P = 0.04] and that of sinusitis (0.01 ± 0.1 compared with 0.06 ± 0.25, P = 0.03) were significantly lower in the prebiotic group. The number of infectious episodes and their duration reported by parents did not differ significantly between the 2 intervention groups. Conclusions Prebiotic supplementation modified the composition of the intestinal microbiota and resulted in softer stools in kindergarten-aged children. The reduction in febrile episodes requiring medical attention supports the concept of further studies on prebiotics in young children. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03241355.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szimonetta Lohner
- Department of Paediatrics, Clinical Center of the University of Pécs,Address correspondence to SL (e-mail: )
| | - Viktória Jakobik
- Department of Paediatrics, Clinical Center of the University of Pécs
| | - Krisztina Mihályi
- Department of Paediatrics, Clinical Center of the University of Pécs
| | - Sara Soldi
- Advanced Analytical Technologies Srl, Fiorenzualo d'Arda (Pc), Italy
| | - Sotirios Vasileiadis
- Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Károly Berényi
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Tamás Decsi
- Department of Paediatrics, Clinical Center of the University of Pécs
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Hayen SM, den Hartog Jager CF, Knulst AC, Knol EF, Garssen J, Willemsen LEM, Otten HG. Non-Digestible Oligosaccharides Can Suppress Basophil Degranulation in Whole Blood of Peanut-Allergic Patients. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1265. [PMID: 29942305 PMCID: PMC6004414 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDOs) have a protective effect against allergic manifestations in children at risk. Dietary intervention with NDOs promotes the colonization of beneficial bacteria in the gut and enhances serum galectin-9 levels in mice and atopic children. Next to this, NDOs also directly affect immune cells and low amounts may reach the blood. We investigated whether pre-incubation of whole blood from peanut-allergic patients with NDOs or galectin-9 can affect basophil degranulation. Methods Heparinized blood samples from 15 peanut-allergic adult patients were pre-incubated with a mixture of short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scGOS/lcFOS), scFOS/lcFOS, or galectin-9 (1 or 5 µg/mL) at 37°C in the presence of IL-3 (0.75 ng/mL). After 2, 6, or 24 h, a basophil activation test was performed. Expression of FcεRI on basophils, plasma cytokine, and chemokine concentrations before degranulation were determined after 24 h. Results Pre-incubation with scGOS/lcFOS, scFOS/lcFOS, or galectin-9 reduced anti-IgE-mediated basophil degranulation. scFOS/lcFOS or 5 µg/mL galectin-9 also decreased peanut-specific basophil degranulation by approximately 20%, mainly in whole blood from female patients. Inhibitory effects were not related to diminished FcεRI expression on basophils. Galectin-9 was increased in plasma after pre-incubation with scGOS/lcFOS, and both NDOs and 5 µg/mL galectin-9 increased MCP-1 production. Conclusion and clinical relevance The prebiotic mixture scFOS/lcFOS and galectin-9 can contribute to decreased degranulation of basophils in vitro in peanut-allergic patients. The exact mechanism needs to be elucidated, but these NDOs might be useful in reducing allergic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone M Hayen
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Constance F den Hartog Jager
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - André C Knulst
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Edward F Knol
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Nutricia Research, Immunology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Linette E M Willemsen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Henny G Otten
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Schokker D, Fledderus J, Jansen R, Vastenhouw SA, de Bree FM, Smits MA, Jansman AAJM. Supplementation of fructooligosaccharides to suckling piglets affects intestinal microbiota colonization and immune development. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:2139-2153. [PMID: 29800418 PMCID: PMC6095281 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging knowledge shows the importance of early life events in programming the intestinal mucosal immune system and development of the intestinal barrier function. These processes depend heavily on close interactions between gut microbiota and host cells in the intestinal mucosa. In turn, development of the intestinal microbiota is largely dependent on available nutrients required for the specific microbial community structures to expand. It is currently not known what the specificities are of intestinal microbial community structures in relation to the programming of the intestinal mucosal immune system and development of the intestinal barrier function. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of a nutritional intervention on intestinal development of suckling piglets by daily oral administration of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) over a period of 12 d (days 2-14 of age). At the microbiota community level, a clear "bifidogenic" effect of the FOS administration was observed in the colon digesta at day 14. The former, however, did not translate into significant changes of local gene expression in the colonic mucosa. In the jejunum, significant changes were observed for microbiota composition at day 14, and microbiota diversity at day 25. In addition, significant differentially expressed gene sets in mucosal tissues of the jejunum were identified at both days 14 and 25 of age. At the age of 14 d, a lower activity of cell cycle-related processes and a higher activity of extracellular matrix processes were observed in the jejunal mucosa of piglets supplemented with FOS compared with control piglets. At day 25, the lower activity of immune-related processes in jejunal tissue was seen in piglets supplemented with FOS. Villi height and crypt depth in the jejunum were significantly different at day 25 between the experimental and control groups, where piglets supplemented with FOS had greater villi and deeper crypts. We conclude that oral FOS administration during the early suckling period of piglets had significant bifidogenic effects on the microbiota in the colon and on gene expression in the jejunal mucosa by thus far unknown mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirkjan Schokker
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Droevendaalsesteeg, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Freddy M de Bree
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg,Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Mari A Smits
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Droevendaalsesteeg, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg,Lelystad, The Netherlands
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40
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Hayen SM, Otten HG, Overbeek SA, Knulst AC, Garssen J, Willemsen LEM. Exposure of Intestinal Epithelial Cells to Short- and Long-Chain Fructo-Oligosaccharides and CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Enhances Peanut-Specific T Helper 1 Polarization. Front Immunol 2018; 9:923. [PMID: 29867934 PMCID: PMC5958185 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-digestible oligosaccharides promote colonization of beneficial gut bacteria and have direct immunomodulatory effects. Apical exposure of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) to short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scGOS/lcFOS) in a transwell co-culture model enhanced the CpG-induced (TLR-9 ligand) T helper 1 (Th1) phenotype and regulatory IL-10 response of underlying peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy donors. scGOS is derived from lactose and may pose risks in severe cow's milk allergic patients, and scFOS/lcFOS may be an alternative. The goal of this study was to determine the immunomodulatory effects of scGOS/lcFOS and scFOS/lcFOS in an allergen-specific transwell co-culture model using PBMCs from peanut-allergic patients. Methods IECs cultured on transwell filters were apically exposed to CpG, either or not in combination with oligosaccharides. These IECs were co-cultured with basolateral PBMCs of peanut-allergic patients that were either activated with aCD3/28 or peanut extract. Basolateral cytokine production and T-cell polarization were measured and the contribution of galectin-9 and the dectin-1 receptor in immune modulation were assessed. Results IECs exposed to CpG increased IFN-γ, IL-10, and galectin-9 production by aCD3/28-stimulated PBMCs, whereas IL-13 decreased. Both scGOS/lcFOS and scFOS/lcFOS further enhanced IFN-γ and IL-10, while suppressing IL-13 and TNF-α. In the peanut-specific model, only scFOS/lcFOS further increased IFN-γ and IL-10 production, coinciding with enhanced Th1-frequency. Expression of CRTH2 reduced after CpG exposure, and was further reduced by scFOS/lcFOS. Galectin-9 inhibitor TIM-3-Fc abrogated the additional effect of scFOS/lcFOS on peanut-specific IFN-γ production, while neutralization of the dectin-1 receptor was not effective. Conclusion Epithelial exposure to scFOS/lcFOS enhanced the CpG-induced Th1 and regulatory IL-10 response in a peanut-specific co-culture model. These effects suggest scFOS/lcFOS as candidate for dietary adjunct in allergen-specific immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone M Hayen
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Henny G Otten
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Saskia A Overbeek
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Immunology Platform, Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - André C Knulst
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Immunology Platform, Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Linette E M Willemsen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Oh SY, Youn SY, Park MS, Baek NI, Ji GE. Synthesis of Stachyobifiose Using Bifidobacterial α-Galactosidase Purified from Recombinant Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:1184-1190. [PMID: 29363955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The prebiotic effects of GOS (galactooligosaccharides) are known to depend on the glycosidic linkages, degree of polymerization (DP), and the monosaccharide composition. In this study, a novel form of α-GOS with a potentially improved prebiotic effect was synthesized using bifidobacterial α-galactosidase (α-Gal) purified from recombinant Escherichia coli. The carbohydrate produced was identified as α-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-β-d-fructofuranoside] and was termed stachyobifiose. Among 17 nonprobiotics, 16 nonprobiotics showed lower growth on stachyobifiose than β-GOS. In contrast, among the 16 probiotics, 6 probiotics showed higher growth on stachyobifiose than β-GOS. When compared with raffinose, stachyobifiose was used less by nonprobiotics than raffinose. Moreover, compared with stachyose, stachyobifiose was used less by Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, and Clostridium butyricum. The average amounts of total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced were in the order of stachyobifiose > stachyose > raffinose > β-GOS. Taken together, stachyobifiose is expected to contribute to beneficial changes of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Oh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - So Youn Youn
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Gimcheon, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Soo Park
- Research Center, BIFIDO Co. Ltd., Kangwon 250-804, Republic of Korea
- Department of Hotel Culinary Arts, Yeonsung University , Gyeonggi 14011, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam In Baek
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University , Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun Eog Ji
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- Research Center, BIFIDO Co. Ltd., Kangwon 250-804, Republic of Korea
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Toxicological evaluation of 3'-sialyllactose sodium salt. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 94:83-90. [PMID: 29407203 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The safety of 3'-sialyllactose (3'-SL) sodium salt was evaluated by testing for gene mutations, in vivo and in vitro clastogenic activity, and animal toxicity in beagle dogs and rats. The results of all mutagenicity and genotoxicity tests were negative, indicating that 3'-SL does not have any mutagenic or clastogenic potential. The mean lethal dose (LD50) of 3'-SL sodium salt was well above 20 g/kg body weight (bw) in rats. A dose escalation acute toxicity study in Beagle dogs also indicated no treatment-related abnormalities. Subsequent 28-day and 90-day toxicity studies in Sprague- Dawley (SD) rats involved dietary exposure to 500, 1,000, and 2000 mg/kg bw of 3'-SL sodium salt and a water (vehicle) control. There were no treatment-related abnormalities on clinical observations, body weight, food consumption, behavior, hematology, clinical chemistry, organ weights, relative organ weights, urinalysis parameters, or necropsy and histopathological findings. The No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of 3'-SL sodium salt was determined to be higher than 2000 mg/kg bw/day in an oral subchronic toxicity study in rats, indicating that the substance is an ordinary carbohydrate with the lowest toxicity rating. Results confirm that 3'-SL sodium salt has a toxicity profile similar to other non-digestible carbohydrates and naturally occurring human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and support its safety for human consumption in foods.
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Yu H, Yan X, Autran CA, Li Y, Etzold S, Latasiewicz J, Robertson BM, Li J, Bode L, Chen X. Enzymatic and Chemoenzymatic Syntheses of Disialyl Glycans and Their Necrotizing Enterocolitis Preventing Effects. J Org Chem 2017; 82:13152-13160. [PMID: 29124935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most common and devastating intestinal disorders in preterm infants. Therapies to meet the clinical needs for this special and highly vulnerable population are extremely limited. A specific human milk oligosaccharide (HMO), disialyllacto-N-tetraose (DSLNT), was shown to contribute to the beneficial effects of breastfeeding as it prevented NEC in a neonatal rat model and was associated with lower NEC risk in a human clinical cohort study. Herein, gram-scale synthesis of two DSLNT analogs previously shown to have NEC preventing effect is described. In addition, four novel disialyl glycans have been designed and synthesized by enzymatic or chemoenzymatic methods. Noticeably, two disialyl tetraoses have been produced by enzymatic sialylation of chemically synthesized thioethyl β-disaccharides followed by removal of the thioethyl aglycon. Dose-dependent and single-dose comparison studies showed varying NEC-preventing effects of the disialyl glycans in neonatal rats. This study helps to refine the structure requirement of the NEC-preventing effect of disialyl glycans and provides important dose-dependent information for using DSLNT analogs as potential therapeutics for NEC prevention in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Yu
- Glycohub, Inc. , 4070 Truxel Road, Sacramento, California 95834, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Xuebin Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Chloe A Autran
- Division of Neonatology and Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, and Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence (LRF MoMI CoRE), University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yanhong Li
- Glycohub, Inc. , 4070 Truxel Road, Sacramento, California 95834, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Sabrina Etzold
- Division of Neonatology and Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, and Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence (LRF MoMI CoRE), University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Joanna Latasiewicz
- Division of Neonatology and Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, and Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence (LRF MoMI CoRE), University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Bianca M Robertson
- Division of Neonatology and Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, and Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence (LRF MoMI CoRE), University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jiaming Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Lars Bode
- Division of Neonatology and Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, and Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence (LRF MoMI CoRE), University of California-San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Comparison of anti-pathogenic activities of the human and bovine milk N-glycome: Fucosylation is a key factor. Food Chem 2017; 235:167-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Akbari P, Fink-Gremmels J, Willems RHAM, Difilippo E, Schols HA, Schoterman MHC, Garssen J, Braber S. Characterizing microbiota-independent effects of oligosaccharides on intestinal epithelial cells: insight into the role of structure and size : Structure-activity relationships of non-digestible oligosaccharides. Eur J Nutr 2017; 56:1919-1930. [PMID: 27295033 PMCID: PMC5534205 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The direct effects of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), including Vivinal® GOS syrup (VGOS) and purified Vivinal® GOS (PGOS), on the epithelial integrity and corresponding interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL8) release were examined in a Caco-2 cell model for intestinal barrier dysfunction. To investigate structure-activity relationships, the effects of individual DP fractions of VGOS were evaluated. Moreover, the obtained results with GOS were compared with Caco-2 monolayers incubated with fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and inulin. METHODS Caco-2 monolayers were pretreated (24 h) with or without specific oligosaccharides or DP fractions of VGOS (DP2 to DP6) before being exposed for 12 or 24 h to the fungal toxin deoxynivalenol (DON). Transepithelial electrical resistance and lucifer yellow permeability were measured to investigate barrier integrity. A calcium switch assay was used to study the reassembly of tight junction proteins. Release of CXCL8, a typical marker for inflammation, was quantified by ELISA. RESULTS In comparison with PGOS, FOS and inulin, VGOS showed the most pronounced protective effect on the DON-induced impairment of the monolayer integrity, acceleration of the tight junction reassembly and the subsequent CXCL8 release. DP2 and DP3 in concentrations occurring in VGOS prevented the DON-induced epithelial barrier disruption, which could be related to their high prevalence in VGOS. However, no effects of the separate DP GOS fractions were observed on CXCL8 release. CONCLUSIONS This comparative study demonstrates the direct, microbiota-independent effects of oligosaccharides on the intestinal barrier function and shows the differences between individual galacto- and fructo-oligosaccharides. This microbiota-independent effect of oligosaccharides depends on the oligosaccharide structure, DP length and concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Akbari
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna Fink-Gremmels
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne H A M Willems
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabetta Difilippo
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk A Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Nutricia Research, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Braber
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Vandenplas Y, Ludwig T, Bouritius H, Alliet P, Forde D, Peeters S, Huet F, Hourihane J. Randomised controlled trial demonstrates that fermented infant formula with short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides reduces the incidence of infantile colic. Acta Paediatr 2017; 106:1150-1158. [PMID: 28328065 PMCID: PMC5485044 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM We examined the effects on gastrointestinal (GI) tolerance of a novel infant formula that combined specific fermented formula (FERM) with short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scGOS/lcFOS), with a 9:1 ratio and concentration of 0.8 g/100 mL. METHODS This prospective, double-blind, randomised, controlled trial comprised 432 healthy, term infants aged 0-28 days whose parents decided to not start, or discontinued, breastfeeding. Infant formula with scGOS/lcFOS+50%FERM, scGOS/lcFOS+15%FERM, 50%FERM and scGOS/lcFOS were tested. Parents completed standardised seven-day diaries on GI symptoms, crying, sleeping and stool characteristics each month until the infants were 17 weeks. RESULTS All the formulas were well tolerated. At four weeks, the overall incidence of infantile colic was significantly lower (8%) with scGOS/lcFOS+50%FERM than scGOS/lcFOS (20%, p = 0.034) or 50%FERM (20%, p = 0.036). Longitudinal modelling showed that scGOS/lcFOS+50%FERM-fed infants also displayed a persistently lower daily crying duration and showed a consistent stool-softening effect than infants who received formula without scGOS/lcFOS. CONCLUSION The combination of fermented formula with scGOS/lcFOS was well tolerated and showed a lower overall crying time, a lower incidence of infantile colic and a stool-softening effect in healthy term infants. These findings suggest for the first time that a specific infant formula has a preventive effect on infantile colic in formula-fed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Vandenplas
- Department of Pediatrics; UZ, Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels Belgium
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Garg BD, Balasubramanian H, Kabra NS. Physiological effects of prebiotics and its role in prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm neonates. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2017; 31:2071-2078. [PMID: 28514886 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1332041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most serious gastrointestinal emergencies in very low birth weight (VLBW) preterm neonates, affecting 7-14% of these neonates. Due to the seriousness of the disease, prevention of NEC is the most important goal. Current evidence from systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that probiotics are the most promising intervention in reduction of the incidence of NEC in VLBW neonates. As per the evidence, prebiotics modulate the composition of human intestine microflora to the benefit of the host by suppression of colonization of harmful microorganism and/or the stimulation of bifidobacterial growth, decreased stool viscosity, reduced gastrointestinal transit time, and better feed tolerance. Prebiotics may be potential alternatives or adjunctive therapies to probiotics, despite a lack of evidence supporting its clinical efficacy in prevention of NEC. In this article, we discuss evidence-based physiological effects of prebiotics and its therapeutic role in prevention of NEC.
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Liu Z, Auldist M, Wright M, Cocks B, Rochfort S. Bovine Milk Oligosaccharide Contents Show Remarkable Seasonal Variation and Intercow Variation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:1307-1313. [PMID: 28139923 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (OS) play an important role in protecting the neonate. In addition to fructo-oligosaccharides and galacto-oligosaccharides, bovine milk OS have great potential to be used in pediatric food products to mimic the functions of human milk OS. Currently, little is known about the accumulation of OS in bovine milk in relation to genetic and environmental factors. A systematic survey on seasonal variation of 14 major OS was thus conducted with 19 cows over the entire milking season using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. This study revealed a number of significant correlations between structurally related and structurally nonrelated OS and a substantial individual animal difference for all 14 OS. Most of the 14 OS displayed a remarkable seasonal variation in abundance (up to 10-fold change), with the highest abundance observed in April and May (i.e., autumn) for the majority of the 19 cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqian Liu
- Biosciences Research, Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio , 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Martin Auldist
- Farming Systems Research, Agriculture Victoria , Ellinbank Centre, 1301 Hazeldean Road, Ellinbank, Victoria 3821, Australia
| | - Marlie Wright
- Farming Systems Research, Agriculture Victoria , Ellinbank Centre, 1301 Hazeldean Road, Ellinbank, Victoria 3821, Australia
| | - Benjamin Cocks
- Biosciences Research, Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio , 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University , Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Simone Rochfort
- Biosciences Research, Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio , 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University , Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
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Davis EC, Wang M, Donovan SM. The role of early life nutrition in the establishment of gastrointestinal microbial composition and function. Gut Microbes 2017; 8:143-171. [PMID: 28068209 PMCID: PMC5390825 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2016.1278104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of the human infant intestinal microbiota is a sequential process that begins in utero and continues during the first 2 to 3 years of life. Microbial composition and diversity are shaped by host genetics and multiple environmental factors, of which diet is a principal contributor. An understanding of this process is of clinical importance as the microbiota acquired in early life influence gastrointestinal, immune and neural development, and reduced microbial diversity or dysbiosis during infancy is associated with disorders in infancy and later childhood. The goal of this article was to review the published literature that used culture-independent methods to describe the development of the gastrointestinal microbiota in breast- and formula-fed human infants as well as the impact of prebiotic and probiotic addition to infant formula, and the addition of solid foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin C. Davis
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Sharon M. Donovan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL USA,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL USA,CONTACT Sharon M. Donovan University of Illinois, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, 339 Bevier Hall, 905 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801
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