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Unlu Y, Piaggi P, Stinson EJ, De Baca TC, Rodzevik TL, Walter M, Krakoff J, Chang DC. Impaired metabolic flexibility to fasting is associated with increased ad libitum energy intake in healthy adults. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024; 32:949-958. [PMID: 38650517 PMCID: PMC11045162 DOI: 10.1002/oby.24011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated how changes in 24-h respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and substrate oxidation during fasting versus an energy balance condition influence subsequent ad libitum food intake. METHODS Forty-four healthy, weight-stable volunteers (30 male and 14 female; mean [SD], age 39.3 [11.0] years; BMI 31.7 [8.3] kg/m2) underwent 24-h energy expenditure measurements in a respiratory chamber during energy balance (50% carbohydrate, 30% fat, and 20% protein) and 24-h fasting. Immediately after each chamber stay, participants were allowed 24-h ad libitum food intake from computerized vending machines. RESULTS Twenty-four-hour RER decreased by 9.4% (95% CI: -10.4% to -8.5%; p < 0.0001) during fasting compared to energy balance, reflecting a decrease in carbohydrate oxidation (mean [SD], -2.6 [0.8] MJ/day; p < 0.0001) and an increase in lipid oxidation (2.3 [0.9] MJ/day; p < 0.0001). Changes in 24-h RER and carbohydrate oxidation in response to fasting were correlated with the subsequent energy intake such that smaller decreases in fasting 24-h RER and carbohydrate oxidation, but not lipid oxidation, were associated with greater energy intake after fasting (r = 0.31, p = 0.04; r = 0.40, p = 0.007; and r = -0.27, p = 0.07, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Impaired metabolic flexibility to fasting, reflected by an inability to transition away from carbohydrate oxidation, is linked with increased energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigit Unlu
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Emma J. Stinson
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Tomás Cabeza De Baca
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Theresa L. Rodzevik
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Mary Walter
- Clinical Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Douglas C. Chang
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Yeshurun S, Cramer T, Souroujon D, Mor M. The Association of Macronutrient Consumption and BMI to Exhaled Carbon Dioxide in Lumen Users: Retrospective Real-World Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2024; 12:e56083. [PMID: 38439744 PMCID: PMC11019421 DOI: 10.2196/56083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic flexibility is the ability of the body to rapidly switch between fuel sources based on their accessibility and metabolic requirements. High metabolic flexibility is associated with improved health outcomes and a reduced risk of several metabolic disorders. Metabolic flexibility can be improved through lifestyle changes, such as increasing physical activity and eating a balanced macronutrient diet. Lumen is a small handheld device that measures metabolic fuel usage through exhaled carbon dioxide (CO2), which allows individuals to monitor their metabolic flexibility and make lifestyle changes to enhance it. OBJECTIVE This retrospective study aims to examine the postprandial CO2 response to meals logged by Lumen users and its relationship with macronutrient intake and BMI. METHODS We analyzed deidentified data from 2607 Lumen users who logged their meals and measured their exhaled CO2 before and after those meals between May 1, 2023, and October 18, 2023. A linear mixed model was fitted to test the association between macronutrient consumption, BMI, age, and gender to the postprandial CO2 response, followed by a 2-way ANOVA. RESULTS The model demonstrated significant associations (P<.001) between CO2 response after meals and both BMI and carbohydrate intake (BMI: β=-0.112, 95% CI -0.156 to -0.069; carbohydrates: β=0.046, 95% CI 0.034-0.058). In addition, a 2-way ANOVA revealed that higher carbohydrate intake resulted in a higher CO2 response compared to low carbohydrate intake (F2,2569=24.23; P<.001), and users with high BMI showed modest responses to meals compared with low BMI (F2,2569=5.88; P=.003). CONCLUSIONS In this study, we show that Lumen's CO2 response is influenced both by macronutrient consumption and BMI. The results of this study highlight a distinct pattern of reduced metabolic flexibility in users with obesity, indicating the value of Lumen for assessing postprandial metabolic flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Souroujon
- Metaflow Ltd, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- School of Public Health, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Schubert MM, Terauds S, Plant M, Handler G, Atkins C, Mendez C. Prior acute exercise restores postprandial fat oxidation in active cannabis users. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e15968. [PMID: 38453255 PMCID: PMC10920057 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Data suggest cannabis users have similar or lower levels of blood lipids compared to nonusers. However, the extent to which cannabis users experience postprandial lipemia is not known. Eleven cannabis users and 11 nonusers completed either rest or 1 h of exercise at their ventilatory threshold the evening before a meal tolerance test (MTT). Substrate oxidation, blood pressure, and capillary blood were obtained before and every 30-60 min post-meal for 3 h. Linear mixed models were utilized to examine differences in variables between groups, conditions, across time, and their interactions. Exercise led to increased fat oxidation post-MTT (p < 0.05), with cannabis users exhibiting higher AUC compared to the control trial (p < 0.05). Exercise also caused significantly lower levels of triglycerides (p < 0.05). Metabolic flexibility was improved in cannabis users in the exercise trial only (p < 0.05). No effect of group, trial, or interactions were detected for other variables of interest (all p > 0.05). This study indicated that prior exercise improves lipid metabolism in cannabis users and nonusers after a high-fat meal test. Cannabis users appear sensitive to the effects of exercise. Future studies should incorporate additional meals and variables related to cardiovascular health and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. Schubert
- Metabolism and Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of KinesiologyCalifornia State UniversitySan MarcosCaliforniaUSA
| | - Samantha Terauds
- Metabolism and Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of KinesiologyCalifornia State UniversitySan MarcosCaliforniaUSA
| | - Maren Plant
- School of MedicineGeorge Washington UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Grace Handler
- Metabolism and Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of KinesiologyCalifornia State UniversitySan MarcosCaliforniaUSA
| | - Colin Atkins
- Metabolism and Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of KinesiologyCalifornia State UniversitySan MarcosCaliforniaUSA
| | - Casandra Mendez
- Metabolism and Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of KinesiologyCalifornia State UniversitySan MarcosCaliforniaUSA
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Shoemaker ME, Gillen ZM, Fukuda DH, Cramer JT. Metabolic Flexibility and Inflexibility: Pathology Underlying Metabolism Dysfunction. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4453. [PMID: 37445488 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic flexibility can be defined as the ability of the skeletal muscle to adjust its utilization of substrate pathways [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Marni E Shoemaker
- School of Health and Consumer Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Zachary M Gillen
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, 180 Magruder Street, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - David H Fukuda
- School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Joel T Cramer
- College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
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Santillana N, Astudillo-Guerrero C, D’Espessailles A, Cruz G. White Adipose Tissue Dysfunction: Pathophysiology and Emergent Measurements. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071722. [PMID: 37049561 PMCID: PMC10096946 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction plays an important role in the development of cardiometabolic alterations associated with obesity. AT dysfunction is characterized by the loss of the expansion capacity of the AT, an increment in adipocyte hypertrophy, and changes in the secretion profile of adipose cells, associated with accumulation of macrophages and inflammation. Since not all people with an excess of adiposity develop comorbidities, it is necessary to find simple tools that can evidence AT dysfunction and allow the detection of those people with the potential to develop metabolic alterations. This review focuses on the current pathophysiological mechanisms of white AT dysfunction and emerging measurements to assess its functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Santillana
- Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Camila Astudillo-Guerrero
- Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Mención Neurociencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Amanda D’Espessailles
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O’Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Cruz
- Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
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Chávez-Guevara IA. Assessment of metabolic flexibility by measuring maximal fat oxidation during submaximal intensity exercise: ¿Can we improve the analytical procedures? SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
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Huang W, Ruan W, Huo C, Lin Y, Wang T, Dai X, Zhai H, Ma J, Zhang J, Lu J, Zhuang J. The effect of 12 weeks of combined training on hepatic fat content and metabolic flexibility of individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Protocol of an open-label, single-center randomized control trial. Front Nutr 2023; 9:1065188. [PMID: 36726820 PMCID: PMC9884837 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1065188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Metabolic flexibility (MetF) is the capacity of an organism to oxidate substrate according to substrate availability or demand. The mismatch of substrate availability and oxidation may cause ectopic fat accumulation in the muscle and the liver. The objectives of the study are to examine the effect of 12 weeks of combined exercise on hepatic fat reduction and investigate metabolites related to MetF before and after the high-fat diet between individuals with NAFLD and healthy control with an active lifestyle. Methods This study is an open-label, single-center trial randomized controlled clinical study plus a cross-sectional comparison between individuals with NAFLD and healthy control. Individuals with NAFLD were allocated into two groups receiving resistance training (RT) combined with high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). Anthropometric indicators, clinical blood markers about glucose, lipid metabolism, and hepatic fat content (HFC) were assessed before and after the intervention. The metabolomics was also used to investigate the discrepant metabolites and mechanisms related to MetF. Discussion Metabolic flexibility reflects the capacity of an organism to switch the oxidation substrates flexibly, which is associated with ectopic fat accumulation. Our study aimed to explore the discrepant metabolites related to MetF before and after a high-fat diet between individuals with NAFLD and healthy control. In addition, the study also examined the effectiveness of RT combined with HIIT or MICT on hepatic fat reduction and quantificationally analyzed the metabolites related to MetF before and after the intervention. Our results provided a perspective on fatty liver-associated metabolic inactivity. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: ChiCTR2200055110; Registered 31 December 2021, http://www.chictr.org.cn/index.aspx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China,School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqi Ruan
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China,School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuilan Huo
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyu Lin
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China,School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Wang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China,School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangdi Dai
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China,School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Haonan Zhai
- School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiasheng Ma
- School of Elite Sport, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China,School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Jin Lu ✉
| | - Jie Zhuang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China,School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China,Jie Zhuang ✉
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Calderón-DuPont D, Torre-Villalvazo I, Díaz-Villaseñor A. Is insulin resistance tissue-dependent and substrate-specific? The role of white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Biochimie 2023; 204:48-68. [PMID: 36099940 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) refers to a reduction in the ability of insulin to exert its metabolic effects in organs such as adipose tissue (AT) and skeletal muscle (SM), leading to chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, and cardiovascular diseases. Obesity is the main cause of IR, however not all subjects with obesity develop clinical insulin resistance, and not all clinically insulin-resistant people have obesity. Recent evidence implies that IR onset is tissue-dependent (AT or SM) and/or substrate-specific (glucometabolic or lipometabolic). Therefore, the aims of the present review are 1) to describe the glucometabolic and lipometabolic activities of insulin in AT and SM in the maintenance of whole-body metabolic homeostasis, 2) to discuss the pathophysiology of substrate-specific IR in AT and SM, and 3) to highlight novel validated tests to assess tissue and substrate-specific IR that are easy to perform in clinical practice. In AT, glucometabolic IR reduces glucose availability for glycerol and fatty acid synthesis, thus decreasing the esterification and synthesis of signaling bioactive lipids. Lipometabolic IR in AT impairs the antilipolytic effect of insulin and lipogenesis, leading to an increase in circulating FFAs and generating lipotoxicity in peripheral tissues. In SM, glucometabolic IR reduces glucose uptake, whereas lipometabolic IR impairs mitochondrial lipid oxidation, increasing oxidative stress and inflammation, all of which lead to metabolic inflexibility. Understanding tissue-dependent and substrate-specific IR is of paramount importance for early detection before clinical manifestations and for the development of more specific treatments or direct interventions to prevent chronic life-threatening diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Calderón-DuPont
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, 04510, Mexico; Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Ivan Torre-Villalvazo
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional en Ciencias Médicas y Nutricíon Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, 14000, Mexico
| | - Andrea Díaz-Villaseñor
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.
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de Hoogh IM, Pasman WJ, Boorsma A, van Ommen B, Wopereis S. Effects of a 13-Week Personalized Lifestyle Intervention Based on the Diabetes Subtype for People with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030643. [PMID: 35327447 PMCID: PMC8945461 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subtyping method that determines the T2DM phenotype based on an extended oral glucose tolerance test is proposed. It assigns participants to one of seven subtypes according to their β-cell function and the presence of hepatic and/or muscle insulin resistance. The effectiveness of this subtyping approach and subsequent personalized lifestyle treatment in ameliorating T2DM was assessed in a primary care setting. Sixty participants, newly diagnosed with (pre)diabetes type 2 and not taking diabetes medication, completed the intervention. Retrospectively collected data of 60 people with T2DM from usual care were used as controls. Bodyweight (p < 0.01) and HbA1c (p < 0.01) were significantly reduced after 13 weeks in the intervention group, but not in the usual care group. The intervention group achieved 75.0% diabetes remission after 13 weeks (fasting glucose ≤ 6.9 mmol/L and HbA1c < 6.5% (48 mmol/mol)); for the usual care group, this was 22.0%. Lasting (two years) remission was especially achieved in subgroups with isolated hepatic insulin resistance. Our study shows that a personalized diagnosis and lifestyle intervention for T2DM in a primary care setting may be more effective in improving T2DM-related parameters than usual care, with long-term effects seen especially in subgroups with hepatic insulin resistance.
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Lépine G, Tremblay-Franco M, Bouder S, Dimina L, Fouillet H, Mariotti F, Polakof S. Investigating the Postprandial Metabolome after Challenge Tests to Assess Metabolic Flexibility and Dysregulations Associated with Cardiometabolic Diseases. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030472. [PMID: 35276829 PMCID: PMC8840206 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the added value provided by a research strategy applying metabolomics analyses to assess phenotypic flexibility in response to different nutritional challenge tests in the framework of metabolic clinical studies. We discuss findings related to the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and to mixed meals with varying fat contents and food matrix complexities. Overall, the use of challenge tests combined with metabolomics revealed subtle metabolic dysregulations exacerbated during the postprandial period when comparing healthy and at cardiometabolic risk subjects. In healthy subjects, consistent postprandial metabolic shifts driven by insulin action were reported (e.g., a switch from lipid to glucose oxidation for energy fueling) with similarities between OGTT and mixed meals, especially during the first hours following meal ingestion while differences appeared in a wider timeframe. In populations with expected reduced phenotypic flexibility, often associated with increased cardiometabolic risk, a blunted response on most key postprandial pathways was reported. We also discuss the most suitable statistical tools to analyze the dynamic alterations of the postprandial metabolome while accounting for complexity in study designs and data structure. Overall, the in-depth characterization of the postprandial metabolism and associated phenotypic flexibility appears highly promising for a better understanding of the onset of cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaïa Lépine
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 1019, Unité Nutrition Humaine, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (G.L.); (S.B.); (L.D.)
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 75005 Paris, France; (H.F.); (F.M.)
| | - Marie Tremblay-Franco
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, 31300 Toulouse, France;
- Axiom Platform, MetaToul-MetaboHUB, National Infrastructure for Metabolomics and Fluxomics, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Sabrine Bouder
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 1019, Unité Nutrition Humaine, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (G.L.); (S.B.); (L.D.)
| | - Laurianne Dimina
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 1019, Unité Nutrition Humaine, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (G.L.); (S.B.); (L.D.)
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 75005 Paris, France; (H.F.); (F.M.)
| | - Hélène Fouillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 75005 Paris, France; (H.F.); (F.M.)
| | - François Mariotti
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 75005 Paris, France; (H.F.); (F.M.)
| | - Sergio Polakof
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 1019, Unité Nutrition Humaine, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (G.L.); (S.B.); (L.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Daniele S, Scarfò G, Ceccarelli L, Fusi J, Zappelli E, Biagini D, Lomonaco T, Di Francesco F, Franzoni F, Martini C. The Mediterranean Diet Positively Affects Resting Metabolic Rate and Salivary Microbiota in Human Subjects: A Comparison with the Vegan Regimen. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10121292. [PMID: 34943207 PMCID: PMC8699008 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Salivary microbiota has been shown to be individualized and influenced by genetic and environmental factors, including macronutrient intake and lifestyle. Herein, the effect of two long-term dietary patterns, the Mediterranean and the vegan diet, was analyzed on oral microbiota composition and metabolic profile of human subjects. Moreover, we correlated microbial species to metabolic parameters. Subjects following the Mediterranean diet had a wider spectrum of oral bacteria and a better metabolic profile compared to the vegan diet, confirming the positive effects of a Mediterranean diet. Abstract Salivary microbiota, comprising bacteria shed from oral surfaces, has been shown to be individualized, temporally stable, and influenced by macronutrient intake and lifestyle. Nevertheless, the effect of long-term dietary patterns on oral microbiota composition and the relationship between oral microbiota composition and metabolic rate remains to be examined. Herein, salivary microbiota composition and metabolic profile were analyzed in human subjects with vegan (VEG) or Mediterranean (MED) long-term dietary patterns. MED subjects presented significantly higher percentages of Subflava and Prevotella species as compared to VEG ones. Moreover, MED subjects showed a lower carbohydrate and a higher lipid consumption than VEG subjects, and, accordingly, a significantly higher basal metabolic rate (BMR) and a lower respiratory quotient (RQ). Prevotella abundance was demonstrated to be inversely related to RQ and carbohydrate consumption, whereas Subflava percentages were demonstrated to be positively correlated to BMR. Lactobacillus abundance, which was inversely related to Subflava presence in MED subjects, was associated with decreased BMR (Harris–Benedict) values. Overall, our data evidence the influence of macronutrient intake on metabolic profile and oral microbiota and confirm the positive effects of the Mediterranean diet on BMR and on the abundance of microbial species associated with a better macronutrient metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Daniele
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (S.D.); (L.C.); (E.Z.); (C.M.)
| | - Giorgia Scarfò
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.S.); (J.F.)
| | - Lorenzo Ceccarelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (S.D.); (L.C.); (E.Z.); (C.M.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Jonathan Fusi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.S.); (J.F.)
| | - Elisa Zappelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (S.D.); (L.C.); (E.Z.); (C.M.)
| | - Denise Biagini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (D.B.); (T.L.); (F.D.F.)
| | - Tommaso Lomonaco
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (D.B.); (T.L.); (F.D.F.)
| | - Fabio Di Francesco
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (D.B.); (T.L.); (F.D.F.)
| | - Ferdinando Franzoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.S.); (J.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-2211857; Fax: +39-050-40834
| | - Claudia Martini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (S.D.); (L.C.); (E.Z.); (C.M.)
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