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Antipova V, Heimes D, Seidel K, Schulz J, Schmitt O, Holzmann C, Rolfs A, Bidmon HJ, González de San Román Martín E, Huesgen PF, Amunts K, Keiler J, Hammer N, Witt M, Wree A. Differently increased volumes of multiple brain areas in Npc1 mutant mice following various drug treatments. Front Neuroanat 2024; 18:1430790. [PMID: 39081805 PMCID: PMC11286580 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2024.1430790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Niemann-Pick disease type C1 (NPC1, MIM 257220) is a heritable lysosomal storage disease characterized by a progressive neurological degeneration that causes disability and premature death. A murine model of Npc1-/- displays a rapidly progressing form of Npc1 disease, which is characterized by weight loss, ataxia, and increased cholesterol storage. Npc1-/- mice receiving a combined therapy (COMBI) of miglustat (MIGLU), the neurosteroid allopregnanolone (ALLO) and the cyclic oligosaccharide 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPßCD) showed prevention of Purkinje cell loss, improved motor function and reduced intracellular lipid storage. Although therapy of Npc1-/- mice with COMBI, MIGLU or HPßCD resulted in the prevention of body weight loss, reduced total brain weight was not positively influenced. Methods In order to evaluate alterations of different brain areas caused by pharmacotherapy, fresh volumes (volumes calculated from the volumes determined from paraffin embedded brain slices) of various brain structures in sham- and drug-treated wild type and mutant mice were measured using stereological methods. Results In the wild type mice, the volumes of investigated brain areas were not significantly altered by either therapy. Compared with the respective wild types, fresh volumes of specific brain areas, which were significantly reduced in sham-treated Npc1-/- mice, partly increased after the pharmacotherapies in all treatment strategies; most pronounced differences were found in the CA1 area of the hippocampus and in olfactory structures. Discussion Volumes of brain areas of Npc1-/- mice were not specifically changed in terms of functionality after administering COMBI, MIGLU, or HPßCD. Measurements of fresh volumes of brain areas in Npc1-/- mice could monitor region-specific changes and response to drug treatment that correlated, in part, with behavioral improvements in this mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Antipova
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Division of Macroscopic and Clinical Anatomy, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Diana Heimes
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Seidel
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Klinik für Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe, Dietrich-Bonhoeffer-Klinikum, Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Schulz
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Oliver Schmitt
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Holzmann
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Centre of Transdisciplinary Neuroscience Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Arndt Rolfs
- Medical Faculty, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Bidmon
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Structural and Functional Organisation of the Brain (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Central Institute of Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Pitter F. Huesgen
- Central Institute of Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Biologie II, AG Funktional Proteomics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Structural and Functional Organisation of the Brain (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, University Hospital Düsseldorf, University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jonas Keiler
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Niels Hammer
- Division of Macroscopic and Clinical Anatomy, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Division of Biomechatronics, Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Witt
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Anatomy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biostructural Basics of Medical Sciences, Poznan Medical University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Andreas Wree
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Centre of Transdisciplinary Neuroscience Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Mylvara AV, Gibson AL, Gu T, Davidson CD, Incao AA, Melnyk K, Pierre-Jacques D, Cologna SM, Venditti CP, Porter FD, Pavan WJ. Optimization of systemic AAV9 gene therapy in Niemann-Pick disease type C1 mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.07.597901. [PMID: 38895471 PMCID: PMC11185674 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.07.597901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease, type C1 (NPC1) is a rare, fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by pathological variants in NPC1, which encodes a lysosomal cholesterol transport protein. There are no FDA approved treatments for this disorder. Both systemic and central nervous system delivery of AAV9-hNPC1 have shown significant disease amelioration in NPC1 murine models. To assess the impact of dose and window of therapeutic efficacy in Npc1 m1N mice, we systemically administered three different doses of AAV9-hNPC1 at 4 weeks old and the medium dose at pre-, early, and post-symptomatic timepoints. Higher vector doses and treatment earlier in life were associated with enhanced transduction in the nervous system and resulted in significantly increased lifespan. Similar beneficial effects were noted after gene therapy in Npc1 I1061T mice, a model that recapitulates a common human hypomorphic variant. Our findings help define dose ranges, treatment ages, and efficacy in severe and hypomorphic models of NPC1 deficiency and suggest that earlier delivery of AAV9-hNPC1 in a pre-symptomatic disease state is likely to yield optimal outcomes in individuals with NPC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avani V Mylvara
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Human Health and Services, Bethesda, MD
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Human Health and Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alana L Gibson
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Human Health and Services, Bethesda, MD
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Tansy Gu
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Human Health and Services, Bethesda, MD
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Cristin D Davidson
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Human Health and Services, Bethesda, MD
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Human Health and Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Art A Incao
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Human Health and Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Katerina Melnyk
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Human Health and Services, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | - Charles P Venditti
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Human Health and Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Forbes D Porter
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Human Health and Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - William J Pavan
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Human Health and Services, Bethesda, MD
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de Leeuw SM, Nuriel T. Intracellular cholesterol visualization in brain tissue using D4H ∗. STAR Protoc 2024; 5:102779. [PMID: 38100357 PMCID: PMC10762518 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying cholesterol biology in the brain has been greatly hindered by the lack of adequate cholesterol visualization techniques. Here, we present a protocol for using a high-affinity cholesterol probe D4H∗-mCherry as a histology reagent in mouse or human brain tissue. We describe steps for D4H∗ tissue treatment and crosslinking leading to stable labeling of intracellular membrane cholesterol. Furthermore, co-labeling with Rab5 endosomal marker and optimized buffers to reduce background enable punctate cholesterol visualization within the organelle membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherida M de Leeuw
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Tal Nuriel
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Taherzadeh M, Zhang E, Londono I, De Leener B, Wang S, Cooper JD, Kennedy TE, Morales CR, Chen Z, Lodygensky GA, Pshezhetsky AV. Severe central nervous system demyelination in Sanfilippo disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1323449. [PMID: 38163061 PMCID: PMC10756675 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1323449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chronic progressive neuroinflammation is a hallmark of neurological lysosomal storage diseases, including mucopolysaccharidosis III (MPS III or Sanfilippo disease). Since neuroinflammation is linked to white matter tract pathology, we analyzed axonal myelination and white matter density in the mouse model of MPS IIIC HgsnatP304L and post-mortem brain samples of MPS III patients. Methods Brain and spinal cord tissues of human MPS III patients, 6-month-old HgsnatP304L mice and age- and sex-matching wild type mice were analyzed by immunofluorescence to assess levels of myelin-associated proteins, primary and secondary storage materials, and levels of microgliosis. Corpus callosum (CC) region was studied by transmission electron microscopy to analyze axon myelination and morphology of oligodendrocytes and microglia. Mouse brains were analyzed ex vivo by high-filed MRI using Diffusion Basis Spectrum Imaging in Python-Diffusion tensor imaging algorithms. Results Analyses of CC and spinal cord tissues by immunohistochemistry revealed substantially reduced levels of myelin-associated proteins including Myelin Basic Protein, Myelin Associated Glycoprotein, and Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein. Furthermore, ultrastructural analyses revealed disruption of myelin sheath organization and reduced myelin thickness in the brains of MPS IIIC mice and human MPS IIIC patients compared to healthy controls. Oligodendrocytes (OLs) in the CC of MPS IIIC mice were scarce, while examination of the remaining cells revealed numerous enlarged lysosomes containing heparan sulfate, GM3 ganglioside or "zebra bodies" consistent with accumulation of lipids and myelin fragments. In addition, OLs contained swollen mitochondria with largely dissolved cristae, resembling those previously identified in the dysfunctional neurons of MPS IIIC mice. Ex vivo Diffusion Basis Spectrum Imaging revealed compelling signs of demyelination (26% increase in radial diffusivity) and tissue loss (76% increase in hindered diffusivity) in CC of MPS IIIC mice. Discussion Our findings demonstrate an important role for white matter injury in the pathophysiology of MPS III. This study also defines specific parameters and brain regions for MRI analysis and suggests that it may become a crucial non-invasive method to evaluate disease progression and therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Taherzadeh
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Erjun Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Irene Londono
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Benjamin De Leener
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Computer Engineering and Software Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sophie Wang
- Pediatric Storage Disorders Laboratory (PSDL), Departments of Pediatrics, Genetics and Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Cooper
- Pediatric Storage Disorders Laboratory (PSDL), Departments of Pediatrics, Genetics and Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Timothy E. Kennedy
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carlos R. Morales
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zesheng Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gregory A. Lodygensky
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexey V. Pshezhetsky
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Eberwein AE, Kulkarni SS, Rushton E, Broadie K. Glycosphingolipids are linked to elevated neurotransmission and neurodegeneration in a Drosophila model of Niemann Pick type C. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm050206. [PMID: 37815467 PMCID: PMC10581387 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipid storage disease Niemann Pick type C (NPC) causes neurodegeneration owing primarily to loss of NPC1. Here, we employed a Drosophila model to test links between glycosphingolipids, neurotransmission and neurodegeneration. We found that Npc1a nulls had elevated neurotransmission at the glutamatergic neuromuscular junction (NMJ), which was phenocopied in brainiac (brn) mutants, impairing mannosyl glucosylceramide (MacCer) glycosylation. Npc1a; brn double mutants had the same elevated synaptic transmission, suggesting that Npc1a and brn function within the same pathway. Glucosylceramide (GlcCer) synthase inhibition with miglustat prevented elevated neurotransmission in Npc1a and brn mutants, further suggesting epistasis. Synaptic MacCer did not accumulate in the NPC model, but GlcCer levels were increased, suggesting that GlcCer is responsible for the elevated synaptic transmission. Null Npc1a mutants had heightened neurodegeneration, but no significant motor neuron or glial cell death, indicating that dying cells are interneurons and that elevated neurotransmission precedes neurodegeneration. Glycosphingolipid synthesis mutants also had greatly heightened neurodegeneration, with similar neurodegeneration in Npc1a; brn double mutants, again suggesting that Npc1a and brn function in the same pathway. These findings indicate causal links between glycosphingolipid-dependent neurotransmission and neurodegeneration in this NPC disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Eberwein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University and Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Swarat S. Kulkarni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University and Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Emma Rushton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University and Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Kendal Broadie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University and Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University and Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University and Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University and Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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Rasmussen CLM, Thomsen LB, Heegaard CW, Moos T, Burkhart A. The Npc2 Gt(LST105)BygNya mouse signifies pathological changes comparable to human Niemann-Pick type C2 disease. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 126:103880. [PMID: 37454976 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Niemann-Pick type C2 disease (NP-C2) is a fatal neurovisceral disorder caused by defects in the lysosomal cholesterol transporter protein NPC2. Consequently, cholesterol and other lipids accumulate within the lysosomes, causing a heterogeneous spectrum of clinical manifestations. Murine models are essential for increasing the understanding of the complex pathology of NP-C2. This study, therefore, aims to describe the neurovisceral pathology in the NPC2-deficient mouse model to evaluate its correlation to human NP-C2. METHODS Npc2-/- mice holding the LST105 mutation were used in the present study (Npc2Gt(LST105)BygNya). Body and organ weight and histopathological evaluations were carried out in six and 12-week-old Npc2-/- mice, with a special emphasis on neuropathology. The Purkinje cell (PC) marker calbindin, the astrocytic marker GFAP, and the microglia marker IBA1 were included to assess PC degeneration and neuroinflammation, respectively. In addition, the pathology of the liver, lungs, and spleen was assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. RESULTS Six weeks old pre-symptomatic Npc2-/- mice showed splenomegaly and obvious neuropathological changes, especially in the cerebellum, where initial PC loss and neuroinflammation were evident. The Npc2-/- mice developed neurological symptoms at eight weeks of age, severely progressing until the end-stage of the disease at 12 weeks. At the end-stage of the disease, Npc2-/- mice were characterized by growth retardation, tremor, cerebellar ataxia, splenomegaly, foam cell accumulation in the lungs, liver, and spleen, brain atrophy, pronounced PC degeneration, and severe neuroinflammation. CONCLUSION The Npc2Gt(LST105)BygNya mouse model resembles the pathology seen in NP-C2 patients and denotes a valuable model for increasing the understanding of the complex disease manifestation and is relevant for testing the efficacies of new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louiza Bohn Thomsen
- Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | | | - Torben Moos
- Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Annette Burkhart
- Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark.
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Kunkel TJ, Townsend A, Sullivan KA, Merlet J, Schuchman EH, Jacobson DA, Lieberman AP. The cholesterol transporter NPC1 is essential for epigenetic regulation and maturation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3964. [PMID: 37407594 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39733-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular cholesterol transporter NPC1 functions in late endosomes and lysosomes to efflux unesterified cholesterol, and its deficiency causes Niemann-Pick disease Type C, an autosomal recessive lysosomal disorder characterized by progressive neurodegeneration and early death. Here, we use single-nucleus RNA-seq on the forebrain of Npc1-/- mice at P16 to identify cell types and pathways affected early in pathogenesis. Our analysis uncovers significant transcriptional changes in the oligodendrocyte lineage during developmental myelination, accompanied by diminished maturation of myelinating oligodendrocytes. We identify upregulation of genes associated with neurogenesis and synapse formation in Npc1-/- oligodendrocyte lineage cells, reflecting diminished gene silencing by H3K27me3. Npc1-/- oligodendrocyte progenitor cells reproduce impaired maturation in vitro, and this phenotype is rescued by treatment with GSK-J4, a small molecule inhibitor of H3K27 demethylases. Moreover, mobilizing stored cholesterol in Npc1-/- mice by a single administration of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin at P7 rescues myelination, epigenetic marks, and oligodendrocyte gene expression. Our findings highlight an important role for NPC1 in oligodendrocyte lineage maturation and epigenetic regulation, and identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddeus J Kunkel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alice Townsend
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Kyle A Sullivan
- Computational and Predictive Biology, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Jean Merlet
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Edward H Schuchman
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel A Jacobson
- Computational and Predictive Biology, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
| | - Andrew P Lieberman
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Bremova-Ertl T, Schneider S. Current advancements in therapy for Niemann-Pick disease: progress and pitfalls. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2023; 24:1229-1247. [PMID: 37211769 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2023.2215386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is a rare, autosomal recessive, lysosomal storage disorder. To combat the progressive neurodegeneration in NPC, disease-modifying treatment needs to be introduced early in the course of the disease. The only approved, disease-modifying treatment is a substrate-reduction treatment, miglustat. Given miglustat's limited efficacy, new compounds are under development, including gene therapy; however, many are still far from clinical use. Moreover, the phenotypic heterogeneity and variable course of the disease can impede the development and approval of new agents. AREAS COVERED Here, we offer an expert review of these therapeutic candidates, with a broad scope not only on the main pharmacotherapies, but also on experimental approaches, gene therapies, and symptomatic strategies. The National Institute of Health (NIH) database PubMed has been searched for the combination of the words 'Niemann-Pick type C'+ 'treatment' or 'therapy' or 'trial.' The website clinicaltrials.gov has also been consulted. EXPERT OPINION We conclude a combination of treatment strategies should be sought, with a holistic approach, to improve the quality of life of affected individuals and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Bremova-Ertl
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern (Inselspital) and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Center for Rare Diseases, University Hospital Bern (Inselspital) and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Schneider
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Kim S, Ochoa K, Melli SE, Yousufzai FAK, Barrera ZD, Williams AA, McIntyre G, Delgado E, Bolish JN, Macleod CM, Boghos M, Lens HP, Ramos AG, Wilson VB, Maloney K, Padron ZM, Khan AH, Blanco RE, Soto I. Disruptive lysosomal-metabolic signaling and neurodevelopmental deficits that precede Purkinje cell loss in a mouse model of Niemann-Pick Type-C disease. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5665. [PMID: 37024714 PMCID: PMC10079843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32971-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purkinje cell (PC) loss occurs at an early age in patients and animal models of Niemann-Pick Type C (NPC), a lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in the Npc1 or Npc2 genes. Although degeneration of PCs occurs early in NPC, little is known about how NPC1 deficiency affects the postnatal development of PCs. Using the Npc1nmf164 mouse model, we found that NPC1 deficiency significantly affected the postnatal development of PC dendrites and synapses. The developing dendrites of Npc1nmf164 PCs were significantly deficient in mitochondria and lysosomes. Furthermore, anabolic (mTORC1) and catabolic (TFEB) signaling pathways were not only perturbed but simultaneously activated in NPC1-deficient PCs, suggesting a loss of metabolic balance. We also found that mice with conditional heterozygous deletion of the Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog Deleted on Chromosome 10 gene (Pten-cHet), an inhibitor of mTORC1, showed similar early dendritic alterations in PCs to those found in Npc1-deficient mice. However, in contrast to Npc1nmf164 mice, Pten-cHet mice exhibited the overactivation of the mTORC1 pathway but with a strong inhibition of TFEB signaling, along with no dendritic mitochondrial reductions by the end of their postnatal development. Our data suggest that disruption of the lysosomal-metabolic signaling in PCs causes dendritic and synaptic developmental deficits that precede and promote their early degeneration in NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Kathleen Ochoa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Sierra E Melli
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Fawad A K Yousufzai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Zerian D Barrera
- Department of Biological Science, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Aela A Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Gianna McIntyre
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Esteban Delgado
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - James N Bolish
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | | | - Mary Boghos
- Department of Biology, Providence College, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Hayden P Lens
- Department of Biology, Providence College, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Alex G Ramos
- Department of Biology, Providence College, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Vincent B Wilson
- Department of Biological Science, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Kelly Maloney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Zachary M Padron
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Amaal H Khan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Rosa E Blanco
- The Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Ileana Soto
- Department of Biology, Providence College, Providence, RI, USA.
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Pfrieger FW. The Niemann-Pick type diseases – A synopsis of inborn errors in sphingolipid and cholesterol metabolism. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 90:101225. [PMID: 37003582 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Disturbances of lipid homeostasis in cells provoke human diseases. The elucidation of the underlying mechanisms and the development of efficient therapies represent formidable challenges for biomedical research. Exemplary cases are two rare, autosomal recessive, and ultimately fatal lysosomal diseases historically named "Niemann-Pick" honoring the physicians, whose pioneering observations led to their discovery. Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency (ASMD) and Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPCD) are caused by specific variants of the sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1 (SMPD1) and NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 (NPC1) or NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 2 (NPC2) genes that perturb homeostasis of two key membrane components, sphingomyelin and cholesterol, respectively. Patients with severe forms of these diseases present visceral and neurologic symptoms and succumb to premature death. This synopsis traces the tortuous discovery of the Niemann-Pick diseases, highlights important advances with respect to genetic culprits and cellular mechanisms, and exposes efforts to improve diagnosis and to explore new therapeutic approaches.
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11
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Sterling FR, D'Amico J, Brumfield AM, Huegel KL, Vaughan PS, Morris K, Schwarz S, Joyce MV, Boggess B, Champion MM, Maciuba K, Allen P, Marasco E, Koch G, Gonzalez P, Hodges S, Leahy S, Gerstbauer E, Hinchcliffe EH, Vaughan KT. StARD9 is a novel lysosomal kinesin required for membrane tubulation, cholesterol transport and Purkinje cell survival. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:292582. [PMID: 36861884 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathological accumulation of cholesterol is a signature feature of Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease, in which excessive lipid levels induce Purkinje cell death in the cerebellum. NPC1 encodes a lysosomal cholesterol-binding protein, and mutations in NPC1 drive cholesterol accumulation in late endosomes and lysosomes (LE/Ls). However, the fundamental role of NPC proteins in LE/L cholesterol transport remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that NPC1 mutations impair the projection of cholesterol-containing membrane tubules from the surface of LE/Ls. A proteomic survey of purified LE/Ls identified StARD9 as a novel lysosomal kinesin responsible for LE/L tubulation. StARD9 contains an N-terminal kinesin domain, a C-terminal StART domain, and a dileucine signal shared with other lysosome-associated membrane proteins. Depletion of StARD9 disrupts LE/L tubulation, paralyzes bidirectional LE/L motility and induces accumulation of cholesterol in LE/Ls. Finally, a novel StARD9 knock-out mouse recapitulates the progressive loss of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. Together, these studies identify StARD9 as a microtubule motor protein responsible for LE/L tubulation and provide support for a novel model of LE/L cholesterol transport that becomes impaired in NPC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity R Sterling
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Jon D'Amico
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | | | - Kara L Huegel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Patricia S Vaughan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Kathryn Morris
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Shelby Schwarz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Michelle V Joyce
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.,University of Notre Dame Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Bill Boggess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.,University of Notre Dame Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Matthew M Champion
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.,University of Notre Dame Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Kevin Maciuba
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Philip Allen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Eric Marasco
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Grant Koch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Peter Gonzalez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Shannon Hodges
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Shannon Leahy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Erica Gerstbauer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | | | - Kevin T Vaughan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.,Notre Dame Integrated Imaging Facility, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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12
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The Cerebellum in Niemann-Pick C1 Disease: Mouse Versus Man. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 22:102-119. [PMID: 35040097 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01347-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Selective neuronal vulnerability is common to most degenerative disorders, including Niemann-Pick C (NPC), a rare genetic disease with altered intracellular trafficking of cholesterol. Purkinje cell dysfunction and loss are responsible for cerebellar ataxia, which is among the prevailing neurological signs of the NPC disease. In this review, we focus on some questions that are still unresolved. First, we frame the cerebellar vulnerability in the context of the extended postnatal time length by which the development of this structure is completed in mammals. In line with this thought, the much later development of cerebellar symptoms in humans is due to the later development and/or maturation of the cerebellum. Hence, the occurrence of developmental events under a protracted condition of defective intracellular cholesterol mobilization hits the functional maturation of the various cell types generating the ground of increased vulnerability. This is particularly consistent with the high cholesterol demand required for cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and synapse formation/remodeling. Other major questions we address are why the progression of Purkinje cells loss is always from the anterior to the posterior lobes and why cerebellar defects persist in the mouse model even when genetic manipulations can lead to nearly normal survival.
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13
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Organ Weights in NPC1 Mutant Mice Partly Normalized by Various Pharmacological Treatment Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010573. [PMID: 36614015 PMCID: PMC9820376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick Type C1 (NPC1, MIM 257220) is a rare, progressive, lethal, inherited autosomal-recessive endolysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in the NPC1 leading to intracellular lipid storage. We analyzed mostly not jet known alterations of the weights of 14 different organs in the BALB/cNctr-Npc1m1N/-J Jackson Npc1 mice in female and male Npc1+/+ and Npc1-/- mice under various treatment strategies. Mice were treated with (i) no therapy, (ii) vehicle injection, (iii) a combination of miglustat, allopregnanolone, and 2-hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HPßCD), (iv) miglustat, and (v) HPßCD alone starting at P7 and repeated weekly throughout life. The 12 respective male and female wild-type mice groups were evaluated in parallel. In total, 351 mice (176 Npc1+/+, 175 Npc1-/-) were dissected at P65. In both sexes, the body weights of None and Sham Npc1-/- mice were lower than those of respective Npc1+/+ mice. The influence of the Npc1 mutation and/or sex on the weights of various organs, however, differed considerably. In males, Npc1+/+ and Npc1-/- mice had comparable absolute weights of lungs, spleen, and adrenal glands. In Npc1-/- mice, smaller weights of hearts, livers, kidneys, testes, vesicular, and scent glands were found. In female Npc1-/- mice, ovaries, and uteri were significantly smaller. In Npc1-/- mice, relative organ weights, i.e., normalized with body weights, were sex-specifically altered to different extents by the different therapies. The combination of miglustat, allopregnanolone, and the sterol chelator HPßCD partly normalized the weights of more organs than miglustat or HPßCD mono-therapies.
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14
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Rava A, La Rosa P, Palladino G, Dragotto J, Totaro A, Tiberi J, Canterini S, Oddi S, Fiorenza MT. The appearance of phagocytic microglia in the postnatal brain of Niemann Pick type C mice is developmentally regulated and underscores shortfalls in fine odor discrimination. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:4563-4579. [PMID: 36322609 PMCID: PMC7613956 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The loss of NPC1 or NPC2 function results in cholesterol and sphingolipid dyshomeostasis that impairs developmental trajectories, predisposing the postnatal brain to the appearance of pathological signs, including progressive and stereotyped Purkinje cell loss and microgliosis. Despite increasing evidence reporting the activation of pro-inflammatory microglia as a cardinal event of NPC1 disease progression at symptomatic stages both in patients and preclinical models, how microglia cells respond to altered neurodevelopmental dynamics remains not completely understood. To gain an insight on this issue, we have characterized patterns of microglia activation in the early postnatal cerebellum and young adult olfactory bulb of the hypomorphic Npc1nmf164 mouse model. Previous evidence has shown that both these areas display a number of anomalies affecting neuron and glial cell proliferation and differentiation, which largely anticipate cellular changes and clinical signs, raising our interest on how microglia interplay to these changes. Even so, to separate the contribution of cues provided by the dysfunctional microenvironment we have also studied microglia isolated from mice of increasing ages and cultured in vitro for 1 week. Our findings show that microglia of both cerebellum and olfactory bulb of Npc1nmf164 mice adopt an activated phenotype, characterized by increased cell proliferation, enlarged soma size and de-ramified processes, as well as a robust phagocytic activity, in a time- and space-specific manner. Enhanced phagocytosis associates with a profound remodeling of gene expression signatures towards gene products involved in chemotaxis, cell recognition and engulfment, including Cd68 and Trem2. These early changes in microglia morphology and activities are induced by region-specific developmental anomalies that likely anticipate alterations in neuronal connectivity. As a proof of concept, we show that microglia activation within the granule cell layer and glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb of Npc1nmf164 mice is associated with shortfalls in fine odor discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Rava
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology University La Sapienza Rome Italy
- PhD program in Behavioral Neuroscience University La Sapienza Rome Italy
| | - Piergiorgio La Rosa
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology University La Sapienza Rome Italy
- European Center for Brain Research IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia Rome Italy
| | - Giampiero Palladino
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology University La Sapienza Rome Italy
- PhD program in Behavioral Neuroscience University La Sapienza Rome Italy
| | - Jessica Dragotto
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology University La Sapienza Rome Italy
- PhD program in Behavioral Neuroscience University La Sapienza Rome Italy
| | - Antonio Totaro
- European Center for Brain Research IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia Rome Italy
| | - Jessica Tiberi
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology University La Sapienza Rome Italy
- PhD program in Behavioral Neuroscience University La Sapienza Rome Italy
| | - Sonia Canterini
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology University La Sapienza Rome Italy
| | - Sergio Oddi
- European Center for Brain Research IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia Rome Italy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Teramo Teramo Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Fiorenza
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology University La Sapienza Rome Italy
- European Center for Brain Research IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia Rome Italy
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15
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Zhang Z, Wang X, Lin Y, Pan D. A multifaceted evaluation of microgliosis and differential cellular dysregulation of mammalian target of rapamycin signaling in neuronopathic Gaucher disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:944883. [PMID: 36204141 PMCID: PMC9530712 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.944883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronopathic Gaucher disease (nGD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in GBA1 gene and is associated with premature death. Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in disease pathogenesis which is characterized by microgliosis, reactive astrocytosis, and neuron loss, although molecular mechanisms leading to neuroinflammation are not well-understood. In this report, we developed a convenient tool to quantify microglia proliferation and activation independently and uncovered abnormal proliferation of microglia (∼2-fold) in an adult genetic nGD model. The nGD-associated pattern of inflammatory mediators pertinent to microglia phenotypes was determined, showing a unique signature favoring pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines. Moreover, highly polarized (up or down) dysregulations of mTORC1 signaling with varying lysosome dysfunctions (numbers and volume) were observed among three major cell types of nGD brain. Specifically, hyperactive mTORC1 signaling was detected in all disease-associated microglia (Iba1high) with concurrent increase in lysosome function. Conversely, the reduction of neurons presenting high mTORC1 activity was implicated (including Purkinje-like cells) which was accompanied by inconsistent changes of lysosome function in nGD mice. Undetectable levels of mTORC1 activity and low Lamp1 puncta were noticed in astrocytes of both diseased and normal mice, suggesting a minor involvement of mTORC1 pathway and lysosome function in disease-associated astrocytes. These findings highlight the differences and complexity of molecular mechanisms that are involved within various cell types of the brain. The quantifiable parameters established and nGD-associated pattern of neuroinflammatory mediators identified would facilitate the efficacy evaluation on microgliosis and further discovery of novel therapeutic target(s) in treating neuronopathic Gaucher disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenting Zhang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Yi Lin
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Dao Pan
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Dao Pan,
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16
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van Gool R, Tucker-Bartley A, Yang E, Todd N, Guenther F, Goodlett B, Al-Hertani W, Bodamer OA, Upadhyay J. Targeting neurological abnormalities in lysosomal storage diseases. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 43:495-509. [PMID: 34844772 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities and corresponding neurological and psychiatric symptoms are frequently observed in lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). The genetic background of individual LSDs is indeed unique to each illness. However, resulting defective lysosomal function within the CNS can transition normal cellular processes (i.e., autophagy) into aberrant mechanisms, facilitating overlapping downstream consequences including neurocircuitry dysfunction, neurodegeneration as well as sensory, motor, cognitive, and psychological symptoms. Here, the neurological and biobehavioral phenotypes of major classes of LSDs are discussed alongside therapeutic strategies in development that aim to tackle neuropathology among other disease elements. Finally, focused ultrasound blood-brain barrier opening is proposed to enhance therapeutic delivery thereby overcoming the key hurdle of central distribution of disease modifying therapies in LSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel van Gool
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Section Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony Tucker-Bartley
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward Yang
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas Todd
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank Guenther
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Sargent College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin Goodlett
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Walla Al-Hertani
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olaf A Bodamer
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jaymin Upadhyay
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA.
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17
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Wibawa P, Kurth F, Luders E, Pantelis C, Cropley VL, Di Biase MA, Velakoulis D, Walterfang M. Differential involvement of hippocampal subfields in Niemann-Pick type C disease: a case-control study. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:2071-2078. [PMID: 34146215 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00782-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal brain regions are strongly implicated in Niemann Pick type C disease (NPC), but little is known regarding distinct subregions of the hippocampal complex and whether these are equally or differentially affected. To address this gap, we compared volumes of five hippocampal subfields between NPC and healthy individuals using MRI. To this end, 9 adult-onset NPC cases and 9 age- and gender-matched controls underwent a 3 T T1-weighted MRI scan. Gray matter volumes of the cornu ammonis (CA1, CA2 and CA3), dentate gyrus (DG), subiculum, entorhinal cortex and hippocampal-amygdalar transition area were calculated by integrating MRI-based image intensities with microscopically defined cytoarchitectonic probabilities. Compared to healthy controls, NPC patients showed smaller volumes of the CA1-3 and DG regions bilaterally, with the greatest difference localized to the left DG (Cohen's d = 1.993, p = 0.008). No significant associations were shown between hippocampal subfield volumes and key clinical features of NPC, including disease duration, symptom severity and psychosis. The pattern of hippocampal subregional atrophy in NPC differs from those seen in other dementias, which may indicate unique cytoarchitectural vulnerabilities in this earlier-onset disorder. Future MRI studies of hippocampal subfields may clarify its potential as a biomarker of neurodegeneration in NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Wibawa
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Neuropsychiatry, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Florian Kurth
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Eileen Luders
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vanessa L Cropley
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maria A Di Biase
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dennis Velakoulis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Neuropsychiatry, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Walterfang
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Neuropsychiatry, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Walkley SU. Rethinking lysosomes and lysosomal disease. Neurosci Lett 2021; 762:136155. [PMID: 34358625 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases were recognized and defined over a century ago as a class of disorders affecting mostly children and causing systemic disease often accompanied by major neurological consequences. Since their discovery, research focused on understanding their causes has been an important driver of our ever-expanding knowledge of cell biology and the central role that lysosomes play in cell function. Today we recognize over 50 so-called storage diseases, with most understood at the level of gene, protein and pathway involvement, but few fully clarified in terms of how the defective lysosomal function causes brain disease; even fewer have therapies that can effectively rescue brain function. Importantly, we also recognize that storage diseases are not simply a class of lysosomal disorders all by themselves, as increasingly a critical role for the greater lysosomal system with its endosomal, autophagosomal and salvage streams has also emerged in a host of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite persistent challenges across all aspects of these complex disorders, and as reflected in this and other articles focused on lysosomal storage diseases in this special issue of Neuroscience Letters, the progress and promise to both understand and effectively treat these conditions has never been greater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven U Walkley
- Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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19
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Glial contribution to cyclodextrin-mediated reversal of cholesterol accumulation in murine NPC1-deficient neurons in vivo. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 158:105469. [PMID: 34364974 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C disease is a rare and fatal lysosomal storage disorder presenting severe neurovisceral symptoms. Disease-causing mutations in genes encoding either NPC1 or NPC2 protein provoke accumulation of cholesterol and other lipids in specific structures of the endosomal-lysosomal system and degeneration of specific cells, notably neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (CD) emerged as potential therapeutic approach based on animal studies and clinical data, but the mechanism of action in neurons has remained unclear. To address this topic in vivo, we took advantage of the retina as highly accessible part of the CNS and intravitreal injections as mode of drug administration. Coupling CD to gold nanoparticles allowed us to trace its intracellular location. We report that CD enters the endosomal-lysosomal system of neurons in vivo and enables the release of lipid-laden lamellar inclusions, which are then removed from the extracellular space by specific types of glial cells. Our data suggest that CD induces a concerted action of neurons and glial cells to restore lipid homeostasis in the central nervous system.
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20
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Guix FX, Capitán AM, Casadomé-Perales Á, Palomares-Pérez I, López Del Castillo I, Miguel V, Goedeke L, Martín MG, Lamas S, Peinado H, Fernández-Hernando C, Dotti CG. Increased exosome secretion in neurons aging in vitro by NPC1-mediated endosomal cholesterol buildup. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/8/e202101055. [PMID: 34183444 PMCID: PMC8321659 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study unveils the molecular mechanism through which neurons in vitro compensate age-associated proteostasis defects by increasing exosome release. As neurons age, they show a decrease in their ability to degrade proteins and membranes. Because undegraded material is a source of toxic products, defects in degradation are associated with reduced cell function and survival. However, there are very few dead neurons in the aging brain, suggesting the action of compensatory mechanisms. We show in this work that ageing neurons in culture show large multivesicular bodies (MVBs) filled with intralumenal vesicles (ILVs) and secrete more small extracellular vesicles than younger neurons. We also show that the high number of ILVs is the consequence of the accumulation of cholesterol in MVBs, which in turn is due to decreased levels of the cholesterol extruding protein NPC1. NPC1 down-regulation is the consequence of a combination of upregulation of the NPC1 repressor microRNA 33, and increased degradation, due to Akt-mTOR targeting of NPC1 to the phagosome. Although releasing more exosomes can be beneficial to old neurons, other cells, neighbouring and distant, can be negatively affected by the waste material they contain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc X Guix
- Molecular Neuropathology Unit, Physiological and Pathological Processes Program, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Marrero Capitán
- Molecular Neuropathology Unit, Physiological and Pathological Processes Program, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Casadomé-Perales
- Molecular Neuropathology Unit, Physiological and Pathological Processes Program, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Palomares-Pérez
- Molecular Neuropathology Unit, Physiological and Pathological Processes Program, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés López Del Castillo
- Molecular Neuropathology Unit, Physiological and Pathological Processes Program, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Miguel
- Molecular Pathophysiology of Fibrosis, Physiological and Pathological Processes Program, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Leigh Goedeke
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Integrative Cell Signalling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mauricio G Martín
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra (INIMEC)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Santiago Lamas
- Molecular Pathophysiology of Fibrosis, Physiological and Pathological Processes Program, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor Peinado
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Fernández-Hernando
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Integrative Cell Signalling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carlos G Dotti
- Molecular Neuropathology Unit, Physiological and Pathological Processes Program, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
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21
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Cariati I, Masuelli L, Bei R, Tancredi V, Frank C, D’Arcangelo G. Neurodegeneration in Niemann-Pick Type C Disease: An Updated Review on Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Approaches to Counteract Brain and Cognitive Impairment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126600. [PMID: 34202978 PMCID: PMC8234817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann–Pick type C (NPC) disease is an autosomal recessive storage disorder, characterized by abnormal sequestration of unesterified cholesterol in the late endo-lysosomal system of cells. Progressive neurological deterioration and the onset of symptoms, such as ataxia, seizures, cognitive decline, and severe dementia, are pathognomonic features of the disease. In addition, different pathological similarities, including degeneration of hippocampal and cortical neurons, hyperphosphorylated tau, and neurofibrillary tangle formation, have been identified between NPC disease and other neurodegenerative pathologies. However, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are not yet well understood, and even a real cure to counteract neurodegeneration has not been identified. Therefore, the combination of current pharmacological therapies, represented by miglustat and cyclodextrin, and non-pharmacological approaches, such as physical exercise and appropriate diet, could represent a strategy to improve the quality of life of NPC patients. Based on this evidence, in our review we focused on the neurodegenerative aspects of NPC disease, summarizing the current knowledge on the molecular and biochemical mechanisms responsible for cognitive impairment, and suggesting physical exercise and nutritional treatments as additional non-pharmacologic approaches to reduce the progression and neurodegenerative course of NPC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Cariati
- Medical-Surgical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Laura Masuelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Roberto Bei
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Virginia Tancredi
- Department of Systems Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Centre of Space Bio-Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Frank
- UniCamillus-Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Via di Sant’Alessandro 8, 00131 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giovanna D’Arcangelo
- Department of Systems Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Centre of Space Bio-Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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22
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Insights into Lewy body disease from rare neurometabolic disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:1567-1575. [PMID: 34056672 PMCID: PMC8528771 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02355-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Professor Kurt Jellinger is well known for his seminal work on the neuropathology of age-associated neurodegenerative disorders, particularly Lewy body diseases. However, it is less well known that he also contributed important insights into the neuropathological features of several paediatric neurometabolic diseases, including Alpers–Huttenlocher syndrome, a syndrome of mitochondrial disease caused by POLG mutations, and infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, a phenotype resulting from PLA2G6 mutations. Despite these rare diseases occurring in early life, they share many important pathological overlaps with age-associated Lewy body disease, particularly dysregulation of α-synuclein. In this review, we describe several neurometabolic diseases linked to Lewy body disease mechanisms, and discuss the wider context to pathological overlaps between neurometabolic and Lewy body diseases. In particular, we will focus on how understanding disease mechanisms in neurometabolic disorders with dysregulated α-synuclein may generate insights into predisposing factors for α-synuclein aggregation in idiopathic Lewy body diseases.
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23
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Erskine D, Koss D, Korolchuk VI, Outeiro TF, Attems J, McKeith I. Lipids, lysosomes and mitochondria: insights into Lewy body formation from rare monogenic disorders. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 141:511-526. [PMID: 33515275 PMCID: PMC7952289 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02266-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of the protein α-synuclein into insoluble intracellular deposits termed Lewy bodies (LBs) is the characteristic neuropathological feature of LB diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) and dementia with LB (DLB). α-Synuclein aggregation is thought to be a critical pathogenic event in the aetiology of LB disease, based on genetic analyses, fundamental studies using model systems, and the observation of LB pathology in post-mortem tissue. However, some monogenic disorders not traditionally characterised as synucleinopathies, such as lysosomal storage disorders, iron storage disorders and mitochondrial diseases, appear disproportionately vulnerable to the deposition of LBs, perhaps suggesting the process of LB formation may be a result of processes perturbed as a result of these conditions. The present review discusses biological pathways common to monogenic disorders associated with LB formation, identifying catabolic processes, particularly related to lipid homeostasis, autophagy and mitochondrial function, as processes that could contribute to LB formation. These findings are discussed in the context of known mediators of α-synuclein aggregation, highlighting the potential influence of impairments to these processes in the aetiology of LB formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Erskine
- Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - David Koss
- Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Viktor I Korolchuk
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
- Scientific Employee With an Honorary Contract at Deutsches Zentrum Für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Attems
- Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ian McKeith
- Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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24
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Holzmann C, Witt M, Rolfs A, Antipova V, Wree A. Gender-Specific Effects of Two Treatment Strategies in a Mouse Model of Niemann-Pick Disease Type C1. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052539. [PMID: 33802605 PMCID: PMC7962008 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In a mouse model of Niemann-Pick disease type C1 (NPC1), a combination therapy (COMBI) of miglustat (MIGLU), the neurosteroid allopregnanolone (ALLO) and the cyclic oligosaccharide 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPßCD) has previously resulted in, among other things, significantly improved motor function. The present study was designed to compare the therapeutic effects of the COMBI therapy with that of MIGLU or HPßCD alone on body and brain weight and the behavior of NPC1−/− mice in a larger cohort, with special reference to gender differences. A total of 117 NPC1−/− and 123 NPC1+/+ mice underwent either COMBI, MIGLU only, HPßCD only, or vehicle treatment (Sham), or received no treatment at all (None). In male and female NPC1−/− mice, all treatments led to decreased loss of body weight and, partly, brain weight. Concerning motor coordination, as revealed by the accelerod test, male NPC1−/− mice benefited from COMBI treatment, whereas female mice benefited from COMBI, MIGLU, and HPßCD treatment. As seen in the open field test, the reduced locomotor activity of male and female NPC1−/− mice was not significantly ameliorated in either treatment group. Our results suggest that in NPC1−/− mice, each drug treatment scheme had a beneficial effect on at least some of the parameters evaluated compared with Sham-treated mice. Only in COMBI-treated male and female NPC+/+ mice were drug effects seen in reduced body and brain weights. Upon COMBI treatment, the increased dosage of drugs necessary for anesthesia in Sham-treated male and female NPC1−/− mice was almost completely reduced only in the female groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Holzmann
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Rostock University Medical Center, D-18057 Rostock, Germany;
- Centre of Transdisciplinary Neuroscience Rostock, D-18147 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Martin Witt
- Centre of Transdisciplinary Neuroscience Rostock, D-18147 Rostock, Germany;
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, D-18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Arndt Rolfs
- Centogene AG, Rostock, Am Strande 7, 18055 Rostock, Germany;
- University of Rostock, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Veronica Antipova
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, D-18057 Rostock, Germany;
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Macroscopic and Clinical Anatomy, Medical University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Wree
- Centre of Transdisciplinary Neuroscience Rostock, D-18147 Rostock, Germany;
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, D-18057 Rostock, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-381-494-8429
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25
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Yan M, Zheng T. Role of the endolysosomal pathway and exosome release in tau propagation. Neurochem Int 2021; 145:104988. [PMID: 33582164 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.104988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The progressive deposition of misfolded and aggregated forms of Tau protein in the brain is a pathological hallmark of tauopathies, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal degeneration (FTD). The misfolded Tau can be released into the extracellular space and internalized by neighboring cells, acting as seeds to trigger the robust conversion of soluble Tau into insoluble filamentous aggregates in a prion-like manner, ultimately contributing to the progression of the disease. However, molecular mechanisms accountable for the propagation of Tau pathology are poorly defined. We reviewed the Tau processing imbalance in endosomal, lysosomal, and exosomal pathways in AD. Increased exosome release counteracts the endosomal-lysosomal dysfunction of Tau processing but increases the number of aggregates and the propagation of Tau. This review summarizes our current understanding of the underlying tauopathy mechanisms with an emphasis on the emerging role of the endosomal-lysosomal-exosome pathways in this process. The components CHMP6, TSG101, and other components of the ESCRT complex, as well as Rab GTPase such as Rab35 and Rab7A, regulate vesicle cargoes routing from endosome to lysosome and affect Tau traffic, degradation, or secretion. Thus, the significant molecular pathways that should be potential therapeutic targets for treating tauopathies are determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minli Yan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), 54 Youdian Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Tingting Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), 54 Youdian Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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26
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Parenti G, Medina DL, Ballabio A. The rapidly evolving view of lysosomal storage diseases. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e12836. [PMID: 33459519 PMCID: PMC7863408 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202012836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases are a group of metabolic disorders caused by deficiencies of several components of lysosomal function. Most commonly affected are lysosomal hydrolases, which are involved in the breakdown and recycling of a variety of complex molecules and cellular structures. The understanding of lysosomal biology has progressively improved over time. Lysosomes are no longer viewed as organelles exclusively involved in catabolic pathways, but rather as highly dynamic elements of the autophagic-lysosomal pathway, involved in multiple cellular functions, including signaling, and able to adapt to environmental stimuli. This refined vision of lysosomes has substantially impacted on our understanding of the pathophysiology of lysosomal disorders. It is now clear that substrate accumulation triggers complex pathogenetic cascades that are responsible for disease pathology, such as aberrant vesicle trafficking, impairment of autophagy, dysregulation of signaling pathways, abnormalities of calcium homeostasis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Novel technologies, in most cases based on high-throughput approaches, have significantly contributed to the characterization of lysosomal biology or lysosomal dysfunction and have the potential to facilitate diagnostic processes, and to enable the identification of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Parenti
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Diego L Medina
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,SSM School for Advanced Studies, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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27
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Understanding and Treating Niemann-Pick Type C Disease: Models Matter. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238979. [PMID: 33256121 PMCID: PMC7730076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomedical research aims to understand the molecular mechanisms causing human diseases and to develop curative therapies. So far, these goals have been achieved for a small fraction of diseases, limiting factors being the availability, validity, and use of experimental models. Niemann–Pick type C (NPC) is a prime example for a disease that lacks a curative therapy despite substantial breakthroughs. This rare, fatal, and autosomal-recessive disorder is caused by defects in NPC1 or NPC2. These ubiquitously expressed proteins help cholesterol exit from the endosomal–lysosomal system. The dysfunction of either causes an aberrant accumulation of lipids with patients presenting a large range of disease onset, neurovisceral symptoms, and life span. Here, we note general aspects of experimental models, we describe the line-up used for NPC-related research and therapy development, and we provide an outlook on future topics.
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28
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Vitner EB. The role of brain innate immune response in lysosomal storage disorders: fundamental process or evolutionary side effect? FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3619-3631. [PMID: 33131047 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipidoses are diseases caused by mutations in genes responsible for sphingolipid degradation and thereby lead to sphingolipid accumulation. Most sphingolipidoses have a neurodegenerative manifestation characterized by innate immune activation in the brain. However, the role of the immune response in disease progression is ill-understood. In contrast to infectious diseases, immune activation is unable to eliminate the offending agent in sphingolipidoses resulting in ineffective, chronic inflammation. This paradox begs two fundamental questions: Why has this immune response evolved in sphingolipidoses? What role does it play in disease progression? Here, starting from the observation that sphingolipids (SLs) are elevated also in infectious diseases, I discuss the possibility that the activation of the brain immune response by SLs has evolved as a part of the immune response against pathogens and plays no major role in sphingolipidoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat B Vitner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
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29
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Visualisation of cholesterol and ganglioside GM1 in zebrafish models of Niemann-Pick type C disease and Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome using light sheet microscopy. Histochem Cell Biol 2020; 154:565-578. [PMID: 33079236 PMCID: PMC7609433 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01925-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases are the most common cause of neurodegeneration in children. They are characterised at the cellular level by the accumulation of storage material within lysosomes. There are very limited therapeutic options, and the search for novel therapies has been hampered as few good small animal models are available. Here, we describe the use of light sheet microscopy to assess lipid storage in drug and morpholino induced zebrafish models of two diseases of cholesterol homeostasis with lysosomal dysfunction: First, Niemann–Pick type C disease (NPC), caused by mutations in the lysosomal transmembrane protein NPC1, characterised by intralysosomal accumulation of cholesterol and several other lipids. Second, Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (SLOS), caused by mutations in 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, which catalyses the last step of cholesterol biosynthesis and is characterised by intralysosomal accumulation of dietary cholesterol. This is the first description of a zebrafish SLOS model. We find that zebrafish accurately model lysosomal storage and disease-specific phenotypes in both diseases. Increased cholesterol and ganglioside GM1 were observed in sections taken from NPC model fish, and decreased cholesterol in SLOS model fish, but these are of limited value as resolution is poor, and accurate anatomical comparisons difficult. Using light sheet microscopy, we were able to observe lipid changes in much greater detail and identified an unexpected accumulation of ganglioside GM1 in SLOS model fish. Our data demonstrate, for the first time in zebrafish, the immense potential that light sheet microscopy has in aiding the resolution of studies involving lysosomal and lipid disorders.
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30
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Smolders S, Van Broeckhoven C. Genetic perspective on the synergistic connection between vesicular transport, lysosomal and mitochondrial pathways associated with Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:63. [PMID: 32375870 PMCID: PMC7201634 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00935-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and atypical parkinsonian syndromes (APS) are symptomatically characterized by parkinsonism, with the latter presenting additionally a distinctive range of atypical features. Although the majority of patients with PD and APS appear to be sporadic, genetic causes of several rare monogenic disease variants were identified. The knowledge acquired from these genetic factors indicated that defects in vesicular transport pathways, endo-lysosomal dysfunction, impaired autophagy-lysosomal protein and organelle degradation pathways, α-synuclein aggregation and mitochondrial dysfunction play key roles in PD pathogenesis. Moreover, membrane dynamics are increasingly recognized as a key player in the disease pathogenesis due lipid homeostasis alterations, associated with lysosomal dysfunction, caused by mutations in several PD and APS genes. The importance of lysosomal dysfunction and lipid homeostasis is strengthened by both genetic discoveries and clinical epidemiology of the association between parkinsonism and lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs), caused by the disruption of lysosomal biogenesis or function. A synergistic coordination between vesicular trafficking, lysosomal and mitochondria defects exist whereby mutations in PD and APS genes encoding proteins primarily involved one PD pathway are frequently associated with defects in other PD pathways as a secondary effect. Moreover, accumulating clinical and genetic observations suggest more complex inheritance patters of familial PD exist, including oligogenic and polygenic inheritance of genes in the same or interconnected PD pathways, further strengthening their synergistic connection.Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of PD and APS genes with functions in vesicular transport, lysosomal and mitochondrial pathways, and highlight functional and genetic evidence of the synergistic connection between these PD associated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Smolders
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp - CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp - CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium.
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium.
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31
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Pathmasiri KC, Pergande MR, Tobias F, Rebiai R, Rosenhouse-Dantsker A, Bongarzone ER, Cologna SM. Mass spectrometry imaging and LC/MS reveal decreased cerebellar phosphoinositides in Niemann-Pick type C1-null mice. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1004-1013. [PMID: 32371566 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra119000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease type C1 (NPC1) is a lipid storage disorder in which cholesterol and glycosphingolipids accumulate in late endosomal/lysosomal compartments because of mutations in the NPC1 gene. A hallmark of NPC1 is progressive neurodegeneration of the cerebellum as well as visceral organ damage; however, the mechanisms driving this disease pathology are not fully understood. Phosphoinositides are phospholipids that play distinct roles in signal transduction and vesicle trafficking. Here, we utilized a consensus spectra analysis of MS imaging data sets and orthogonal LC/MS analyses to evaluate the spatial distribution of phosphoinositides and quantify them in cerebellar tissue from Npc1-null mice. Our results suggest significant depletion of multiple phosphoinositide species, including PI, PIP, and PIP2, in the cerebellum of the Npc1-null mice in both whole-tissue lysates and myelin-enriched fractions. Additionally, we observed altered levels of the regulatory enzyme phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2α in Npc1-null mice. In contrast, the levels of related kinases, phosphatases, and transfer proteins were unaltered in the Npc1-null mouse model, as observed by Western blot analysis. Our discovery of phosphoinositide lipid biomarkers for NPC1 opens new perspectives on the pathophysiology underlying this fatal neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fernando Tobias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Rima Rebiai
- Laboratory of Integrated Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Ernesto R Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Stephanie M Cologna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; Laboratory of Integrated Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL. mailto:
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32
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Walterfang M, Di Biase MA, Cropley VL, Scott AM, O'Keefe G, Velakoulis D, Pathmaraj K, Ackermann U, Pantelis C. Imaging of neuroinflammation in adult Niemann-Pick type C disease: A cross-sectional study. Neurology 2020; 94:e1716-e1725. [PMID: 32209649 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000009287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that neuroinflammation is a key process in adult Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease, we undertook PET scanning utilizing a ligand binding activated microglia on 9 patients and 9 age- and sex-matched controls. METHOD We scanned all participants with the PET radioligand 11C-(R)-PK-11195 and undertook structural MRI to measure gray matter volume and white matter fractional anisotropy (FA). RESULTS We found increased binding of 11C-(R)-PK-11195 in total white matter compared to controls (p < 0.01), but not in gray matter regions, and this did not correlate with illness severity or duration. Gray matter was reduced in the thalamus (p < 0.0001) in patients, who also showed widespread reductions in FA across the brain compared to controls (p < 0.001). A significant correlation between 11C-(R)-PK11195 binding and FA was shown (p = 0.002), driven by the NPC patient group. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that neuroinflammation-particularly in white matter-may underpin some structural and degenerative changes in patients with NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Walterfang
- From the Neuropsychiatry Unit (M.W., D.V.), Royal Melbourne Hospital; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre (M.W., M.A.D., V.L.C., D.V., C.P.), The University of Melbourne & North Western Mental Health; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (M.W., C.P.), Department of Psychiatry (M.W., M.A.D., V.L.C., D.V., C.P.), and Centre for Neural Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (C.P.), The University of Melbourne; Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy (A.M.S., G.O., K.P., U.A.), Austin Health and The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Olivia Newton John Cancer Centre and La Trobe University (A.M.S., G.O., U.A.), Melbourne; and Cooperative Centre for Mental Health Research (C.P.), Carlton, Australia
| | - Maria A Di Biase
- From the Neuropsychiatry Unit (M.W., D.V.), Royal Melbourne Hospital; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre (M.W., M.A.D., V.L.C., D.V., C.P.), The University of Melbourne & North Western Mental Health; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (M.W., C.P.), Department of Psychiatry (M.W., M.A.D., V.L.C., D.V., C.P.), and Centre for Neural Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (C.P.), The University of Melbourne; Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy (A.M.S., G.O., K.P., U.A.), Austin Health and The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Olivia Newton John Cancer Centre and La Trobe University (A.M.S., G.O., U.A.), Melbourne; and Cooperative Centre for Mental Health Research (C.P.), Carlton, Australia
| | - Vanessa L Cropley
- From the Neuropsychiatry Unit (M.W., D.V.), Royal Melbourne Hospital; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre (M.W., M.A.D., V.L.C., D.V., C.P.), The University of Melbourne & North Western Mental Health; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (M.W., C.P.), Department of Psychiatry (M.W., M.A.D., V.L.C., D.V., C.P.), and Centre for Neural Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (C.P.), The University of Melbourne; Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy (A.M.S., G.O., K.P., U.A.), Austin Health and The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Olivia Newton John Cancer Centre and La Trobe University (A.M.S., G.O., U.A.), Melbourne; and Cooperative Centre for Mental Health Research (C.P.), Carlton, Australia
| | - Andrew M Scott
- From the Neuropsychiatry Unit (M.W., D.V.), Royal Melbourne Hospital; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre (M.W., M.A.D., V.L.C., D.V., C.P.), The University of Melbourne & North Western Mental Health; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (M.W., C.P.), Department of Psychiatry (M.W., M.A.D., V.L.C., D.V., C.P.), and Centre for Neural Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (C.P.), The University of Melbourne; Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy (A.M.S., G.O., K.P., U.A.), Austin Health and The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Olivia Newton John Cancer Centre and La Trobe University (A.M.S., G.O., U.A.), Melbourne; and Cooperative Centre for Mental Health Research (C.P.), Carlton, Australia
| | - Graeme O'Keefe
- From the Neuropsychiatry Unit (M.W., D.V.), Royal Melbourne Hospital; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre (M.W., M.A.D., V.L.C., D.V., C.P.), The University of Melbourne & North Western Mental Health; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (M.W., C.P.), Department of Psychiatry (M.W., M.A.D., V.L.C., D.V., C.P.), and Centre for Neural Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (C.P.), The University of Melbourne; Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy (A.M.S., G.O., K.P., U.A.), Austin Health and The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Olivia Newton John Cancer Centre and La Trobe University (A.M.S., G.O., U.A.), Melbourne; and Cooperative Centre for Mental Health Research (C.P.), Carlton, Australia
| | - Dennis Velakoulis
- From the Neuropsychiatry Unit (M.W., D.V.), Royal Melbourne Hospital; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre (M.W., M.A.D., V.L.C., D.V., C.P.), The University of Melbourne & North Western Mental Health; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (M.W., C.P.), Department of Psychiatry (M.W., M.A.D., V.L.C., D.V., C.P.), and Centre for Neural Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (C.P.), The University of Melbourne; Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy (A.M.S., G.O., K.P., U.A.), Austin Health and The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Olivia Newton John Cancer Centre and La Trobe University (A.M.S., G.O., U.A.), Melbourne; and Cooperative Centre for Mental Health Research (C.P.), Carlton, Australia
| | - Kunthi Pathmaraj
- From the Neuropsychiatry Unit (M.W., D.V.), Royal Melbourne Hospital; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre (M.W., M.A.D., V.L.C., D.V., C.P.), The University of Melbourne & North Western Mental Health; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (M.W., C.P.), Department of Psychiatry (M.W., M.A.D., V.L.C., D.V., C.P.), and Centre for Neural Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (C.P.), The University of Melbourne; Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy (A.M.S., G.O., K.P., U.A.), Austin Health and The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Olivia Newton John Cancer Centre and La Trobe University (A.M.S., G.O., U.A.), Melbourne; and Cooperative Centre for Mental Health Research (C.P.), Carlton, Australia
| | - Uwe Ackermann
- From the Neuropsychiatry Unit (M.W., D.V.), Royal Melbourne Hospital; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre (M.W., M.A.D., V.L.C., D.V., C.P.), The University of Melbourne & North Western Mental Health; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (M.W., C.P.), Department of Psychiatry (M.W., M.A.D., V.L.C., D.V., C.P.), and Centre for Neural Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (C.P.), The University of Melbourne; Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy (A.M.S., G.O., K.P., U.A.), Austin Health and The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Olivia Newton John Cancer Centre and La Trobe University (A.M.S., G.O., U.A.), Melbourne; and Cooperative Centre for Mental Health Research (C.P.), Carlton, Australia
| | - Christos Pantelis
- From the Neuropsychiatry Unit (M.W., D.V.), Royal Melbourne Hospital; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre (M.W., M.A.D., V.L.C., D.V., C.P.), The University of Melbourne & North Western Mental Health; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (M.W., C.P.), Department of Psychiatry (M.W., M.A.D., V.L.C., D.V., C.P.), and Centre for Neural Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (C.P.), The University of Melbourne; Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy (A.M.S., G.O., K.P., U.A.), Austin Health and The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; Olivia Newton John Cancer Centre and La Trobe University (A.M.S., G.O., U.A.), Melbourne; and Cooperative Centre for Mental Health Research (C.P.), Carlton, Australia.
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MAEKAWA M, MANO N. Identification and Evaluation of Biomarkers for Niemann-Pick Disease Type C Based on Chemical Analysis Techniques. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2020. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2020.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nariyasu MANO
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital
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Hoque S, Kondo Y, Sakata N, Yamada Y, Fukaura M, Higashi T, Motoyama K, Arima H, Higaki K, Hayashi A, Komiya T, Ishitsuka Y, Irie T. Differential Effects of 2-Hydroxypropyl-Cyclodextrins on Lipid Accumulation in Npc1-Null Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030898. [PMID: 32019132 PMCID: PMC7038050 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by abnormal accumulation of free cholesterol and sphingolipids in lysosomes. The iminosugar miglustat, which inhibits hexosylceramide synthesis, is used for NPC treatment, and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), a cyclic oligosaccharide derivative, is being developed to treat NPC. Moreover, therapeutic potential of 2-hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin (HP-γ-CD) was shown in NPC models, although its mechanism of action remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of HP-β-CD, HP-γ-CD, and their homolog 2-hydroxypropyl-α-cyclodextrin (HP-α-CD) on lipid accumulation in Npc1-null Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells compared with those of miglustat. HP-β-CD and HP-γ-CD, unlike HP-α-CD, reduced intracellular free cholesterol levels and normalized the lysosome changes in Npc1-null cells but not in wild-type CHO cells. In contrast, miglustat did not normalize intracellular free cholesterol accumulation or lysosome changes in Npc1-null cells. However, miglustat decreased the levels of hexosylceramide and tended to increase those of sphingomyelins in line with its action as a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor in both Npc1-null and wild-type CHO cells. Interestingly, HP-β-CD and HP-γ-CD, unlike HP-α-CD, reduced sphingomyelins in Npc1-null, but not wild-type, cells. In conclusion, HP-β-CD and HP-γ-CD reduce the accumulation of sphingolipids, mainly sphingomyelins, and free cholesterol as well as lysosome changes in Npc1-null, but not in wild-type, CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanzana Hoque
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (S.H.); (Y.K.); (N.S.); (Y.Y.); (M.F.)
- Program for Leading Graduate Schools “HIGO (Health life science: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented) Program”, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Yuki Kondo
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (S.H.); (Y.K.); (N.S.); (Y.Y.); (M.F.)
| | - Nodoka Sakata
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (S.H.); (Y.K.); (N.S.); (Y.Y.); (M.F.)
| | - Yusei Yamada
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (S.H.); (Y.K.); (N.S.); (Y.Y.); (M.F.)
| | - Madoka Fukaura
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (S.H.); (Y.K.); (N.S.); (Y.Y.); (M.F.)
- Program for Leading Graduate Schools “HIGO (Health life science: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented) Program”, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Taishi Higashi
- Priority Organization for Innovation and Excellence, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan;
| | - Keiichi Motoyama
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan;
| | - Hidetoshi Arima
- Laboratory of Evidence-based Pharmacotherapy, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa-machi, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan;
| | - Katsumi Higaki
- Research Initiative Center, Organization for Research Initiative and Promotion, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan;
| | - Akio Hayashi
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Sakurai Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan; (A.H.); (T.K.)
| | - Takaki Komiya
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Sakurai Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan; (A.H.); (T.K.)
| | - Yoichi Ishitsuka
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (S.H.); (Y.K.); (N.S.); (Y.Y.); (M.F.)
- Correspondence: (Y.I.); (T.I.); Tel.: +81-96-371-4559 (Y.I.); +81-96-371-4552 (T.I.)
| | - Tetsumi Irie
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (S.H.); (Y.K.); (N.S.); (Y.Y.); (M.F.)
- Program for Leading Graduate Schools “HIGO (Health life science: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented) Program”, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.I.); (T.I.); Tel.: +81-96-371-4559 (Y.I.); +81-96-371-4552 (T.I.)
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Mitroi DN, Pereyra‐Gómez G, Soto‐Huelin B, Senovilla F, Kobayashi T, Esteban JA, Ledesma MD. NPC1 enables cholesterol mobilization during long-term potentiation that can be restored in Niemann-Pick disease type C by CYP46A1 activation. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e48143. [PMID: 31535451 PMCID: PMC6832102 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
NPC is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cholesterol accumulation in endolysosomal compartments. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding NPC1, an endolysosomal protein mediating intracellular cholesterol trafficking. Cognitive and psychiatric alterations are hallmarks in NPC patients pointing to synaptic defects. However, the role of NPC1 in synapses has not been explored. We show that NPC1 is present in the postsynaptic compartment and is locally translated during LTP. A mutation in a region of the NPC1 gene commonly altered in NPC patients reduces NPC1 levels at synapses due to enhanced NPC1 protein degradation. This leads to shorter postsynaptic densities, increased synaptic cholesterol and impaired LTP in NPC1nmf164 mice with cognitive deficits. NPC1 mediates cholesterol mobilization and enables surface delivery of CYP46A1 and GluA1 receptors necessary for LTP, which is defective in NPC1nmf164 mice. Pharmacological activation of CYP46A1 normalizes synaptic levels of cholesterol, LTP and cognitive abilities, and extends life span of NPC1nmf164 mice. Our results unveil NPC1 as a regulator of cholesterol dynamics in synapses contributing to synaptic plasticity, and provide a potential therapeutic strategy for NPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Mitroi
- Department of Molecular NeuropathologyCentro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC‐UAM)MadridSpain
| | - Guadalupe Pereyra‐Gómez
- Department of Molecular NeuropathologyCentro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC‐UAM)MadridSpain
| | - Beatriz Soto‐Huelin
- Department of Molecular NeuropathologyCentro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC‐UAM)MadridSpain
| | - Fernando Senovilla
- Department of Molecular NeuropathologyCentro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC‐UAM)MadridSpain
| | - Toshihide Kobayashi
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et PharmacologieFaculté de PharmacieUniversité de StrasbourgIllkirchFrance
| | - Jose A Esteban
- Department of Molecular NeuropathologyCentro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC‐UAM)MadridSpain
| | - María Dolores Ledesma
- Department of Molecular NeuropathologyCentro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC‐UAM)MadridSpain
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Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of Cholesterol Binding to the NPC1 and NPC2 Proteins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1135:139-160. [PMID: 31098815 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-14265-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a growing number of studies have implicated the coordinated action of NPC1 and NPC2 in intralysosomal transport and efflux of cholesterol. Our current understanding of this process developed with just over two decades of research. Since the cloning of the genes encoding the NPC1 and NPC2 proteins, studies of the biochemical defects observed when either gene is mutated along with computational and structural studies have unraveled key steps in the underlying mechanism. Here, we summarize the major contributions to our understanding of the proposed cholesterol transport controlled by NPC1 and NPC2, and briefly discuss recent findings of cholesterol binding and transport proteins beyond NPC1 and NPC2. We conclude with key questions and major challenges for future research on cholesterol transport by the NPC1 and NPC2 proteins.
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Ysselstein D, Shulman JM, Krainc D. Emerging links between pediatric lysosomal storage diseases and adult parkinsonism. Mov Disord 2019; 34:614-624. [PMID: 30726573 PMCID: PMC6520126 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders comprise a clinically heterogeneous group of autosomal-recessive or X-linked genetic syndromes caused by disruption of lysosomal biogenesis or function resulting in accumulation of nondegraded substrates. Although lysosomal storage disorders are diagnosed predominantly in children, many show variable expressivity with clinical presentations possible later in life. Given the important role of lysosomes in neuronal homeostasis, neurological manifestations, including movement disorders, can accompany many lysosomal storage disorders. Over the last decade, evidence from genetics, clinical epidemiology, cell biology, and biochemistry have converged to implicate links between lysosomal storage disorders and adult-onset movement disorders. The strongest evidence comes from mutations in Glucocerebrosidase, which cause Gaucher's disease and are among the most common and potent risk factors for PD. However, recently, many additional lysosomal storage disorder genes have been similarly implicated, including SMPD1, ATP13A2, GALC, and others. Examination of these links can offer insight into pathogenesis of PD and guide development of new therapeutic strategies. We systematically review the emerging genetic links between lysosomal storage disorders and PD. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ysselstein
- Department of Neurology, Ken and Ruth Davee Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Joshua M. Shulman
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurologic Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Ken and Ruth Davee Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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Fog CK, Kirkegaard T. Animal models for Niemann-Pick type C: implications for drug discovery & development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:499-509. [PMID: 30887840 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1588882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) is a neurovisceral, progressively detrimental lysosomal storage disease with very limited therapeutic options and no approved treatment available in the US. Despite its rarity, NPC has seen increased drug developmental efforts over the past decade, culminating in the completion of two potential registration trials in 2018. Areas covered: This review highlights the many available animal models that have been developed in the field and briefly covers classical and new cell technologies. This review provides a high-level evaluation and prioritization of the various models with regard to efficient and clinically translatable drug development, and briefly discusses the relevant developments and opportunities pertaining to this. Expert opinion: With a number of in vitro and in vivo models available, and with having several drugs, all with various mechanisms of action, either approved or in late stage development, the NPC field is in an exciting time. One of the challenges for researchers and developers will be the ability to make use of the lessons learnt from existing late-stage programs as well as the incorporation not only of the opportunities but also the limitations of the many models into successful drug discovery and translational development programs.
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Santiago-Mujica E, Flunkert S, Rabl R, Neddens J, Loeffler T, Hutter-Paier B. Hepatic and neuronal phenotype of NPC1 -/- mice. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01293. [PMID: 30923761 PMCID: PMC6423819 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPC) is a fatal autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a defect in the intracellular transport of lipoproteins leading to the accumulation of lipids in diverse tissues. A visceral and neuronal phenotype mimicking human NPC1 disease has been described in NPC1 mutant mice. These mice are by now the most widely used NPC1 rodent model to study NPC and developmental compounds against this devastating disease. Here we characterized NPC1-/- mice for their hepatic and neuronal phenotype to confirm the stability of the phenotype, provide a characterization of disease progression and pinpoint the age of robust phenotype onset. Animals of 4-10 weeks of age were analyzed for general health, motor deficits as well as hepatic and neuronal alterations with a special focus on cerebellar pathology. Our results show that NPC1-/- mice have a reduced general health at the age of 9-10 weeks. Robust motor deficits can be observed even earlier at 8 weeks of age. Hepatic changes included increased organ weight and cholesterol levels at 6 weeks of age accompanied by severely increased liver enzyme levels. Analysis of NPC1-/- brain pathology showed decreased cholesterol and increased Aβ levels in the hippocampus at the age of 6 weeks. Further analysis revealed a decrease of the cytokine IL-12p70 in the cerebellum along with a very early increase of astrocytosis. Hippocampal IL-12p70 levels were increased at the age of 6 weeks followed by increased activated microglia levels. By the age of 10 weeks, also cerebellar Aβ levels were increased along with strongly reduced Calbindin D-28k levels. Our results validate and summarize the progressive development of the hepatic and neuronal phenotype of NPC1-/- mice that starts with cerebellar astrocytosis, making this mouse model a valuable tool for the development of new compounds against NPC.
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Key Words
- AAALAC, Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- ANOVA, Analysis of variance
- AOI, Area of interest
- AP, alkaline phosphatase
- APP, Amyloid Precursor Protein
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- CD45, cluster of differentiation 45
- CNS, central nervous system
- Cell biology
- DAPI, 4′,6-Diamidin-2-phenylindol
- GFAP, Glial fibrillary acidic protein
- IFN-γ, Interferon-gamma
- IL-10/12, Interleukin-10/12
- KC, keratinocyte chemoattractant
- MAP2, microtubuli-associated protein 2
- Molecular biology
- NPC, Niemann-Pick type C
- Neuroscience
- Physiology
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha
- WT, wildtype
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Psychiatric and Cognitive Symptoms Associated with Niemann-Pick Type C Disease: Neurobiology and Management. CNS Drugs 2019; 33:125-142. [PMID: 30632019 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-018-0599-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is a lysosomal storage disorder that presents with a spectrum of clinical manifestations from infancy and childhood or in early or mid-adulthood. Progressive neurological symptoms including ataxia, dystonia and vertical gaze palsy are a hallmark of the disease, and psychiatric symptoms such as psychosis and mood disorders are common. These latter symptoms often present early in the course of NPC and thus these patients are often diagnosed with a major psychotic or affective disorder before neurological and cognitive signs present and the diagnosis is revised. The commonalities and characteristics of psychotic symptoms in both NPC and schizophrenia may share neuronal pathways and mechanisms and provide potential targets for research in both disorders. The neurobiology of NPC and its relationship to the pattern of neuropsychiatric and cognitive symptoms is described in this review. A number of neurobiological models are proposed as mechanisms by which NPC causes psychiatric and cognitive symptoms, informed from models proposed in schizophrenia and other metabolic disorders. There are a number of symptomatic and illness-modifying treatments for NPC currently available. The current evidence is discussed; focussing on two medications which have shown promise, miglustat and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin.
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Gabandé-Rodríguez E, Pérez-Cañamás A, Soto-Huelin B, Mitroi DN, Sánchez-Redondo S, Martínez-Sáez E, Venero C, Peinado H, Ledesma MD. Lipid-induced lysosomal damage after demyelination corrupts microglia protective function in lysosomal storage disorders. EMBO J 2018; 38:embj.201899553. [PMID: 30530526 PMCID: PMC6331723 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) present with activated pro‐inflammatory microglia. However, anti‐inflammatory treatment failed to improve disease pathology. We characterise the mechanisms underlying microglia activation in Niemann–Pick disease type A (NPA). We establish that an NPA patient and the acid sphingomyelinase knockout (ASMko) mouse model show amoeboid microglia in neurodegeneration‐prone areas. In vivo microglia ablation worsens disease progression in ASMko mice. We demonstrate the coexistence of different microglia phenotypes in ASMko brains that produce cytokines or counteract neuronal death by clearing myelin debris. Overloading microglial lysosomes through myelin debris accumulation and sphingomyelin build‐up induces lysosomal damage and cathepsin B extracellular release by lysosomal exocytosis. Inhibition of cathepsin B prevents neuronal death and behavioural anomalies in ASMko mice. Similar microglia phenotypes occur in a Niemann–Pick disease type C mouse model and patient. Our results show a protective function for microglia in LSDs and how this is corrupted by lipid lysosomal overload. Data indicate cathepsin B as a key molecule mediating neurodegeneration, opening research pathways for therapeutic targeting of LSDs and other demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Gabandé-Rodríguez
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain .,Barts Cancer Institute, Centre for Cancer & Inflammation, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Azucena Pérez-Cañamás
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Soto-Huelin
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel N Mitroi
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Sánchez-Redondo
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Martínez-Sáez
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - César Venero
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor Peinado
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Drukier Institute for Children's Health and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - María Dolores Ledesma
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
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Tobias F, Olson MT, Cologna SM. Mass spectrometry imaging of lipids: untargeted consensus spectra reveal spatial distributions in Niemann-Pick disease type C1. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:2446-2455. [PMID: 30266834 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d086090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a tool to rapidly map the spatial location of analytes without the need for tagging or a reporter system. Niemann-Pick disease type C1 (NPC1) is a neurodegenerative, lysosomal storage disorder characterized by accumulation of unesterified cholesterol and sphingolipids in the endo-lysosomal system. Here, we use MSI to visualize lipids including cholesterol in cerebellar brain tissue from the NPC1 symptomatic mouse model and unaffected controls. To complement the imaging studies, a data-processing pipeline was developed to generate consensus mass spectra, thereby using both technical and biological image replicates to assess differences. The consensus spectra are used to determine true differences in lipid relative abundance; lipid distributions can be determined in an unbiased fashion without prior knowledge of location. We show the cerebellar distribution of gangliosides GM1, GM2, and GM3, including variants of lipid chain length. We also performed MALDI-MSI of cholesterol. Further analysis of lobules IV/V and X of the cerebellum gangliosides indicates regional differences. The specificity achieved highlights the power of MSI, and this new workflow demonstrates a universal approach for addressing reproducibility in imaging experiments applied to NPC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Tobias
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Matthew T Olson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224
| | - Stephanie M Cologna
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607 .,Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
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Pineda M, Walterfang M, Patterson MC. Miglustat in Niemann-Pick disease type C patients: a review. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2018; 13:140. [PMID: 30111334 PMCID: PMC6094874 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-018-0844-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Niemann-Pick disease type C (NP-C) is a rare, autosomal recessive, neurodegenerative disease associated with a wide variety of progressive neurological manifestations. Miglustat is indicated for the treatment of progressive neurological manifestations in both adults and children. Since approval in 2009 there has been a vast growth in clinical experience with miglustat. The effectiveness of miglustat has been assessed using a range of measures. METHODS Comprehensive review of published data from studies of cellular neuropathological markers and structural neurological indices in the brain, clinical impairment/disability, specific clinical neurological manifestations, and patient survival. RESULTS Cranial diffusion tensor imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies have shown reduced levels of choline (a neurodegeneration marker), and choline/N-acetyl aspartate ratio (indicating increased neuronal viability) in the brain during up to 5 years of miglustat therapy, as well as a slowing of reductions in fractional anisotropy (an axonal/myelin integrity marker). A 2-year immunoassay study showed significant reductions in CSF-calbindin during treatment, indicating reduced cerebellar Purkinje cell loss. Magnetic resonance imaging studies have demonstrated a protective effect of miglustat on cerebellar and subcortical structure that correlated with clinical symptom severity. Numerous cohort studies assessing core neurological manifestations (impaired ambulation, manipulation, speech, swallowing, other) using NP-C disability scales indicate neurological stabilization over 2-8 years, with a trend for greater benefits in patients with older (non-infantile) age at neurological onset. A randomized controlled trial and several cohort studies have reported improvements or stabilization of saccadic eye movements during 1-5 years of therapy. Swallowing was also shown to improve/remain stable during the randomized trial (up to 2 years), as well as in long-term observational cohorts (up to 6 years). A meta-analysis of dysphagia - a potent risk factor for aspiration pneumonia and premature death in NP-C - demonstrated a survival benefit with miglustat due to improved/stabilized swallowing function. CONCLUSIONS The effects of miglustat on neurological NP-C manifestations has been assessed using a range of approaches, with benefits ranging from cellular changes in the brain through to visible clinical improvements and improved survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercè Pineda
- Fundacio Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain. .,Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig de Sant Joan de Déu No. 2, Esplugues, 8950, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mark Walterfang
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Fuller M, Futerman AH. The brain lipidome in neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018. [PMID: 29524416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol, sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids are critical constituents of the brain, subserving neuronal membrane architecture and providing a platform for biochemical processes essential for proper neurodevelopment and function. When lysosomal defects arise in a lipid metabolic pathway, it is therefore easy to imagine that neurological decline will transpire, however for deficits in non-lipid pathways, this becomes harder to envisage. Here we suggest the working hypothesis that neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders might manifest as primary and/or secondary disorders of lipid metabolism. Evidence suggests that the mere process of lysosomal substrate accumulation, ubiquitous in all lysosomal storage disorders, impairs lysosome integrity resulting in secondary lipid accumulation. Impaired lysosomal degradation of a specific lipid defines a primary disorder of lipid metabolism and as these lysosomal storage disorders additionally show secondary lipid alterations, all primary disorders can also be considered secondary disorders of lipid metabolism. The outcome is a generalized cellular lipid dyshomeostasis and consequently, the physiological architecture of the lipid-enriched plasma membrane is perturbed, including the lipid composition of specialized membrane microdomains, often termed lipid rafts. Neurotoxicity results from the complex interplay of malfunctioning signaling and vesicular trafficking important for neuronal communication and synaptic plasticity-induced by the imbalance in physiological membrane lipid composition - together with compensatory mechanisms aimed at restoring lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fuller
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide and School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Benussi A, Cotelli MS, Padovani A, Borroni B. Recent neuroimaging, neurophysiological, and neuropathological advances for the understanding of NPC. F1000Res 2018; 7:194. [PMID: 29511534 PMCID: PMC5814740 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12361.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann–Pick disease type C (NPC) is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder with extensive biological, molecular, and clinical heterogeneity. Recently, numerous studies have tried to shed light on the pathophysiology of the disease, highlighting possible disease pathways common to other neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia, and identifying possible candidate biomarkers for disease staging and response to treatment. Miglustat, which reversibly inhibits glycosphingolipid synthesis, has been licensed in the European Union and elsewhere for the treatment of NPC in both children and adults. A number of ongoing clinical trials might hold promise for the development of new treatments for NPC. The objective of the present work is to review and evaluate recent literature data in order to highlight the latest neuroimaging, neurophysiological, and neuropathological advances for the understanding of NPC pathophysiology. Furthermore, ongoing developments in disease-modifying treatments will be briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Benussi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25123 Brescia BS, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Padovani
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25123 Brescia BS, Italy
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25123 Brescia BS, Italy
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Chandler RJ, Williams IM, Gibson AL, Davidson CD, Incao AA, Hubbard BT, Porter FD, Pavan WJ, Venditti CP. Systemic AAV9 gene therapy improves the lifespan of mice with Niemann-Pick disease, type C1. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:52-64. [PMID: 27798114 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease, type C1 (NPC1) is a heritable lysosomal storage disease characterized by a progressive neurological degeneration that causes disability and premature death. A murine model of NPC1 disease (Npc1-/-) displays a rapidly progressing form of NPC1 disease which is characterized by weight loss, ataxia, increased cholesterol storage, loss of cerebellar Purkinje neurons and early lethality. To test the potential efficacy of gene therapy for NPC1, we constructed adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) vectors to deliver the NPC1 gene under the transcriptional control of the neuronal-specific (CamKII) or a ubiquitous (EF1a) promoter. The Npc1-/- mice that received a single dose of AAV9-CamKII-NPC1 as neonates (2.6 × 1011GC) or at weaning (1.3 × 1012GC), and the mice that received a single dose of AAV9-EF1a-NPC1 at weaning (1.2 × 1012GC), exhibited an increased life span, characterized by delayed weight loss and diminished motor decline. Cholesterol storage and Purkinje neuron loss were also reduced in the central nervous system of AAV9 treated Npc1-/- mice. Treatment with AAV9-EF1a-NPC1, as compared to AAV9-CamKII-NPC1, resulted in significantly increased survival (mean survival increased from 69 days to 166 and 97 days, respectively) and growth, and reduced hepatic-cholesterol accumulation. Our results provide the first demonstration that gene therapy may represent a therapeutic option for NPC1 patients and suggest that extraneuronal NPC1 expression can further augment the lifespan of the Npc1-/- mice after systemic AAV gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy J Chandler
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ian M Williams
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alana L Gibson
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cristin D Davidson
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Arturo A Incao
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brandon T Hubbard
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Forbes D Porter
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William J Pavan
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Charles P Venditti
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Boudewyn LC, Sikora J, Kuchar L, Ledvinova J, Grishchuk Y, Wang SL, Dobrenis K, Walkley SU. N-butyldeoxynojirimycin delays motor deficits, cerebellar microgliosis, and Purkinje cell loss in a mouse model of mucolipidosis type IV. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 105:257-270. [PMID: 28610891 PMCID: PMC5555164 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV) is a lysosomal storage disease exhibiting progressive intellectual disability, motor impairment, and premature death. There is currently no cure or corrective treatment. The disease results from mutations in the gene encoding mucolipin-1, a transient receptor potential channel believed to play a key role in lysosomal calcium egress. Loss of mucolipin-1 and subsequent defects lead to a host of cellular aberrations, including accumulation of glycosphingolipids (GSLs) in neurons and other cell types, microgliosis and, as reported here, cerebellar Purkinje cell loss. Several studies have demonstrated that N-butyldeoxynojirimycin (NB-DNJ, also known as miglustat), an inhibitor of the enzyme glucosylceramide synthase (GCS), successfully delays the onset of motor deficits, improves longevity, and rescues some of the cerebellar abnormalities (e.g., Purkinje cell death) seen in another lysosomal disease known as Niemann-Pick type C (NPC). Given the similarities in pathology between MLIV and NPC, we examined whether miglustat would be efficacious in ameliorating disease progression in MLIV. Using a full mucolipin-1 knockout mouse (Mcoln1-/-), we found that early miglustat treatment delays the onset and progression of motor deficits, delays cerebellar Purkinje cell loss, and reduces cerebellar microgliosis characteristic of MLIV disease. Quantitative mass spectrometry analyses provided new data on the GSL profiles of murine MLIV brain tissue and showed that miglustat partially restored the wild type profile of white matter enriched lipids. Collectively, our findings indicate that early miglustat treatment delays the progression of clinically relevant pathology in an MLIV mouse model, and therefore supports consideration of miglustat as a therapeutic agent for MLIV disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Boudewyn
- Dominick P. Purpura Dept. of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jakub Sikora
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Kuchar
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Ledvinova
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Yulia Grishchuk
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shirley L Wang
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kostantin Dobrenis
- Dominick P. Purpura Dept. of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Steven U Walkley
- Dominick P. Purpura Dept. of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Peter F, Rost S, Rolfs A, Frech MJ. Activation of PKC triggers rescue of NPC1 patient specific iPSC derived glial cells from gliosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2017; 12:145. [PMID: 28841900 PMCID: PMC5574080 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-017-0697-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Niemann-Pick disease Type C1 (NPC1) is a rare progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in the NPC1 gene. The pathological mechanisms, underlying NPC1 are not yet completely understood. Especially the contribution of glial cells and gliosis to the progression of NPC1, are controversially discussed. As an analysis of affected cells is unfeasible in NPC1-patients, we recently developed an in vitro model system, based on cells derived from NPC1-patient specific iPSCs. Here, we asked if this model system recapitulates gliosis, observed in non-human model systems and NPC1 patient post mortem biopsies. We determined the amount of reactive astrocytes and the regulation of the intermediate filaments GFAP and vimentin, all indicating gliosis. Furthermore, we were interested in the assembly and phosphorylation of these intermediate filaments and finally the impact of the activation of protein kinase C (PKC), which is described to ameliorate the pathogenic phenotype of NPC1-deficient fibroblasts, including hypo-phosphorylation of vimentin and cholesterol accumulation. METHODS We analysed glial cells derived from NPC1 patient specific induced pluripotent stem cells, carrying different NPC1 mutations. The amount of reactive astrocytes was determined by means of immuncytochemical stainings and FACS-analysis. Semi-quantitative western blot was used to determine the amount of phosphorylated GFAP and vimentin. Cholesterol accumulation was analysed by Filipin staining and quantified by Amplex Red Assay. U18666A was used to induce NPC1 phenotype in unaffected cells of the control cell line. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) was used to activate PKC. RESULTS Immunocytochemical detection of GFAP, vimentin and Ki67 revealed that NPC1 mutant glial cells undergo gliosis. We found hypo-phosphorylation of the intermediate filaments GFAP and vimentin and alterations in the assembly of these intermediate filaments in NPC1 mutant cells. The application of U18666A induced not only NPC1 phenotypical accumulation of cholesterol, but characteristics of gliosis in glial cells derived from unaffected control cells. The application of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, an activator of protein kinase C resulted in a significantly reduced number of reactive astrocytes and further characteristics of gliosis in NPC1-deficient cells. Furthermore, it triggered a restoration of cholesterol amounts to level of control cells. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that glial cells derived from NPC1-patient specific iPSCs undergo gliosis. The application of U18666A induced comparable characteristics in un-affected control cells, suggesting that gliosis is triggered by hampered function of NPC1 protein. The activation of protein kinase C induced an amelioration of gliosis, as well as a reduction of cholesterol amount. These results provide further support for the line of evidence that gliosis might not be only a secondary reaction to the loss of neurons, but might be a direct consequence of a reduced PKC activity due to the phenotypical cholesterol accumulation observed in NPC1. In addition, our data support the involvement of PKCs in NPC1 disease pathogenesis and suggest that PKCs may be targeted in future efforts to develop therapeutics for NPC1 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Peter
- Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration (AKos), University Medicine Rostock, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rost
- Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration (AKos), University Medicine Rostock, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Arndt Rolfs
- Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration (AKos), University Medicine Rostock, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Moritz J. Frech
- Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration (AKos), University Medicine Rostock, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
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Longitudinal Changes in White Matter Fractional Anisotropy in Adult-Onset Niemann-Pick Disease Type C Patients Treated with Miglustat. JIMD Rep 2017; 39:39-43. [PMID: 28710748 PMCID: PMC5953894 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2017_42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is a rare neurometabolic disorder resulting in impaired intracellular lipid trafficking. The only disease-modifying treatment currently available is miglustat, an iminosugar that inhibits the accumulation of lipid metabolites in neurons and other cells. This longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) study examined how the rate of white matter change differed between treated and non-treated adult-onset NPC patient groups. Nine adult-onset NPC patients (seven undergoing treatment with miglustat, two not treated) underwent DTI neuroimaging. Rates of change in white matter structure as indexed by Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS) of fractional anisotropy were compared between treated and untreated patients. Treated patients were found to have a significantly slower rate of white matter change in the corticospinal tracts, the thalamic radiation and the inferior longitudinal fasciculus. This is further evidence that miglustat treatment may have a protective effect on white matter structure in the adult-onset form of the disease.
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Reversal of Pathologic Lipid Accumulation in NPC1-Deficient Neurons by Drug-Promoted Release of LAMP1-Coated Lamellar Inclusions. J Neurosci 2017; 36:8012-25. [PMID: 27466344 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0900-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Aging and pathologic conditions cause intracellular aggregation of macromolecules and the dysfunction and degeneration of neurons, but the mechanisms are largely unknown. Prime examples are lysosomal storage disorders such as Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease, where defects in the endosomal-lysosomal protein NPC1 or NPC2 cause intracellular accumulation of unesterified cholesterol and other lipids leading to neurodegeneration and fatal neurovisceral symptoms. Here, we investigated the impact of NPC1 deficiency on rodent neurons using pharmacologic and genetic models of the disease. Improved ultrastructural detection of lipids and correlative light and electron microscopy identified lamellar inclusions as the subcellular site of cholesterol accumulation in neurons with impaired NPC1 activity. Immunogold labeling combined with transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of CD63 on internal lamellae and of LAMP1 on the membrane surrounding the inclusions, indicating their origins from intraluminal vesicles of late endosomes and of a lysosomal compartment, respectively. Lamellar inclusions contained cell-intrinsic cholesterol and surface-labeled GM1, indicating the incorporation of plasma membrane components. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the therapeutic drug candidate β-cyclodextrin induces the subplasmalemmal location of lamellar inclusions and their subsequent release to the extracellular space. In parallel, β-cyclodextrin mediated the NPC1-independent redistribution of cholesterol within neurons and thereby abolished a deleterious cycle of enhanced cholesterol synthesis and its intracellular accumulation, which was indicated by neuron-specific transcript analysis. Our study provides new mechanistic insight into the pathologic aggregation of macromolecules in neurons and suggests exocytosis as cellular target for its therapeutic reversal. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Many neurodegenerative diseases involve pathologic accumulation of molecules within neurons, but the subcellular location and the cellular impact are often unknown and therapeutic approaches lacking. We investigated these questions in the lysosomal storage disorder Niemann-Pick type C (NPC), where a defect in intracellular cholesterol transport causes loss of neurons and fatal neurovisceral symptoms. Here, we identify lamellar inclusions as the subcellular site of lipid accumulation in neurons, we uncover a vicious cycle of cholesterol synthesis and accretion, which may cause gradual neurodegeneration, and we reveal how β-cyclodextrin, a potential therapeutic drug, reverts these changes. Our study provides new mechanistic insight in NPC disease and uncovers new targets for therapeutic approaches.
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