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Lokossou GAG, Kouakanou L, Schumacher A, Zenclussen AC. Human Breast Milk: From Food to Active Immune Response With Disease Protection in Infants and Mothers. Front Immunol 2022; 13:849012. [PMID: 35450064 PMCID: PMC9016618 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.849012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding is associated with long-term wellbeing including low risks of infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases such as asthma, cancer, autoimmune diseases and obesity during childhood. In recent years, important advances have been made in understanding the human breast milk (HBM) composition. Breast milk components such as, non-immune and immune cells and bioactive molecules, namely, cytokines/chemokines, lipids, hormones, and enzymes reportedly play many roles in breastfed newborns and in mothers, by diseases protection and shaping the immune system of the newborn. Bioactive components in HBM are also involved in tolerance and appropriate inflammatory response of breastfed infants if necessary. This review summarizes the current literature on the relationship between mother and her infant through breast milk with regard to disease protection. We will shed some light on the mechanisms underlying the roles of breast milk components in the maintenance of health of both child and mother.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gatien A. G. Lokossou
- Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, Department Human Biology Engineering, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Léonce Kouakanou
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Anne Schumacher
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research and Perinatal Immunology, Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ana C. Zenclussen
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research and Perinatal Immunology, Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Plaza-Díaz J, Álvarez-Mercado AI, Ruiz-Marín CM, Reina-Pérez I, Pérez-Alonso AJ, Sánchez-Andujar MB, Torné P, Gallart-Aragón T, Sánchez-Barrón MT, Reyes Lartategui S, García F, Chueca N, Moreno-Delgado A, Torres-Martínez K, Sáez-Lara MJ, Robles-Sánchez C, Fernández MF, Fontana L. Association of breast and gut microbiota dysbiosis and the risk of breast cancer: a case-control clinical study. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:495. [PMID: 31126257 PMCID: PMC6534876 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5660-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer ranks first in women, and is the second cause of death in this gender. In addition to genetics, the environment contributes to the development of the disease, although the factors involved are not well known. Among the latter is the influence of microorganisms and, therefore, attention is recently being paid to the mammary microbiota. We hypothesize that the risk of breast cancer could be associated with the composition and functionality of the mammary/gut microbiota, and that exposure to environmental contaminants (endocrine disruptors, EDCs) might contribute to alter these microbiota. METHODS We describe a case-control clinical study that will be performed in women between 25 and 70 years of age. Cases will be women diagnosed and surgically intervened of breast cancer (stages I and II). Women with antecedents of cancer or advanced tumor stage (metastasis), or who have received antibiotic treatment within a period of 3 months prior to recruitment, or any neoadjuvant therapy, will be excluded. Controls will be women surgically intervened of breast augmentation or reduction. Women with oncological, gynecological or endocrine history, and those who have received antibiotic treatment within a period of 3 months prior to recruitment will also be excluded. Blood, urine, breast tissue and stool samples will be collected. Data regarding anthropometric, sociodemographic, reproductive history, tumor features and dietary habits will be gathered. Metabolomic studies will be carried out in stool and breast tissue samples. Metagenomic studies will also be performed in stool and breast tissue samples to ascertain the viral, fungal, bacterial and archaea populations of the microbiota. Quantitation of estrogens, estrogen metabolites and EDCs in samples of serum, urine and breast tissue will also be performed. DISCUSSION This is the first time that the contribution of bacteria, archaea, viruses and fungi together with their alteration by environmental contaminants to the risk of breast cancer will be evaluated in the same study. Results obtained could contribute to elucidate risk factors, improve the prognosis, as well as to propose novel intervention studies in this disease. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03885648 , 03/25/2019. Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Plaza-Díaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Biomedical Research Center, Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I. Álvarez-Mercado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Biomedical Research Center, Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Carmen M Ruiz-Marín
- Unit of Mammary Pathology, General Surgery Service, University Hospital of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Iris Reina-Pérez
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro J. Pérez-Alonso
- Unit of Mammary Pathology, General Surgery Service, University Hospital of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Torné
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Unit of Mammary Pathology, General Surgery Service, University Hospital Campus de la Salud, Granada, Spain
| | - Tania Gallart-Aragón
- Unit of Mammary Pathology, General Surgery Service, University Hospital Campus de la Salud, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Saturnino Reyes Lartategui
- Unit of Mammary Pathology, General Surgery Service, University Hospital Campus de la Salud, Granada, Spain
| | - Federico García
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Campus de la Salud, Granada, Spain
| | - Natalia Chueca
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Campus de la Salud, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - María José Sáez-Lara
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Biomedical Research Center, Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Cándido Robles-Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Biomedical Research Center, Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Mariana F. Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory 207, Biomedical Research Center, Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain
| | - Luis Fontana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Biomedical Research Center, Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
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3
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Gannon OM, Antonsson A, Bennett IC, Saunders NA. Viral infections and breast cancer - A current perspective. Cancer Lett 2018; 420:182-189. [PMID: 29410005 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Sporadic human breast cancer is the most common cancer to afflict women. Since the discovery, decades ago, of the oncogenic mouse mammary tumour virus, there has been significant interest in the potential aetiologic role of infectious agents in sporadic human breast cancer. To address this, many studies have examined the presence of viruses (e.g. papillomaviruses, herpes viruses and retroviruses), endogenous retroviruses and more recently, microbes, as a means of implicating them in the aetiology of human breast cancer. Such studies have generated conflicting experimental and clinical reports of the role of infection in breast cancer. This review evaluates the current evidence for a productive oncogenic viral infection in human breast cancer, with a focus on the integration of sensitive and specific next generation sequencing technologies with pathogen discovery. Collectively, the majority of the recent literature using the more powerful next generation sequencing technologies fail to support an oncogenic viral infection being involved in disease causality in breast cancer. In balance, the weight of the current experimental evidence supports the conclusion that viral infection is unlikely to play a significant role in the aetiology of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Gannon
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - A Antonsson
- Department of Population Health, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia; School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - I C Bennett
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia; Private Practice, The Wesley and St Andrews Hospital, Auchenflower 4066, Australia
| | - N A Saunders
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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Alongi F, Giaj-Levra N, Sciascia S, Fozza A, Fersino S, Fiorentino A, Mazzola R, Ricchetti F, Buglione M, Buonfrate D, Roccatello D, Ricardi U, Bisoffi Z. Radiotherapy in patients with HIV: current issues and review of the literature. Lancet Oncol 2017; 18:e379-e393. [PMID: 28677574 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30440-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy has radically improved the life expectancy of patients with HIV, HIV positivity is still considered a major barrier to oncological treatment for patients with cancer because of their worse prognosis and increased susceptibility to toxic effects compared with patients who are immunocompetent. The use of radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or molecular targeted therapy is the standard of care for several cancers. These new drugs and substantial improvements in radiotherapy techniques, including intensity-modulated radiotherapy, image-guided radiotherapy, and stereotactic ablative radiotherapy, are optimising the feasibility of such anticancer treatments and are providing new opportunities for patients with cancer and HIV. In this Review, we discuss the role of radiotherapy, with or without chemotherapy or new drugs, in the treatment of cancer in patients with HIV, with a focus on the efficacy and tolerability of this approach on the basis of available evidence. Moreover, we analyse and discuss the biological basis of interactions between HIV and radiotherapy, evidence from preclinical studies, and immunomodulation by radiotherapy in the HIV setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Alongi
- Radiation Oncology, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Cancer Care Center, Negrar-Verona, Italy; University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Niccolò Giaj-Levra
- Radiation Oncology, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Cancer Care Center, Negrar-Verona, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy.
| | - Savino Sciascia
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Centre of Research of Immunopathology and Rare Diseases-Coordinating Centre of Piemonte and Valle d'Aosta Network for Rare Disease, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fozza
- Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, Ospedale dell'Angelo, Mestre-Venezia, Italy
| | - Sergio Fersino
- Radiation Oncology, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Cancer Care Center, Negrar-Verona, Italy
| | - Alba Fiorentino
- Radiation Oncology, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Cancer Care Center, Negrar-Verona, Italy
| | - Rosario Mazzola
- Radiation Oncology, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Cancer Care Center, Negrar-Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Ricchetti
- Radiation Oncology, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Cancer Care Center, Negrar-Verona, Italy
| | - Michela Buglione
- Radiation Oncology, University and Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Dora Buonfrate
- Centre for Tropical Diseases, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar-Verona, Italy
| | - Dario Roccatello
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Centre of Research of Immunopathology and Rare Diseases-Coordinating Centre of Piemonte and Valle d'Aosta Network for Rare Disease, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Zeno Bisoffi
- Centre for Tropical Diseases, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar-Verona, Italy
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Pai T, Gupta S, Gurav M, Nag S, Shet T, Patil A, Desai S. Evidence for the association of Epstein-Barr Virus in breast cancer in Indian patients using in-situ hybridization technique. Breast J 2017; 24:16-22. [PMID: 28557251 DOI: 10.1111/tbj.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is etiologically linked to Burkitt lymphoma (BL), nasopharyngeal carcinoma, post-transplant lymphomas, Hodgkin disease, and possibly other tumors. However, the association of oncogenic EBV with breast carcinoma (BC) is still controversial and a matter of debate. We aimed to study the presence of EBV genome in BC cases in Indian patients and its association with the clinicopathological features. The formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues from 83 women with primary invasive BC were studied for the presence of EBV by in-situ hybridization (ISH) technique for Epstein-Barr Virus Encoded RNA (EBER) with appropriate controls. Correlation of EBER-ISH positivity with clinicopathological features was performed using Fisher exact test and P<.05 was considered as significant. Eighty-three BC cases were comprised of 47 (56.5%) triple negative breast cancers (TNBC), 17 (20.5%) hormone positive and 19 (22.9%) HER2 positive cases. Of 83 cases, 25 cases (30.1%) were positive for EBER-ISH test. The positivity was restricted to the tumor cells and not seen in the surrounding breast lobules. EBER-ISH positivity was statistically associated with larger tumor size (52.6% in >5 cm tumors vs 19.3% in ≤5 cm; P=.014) and with TNBCs (21/47 [44.7%] in TNBCs vs 4/36 [11.1%] in non-TNBCs; P=.001). A possible causal association of EBV in BC cases in Indian patients is suggested by high frequency of EBER-ISH positivity noted in our study. This might have therapeutic significance because of the possible role of EBV specific cytotoxic T cells in targeting EBV associated tumor cells and can be considered as a potential targeted therapy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study from India to address this issue using EBER-ISH technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trupti Pai
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India.,Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Sudeep Gupta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital - Advanced Centre for Therapy and Research in Cancer (ACTREC), Mumbai, India
| | - Mamta Gurav
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India.,Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Tanuja Shet
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Asawari Patil
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Sangeeta Desai
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India.,Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
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6
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Epstein-Barr Virus Infection and Risk of Breast Cancer: An Adaptive Meta-Analysis for Case-Control Studies. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.34806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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7
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Paquette SG, Banner D, Huang SSH, Almansa R, Leon A, Xu L, Bartoszko J, Kelvin DJ, Kelvin AA. Influenza Transmission in the Mother-Infant Dyad Leads to Severe Disease, Mammary Gland Infection, and Pathogenesis by Regulating Host Responses. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005173. [PMID: 26448646 PMCID: PMC4598190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza viruses are typically restricted to the human upper respiratory tract whereas influenza viruses with greater pathogenic potential often also target extra-pulmonary organs. Infants, pregnant women, and breastfeeding mothers are highly susceptible to severe respiratory disease following influenza virus infection but the mechanisms of disease severity in the mother-infant dyad are poorly understood. Here we investigated 2009 H1N1 influenza virus infection and transmission in breastfeeding mothers and infants utilizing our developed infant-mother ferret influenza model. Infants acquired severe disease and mortality following infection. Transmission of the virus from infants to mother ferrets led to infection in the lungs and mother mortality. Live virus was also found in mammary gland tissue and expressed milk of the mothers which eventually led to milk cessation. Histopathology showed destruction of acini glandular architecture with the absence of milk. The virus was localized in mammary epithelial cells of positive glands. To understand the molecular mechanisms of mammary gland infection, we performed global transcript analysis which showed downregulation of milk production genes such as Prolactin and increased breast involution pathways indicated by a STAT5 to STAT3 signaling shift. Genes associated with cancer development were also significantly increased including JUN, FOS and M2 macrophage markers. Immune responses within the mammary gland were characterized by decreased lymphocyte-associated genes CD3e, IL2Ra, CD4 with IL1β upregulation. Direct inoculation of H1N1 into the mammary gland led to infant respiratory infection and infant mortality suggesting the influenza virus was able to replicate in mammary tissue and transmission is possible through breastfeeding. In vitro infection studies with human breast cells showed susceptibility to H1N1 virus infection. Together, we have shown that the host-pathogen interactions of influenza virus infection in the mother-infant dyad initiate immunological and oncogenic signaling cascades within the mammary gland. These findings suggest the mammary gland may have a greater role in infection and immunity than previously thought.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Animals, Suckling/virology
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Ferrets
- Host-Parasite Interactions/physiology
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Lactation
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/virology
- Mammary Glands, Human/virology
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Milk/virology
- Mothers
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/pathology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/transmission
- Pregnancy
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transcriptome
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane G. Paquette
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Banner
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen S. H. Huang
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raquel Almansa
- Infection and Immunity Medical Investigation Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario—Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y Leόn, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alberto Leon
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luoling Xu
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica Bartoszko
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David J. Kelvin
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sezione di Microbiologia Sperimentale e Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universita' degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Guangdong, China
| | - Alyson A. Kelvin
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Immune Diagnostics & Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Richardson AK, Currie MJ, Robinson BA, Morrin H, Phung Y, Pearson JF, Anderson TP, Potter JD, Walker LC. Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus in breast cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118989. [PMID: 25723522 PMCID: PMC4344231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Findings of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) studies of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and breast cancer vary, making it difficult to determine whether either, both, or neither virus is causally associated with breast cancer. We investigated CMV and EBV in paired samples of breast cancer and normal breast tissue from 70 women using quantitative PCR. A serum sample from each woman was tested for CMV and EBV IgG. To place our results in context, we reviewed the existing literature and performed a meta-analysis of our results together with previous PCR studies of EBV, CMV, and breast cancer. Of the serology samples, 67 of 70 (96%) were EBV IgG positive and 49 of 70 (70%) were CMV IgG positive. QPCR detected EBV in 24 (34%) of the tumour and 9 (13%) of the paired normal specimens and CMV in 0 (0%) of the tumour and 2 (3%) of the paired normal specimens. Our findings, together with earlier results summarised in the meta-analysis, suggest several possibilities: variable findings may be due to limitations of molecular analyses; 'hit and run' oncogenesis may lead to inconsistent results; one or both viruses has a role at a later stage in breast cancer development; infection with multiple viruses increases breast cancer risk; or neither virus has a role. Future studies should focus on ways to investigate these possibilities, and should include comparisons of breast cancer tissue samples with appropriate normal tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann K. Richardson
- Wayne Francis Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Margaret J. Currie
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Bridget A. Robinson
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Helen Morrin
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Yen Phung
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - John F. Pearson
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Unit, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - John D. Potter
- Wayne Francis Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States of America
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Logan C. Walker
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Marrão G, Habib M, Paiva A, Bicout D, Fallecker C, Franco S, Fafi-Kremer S, Simões da Silva T, Morand P, Freire de Oliveira C, Drouet E. Epstein-Barr virus infection and clinical outcome in breast cancer patients correlate with immune cell TNF-α/IFN-γ response. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:665. [PMID: 25213133 PMCID: PMC4171567 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For nearly two decades now, various studies have reported detecting the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in breast cancer (BC) cases. Yet the results are unconvincing, and their interpretation has remained a matter of debate. We have now presented prospective data on the effect of EBV infection combined with survival in patients enrolled in a prospective study. METHODS We assessed 85 BC patients over an 87-month follow-up period to determine whether EBV infection, evaluated by qPCR in both peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and tumor biopsies, interacted with host cell components that modulate the evolution parameters of BC. We also examined the EBV replicating form by the titration of serum anti-ZEBRA antibodies. Immunological studies were performed on a series of 35 patients randomly selected from the second half of the survey, involving IFN-γ and TNF-α intracellular immunostaining tests performed via flow cytometry analysis in peripheral NK and T cells, in parallel with EBV signature. The effect of the EBV load in the blood or tumor tissue on patient survival was analyzed using univariate and multivariate analyses, combined with an analysis of covariance. RESULTS Our study represents the first ever report of the impact of EBV on the clinical outcome of BC patients, regardless of tumor histology or treatment regimen. No correlation was found between: (i) EBV detection in tumor or PBMCs and tumor characteristics; (ii) EBV and other prognostic factors. Notably, patients exhibiting anti-ZEBRA antibodies at high titers experienced poorer overall survival (p = 0.002). Those who recovered from their disease were found to have a measurable EBV DNA load, together with a high frequency of IFN-γ and TNF-α producing PBMCs (p = 0.04), which indicates the existence of a Th1-type polarized immune response in both the tumor and its surrounding tissue. CONCLUSIONS The replicative form of EBV, as investigated using anti-ZEBRA titers, correlated with poorer outcomes, whereas the latent form of the virus that was measured and quantified using the EBV tumor DNA conferred a survival advantage to BC patients, which could occur through the activation of non-specific anti-tumoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Marrão
- Université de Grenoble-Alpes, Unit for Virus Host-Cell Interactions, UMI 3265 UJF-CNRS-EMBL, CIBB, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
- Portuguese Institute for Blood and Transplantation, University Hospital, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mohammed Habib
- Université de Grenoble-Alpes, Unit for Virus Host-Cell Interactions, UMI 3265 UJF-CNRS-EMBL, CIBB, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Artur Paiva
- Portuguese Institute for Blood and Transplantation, University Hospital, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Dominique Bicout
- Team Environment and Health Prediction in Populations Unit – TIMC Laboratory, UMR CNRS 5525, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Catherine Fallecker
- Université de Grenoble-Alpes, Unit for Virus Host-Cell Interactions, UMI 3265 UJF-CNRS-EMBL, CIBB, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Sofia Franco
- Department of Gynecology, University Hospital, Coimbra, & Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Samira Fafi-Kremer
- Unit of Virology, University Hospital, Grenoble, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Patrice Morand
- Université de Grenoble-Alpes, Unit for Virus Host-Cell Interactions, UMI 3265 UJF-CNRS-EMBL, CIBB, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
- Unit of Virology, University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Carlos Freire de Oliveira
- Department of Gynecology, University Hospital, Coimbra, & Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Emmanuel Drouet
- Université de Grenoble-Alpes, Unit for Virus Host-Cell Interactions, UMI 3265 UJF-CNRS-EMBL, CIBB, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
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10
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Peng J, Wang T, Zhu H, Guo J, Li K, Yao Q, Lv Y, Zhang J, He C, Chen J, Wang L, Jin Q. Multiplex PCR/mass spectrometry screening of biological carcinogenic agents in human mammary tumors. J Clin Virol 2014; 61:255-9. [PMID: 25088618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While many studies have suggested a possible link between breast cancer pathogenesis and infection by viruses, the role of viruses in breast carcinogenesis remains controversial. OBJECTIVES We analyzed the prevalence of 30 oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPVs), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV) and six polyomaviruses in breast tumor specimens. STUDY DESIGN We analyzed breast specimens from 100 breast cancer patients (group 1) and 50 benign breast disease patients (group 2) from Shaanxi Province in China. We also screened for the viruses in blood samples from the patients and 96 female blood donor volunteers (group 3). RESULTS EBV, Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) and HPV-18 were detected in 60, 14 and 2 breast cancer patients, respectively, and EBV and MCPyV were detected in 16 and 1 benign breast disease patients, respectively. EBV and MCPyV were more prevalent in group 1 than in group 2 (EBV: 60.0% vs. 32.0%, p = 0.0012; MCPyV: 14.0% vs. 2.0%; p = 0.02). In contrast, there was no difference in the prevalence of EBV and MCPyV in blood samples between group 1 and group 2, group 1 and group 3. EBV was detected in malignant breast tissue and its presence was confined to the malignant cells using in situ hybridization. CONCLUSIONS We found that EBV and MCPyV were more prevalent in the tumors of women with breast cancer than in samples from women with benign breast disease. Our results support an etiologic role for EBV in breast cancer pathogenesis in Chinese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Peng
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Haijun Zhu
- Department of Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhua Guo
- Agena Bioscience, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Li
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Yao
- Department of Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonggang Lv
- Department of Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Juliang Zhang
- Department of Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyang He
- Department of Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianghao Chen
- Department of Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qi Jin
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Yahia ZA, Adam AAM, Elgizouli M, Hussein A, Masri MA, Kamal M, Mohamed HS, Alzaki K, Elhassan AM, Hamad K, Ibrahim ME. Epstein Barr virus: a prime candidate of breast cancer aetiology in Sudanese patients. Infect Agent Cancer 2014; 9:9. [PMID: 24607238 PMCID: PMC3975647 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-9-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the commonest cancer in Sudanese women. Reported genetic alterations in the form of mutations in tumor suppressors are low in frequencies and could not explain the peculiarities of the diseases including its focal nature. Potential contributors disease aetiology include oncogenic viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), an established culprit of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, one of the most frequent cancers in Sudan.In this study, DNA was extracted from malignant tissue samples and healthy tumour-free tissue from the same breast. Polymerase chain Reaction (PCR) was used to amplify two genes encoding for EBV viral proteins. The presence of Epstein-Barr virus and its cellular localization was confirmed by in situ hybridization (ISH) for Epstein-Barr encoded small RNAs (EBERs). Given the reported low frequency of mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 in Sudanese breast cancer patients, the methylation status of six tumor suppressor genes was investigated using methylation specific PCR. EBV genome was detected in 55.5% (n = 90) of breast cancer tissues as compared to 23% in control tissue samples (p = 0.0001). Using ISH, EBV signal was detected in all 18 breast cancer biopsies examined while all five normal breast tissue biopsies tested were negative for EBV. Of six tumour suppressor genes investigated BRCA1, BRCA2, and p14 appeared to be under strong epigenetic silencing.In conclusion, we present evidence of a strong association between EBV and breast carcinoma in Sudanese patients, and considerable epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressors that may likely be an outcome or an association with viral oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab A Yahia
- Institute of Endemic Diseases (IEND) Unit of Disease and Diversity, University of Khartoum Medical Campus, P.O. Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ameera AM Adam
- Institute of Endemic Diseases (IEND) Unit of Disease and Diversity, University of Khartoum Medical Campus, P.O. Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Magdeldin Elgizouli
- Institute of Endemic Diseases (IEND) Unit of Disease and Diversity, University of Khartoum Medical Campus, P.O. Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ayman Hussein
- Institute of Endemic Diseases (IEND) Unit of Disease and Diversity, University of Khartoum Medical Campus, P.O. Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mai A Masri
- Institute of Endemic Diseases (IEND) Unit of Disease and Diversity, University of Khartoum Medical Campus, P.O. Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mayada Kamal
- Institute of Endemic Diseases (IEND) Unit of Disease and Diversity, University of Khartoum Medical Campus, P.O. Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Hiba S Mohamed
- Institute of Endemic Diseases (IEND) Unit of Disease and Diversity, University of Khartoum Medical Campus, P.O. Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Kamal Alzaki
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ahmed M Elhassan
- Institute of Endemic Diseases (IEND) Unit of Disease and Diversity, University of Khartoum Medical Campus, P.O. Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Kamal Hamad
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Muntaser E Ibrahim
- Institute of Endemic Diseases (IEND) Unit of Disease and Diversity, University of Khartoum Medical Campus, P.O. Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan
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12
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Xuan C, Shamonki JM, Chung A, DiNome ML, Chung M, Sieling PA, Lee DJ. Microbial dysbiosis is associated with human breast cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e83744. [PMID: 24421902 PMCID: PMC3885448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer affects one in eight women in their lifetime. Though diet, age and genetic predisposition are established risk factors, the majority of breast cancers have unknown etiology. The human microbiota refers to the collection of microbes inhabiting the human body. Imbalance in microbial communities, or microbial dysbiosis, has been implicated in various human diseases including obesity, diabetes, and colon cancer. Therefore, we investigated the potential role of microbiota in breast cancer by next-generation sequencing using breast tumor tissue and paired normal adjacent tissue from the same patient. In a qualitative survey of the breast microbiota DNA, we found that the bacterium Methylobacterium radiotolerans is relatively enriched in tumor tissue, while the bacterium Sphingomonas yanoikuyae is relatively enriched in paired normal tissue. The relative abundances of these two bacterial species were inversely correlated in paired normal breast tissue but not in tumor tissue, indicating that dysbiosis is associated with breast cancer. Furthermore, the total bacterial DNA load was reduced in tumor versus paired normal and healthy breast tissue as determined by quantitative PCR. Interestingly, bacterial DNA load correlated inversely with advanced disease, a finding that could have broad implications in diagnosis and staging of breast cancer. Lastly, we observed lower basal levels of antibacterial response gene expression in tumor versus healthy breast tissue. Taken together, these data indicate that microbial DNA is present in the breast and that bacteria or their components may influence the local immune microenvironment. Our findings suggest a previously unrecognized link between dysbiosis and breast cancer which has potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Xuan
- Dirks/Dougherty Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Translational Immunology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California, United States of America
| | - Jaime M. Shamonki
- Pathology Department, Saint John’s Health Center, Santa Monica, California, United States of America
| | - Alice Chung
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Maggie L. DiNome
- Margie Petersen Breast Center, Saint John’s Health Center, Santa Monica, California, United States of America
| | - Maureen Chung
- Margie Petersen Breast Center, Saint John’s Health Center, Santa Monica, California, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Sieling
- Dirks/Dougherty Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Translational Immunology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California, United States of America
| | - Delphine J. Lee
- Dirks/Dougherty Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Translational Immunology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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De Paoli P, Carbone A. Carcinogenic viruses and solid cancers without sufficient evidence of causal association. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:1517-29. [PMID: 23280523 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections are important risk factors for tumor development in humans. Selected types of cancers, either lymphomas or carcinomas, for which there is sufficient evidence in humans of a causal association with specific viruses, have been identified. Experimental and clinical data on the possible association of other tumor types and carcinogenic viruses are presently controversial. In this article, we review the current evidence on the relationship between breast, colorectal and lung cancers and carcinogenic viruses. The majority of the publications reviewed do not provide definitive evidence that the viruses studied are associated with breast, colon and lung cancers. However, since this association may be clinically relevant for some tumor subtypes (i.e., lung cancer and papillomaviruses), there is an urgent need for further investigation on this topic. Using innovative laboratory techniques for viral detection on well-defined tumor types, National and International networks against cancer should encourage and organize concerted research programs on viruses and solid cancer association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo De Paoli
- Scientific Directorate, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Franco Gallini 2, Aviano, Italy.
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14
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Zekri ARN, Bahnassy AA, Mohamed WS, El-Kassem FA, El-Khalidi SJ, Hafez MM, Hassan ZK. Epstein-Barr virus and breast cancer: epidemiological and molecular study on Egyptian and Iraqi women. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2012; 24:123-31. [PMID: 22929918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnci.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in breast carcinogenesis is still controversial. Unraveling this relationship is potentially important for better understanding of breast cancer etiology, early detection and possibly prevention of breast cancer. The aim of the current study is to unravel the association between EBV and primary invasive breast cancer (PIBC) in two different Arab populations (Egyptian and Iraqi women). PATIENTS AND METHODS The study was done on paraffin-embedded tissues of 40 Egyptian and 50 Iraqi patients with PIBC in addition to 20 normal breast tissues as controls for each group. Both controls and neoplastic tissues were assessed for the expression of EBV genes and proteins (EBNA-1, LMP-1, and EBER) as well as CD21 marker by immunohistochemistry (IHC), in situ hybridization (ISH) and PCR techniques. RESULTS Our gold standard for EBV reactivity in breast cancer cases was positivity of both EBNA1 by PCR and EBER by in situ hybridization. EBV was detected in 18/40 (45%) and 14/50 (28%) of Egyptian and Iraqi women; respectively where p=0.073, compared to 0/20 (0%) of their control groups (p<0.05). Regarding the association between EBV positivity and tumor grade, there was not any statistical significant difference between EBV presence and tumor grade in both populations where p=0.860 and p=0.976 and the calculated rank biserial correlation coefficient was 0.114 and 0.269 for Egyptian and Iraqi women respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings show that EBV might act as a promoter for the development of PIBC and it might contribute to increased tumor aggressiveness in Egyptian and Iraqi patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/virology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/virology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Lobular/virology
- Egypt/epidemiology
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/complications
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/epidemiology
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/metabolism
- Humans
- Iraq/epidemiology
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Epidemiology
- Receptors, Complement 3d/metabolism
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel-Rahman N Zekri
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11976, Egypt.
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15
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Huo Q, Zhang N, Yang Q. Epstein-Barr virus infection and sporadic breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31656. [PMID: 22363698 PMCID: PMC3283657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A large number of epidemiological studies have evaluated the association between Epstein-Barr virus infection and breast carcinoma risk but results have been inconsistent. Methodology Research using the polymerase chain reaction technique for detecting the Epstein-Barr virus was selected; 24 studies and 1535 cases were reviewed. Information on the study populations, sample types, publication calendar period and histological types of breast carcinoma were collected. An unconditional logistic regression model was used to analyze potential parameters related to the Epstein-Barr virus prevalence. A Kappa test was used to evaluate the consistency in detecting different Epstein-Barr virus DNA regions. Nine studies that included control groups and 1045 breast cancer cases were adopted in this meta-analysis. Conclusions We found that 29.32% of the patients with breast carcinoma were infected with the Epstein-Barr virus. The prevalence of Epstein-Barr was highest in Asia (35.25%) and lowest in the USA (18.27%). Statistical analysis revealed a trend that showed lobular breast carcinoma might have the strongest association with Epstein-Barr virus infection. This meta-analysis showed a significant increase in breast malignancy risk in patients testing positive for the Epstein-Barr virus (OR = 6.29, 95% CI = 2.13–18.59). This result suggests that an Epstein-Barr virus infection is statistically associated with increased breast carcinoma risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Huo
- Department of Breast Surgery, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Ji'nan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Ji'nan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qifeng Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Ji'nan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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16
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Baltzell K, Buehring GC, Krishnamurthy S, Kuerer H, Shen HM, Sison JD. Epstein-Barr virus is seldom found in mammary epithelium of breast cancer tissue using in situ molecular methods. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 132:267-74. [PMID: 22042367 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1841-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been proposed as a possible etiological agent of breast cancer based on 21 reports of EBV in malignant breast tissues. Most of these studies used standard and nested solution polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques, both disadvantaged by susceptibility to contamination from laboratory EBV, and the inability to localize the signal to a specific cell type. To avoid these issues, we used in situ molecular methods of viral detection to reassess the frequency of EBV in malignant breast tissue. We used a commercial in situ hybridization (ISH) system with an EBER genome target, and a non-commercial in situ PCR (IS-PCR) method using primers specific for the BamH1 region. The assays were performed on malignant breast tissue sections from 70 breast cancer patients at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX. EBV was found in mammary epithelial cells, the cell type from which most breast cancers arise, in 2/70 (2.9%) of specimens using IS-PCR and in none of the specimens using ISH. Based on these findings that EBV was present in human mammary epithelial cells so infrequently, it is unlikely to play a causative role in most types of breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/virology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/virology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/virology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/virology
- Epithelium/virology
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/virology
- Female
- Herpesvirus 4, Human
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization
- Leukocytes/virology
- Middle Aged
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Baltzell
- Department of Family Health Care Nursing, University of California San Francisco, 2 Koret Way, N431-M, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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17
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Joshi D, Buehring GC. Are viruses associated with human breast cancer? Scrutinizing the molecular evidence. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 135:1-15. [PMID: 22274134 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1921-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The three viruses most studied as possible causes of human breast cancer are mouse mammary tumor virus-like sequences (MMTV-LS), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and oncogenic (high risk) types of human papilloma virus (HPV). The first step in fulfilling traditional criteria for inferring that a cancer is caused by a virus is to demonstrate the virus in the affected tissue. Molecular techniques, compared to host antibody assessment and immunohistochemistry, are the most definitive in establishing viral presence. Results of 85 original molecular research investigations to detect one or more of the three viruses have been extremely divergent with no consensus reached. We evaluated the methodology of these studies for the following: type of molecular assay, DNA/RNA quality control, positive and negative assay controls, type of fixation, genome targets, methods for preventing and detecting molecular contamination, pathology of specimens processed, sample size, and proportion of specimens positive for the viral genome region targeted. Only seven of the studies convincingly demonstrated the presence of an oncogenic virus biomarker (EBV: 4/30 studies (13%); HPV 3/29 studies (10%), whereas 25 convincingly demonstrated absence of the virus studied (MMTV-LS: 4/25 (16%); EBV: 15/30 (50%); 6/29 (21%). The remainder of the studies suffered shortcomings, which, in our opinion, prevented a definitive conclusion. Only one of the studies compared frequency of the virus in breast tissue of breast cancer patients versus appropriate normal control subjects with no history of breast cancer. None of the studies were designed as epidemiologic studies to determine if the presence of the virus was significantly associated with breast cancer. Based on our evaluation, the data in the publications reviewed here remain preliminary, and do not justify a conclusion that MMTV-LS, HPV, or EBV are causally associated with breast cancer. However, they form a valuable basis for redirecting future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Joshi
- Department of Pathology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, District Wardha, Maharashtra, India.
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18
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Hachana M, Amara K, Ziadi S, Romdhane E, Gacem RB, Trimeche M. Investigation of Epstein–Barr virus in breast carcinomas in Tunisia. Pathol Res Pract 2011; 207:695-700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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19
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Aguayo F, Khan N, Koriyama C, González C, Ampuero S, Padilla O, Solís L, Eizuru Y, Corvalán A, Akiba S. Human papillomavirus and Epstein-Barr virus infections in breast cancer from chile. Infect Agent Cancer 2011; 6:7. [PMID: 21699721 PMCID: PMC3141534 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-6-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein Barr virus (EBV) have been found in breast carcinomas (BCs) around the world. In this study, fifty-five BCs from Chile were analyzed for HPV and EBV presence. In addition, HPV-16 viral load/physical status and E6/E7 expressions were determined. RESULTS The amplification of a housekeeping gene showed that 46/55 samples (84%) had amplifiable DNA. HPV-16 was detected in 4/46 BCs (8.7%) and EBV was detected in 3/46 (6.5%) BCs. The analysis of HPV-16 physical status showed that this virus was integrated in all of the tumors with a relatively low viral load (range: 0.14 to 33.8 copies/cell). E6 and E7 transcripts, however, were not detected in any HPV-16 positive specimens. Using a Cox-regression model, we found a statistically significant association between EBV presence and poor survival (p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS The findings in this study suggest that it is unlikely that HPV and/or EBV play a direct role in the etiology of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Aguayo
- Virology Program, I.C.B.M., Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago 838-9100, Chile
| | - Noureen Khan
- Department of Public Health, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Chihaya Koriyama
- Department of Public Health, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Carolina González
- Virology Program, I.C.B.M., Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago 838-9100, Chile
| | - Sandra Ampuero
- Virology Program, I.C.B.M., Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago 838-9100, Chile
| | - Oslando Padilla
- Department of Public Heath, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luisa Solís
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yoshito Eizuru
- Division of Oncogenic and Persistent Viruses, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Alejandro Corvalán
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica, 85 Lira Street, Santiago 133-202, Santiago, Chile
| | - Suminori Akiba
- Department of Public Health, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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20
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Epstein-Barr Virus and Breast Cancer: Lack of Evidence for an Association in Iranian Women. Pathol Oncol Res 2011; 17:489-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-010-9325-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Mazouni C, Fina F, Romain S, Ouafik L, Bonnier P, Brandone JM, Martin PM. Epstein-Barr virus as a marker of biological aggressiveness in breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2010; 104:332-7. [PMID: 21179039 PMCID: PMC3031896 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6606048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Although a potential role of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the pathogenesis of breast cancer (BC) has been underlined, results remain conflicting. Particularly, the impact of EBV infection on biological markers of BC has received little investigation. Methods: In this study, we established the frequency of EBV-infected BC using real-time quantitative PCR (RT–PCR) in 196 BC specimens. Biological and pathological characteristics according to EBV status were evaluated. Results: EBV DNA was present in 65 of the 196 (33.2%) cases studied. EBV-positive BCs tended to be tumours with a more aggressive phenotype, more frequently oestrogen receptor negative (P=0.05) and with high histological grade (P=0.01). Overexpression of thymidine kinase activity was higher in EBV-infected BC (P=0.007). The presence of EBV was weakly associated with HER2 gene amplification (P=0.08). Conclusion: Our study provides evidence for EBV-associated BC undergoing distinct carcinogenic processes, with more aggressive features.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mazouni
- Laboratoire de transfert d'oncologie biologique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Marseille, France.
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Possible DNA viral factors of human breast cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:498-512. [PMID: 24281079 PMCID: PMC3835088 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2020498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 04/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are considered to be one of the high-risk factors closely related to human breast cancer. However, different studies of viruses in breast cancer present conflicting results and some of these works remain in dispute. DNA viruses, such as specific types of human papillomaviruses (HPV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and human herpes virus type 8 (HHV-8), have emerged as causal factors of some human cancers. These respective exogenous viruses and the possibility of multiple viral factors are discussed in this review.
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23
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Joshi D, Quadri M, Gangane N, Joshi R, Gangane N. Association of Epstein Barr virus infection (EBV) with breast cancer in rural Indian women. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8180. [PMID: 19997605 PMCID: PMC2782138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Breast cancer is the most common malignancy affecting females worldwide but conventional risk factors are able to explain only a small proportion of these cases. A possible viral etiology for breast cancer has been proposed and Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is a widely researched candidate virus. The aim of the present study, first one of its kind from India, was to determine if there is a greater association of EBV infection with breast cancer patients as compared to patients with benign breast diseases. Methods We looked for expression of Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen-1 (EBNA-1) in breast cancer tissue specimens by employing immunohistochemistry (IHC). We also measured levels of anti-EBNA-1 Immunoglobulin (IgG) antibodies in stored sera of these patients using commercial Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit. Patients with benign breast diseases were used as a comparison group for both immunohistochemical and serological analysis. Results 58 cases of malignant breast disease and 63 of benign breast disease (controls) were included in the study. Using manufacturer determined cut-off of 3 IU/ml, 50/55 tested (90.9%) cases and 27/33 tested (81.8%) controls were seropositive for anti-EBNA-1 IgG. Mean antibody levels were significantly higher for cases (54.22 IU/ml) as compared to controls (18.68 IU/ml). IHC for EBNA-1 was positive in 28/51 cases (54.9%). No IHC positivity was noted in the tested 30 controls. Our results show that EBNA-1 expression is seen in a significant proportion of breast cancer tissue specimens from rural India and as compared to patients with benign breast diseases these patients also have a higher immunological response against EBNA-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Joshi
- Department of Pathology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra, India
| | - Munira Quadri
- Department of Pathology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neha Gangane
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajnish Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nitin Gangane
- Department of Pathology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra, India
- * E-mail:
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24
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Tseng MH, Liao HC. The genetic algorithm for breast tumor diagnosis—The case of DNA viruses. Appl Soft Comput 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.asoc.2008.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Amarante MK, Watanabe MAE. The possible involvement of virus in breast cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2008; 135:329-37. [PMID: 19009309 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-008-0511-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that the etiology of human breast cancer is significantly affected by environmental factors. Virus-associated cancer refers to a cancer where viral infection results in the malignant transformation of the host's infected cells. Human papillomaviruses (HPV), mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) and Epstein-Barr (EBV) virus are prime candidate viruses as agents of human breast cancer. The precise role that viruses play in tumorigenesis is not clear, but it seems that they are responsible for causing only one in a series of steps required for cancer development. The idea that a virus could cause breast cancer has been investigated for quite some time, even though breast cancer could be a hereditary disease; however, hereditary breast cancer is estimated to account for a small percentage of all breast cancer cases. Based on current research, this review present at moment, substantial, but not conclusive, evidence that HPV, EBV and MMTV may be involved in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla Karine Amarante
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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26
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Delecluse HJ, Feederle R, O'Sullivan B, Taniere P. Epstein Barr virus-associated tumours: an update for the attention of the working pathologist. J Clin Pathol 2007; 60:1358-64. [PMID: 17873116 PMCID: PMC2095566 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2006.044586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a herpesvirus associated with approximately 1% of tumours worldwide. EBV is the epitome of B lymphotropic viruses, but the spectrum of tumours it is associated with extends to T lymphocyte and NK cell malignancies, various types of carcinomas and smooth muscle tumours. Ubiquitous EBV infection in humans implies that most individuals carry EBV-infected cells. Therefore, mere detection of the virus in individuals with a tumour is not sufficient for establishing a causal relationship between both events, but instead requires unequivocal detection of viral nucleic acids or viral proteins in the tumour cells. Recent controversies about EBV infection in several carcinomas mainly resulted from such technical issues. The gold standard remains in situ EBER detection, but detection of EBNA1 would be an interesting alternative. EBV detection can be helpful for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic purposes. The rate of EBV association with entities such as NK/T cell tumours of the nasal type is so high that absence of detection of the virus in such a lesion should cast doubt of the accuracy of the diagnosis. Similarly, diagnosis of EBV-associated follicular pseudo-tumour obviously requires detection of the virus. EBV-positive common gastric adenocarcinomas seem to have a better prognosis than their EBV-negative counterparts and identification of the virus in B cell lymphoproliferations in immunocompromised individuals will guide therapeutic options. In conclusion, EBV-associated tumours are common enough to be relevant for the pathologist in everyday practice, but there is a need to facilitate detection of the virus (eg EBNA1 antibody).
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Affiliation(s)
- H-J Delecluse
- German Research Cancer Centre, Department of Virus Associated Tumours, Heidelberg, Germany.
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27
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Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been reported to be associated with a variety of different tumours; for some of these malignancies, including breast cancer, the association remains controversial. This might be due in part to differences in the methodologies used to detect EBV in tissue samples. One approach favoured by many groups is to use immunohistochemistry to detect an EBV protein, EBNA1, which is essential for the maintenance of viral latency in infected cells and therefore should be a good marker for the presence of the virus. However, in this issue of the Journal of Pathology, Hennard and colleagues report that one of the antibodies frequently employed to detect EBNA1 in tissue samples cross-reacts with the MAGE4 protein, a cancer testis antigen expressed in many cancer types. Their observation suggests that reports documenting an EBV association on the basis of reactivity with this antibody must be considered unreliable. It also re-opens the debate about whether breast cancer is an EBV-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Murray
- Medical School University of Birmingham, UK.
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28
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Tsai JH, Hsu CS, Tsai CH, Su JM, Liu YT, Cheng MH, Wei JCC, Chen FL, Yang CC. Relationship between viral factors, axillary lymph node status and survival in breast cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2006; 133:13-21. [PMID: 16865407 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-006-0141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our previous study based on the results of polymerase chain reaction and Southern hybridization for the detection of Human papilloma virus (HPV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1, HSV-2, and Human herpesvirus (HHV)-8 DNA in non-familial breast cancer patients suggest that the viruses associated with breast cancer are HHV-8 > EBV (P < 0.01). Therefore, efforts were made to further investigate the association between breast cancer with nodal status and viral infections. METHODS Sixty-two breast cancer patients and their mammary specimens were enrolled in this retrospective study. The presence of these six potential oncogenic viruses was analyzed to establish the relationship between nodal status and treatment outcome. Statistical analyses were used for the assessment of variables, including viral positivity and clinical feature. RESULTS Viral positivity was not significantly different comparing node-positive and node-negative patients (P > 0.05). When the viral factors were not entered for statistical analyses, no variable was significantly related to overall survival. However, tumor stage, tumor size, nodal status , and estrogen receptor were significantly related to relapse-free survival (P < 0.05). For viral factors, the number of infecting viruses is related to the overall and relapse-free survivals. Only when V0 or V(0, 1) was grouped for comparison with other multiply virus-infected subgroups, were the overall and relapse-free survivals significantly different (P < 0.005 or P < 0.001). The results suggest that HSV-1, HHV-8, EBV, CMV, and HPV were related to overall survival, however, only HHV-8 and CMV were related to relapse-free survival (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Virus factor is significantly related to human breast cancer, not only in terms of the oncogenetic process, but also in overall and relapse-free survivals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hsin Tsai
- Department of Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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29
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Abstract
There are well-established risk factors for breast cancer, most of which relate to estrogens and growth hormones in females. These include early-age menarche, late-age menopause, postmenopausal obesity and use of hormone therapy. However, these factors do not account for the sixfold difference in breast cancer incidence and mortality between countries and the fact that these differences dramatically lessen after migration; nor do they account for male breast cancer. Accordingly, hormone-responsive viruses have become major suspects as etiological agents for human breast cancer. Human papillomaviruses, mouse mammary tumor virus and Epstein-Barr virus are the prime candidate viruses as causes of human breast cancer. Human papillomaviruses and the mouse mammary tumor virus have hormone responsive elements that appear to be associated with enhanced replication of these viruses in the presence of corticosteroid and other hormones. This biological phenomenon is particularly relevant because of the hormone dependence of breast cancer. Viral genetic material for each of these candidate viruses has been identified by polymerase chain reaction in breast tumors but rarely in normal breast tissue controls. Pooled data from controlled studies show substantial odds ratios for the presence of viral genetic material in breast tumors compared with normal controls. These and additional data provide substantial, but not conclusive, evidence that human papillomavirus, the mouse mammary tumor virus and Epstein-Barr virus may have a role in the etiology of human breast cancer. If conclusive evidence for a role of these viruses in breast carcinogenesis can be developed, there is a practical possibility of primary prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Lawson
- School of Public Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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30
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Perkins RS, Sahm K, Marando C, Dickson-Witmer D, Pahnke GR, Mitchell M, Petrelli NJ, Berkowitz IM, Soteropoulos P, Aris VM, Dunn SP, Krueger LJ. Analysis of Epstein-Barr virus reservoirs in paired blood and breast cancer primary biopsy specimens by real time PCR. Breast Cancer Res 2006; 8:R70. [PMID: 17163997 PMCID: PMC1797024 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Revised: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is present in over 90% of the world's population. This infection is considered benign, even though in limited cases EBV is associated with infectious and neoplastic conditions. Over the past decade, the EBV association with breast cancer has been constantly debated. Adding to this clinical and biological uncertainty, different techniques gave contradictory results for the presence of EBV in breast carcinoma specimens. In this study, minor groove binding (MGB)-TaqMan real time PCR was used to detect the presence of EBV DNA in both peripheral blood and tumor samples of selected patients. METHODS Peripheral blood and breast carcinoma specimens from 24 patients were collected. DNA was extracted and then amplified by MGB-TaqMan real time PCR. RESULTS Of 24 breast tumor specimens, 11 (46%) were positive for EBV DNA. Of these 11 breast tumor specimens, 7 (64%) were also positive for EBV DNA in the peripheral blood, while 4 (36%) were positive for EBV DNA in the tumor, but negative in the blood. CONCLUSION EBV was found at extremely low levels, with a mean of 0.00004 EBV genomes per cell (range 0.00014 to 0.00001 EBV genomes per cell). Furthermore, our finding of the presence of EBV in the tumor specimens coupled to the absence of detection of EBV genomic DNA in the peripheral blood is consistent with the epithelial nature of the virus. Because of the low levels of viral DNA in tumor tissue, further studies are needed to assess the biological input of EBV in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Serene Perkins
- Molecular Genetics, Cellular and Tissue Transplantation, Nemours Biomedical Research, Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
- Department of Surgery of the Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
- Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, Department of Surgery, Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Oregon Health and Science University, Department of Surgery, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Katherine Sahm
- Helen F Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health System, Ogletown Stanton Road, Newark, Delaware 19713, USA
| | - Cindy Marando
- Molecular Genetics, Cellular and Tissue Transplantation, Nemours Biomedical Research, Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
- Department of Surgery of the Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Diana Dickson-Witmer
- Helen F Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health System, Ogletown Stanton Road, Newark, Delaware 19713, USA
| | - Gregory R Pahnke
- Helen F Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health System, Ogletown Stanton Road, Newark, Delaware 19713, USA
| | - Mark Mitchell
- Helen F Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health System, Ogletown Stanton Road, Newark, Delaware 19713, USA
| | - Nicholas J Petrelli
- Helen F Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health System, Ogletown Stanton Road, Newark, Delaware 19713, USA
| | - Irving M Berkowitz
- Helen F Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health System, Ogletown Stanton Road, Newark, Delaware 19713, USA
| | - Patricia Soteropoulos
- Center for Applied Genomics, Public Health Research Institute, Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Virginie M Aris
- Center for Applied Genomics, Public Health Research Institute, Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Stephen P Dunn
- Department of Surgery of the Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children, Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
- Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, Department of Surgery, Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Leslie J Krueger
- Molecular Genetics, Cellular and Tissue Transplantation, Nemours Biomedical Research, Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
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Evans MF, Adamson CSC, Simmons-Arnold L, Cooper K. Touchdown General Primer (GP5+/GP6+) PCR and optimized sample DNA concentration support the sensitive detection of human papillomavirus. BMC Clin Pathol 2005; 5:10. [PMID: 16288661 PMCID: PMC1314887 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6890-5-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Accepted: 11/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The GP5+/GP6+ PCR assay is a well-established HPV detection technique. This study has examined the effects of incorporating 'hot start' and 'touchdown' steps into the protocol. In addition, dTTP was substituted with dUTP to permit contamination control measures against carry-over PCR product. Methods Firstly, HPV-16 was amplified from SiHa cell DNA (0.1 ng–100 ng) diluted in a background of C-33A DNA (100 ng-2 μg). Secondly, the detection of small quantities (15ag-1.5pg) of HPV recombinant plasmids (types 16, 31, 33, 45, 51, 52, and 56) diluted in C-33A DNA was investigated. Thirdly, clinical sample DNA extracts (cervical smears, formalin-fixed vaginal lesions and breast tumors) were tested for HPV. Six different PCR protocols were assessed. HPV was detected by gel electrophoresis, and by Southern and dot blot hybridization. Results HPV detection sensitivity was dependent on the total amount of DNA in a PCR. Touchdown protocols supported HPV-16 detection from 1 ng or 0.5 ng SiHa cell DNA in a background of 2 μg or 1 μg C-33A DNA respectively, and from 0.1 ng of SiHa cell DNA (~28 copies HPV-16) in 500 ng or 100 ng background DNA. Under standard GP5+/GP6+ annealing conditions, HPV-16 went undetected when the DNA content of a PCR was 2 μg or 1 μg, and with 500 ng C-33A DNA the sensitivity limit was 1 ng SiHa cell DNA. HPV recombinant plasmids were each detected with high (albeit varying) sensitivity by a touchdown protocol. HPV-31 was better amplified under standard annealing conditions (1.5fg in 100 ng background DNA) than by a touchdown approach (15fg detection limit). HPV-52 was not amplified by the standard protocol at the dilutions tested. Seventeen different HPV types were demonstrated in 47/65 (72%) abnormal cytology samples recorded as HPV negative by standard GP5+/GP6+ conditions. Twenty-one different HPV types were recorded in 111/114 (97%) vaginal lesions. Multiple infections were also detectable using a touchdown approach. Of 26 breast tumors, 5 (19%) tested HPV positive by the standard assay and 15/26 (58%) using a touchdown protocol. Conclusion Touchdown modification of the GP5+/GP6+ PCR assay enables the detection of HPV undetected under regular assay conditions. The use of standardized DNA quantities in a PCR rather than standard sample volumes containing arbitrary amounts of DNA is supported. A touchdown approach may be beneficial as an analytical test for the re-evaluation of (apparently) HPV negative abnormal cervical cytological or histological samples, and for investigating the association of HPV with disease conditions at diverse organ sites. The clinical utility of a touchdown approach for HPV detection requires further investigation as increased assay analytical sensitivity may not necessarily equate with improved clinical sensitivity or specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F Evans
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
| | | | | | - Kumarasen Cooper
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
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Preciado MV, Chabay PA, De Matteo EN, Gonzalez P, Grinstein S, Actis A, Gass HD. Epstein-Barr virus in breast carcinoma in Argentina. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2005; 129:377-81. [PMID: 15737034 DOI: 10.5858/2005-129-377-evibci] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Because the etiology and progression of breast carcinoma remain unclear, novel mechanisms of disease pathogenesis need to be considered. Recent interest has focused on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), an oncogenic ubiquitous herpesvirus. Investigations of this association could not only broaden understanding of breast cancer etiology but also have implications regarding early detection, treatment, and prevention. OBJECTIVE To assess EBV presence in breast carcinoma in an Argentine series. DESIGN Breast biopsy specimens of 69 women with breast carcinoma and fresh tumor tissue of 39 of these women were collected. As controls, 17 biopsy specimens of fibroadenomas, 9 of benign epithelial proliferation, 4 of atypical ductal hyperplasia, and 10 of usual ductal hyperplasia and 8 normal breast tissues from women were studied. The EBV-infected cells were identified by means of immunohistochemical analysis, using a monoclonal antibody against Epstein-Barr virus-encoded nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify EBV DNA, with primers that cover the EBV encoded RNA (EBER) and BamHIW regions. RESULTS Nuclear expression of EBNA-1 was observed in tumor epithelial cells in 24 (35%) of the 69 cases. We confirmed both positive and negative immunohistochemical results by PCR in those cases where good quality DNA was also available, detecting amplification fragments of 108 base pairs (bp) from the EBER region and 122 bp from the BamHIW region. Neither immunohistochemical analysis nor PCR detected any positive EBV results in the control samples. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate the presence and expression of EBV restricted to epithelial tumor cells in a subset of breast carcinomas studied. However, no significant association was observed between EBV expression and worse clinical and pathologic patient characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Preciado
- Virology Laboratory, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Perrigoue JG, den Boon JA, Friedl A, Newton MA, Ahlquist P, Sugden B. Lack of association between EBV and breast carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14:809-14. [PMID: 15824148 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-04-0763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple conflicting findings have been presented which indicate that EBV may be found in anywhere from 0% to 51% of breast carcinomas. When EBV has been found causally associated with other human cancers, its DNA and one or more of its viral products have been detected in most tumor cells of a given biopsy. To test whether EBV has such an association with breast cancer, we measured the number of viral DNA molecules per cell in matched normal and tumor biopsies from 45 patients using real-time quantitative PCR. In no case could EBV DNA consistently be detected, with either of two different probes, at levels above 0.1 molecules per cell in two sections of the tumor samples. These levels of detection match those detected in EBV-negative cell lines and therefore likely represent noise in the assays. Equally importantly, the distribution of these low signals was the same between tumors and their matched normal controls. We conclude that EBV does not contribute to the development of breast cancers as it does to epithelial cancers such as nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinomas or to Burkitt's and Hodgkin's lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline G Perrigoue
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 814 McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, 1400 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Tsai JH, Tsai CH, Cheng MH, Lin SJ, Xu FL, Yang CC. Association of viral factors with non-familial breast cancer in Taiwan by comparison with non-cancerous, fibroadenoma, and thyroid tumor tissues. J Med Virol 2005; 75:276-81. [PMID: 15602723 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To study the etiologic factors of non-familial breast cancer, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern hybridization were used to detect six viruses including human papillomavirus (HPV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1, HSV-2, and human herpesvirus (HHV)-8 DNA in 69 patients with breast cancer and 60 specimens from non-cancerous or other individuals with thyroid tumors or fibroadenoma (non-breast cancer controls). Two specimens from patients with a familial history of breast cancer and five breast cancer specimens with negative results for beta-globin, which was used as internal control, were excluded from this study. Eight (12.9%) HSV-1, 28 (45.2%) EBV, 47 (75.8%) CMV, 8 (12.9%) HPV, and 28 (45.2%) HHV-8 positive samples out of the 62 breast cancer specimens were detected; no HSV-2 DNA was detected in any group. Among the viral gene-positive breast cancer samples, 12 (23.1%) were positive for 1 virus, 16 (30.8%) were positive for 2 viruses, 21 (40.4%) were positive for 3 viruses, and 3 (5.8%) were positive for 4 viruses. Among the viral gene-positive specimens of the control groups, only one virus, CMV, was found in the non-cancerous and thyroid tumor specimens, while multiple viruses were found in the fibroadenoma specimens. The viruses associated with breast cancer were HHV-8 > EBV (P <0.01). The viruses associated with fibroadenoma were HSV-1 and HHV-8 > EBV (P <0.01). The presence of more than one virus was found predominantly in breast cancer and exclusively found in fibroadenoma. CMV was the only virus associated with thyroid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hsin Tsai
- Department of Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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35
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Oluwole SF, Ali AO, Shafaee Z, DePaz HA. Breast cancer in women with HIV/AIDS: report of five cases with a review of the literature. J Surg Oncol 2005; 89:23-7. [PMID: 15612013 DOI: 10.1002/jso.20171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection with breast carcinoma is unclear. With improved survival of HIV-infected patients due to better understanding and treatment of the disease, there is likely to be an increase in incidence of breast cancer in women with HIV infection. METHODS The medical records of 305 patients with breast cancer seen between January 1995 and December 2000 at Harlem Hospital Center, New York, where approximately 1,000 HIV-infected patients are treated yearly, were reviewed with attention to age, breast cancer stage at presentation, and patient survival. RESULTS Breast cancer in the five HIV-infected patients has same median age distribution, disease stage, and pathologic characteristics as in the 300 HIV-indeterminate patients. Four of the five (80%) HIV-infected women compared to 79% in the HIV-indeterminate patients presented with early breast cancer (Stages I and II). Five-year survival in the HIV-infected patients is 80%, which is similar to the observed 70% 5-year crude survival rate in the indeterminate group. CONCLUSIONS Our results do not support the recent reports suggesting that HIV infection is associated with poorly differentiated, aggressive disease with poor survival outcome. It remains unclear if breast carcinoma is directly linked to HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soji F Oluwole
- Department of Surgery, Harlem Hospital Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10037, USA.
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Glaser SL, Hsu JL, Gulley ML. Epstein-Barr Virus and Breast Cancer: State of the Evidence for Viral Carcinogenesis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.688.13.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
As the etiology and progression of breast cancer remain incompletely understood, novel routes of disease pathogenesis are important to consider. Viral pathogens have not been much explored, but recent interest has focused on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Studies of an association of this ubiquitous herpesvirus with breast cancer have had notably inconsistent results, marked by varying EBV presence (from 0% to 50% of tumors) and the absence of certain viral characteristics found in other EBV-related malignancies. The research has been plagued by the technical challenges of localizing EBV to tumor cells and by a tendency to overlook epidemiological cofactors, shown in all other EBV-related cancers to impact the EBV association. Breast cancer studies to date have used several viral detection methods of varying or uncertain sensitivity and specificity; most have involved small and/or poorly characterized case series and paid insufficient attention to epidemiological cofactors relevant to breast cancer and to EBV-related malignancies. Given these limitations and the established complexity of the connection of EBV with other cancers, a definitive judgment regarding the presence of this virus in breast cancer cannot yet be rendered. Recent advances in laboratory methodologies should help overcome the challenges of EBV detection in breast cancers. Further research is warranted, given the potential for an EBV association to inform not only breast cancer etiology but also early detection, treatment, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joe L. Hsu
- 2Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California
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37
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Littman AJ, Rossing MA, Madeleine MM, Tang MTC, Yasui Y. Association between late age at infectious mononucleosis, Epstein-Barr virus antibodies, and ovarian cancer risk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 35:728-35. [PMID: 14606612 DOI: 10.1080/00365540310016556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We conducted two studies to evaluate the hypothesis that late age at first exposure to a common infectious agent such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) may be related to the risk of developing epithelial ovarian cancer. Because EBV more commonly results in infectious mononucleosis (IM) when primary infection occurs at a late age, we first assessed risk associated with age at IM in a population-based case-control study using unconditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals. Risk of ovarian cancer was 0.0, 0.9, 1.5, and 2.1 among women diagnosed with IM at < 15, 15-19, 20-24, and > 24 years, respectively, relative to women never diagnosed with IM (p for trend among women with IM = 0.02). In a second study, we examined EBV antibody titers among an independent sample of ovarian cancer cases and controls. Women with elevated IgG titers to viral capsid antigen, a marker of a relatively severe (and, conceivably, later) initial EBV infection, had a 5.3-fold (95% CI 1.5-18.4) increased risk of ovarian cancer. Together, these two studies provide some support for the hypothesis that late age at primary infection with a common agent (conceivably, EBV) may play a role in the etiology of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson J Littman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Huang J, Chen H, Hutt-Fletcher L, Ambinder RF, Hayward SD. Lytic viral replication as a contributor to the detection of Epstein-Barr virus in breast cancer. J Virol 2004; 77:13267-74. [PMID: 14645583 PMCID: PMC296054 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.24.13267-13274.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has an accepted association with the epithelial malignancy nasopharyngeal carcinoma and has also been reported in other more controversial carcinoma settings. Evaluation of EBV association with epithelial carcinomas such as breast cancer would benefit from a better understanding of the outcome of EBV infection of these cells. Cell-free preparations of a green fluorescent protein-expressing virus, BX1, were used to infect breast cancer cell lines, which were then examined for EBV gene expression and viral genome copy number. Reverse transcription-PCR analyses revealed that the cells supported a mixture of latency II and lytic EBV gene expression. Lytic Zta and BMRF1 protein expression was detected by immunohistochemistry, and DNA PCR analyses estimated an EBV copy number of 300 to 600 genomes per infected cell. Evidence for lytic EBV expression was also found in breast tissue, where reverse transcription-PCR analyses detected lytic Zta transcripts in 7 of 10 breast carcinoma tissues and 4 of 10 normal tissues from the same patients. Scattered cells immunoreactive for Zta protein were also detectable in breast carcinoma. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of EBV-positive breast carcinoma tissues suggested that less than 0.1% of the cells contained viral genomes. We suggest that sporadic lytic EBV infection may contribute to PCR-based detection of EBV in traditionally nonvirally associated epithelial malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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Xue SA, Lampert IA, Haldane JS, Bridger JE, Griffin BE. Epstein-Barr virus gene expression in human breast cancer: protagonist or passenger? Br J Cancer 2003; 89:113-9. [PMID: 12838311 PMCID: PMC2394222 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence and transcriptional expression of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded genes, oestrogen receptor (ER) status and degree of lymphocyte infiltration were evaluated in 15 mastectomy-removed breast cancer samples, mostly of ductal origin. With regard to these parameters, the tumours were heterogeneous. Viral genes, including EBNA1 - a universal EBV marker - and others, selected in part on the basis of expression in other EBV-associated carcinomas and/or presence in an epithelial cell immortalising subfragment p31 of viral DNA, were detected in up to 40% of the breast malignancies. The small viral RNAs, EBERs, were not observed. In culture, p31 EBV DNA, alone among EBV fragments, stimulated the growth of human breast-milk epithelial cells. There was no correlation between viral and ER expression and tumours were heterogeneous with regard to their invasive lymphocytes: of three studied in detail, one contained none, another had (mainly) T-lymphocyte aggregates on the tumour periphery, and a third (BC 12) was infiltrated with both T- and B-lymphocytes. BC 12 differed in several aspects from other malignancies in expressing a transcriptional activator (BZLF1) associated with overcoming virus latency, and failing to express a viral oncogene, BARF1. Arguments are given for EBV as a protagonist cocarcinogen in some breast malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Xue
- Viral Oncology Unit, Division of Medicine, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine at St Mary's, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian 710062, People's Republic of China
| | - I A Lampert
- Department of Histopathology, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK
| | - J S Haldane
- Department of Histopathology, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - J E Bridger
- Department of Histopathology, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - B E Griffin
- Viral Oncology Unit, Division of Medicine, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine at St Mary's, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
- Viral Oncology Unit, Division of Medicine, Imperial College at St Mary's, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK. E-mail:
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Zur Hausen A, van Beek J, Bloemena E, Ten Kate FJ, Meijer CJLM, van den Brule AJC. No role for Epstein-Barr virus in Dutch hepatocellular carcinoma: a study at the DNA, RNA and protein levels. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:1863-1869. [PMID: 12810881 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19217-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been suggested to play a role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, reports on detailed EBV transcript analyses in HCCs are limited. It was shown recently that expression of the transforming BARF1 (BamHI A rightward open reading frame 1) gene of EBV is restricted to latently EBV-infected epithelial malignancies, i.e. nasopharyngeal carcinoma and gastric carcinoma. The aim of this study was to test the presence of EBV in Dutch HCCs. A semiquantitative DNA PCR-enzyme immunoassay (PCR-EIA) for the BamHI W fragment of EBV was used to assess the presence of EBV in frozen and paraffin-embedded tissues of 16 HCCs. In addition, several RNA detection techniques, i.e. nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA), RT-PCR, RNA in situ hybridization (RISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), were applied. Five of 16 HCCs and two of four hepatitis C virus hepatitis samples were weakly positive for EBV DNA by PCR-EIA. Using sensitive RNA transcription techniques, no transcripts were found for BARF1, EBNA-1 and BARTs (BamHI A rightward transcripts) in any of the liver tissues tested. In addition, RISH for EBER1/2 and BARTs and IHC for EBNA-1, LMP-1 and ZEBRA, performed on the paraffin-embedded tissue of the PCR-EIA-positive cases and on adjacent non-neoplastic liver tissues, were negative. The absence of epithelial-specific BARF1 transcripts and other EBV transcripts and proteins in the EBV DNA PCR-positive cases argues strongly against a role for EBV in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Zur Hausen
- Department of Pathology, Section Molecular Pathology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Josine van Beek
- Department of Pathology, Section Molecular Pathology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Bloemena
- Department of Pathology, Section Molecular Pathology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fiebo J Ten Kate
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris J L M Meijer
- Department of Pathology, Section Molecular Pathology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J C van den Brule
- Department of Pathology, Section Molecular Pathology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Herrmann K, Niedobitek G. Lack of evidence for an association of Epstein-Barr virus infection with breast carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res 2003; 5:R13-7. [PMID: 12559053 PMCID: PMC154138 DOI: 10.1186/bcr561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2002] [Accepted: 11/01/2002] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human gamma-herpes virus infecting more than 90% of the population worldwide. EBV is associated with certain malignancies (e.g. Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma). Recent studies have raised the possibility that EBV may also be involved in the pathogenesis of breast carcinoma, the most common carcinoma of females. If substantiated, this finding would have major implications regarding prevention and therapy of the disease. The studies published so far have employed diverse methods, however, and the results have been controversial. METHODS Using the EBV DNA PCR, EBV DNA in situ hybridisation and in situ hybridisation for the detection of the EBV-encoded RNAs, and using immunohistochemistry for the demonstration of the EBV-encoded nuclear antigen 1, we have studied a series of 59 invasive breast carcinomas for evidence of EBV infection. RESULTS EBV-encoded RNA-specific in situ hybridisation and EBV-encoded nuclear antigen 1 immunohistochemistry were negative in all cases. Using the PCR, EBV DNA was detected in four out of 59 cases. These cases were further studied by EBV DNA in situ hybridisation, showing an absence of viral DNA from the tumour cells. CONCLUSION These results indicate that breast carcinoma is not an EBV-associated tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Herrmann
- Institute for Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerald Niedobitek
- Institute for Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
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Wong M, Pagano JS, Schiller JT, Tevethia SS, Raab-Traub N, Gruber J. New associations of human papillomavirus, Simian virus 40, and Epstein-Barr virus with human cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94:1832-6. [PMID: 12488476 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/94.24.1832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- May Wong
- Biological Carcinogenesis Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Deshpande CG, Badve S, Kidwai N, Longnecker R. Lack of expression of the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) gene products, EBERs, EBNA1, LMP1, and LMP2A, in breast cancer cells. J Transl Med 2002; 82:1193-9. [PMID: 12218080 DOI: 10.1097/01.lab.0000029150.90532.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a gamma herpesvirus, has been associated with a variety of human malignancies such as Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, NPC, and gastric cancer. A controversy regarding the association of EBV with breast cancers has recently been reported in the literature. These reports have mainly used the DNA detection techniques of polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot hybridization, with the inherent lacunae associated with these techniques for signal localization. Our group has studied EBV association with breast cancer by using in situ hybridization for detecting nonpolyadenylated EBV RNA (EBERs), along with using protein localization technique of immunohistochemistry, studying the EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) and the latent membrane proteins (LMP1 and LMP2A). This is the first article analyzing the expression of LMP2A in breast cancer cells. In all of our 43 female breast cancer cases under study, we failed to detect expression of any of the EBV viral gene products tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Deshpande
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Angeloni A, Farina A, Gentile G, Capobianchi A, Martino P, Visco V, Muraro R, Frati L, Faggioni A. Epstein-Barr virus and breast cancer: search for antibodies to the novel BFRF1 protein in sera of breast cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93:560-1. [PMID: 11287458 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/93.7.560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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