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Jiang X, Xiao X, Li H, Gong Y, Wang M, Yang H, Zhao L, Jiang Y, Wei Y, Zhao C, Li J, Chen Y, Feng S, Deng H, Ma S, Xu Y, Liu Y, Tsokos GC, Jiang M, Zhang X. Oxidized galectin-1 in SLE fails to bind the inhibitory receptor VSTM1 and increases reactive oxygen species levels in neutrophils. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:1339-1351. [PMID: 37737309 PMCID: PMC10616122 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01084-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory immune receptors set thresholds for immune cell activation, and their deficiency predisposes a person to autoimmune responses. However, the agonists of inhibitory immune receptors remain largely unknown, representing untapped sources of treatments for autoimmune diseases. Here, we show that V-set and transmembrane domain-containing 1 (VSTM1) is an inhibitory receptor and that its binding by the competent ligand soluble galectin-1 (Gal1) is essential for maintaining neutrophil viability mediated by downregulated reactive oxygen species production. However, in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), circulating Gal1 is oxidized and cannot be recognized by VSTM1, leading to increased intracellular reactive oxygen species levels and reduced neutrophil viability. Dysregulated neutrophil function or death contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of SLE by providing danger molecules and autoantigens that drive the production of inflammatory cytokines and the activation of autoreactive lymphocytes. Interestingly, serum levels of glutathione, an antioxidant able to convert oxidized Gal1 to its reduced form, were negatively correlated with SLE disease activity. Taken together, our findings reveal failed inhibitory Gal1/VSTM1 pathway activation in patients with SLE and provide important insights for the development of effective targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Jiang
- Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyue Xiao
- Department of Rheumatology, Key Laboratory of Myositis, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yiyi Gong
- Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huaxia Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Lidan Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Yanping Wei
- Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chongchong Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic & Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic & Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuling Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic & Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic & Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiliang Ma
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yudong Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - George C Tsokos
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Minghong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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2
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Robinson BS, Arthur CM, Evavold B, Roback E, Kamili NA, Stowell CS, Vallecillo-Zúniga ML, Van Ry PM, Dias-Baruffi M, Cummings RD, Stowell SR. The Sweet-Side of Leukocytes: Galectins as Master Regulators of Neutrophil Function. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1762. [PMID: 31440233 PMCID: PMC6693361 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Among responders to microbial invasion, neutrophils represent one of the earliest and perhaps most important factors that contribute to initial host defense. Effective neutrophil immunity requires their rapid mobilization to the site of infection, which requires efficient extravasation, activation, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and eventual killing of potential microbial pathogens. Following pathogen elimination, neutrophils must be eliminated to prevent additional host injury and subsequent exacerbation of the inflammatory response. Galectins, expressed in nearly every tissue and regulated by unique sensitivity to oxidative and proteolytic inactivation, appear to influence nearly every aspect of neutrophil function. In this review, we will examine the impact of galectins on neutrophils, with a particular focus on the unique biochemical traits that allow galectin family members to spatially and temporally regulate neutrophil function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Robinson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Connie M Arthur
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Birk Evavold
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ethan Roback
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Nourine A Kamili
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Caleb S Stowell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Pam M Van Ry
- Department of Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Marcelo Dias-Baruffi
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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3
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Schira J, Heinen A, Poschmann G, Ziegler B, Hartung HP, Stühler K, Küry P. Secretome analysis of nerve repair mediating Schwann cells reveals Smad-dependent trophism. FASEB J 2018; 33:4703-4715. [PMID: 30592632 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801799r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Schwann cells promote nerve regeneration by adaptation of a regenerative phenotype referred to as repair mediating Schwann cell. Down-regulation of myelin proteins, myelin clearance, formation of Bungner's bands, and secretion of trophic factors characterize this cell type. We have previously shown that the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist Fingolimod/FTY720P promotes the generation of this particular Schwann cell phenotype by activation of dedifferentiation markers and concomitant release of trophic factors resulting in enhanced neurite growth of dorsal root ganglion neurons. Despite its biomedical relevance, a detailed characterization of the corresponding Schwann cell secretome is lacking, and the impact of FTY720P on enhancing neurite growth is not defined. Here, we applied a label-free quantitative mass spectrometry approach to characterize the secretomes derived from primary neonatal and adult rat Schwann cells in response to FTY720P. We identified a large proportion of secreted proteins with a high overlap between the neonatal and adult Schwann cells, which can be associated with biologic processes such as development, axon growth, and regeneration. Moreover, FTY720P-treated Schwann cells release proteins downstream of Smad signaling known to support neurite growth. Our results therefore uncover a network of trophic factors involved in glial-mediated repair of the peripheral nervous system.-Schira, J., Heinen, A., Poschmann, G., Ziegler, B., Hartung, H.-P., Stühler, K., Küry, P. Secretome analysis of nerve repair mediating Schwann cells reveals Smad-dependent trophism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Schira
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Biomedical Research Center, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; and
| | - André Heinen
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Biomedical Research Center, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gereon Poschmann
- Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; and
| | - Brigida Ziegler
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Biomedical Research Center, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Biomedical Research Center, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kai Stühler
- Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; and.,Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick Küry
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Biomedical Research Center, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Kamili NA, Arthur CM, Gerner-Smidt C, Tafesse E, Blenda A, Dias-Baruffi M, Stowell SR. Key regulators of galectin-glycan interactions. Proteomics 2017; 16:3111-3125. [PMID: 27582340 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Protein-ligand interactions serve as fundamental regulators of numerous biological processes. Among protein-ligand pairs, glycan binding proteins (GBPs) and the glycans they recognize represent unique and highly complex interactions implicated in a broad range of regulatory activities. With few exceptions, cell surface receptors and secreted proteins are heavily glycosylated. As these glycans often represent highly regulatable post-translational modifications, alterations in glycosylation can fundamentally impact GBP recognition. Among GBPs, galectins in particular appear to engage a diverse set of glycan determinants to impact a broad range of biological processes. In this review, we will explore factors that impact galectin activity, including the effect of glycan modification on galectin-glycan interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourine A Kamili
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Connie M Arthur
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christian Gerner-Smidt
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eden Tafesse
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anna Blenda
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Biology, Erskine College, Due West, SC, USA
| | - Marcelo Dias-Baruffi
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
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5
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Myers SA, Bankston AN, Burke DA, Ohri SS, Whittemore SR. Does the preclinical evidence for functional remyelination following myelinating cell engraftment into the injured spinal cord support progression to clinical trials? Exp Neurol 2016; 283:560-72. [PMID: 27085393 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews all historical literature in which rodent-derived myelinating cells have been engrafted into the contused adult rodent spinal cord. From 2500 initial PubMed citations identified, human cells grafts, bone mesenchymal stem cells, olfactory ensheathing cells, non-myelinating cell grafts, and rodent grafts into hemisection or transection models were excluded, resulting in the 67 studies encompassed in this review. Forty five of those involved central nervous system (CNS)-derived cells, including neural stem progenitor cells (NSPCs), neural restricted precursor cells (NRPs) or oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), and 22 studies involved Schwann cells (SC). Of the NSPC/NPC/OPC grafts, there was no consistency with respect to the types of cells grafted and/or the additional growth factors or cells co-grafted. Enhanced functional recovery was reported in 31/45 studies, but only 20 of those had appropriate controls making conclusive interpretation of the remaining studies impossible. Of those 20, 19 were properly powered and utilized appropriate statistical analyses. Ten of those 19 studies reported the presence of graft-derived myelin, 3 reported evidence of endogenous remyelination or myelin sparing, and 2 reported both. For the SC grafts, 16/21 reported functional improvement, with 11 having appropriate cellular controls and 9/11 using proper statistical analyses. Of those 9, increased myelin was reported in 6 studies. The lack of consistency and replication among these preclinical studies are discussed with respect to the progression of myelinating cell transplantation therapies into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Myers
- 511 S. Floyd St., MDR 623, Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Andrew N Bankston
- 511 S. Floyd St., MDR 623, Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Darlene A Burke
- 511 S. Floyd St., MDR 623, Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Sujata Saraswat Ohri
- 511 S. Floyd St., MDR 623, Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Scott R Whittemore
- 511 S. Floyd St., MDR 623, Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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6
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Hu M, Xiao H, Niu Y, Liu H, Zhang L. Long-Term Follow-Up of the Repair of the Multiple-Branch Facial Nerve Defect Using Acellular Nerve Allograft. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016; 74:218.e1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Ma TC, Willis DE. What makes a RAG regeneration associated? Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:43. [PMID: 26300725 PMCID: PMC4528284 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative failure remains a significant barrier for functional recovery after central nervous system (CNS) injury. As such, understanding the physiological processes that regulate axon regeneration is a central focus of regenerative medicine. Studying the gene transcription responses to axon injury of regeneration competent neurons, such as those of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), has provided insight into the genes associated with regeneration. Though several individual “regeneration-associated genes” (RAGs) have been identified from these studies, the response to injury likely regulates the expression of functionally coordinated and complementary gene groups. For instance, successful regeneration would require the induction of genes that drive the intrinsic growth capacity of neurons, while simultaneously downregulating the genes that convey environmental inhibitory cues. Thus, this view emphasizes the transcriptional regulation of gene “programs” that contribute to the overall goal of axonal regeneration. Here, we review the known RAGs, focusing on how their transcriptional regulation can reveal the underlying gene programs that drive a regenerative phenotype. Finally, we will discuss paradigms under which we can determine whether these genes are injury-associated, or indeed necessary for regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thong C Ma
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
| | - Dianna E Willis
- Brain Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College New York, NY, USA ; Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute White Plains, NY, USA
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8
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Marcol W, Ślusarczyk W, Larysz-Brysz M, Francuz T, Jędrzejowska-Szypułka H, Łabuzek K, Lewin-Kowalik J. Grafted Activated Schwann Cells Support Survival of Injured Rat Spinal Cord White Matter. World Neurosurg 2015; 84:511-9. [PMID: 25910924 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The influence of cultured Schwann cells on injured spinal cord in rats is examined. METHODS Focal injury of spinal cord white matter at the T10 level was produced using our original non-laminectomy method with a high-pressure air stream. Schwann cells from 7-day predegenerated rat sciatic nerves were cultured, transducted with green fluorescent protein and injected into the cisterna magna (experimental group) 3 times: immediately after spinal cord injury and 3 and 7 days later. Neurons in the brainstem and motor cortex were labeled with FluoroGold (FG) delivered caudally from the injury site a week before the end of the experiment. The functional outcome and morphologic features of neuronal survival were analyzed during a 12-week follow-up. The lesions were visualized and analyzed using magnetic resonance imaging. The maximal distance of expansion of implanted cells in the spinal cord was measured and the number of FG-positive neurons in the brain was counted. RESULTS Rats treated with Schwann cells presented significant improvement of locomotor performance and spinal cord morphology compared with the control group. The distance covered by Schwann cells was 7 mm from the epicenter of the injury. The number of brainstem and motor cortex FG-positive neurons in the experimental group was significantly higher than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS The data show that activated Schwann cells are able to induce the repair of injured spinal cord white matter. The route of application of cells via the cisterna magna seemed to be useful for their delivery in spinal cord injury therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiesław Marcol
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Ślusarczyk
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Magdalena Larysz-Brysz
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Francuz
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Łabuzek
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Joanna Lewin-Kowalik
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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9
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Galectin-1-secreting neural stem cells elicit long-term neuroprotection against ischemic brain injury. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9621. [PMID: 25858671 PMCID: PMC4392363 DOI: 10.1038/srep09621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-1 (gal-1), a special lectin with high affinity to β-galactosides, is implicated in protection against ischemic brain injury. The present study investigated transplantation of gal-1-secreting neural stem cell (s-NSC) into ischemic brains and identified the mechanisms underlying protection. To accomplish this goal, secretory gal-1 was stably overexpressed in NE-4C neural stem cells. Transient cerebral ischemia was induced in mice by middle cerebral artery occlusion for 60 minutes and s-NSCs were injected into the striatum and cortex within 2 hours post-ischemia. Brain infarct volume and neurological performance were assessed up to 28 days post-ischemia. s-NSC transplantation reduced infarct volume, improved sensorimotor and cognitive functions, and provided more robust neuroprotection than non-engineered NSCs or gal-1-overexpressing (but non-secreting) NSCs. White matter injury was also ameliorated in s-NSC-treated stroke mice. Gal-1 modulated microglial function in vitro, by attenuating secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and nitric oxide) in response to LPS stimulation and enhancing production of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β). Gal-1 also shifted microglia/macrophage polarization toward the beneficial M2 phenotype in vivo by reducing CD16 expression and increasing CD206 expression. In sum, s-NSC transplantation confers robust neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia, probably by alleviating white matter injury and modulating microglial/macrophage function.
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10
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Gaudet AD, Sweet DR, Polinski NK, Guan Z, Popovich PG. Galectin-1 in injured rat spinal cord: implications for macrophage phagocytosis and neural repair. Mol Cell Neurosci 2014; 64:84-94. [PMID: 25542813 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin (Gal)-1 is a small carbohydrate-binding protein and immune modulatory cytokine that is synthesized locally at the site of peripheral nerve injury. In this environment, Gal1 can promote regeneration of injured peripheral axons, in part by modifying the function of macrophages recruited to the site of injury. Unlike in injured peripheral nerves, macrophages do not promote axon regeneration in the injured central nervous system (CNS), perhaps because Gal1 levels are not regulated appropriately. Because the dynamics and cellular localization of endogenous Gal1 have not been rigorously characterized after CNS injury, we examined the spatio-temporal distribution of Gal1 in rat spinal cords subjected to a standardized contusion injury. Whereas Gal1 was not expressed in uninjured spinal cord, it was significantly upregulated after SCI, especially within the lesion core. Gal1 was expressed in ~40% of lesion-localized macrophages at 3-28 days post-injury (dpi), and in ~45% of astrocytes in the lesion border at 7-28 dpi. Most lesion-localized Gal1+ macrophages did not express the phagocytosis marker ED1, and Gal1+ cells contained less phagocytosed lipids. These data suggest that time- and location-dependent regulation of Gal1 by macrophages (and astrocytes) could be important for modulating phagocytosis, inflammation/gliosis, and axon growth after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Gaudet
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Room 670, Biomedical Research Tower, 460W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Room 670, Biomedical Research Tower, 460W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - David R Sweet
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Room 670, Biomedical Research Tower, 460W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Room 670, Biomedical Research Tower, 460W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Nicole K Polinski
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Room 670, Biomedical Research Tower, 460W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Room 670, Biomedical Research Tower, 460W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Zhen Guan
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Room 670, Biomedical Research Tower, 460W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Room 670, Biomedical Research Tower, 460W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Room 670, Biomedical Research Tower, 460W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Room 670, Biomedical Research Tower, 460W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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11
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Stem cell-based approaches to improve nerve regeneration: potential implications for reconstructive transplantation? Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2014; 63:15-30. [PMID: 25428664 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-014-0323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reconstructive transplantation has become a viable option to restore form and function after devastating tissue loss. Functional recovery is a key determinant of overall success and critically depends on the quality and pace of nerve regeneration. Several molecular and cell-based therapies have been postulated and tested in pre-clinical animal models to enhance nerve regeneration. Schwann cells remain the mainstay of research focus providing neurotrophic support and signaling cues for regenerating axons. Alternative cell sources such as mesenchymal stem cells and adipose-derived stromal cells have also been tested in pre-clinical animal models and in clinical trials due to their relative ease of harvest, rapid expansion in vitro, minimal immunogenicity, and capacity to integrate and survive within host tissues, thereby overcoming many of the challenges faced by culturing of human Schwann cells and nerve allografting. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived Schwann cells are of particular interest since they can provide abundant, patient-specific autologous Schwann cells. The majority of experimental evidence on cell-based therapies, however, has been generated using stem cell-seeded nerve guides that were developed to enhance nerve regeneration across "gaps" in neural repair. Although primary end-to-end repair is the preferred method of neurorrhaphy in reconstructive transplantation, mechanistic studies elucidating the principles of cell-based therapies from nerve guidance conduits will form the foundation of further research employing stem cells in end-to-end repair of donor and recipient nerves. This review presents key components of nerve regeneration in reconstructive transplantation and highlights the pre-clinical studies that utilize stem cells to enhance nerve regeneration.
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12
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Glycan-dependent binding of galectin-1 to neuropilin-1 promotes axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:941-55. [PMID: 24561343 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Following spinal cord injury (SCI), semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) prevents axonal regeneration through binding to the neuropilin-1 (NRP-1)/PlexinA4 receptor complex. Here, we show that galectin-1 (Gal-1), an endogenous glycan-binding protein, selectively bound to the NRP-1/PlexinA4 receptor complex in injured neurons through a glycan-dependent mechanism, interrupts the Sema3A pathway and contributes to axonal regeneration and locomotor recovery after SCI. Although both Gal-1 and its monomeric variant contribute to de-activation of microglia, only high concentrations of wild-type Gal-1 (which co-exists in a monomer-dimer equilibrium) bind to the NRP-1/PlexinA4 receptor complex and promote axonal regeneration. Our results show that Gal-1, mainly in its dimeric form, promotes functional recovery of spinal lesions by interfering with inhibitory signals triggered by Sema3A binding to NRP-1/PlexinA4 complex, supporting the use of this lectin for the treatment of SCI patients.
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Nerve regeneration in rat limb allografts: evaluation of acute rejection rescue. Plast Reconstr Surg 2013; 131:499e-511e. [PMID: 23542267 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e31828275b7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful nerve regeneration is critical to the functional success of composite tissue allografts. The present study was designed to characterize the effect of acute rejection on nerve regeneration and functional recovery in the setting of orthotopic limb transplantation. METHODS A rat orthotopic limb transplantation model was used to evaluate the effects of acute rejection on nerve regeneration and motor recovery. Continuous administration of FK506 (full suppression), administration of FK506 for the first 8 of 12 weeks (late rejection), or delayed administration of FK506/dexamethasone following noticeable rejection (early rejection) was used to preclude or induce rejection following limb transplantation. Twelve weeks postoperatively, nerve regeneration was assessed by means of histomorphometric analysis of explanted sciatic nerve, and motor recovery was assessed by means of evoked muscle force measurement in extensor digitorum longus muscle. RESULTS A single episode of acute rejection that occurs immediately or late after reconstruction does not significantly alter the number of regenerating axonal fibers. Acute rejection occurring late after reconstruction adversely affects extensor digitorum longus muscle function in composite tissue allografts. CONCLUSIONS Collected data reinforce that adequate immunosuppressant administration in cases of allogeneic limb transplantation ensures levels of nerve regeneration and motor functional recovery equivalent to that of syngeneic transplants. Prompt rescue following acute rejection was further demonstrated not to significantly affect nerve regeneration and functional recovery postoperatively. However, instances of acute rejection that occur late after reconstruction affect graft function. In total, the present study begins to characterize the effect of immunosuppression regimens on nerve regeneration and motor recovery in the setting of composite tissue allografts.
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Takaku S, Yanagisawa H, Watabe K, Horie H, Kadoya T, Sakumi K, Nakabeppu Y, Poirier F, Sango K. GDNF promotes neurite outgrowth and upregulates galectin-1 through the RET/PI3K signaling in cultured adult rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:330-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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15
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Extrinsic cellular and molecular mediators of peripheral axonal regeneration. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 349:5-14. [PMID: 22476657 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability of injured peripheral nerves to regenerate and reinnervate their original targets is a characteristic feature of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). On the other hand, neurons of the central nervous system (CNS), including retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons, are incapable of spontaneous regeneration. In the adult PNS, axonal regeneration after injury depends on well-orchestrated cellular and molecular processes that comprise a highly reproducible series of degenerative reactions distal to the site of injury. During this fine-tuned process, named Wallerian degeneration, a remodeling of the distal nerve fragment prepares a permissive microenvironment that permits successful axonal regrowth originating from the proximal nerve fragment. Therefore, a multitude of adjusted intrinsic and extrinsic factors are important for surviving neurons, Schwann cells, macrophages and fibroblasts as well as endothelial cells in order to achieve successful regeneration. The aim of this review is to summarize relevant extrinsic cellular and molecular determinants of successful axonal regeneration in rodents that contribute to the regenerative microenvironment of the PNS.
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Glaus SW, Johnson PJ, Mackinnon SE. Clinical strategies to enhance nerve regeneration in composite tissue allotransplantation. Hand Clin 2011; 27:495-509, ix. [PMID: 22051390 PMCID: PMC3212838 DOI: 10.1016/j.hcl.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Reinnervation of a hand transplant ultimately dictates functional recovery but provides a significant regenerative challenge. This article highlights interventions to enhance nerve regeneration through acceleration of axonal regeneration or augmentation of Schwann cell support and discuss their relevance to composite tissue allotransplantation. Surgical techniques that may be performed at the time of transplantation to optimize intrinsic muscle recovery--including appropriate alignment of ulnar nerve motor and sensory components, transfer of the distal anterior interosseous nerve to the recurrent motor branch of the median nerve, and prophylactic release of potential nerve entrapment points--are also presented.
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Abstract
The article provides an overview of management and repair strategies for lower extremity peripheral nerve injuries. It discusses the indications for autografts, nerve conduits, allografts, end-to-side repairs, primary repair, and nerve transfers. The relative pros and cons of each strategy are discussed, providing a broad overview of treatment options for the management of lower extremity nerve injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Z Ray
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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18
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Activation of RAW264.7 macrophages by oxidized galectin-1. Immunol Lett 2010; 131:19-23. [PMID: 20363255 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-1, a member of the beta-galactoside-binding lectin family, exists in both reduced and oxidized states. Oxidized galectin-1 (Gal-1/Ox), which lacks lectin activity, has been shown to promote axonal regeneration after injury by activating macrophages, which causes the release of factors that enhance Schwann cell migration and neurite outgrowth. However, the mechanism of macrophage activation by Gal-1/Ox remains unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of Gal-1/Ox on RAW264.7 macrophages and RT4-D6P2T Schwann cells. Gal-1/Ox stimulated migration of RT4-D6P2T Schwann cells directly and by activating RAW264.7 macrophages to release factors that promoted cell migration. Gal-1/Ox inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production induced by interferon-gamma by suppressing expression of inducible NO synthase in RAW264.7 macrophages and not by arginase activation and cell death. Furthermore, Gal-1/Ox-activated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in RAW264.7 macrophages, although the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK)/ERK1/2 pathway was not involved in release of factors that promoted Schwann cell migration. On the other hand, Gal-1/Ox-induced RT4-D6P2T Schwann cell migration appeared to be mediated by the MEK/ERK1/2 pathway. These results suggest that Gal-1/Ox inhibits inflammatory responses in macrophages and promotes Schwann cell migration directly and by macrophage activation.
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19
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Kurihara D, Ueno M, Tanaka T, Yamashita T. Expression of galectin-1 in immune cells and glial cells after spinal cord injury. Neurosci Res 2010; 66:265-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Gaudet AD, Leung M, Poirier F, Kadoya T, Horie H, Ramer MS. A role for galectin-1 in the immune response to peripheral nerve injury. Exp Neurol 2009; 220:320-7. [PMID: 19766118 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Revised: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-1 (Gal1) is a multi-functional protein that has key roles in organismal growth and survival. In the adult nervous system, Gal1 promotes axonal regeneration following peripheral nerve injury. Although the mechanism by which Gal1 promotes regeneration is unclear, previous reports suggested that Gal1 acts indirectly by activating macrophages. An appropriate response of macrophages is crucial for repair of injured nerves: these immune cells remove obstructive axon and myelin debris in the distal nerve. Here we establish a role for Gal1 in the accumulation of immune cells following peripheral axotomy. We used immunohistochemistry to visualize macrophages (F4/80) in wild-type (Lgals1(+/+)) and knockout (Lgals1(-/-)) mouse sciatic nerves following injury and/or manipulation of Gal1 levels. Density of F4/80 immunoreactivity, which peaks around 3 days post-injury, was decreased in Lgals1(+/+) nerves injected with Gal1 antibody. The typical injury-induced peak of macrophage/microglial density was delayed in the sciatic nerves and fifth lumbar dorsal root ganglia of Lgals1(-/-) mice relative to control mice. Injection of oxidized Gal1 into uninjured sciatic nerve promoted the accumulation of macrophages in Lgals1(+/+) nerves. Finally, we used transplants of sciatic nerve to uncover a compensatory mechanism in Lgals1(-/-) mice that allows for macrophage accumulation (albeit delayed and diminished) following axotomy. We conclude that Gal1 is necessary to direct the typical accumulation of macrophages in the injured peripheral nerve, and that Gal1 is sufficient to promote macrophage accumulation in the uninjured nerve of wild-type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Gaudet
- ICORD (International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries), Department of Zoology, and Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 818 West 8th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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21
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Tomita K, Hata Y, Kubo T, Fujiwara T, Yano K, Hosokawa K. Effects of the in vivo predegenerated nerve graft on early Schwann cell migration: Quantitative analysis using S100-GFP mice. Neurosci Lett 2009; 461:36-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 04/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Moore AM, Ray WZ, Chenard KE, Tung T, Mackinnon SE. Nerve allotransplantation as it pertains to composite tissue transplantation. Hand (N Y) 2009; 4:239-44. [PMID: 19306048 PMCID: PMC2724627 DOI: 10.1007/s11552-009-9183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nerve allografts provide a temporary scaffold for host nerve regeneration and allow for the repair of significant segmental nerve injuries. From rodent, large animal, and nonhuman primate studies, as well as clinical experience, nerve allografts, with the use of immunosuppression, have the capacity to provide equal regeneration and function to that of an autograft. In contrast to solid organ transplantation and composite tissue transfers, nerve allograft transplantation requires only temporary immunosuppression. Furthermore, nerve allograft rejection is difficult to assess, as the nerves are surgically buried and are without an immediate functional endpoint to monitor. In this article, we review what we know about peripheral nerve allograft transplantation from three decades of experience and apply our current understanding of nerve regeneration to the emerging field of composite tissue transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Moore
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8238, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Wilson Z. Ray
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63116 USA
| | - Kristofer E. Chenard
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8238, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Thomas Tung
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8238, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Susan E. Mackinnon
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8238, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
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23
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Thijssen VLJL, Poirier F, Baum LG, Griffioen AW. Galectins in the tumor endothelium: opportunities for combined cancer therapy. Blood 2007; 110:2819-27. [PMID: 17591944 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-03-077792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are emerging as a family of proteins that play an important role in several steps of tumorigenesis. Evidence is accumulating that galectins are expressed by the tumor endothelium, where they contribute to different steps of tumor progression such as immune escape and metastasis. Recent studies have identified an important role for galectins in tumor angiogenesis. Moreover, it has been shown that galectins in the endothelium can be targeted for therapeutic applications. This opens a window of opportunity for the development of tumor-type independent treatment strategies. This review focuses on the expression of galectins in the tumor endothelium, their contribution to tumor progression, and their application in tumor-type independent cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L J L Thijssen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Research Institute for Growth and Development, Department of Pathology, University Maastricht and Academic Hospital Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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24
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Raivich G, Makwana M. The making of successful axonal regeneration: Genes, molecules and signal transduction pathways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 53:287-311. [PMID: 17079020 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2006.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Revised: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Unlike its central counterpart, the peripheral nervous system is well known for its comparatively good potential for regeneration following nerve fiber injury. This ability is mirrored by the de novo expression or upregulation of a wide variety of molecules including transcription factors, growth-stimulating substances, cell adhesion molecules, intracellular signaling enzymes and proteins involved in regulating cell-surface cytoskeletal interactions, that promote neurite outgrowth in cultured neurons. However, their role in vivo is less known. Recent studies using neutralizing antibodies, gene inactivation and overexpression techniques have started to shed light on those endogenous molecules that play a key role in axonal outgrowth and the process of successful functional repair in the injured nervous system. The aim of the current review is to provide a summary on this rapidly growing field and the experimental techniques used to define the specific effects of candidate signaling molecules on axonal regeneration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennadij Raivich
- Perinatal Brain Repair Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, UK.
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25
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Han IS, Seo TB, Kim KH, Yoon JH, Yoon SJ, Namgung U. Cdc2-mediated Schwann cell migration during peripheral nerve regeneration. J Cell Sci 2007; 120:246-55. [PMID: 17200138 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schwann cell migration facilitates peripheral nerve regeneration after injury. We have recently found increased activation of Cdc2 kinase in regenerating sciatic nerves. Here we show that Cdc2 phosphorylation of caldesmon regulates Schwann cell migration and nerve regeneration. A robust but transient increase in Cdc2 expression was found in cultured Schwann cells prepared from the sciatic nerve in rats that had undergone crush injury for 7 days. These `injury-preconditioned' Schwann cells exhibited enhanced migration compared with non-preconditioned control cells and treatment with the cdk inhibitor roscovitine prevented cell migration. After transduction with recombinant Cdc2 DNA adenoviral vectors, Schwann cells were implanted into sciatic nerves; those expressing wild-type Cdc2 migrated further in the distal direction than those expressing dominant-negative Cdc2. We identified caldesmon as a downstream substrate of Cdc2 in Schwann cells and its phosphorylation by Cdc2 changed its subcellular localization. Overexpression of dominant-negative caldesmon significantly counteracted the migration effect caused by Cdc2. Finally, neurite outgrowth of cultured DRG sensory neurons, facilitated by co-culture with injury-preconditioned Schwann cells, was suppressed by roscovitine treatment. The results indicate that activation of the Cdc2-caldesmon pathway is necessary for Schwann cell migration and suggest a role for this pathway in peripheral axonal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Sun Han
- Department of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon 300-716, Korea
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26
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Pearse DD, Sanchez AR, Pereira FC, Andrade CM, Puzis R, Pressman Y, Golden K, Kitay BM, Blits B, Wood PM, Bunge MB. Transplantation of Schwann cells and/or olfactory ensheathing glia into the contused spinal cord: Survival, migration, axon association, and functional recovery. Glia 2007; 55:976-1000. [PMID: 17526000 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) and olfactory ensheathing glia (OEG) have shown promise for spinal cord injury repair. We sought their in vivo identification following transplantation into the contused adult rat spinal cord at 1 week post-injury by: (i) DNA in situ hybridization (ISH) with a Y-chromosome specific probe to identify male transplants in female rats and (ii) lentiviral vector-mediated expression of EGFP. Survival, migration, and axon-glia association were quantified from 3 days to 9 weeks post-transplantation. At 3 weeks after transplantation into the lesion, a 60-90% loss of grafted cells was observed. OEG-only grafts survived very poorly within the lesion (<5%); injection outside the lesion led to a 60% survival rate, implying that the injury milieu was hostile to transplanted cells and or prevented their proliferation. At later times post-grafting, p75(+)/EGFP(-) cells in the lesion outnumbered EGFP(+) cells in all paradigms, evidence of significant host SC infiltration. SCs and OEG injected into the injury failed to migrate from the lesion. Injection of OEG outside of the injury resulted in their migration into the SC-injected injury site, not via normal-appearing host tissue but along the pia or via the central canal. In all paradigms, host axons were seen in association with or ensheathed by transplanted glia. Numerous myelinated axons were found within regions of grafted SCs but not OEG. The current study details the temporal survival, migration, axon association of SCs and OEG, and functional recovery after grafting into the contused spinal cord, research previously complicated due to a lack of quality, long-term markers for cell tracking in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien D Pearse
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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27
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Case D, Irwin D, Ivester C, Harral J, Morris K, Imamura M, Roedersheimer M, Patterson A, Carr M, Hagen M, Saavedra M, Crossno J, Young KA, Dempsey EC, Poirier F, West J, Majka S. Mice deficient in galectin-1 exhibit attenuated physiological responses to chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2006; 292:L154-64. [PMID: 16951131 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00192.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by sustained vasoconstriction, with subsequent extracellular matrix (ECM) production and smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation. Changes in the ECM can modulate vasoreactivity and SMC contraction. Galectin-1 (Gal-1) is a hypoxia-inducible beta-galactoside-binding lectin produced by vascular, interstitial, epithelial, and immune cells. Gal-1 regulates SMC differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis via interactions with the ECM, as well as immune system function, and, therefore, likely plays a role in the pathogenesis of PH. We investigated the effects of Gal-1 during hypoxic PH by quantifying 1) Gal-1 expression in response to hypoxia in vitro and in vivo and 2) the effect of Gal-1 gene deletion on the magnitude of the PH response to chronic hypoxia in vivo. By constructing and screening a subtractive library, we found that acute hypoxia increases expression of Gal-1 mRNA in isolated pulmonary mesenchymal cells. In wild-type (WT) mice, Gal-1 immunoreactivity increased after 6 wk of hypoxia. Increased expression of Gal-1 protein was confirmed by quantitative Western analysis. Gal-1 knockout (Gal-1(-/-)) mice showed a decreased PH response, as measured by right ventricular pressure and the ratio of right ventricular to left ventricular + septum wet weight compared with their WT counterparts. However, the number and degree of muscularized vessels increased similarly in WT and Gal-1(-/-) mice. In response to chronic hypoxia, the decrease in factor 8-positive microvessel density was similar in both groups. Vasoreactivity of WT and Gal-1(-/-) mice was tested in vivo and with use of isolated perfused lungs exposed to acute hypoxia. Acute hypoxia caused a significant increase in RV pressure in wild-type and Gal-1(-/-) mice; however, the response of the Gal-1(-/-) mice was greater. These results suggest that Gal-1 influences the contractile response to hypoxia and subsequent remodeling during hypoxia-induced PH, which influences disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Case
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiology and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Science Center, 4200 E 9th Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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Camby I, Le Mercier M, Lefranc F, Kiss R. Galectin-1: a small protein with major functions. Glycobiology 2006; 16:137R-157R. [PMID: 16840800 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwl025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 658] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a family of carbohydrate-binding proteins with an affinity for beta-galactosides. Galectin-1 (Gal-1) is differentially expressed by various normal and pathological tissues and appears to be functionally polyvalent, with a wide range of biological activity. The intracellular and extracellular activity of Gal-1 has been described. Evidence points to Gal-1 and its ligands as one of the master regulators of such immune responses as T-cell homeostasis and survival, T-cell immune disorders, inflammation and allergies as well as host-pathogen interactions. Gal-1 expression or overexpression in tumors and/or the tissue surrounding them must be considered as a sign of the malignant tumor progression that is often related to the long-range dissemination of tumoral cells (metastasis), to their dissemination into the surrounding normal tissue, and to tumor immune-escape. Gal-1 in its oxidized form plays a number of important roles in the regeneration of the central nervous system after injury. The targeted overexpression (or delivery) of Gal-1 should be considered as a method of choice for the treatment of some kinds of inflammation-related diseases, neurodegenerative pathologies and muscular dystrophies. In contrast, the targeted inhibition of Gal-1 expression is what should be developed for therapeutic applications against cancer progression. Gal-1 is thus a promising molecular target for the development of new and original therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Camby
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Free University of Brussels (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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29
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Liu J, Chau CH, Liu H, Jang BR, Li X, Chan YS, Chan YS, Shum DKY. Upregulation of chondroitin 6-sulphotransferase-1 facilitates Schwann cell migration during axonal growth. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:933-42. [PMID: 16495484 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is central to development and post-traumatic regeneration. The differential increase in 6-sulphated chondroitins during axonal growth in both crushed sciatic nerves and brain development suggests that chondroitin 6-sulphotransferase-1 (C6ST-1) is a key enzyme that mediates cell migration in the process. We have cloned the cDNA of the C6ST-1 gene (C6st1) (GenBank accession number AF178689) from crushed sciatic nerves of adult rats and produced ribonucleotide probes accordingly to track signs of 6-sulphated chondroitins at the site of injury. We found C6st1 mRNA expression in Schwann cells emigrating from explants of both sciatic nerve segments and embryonic dorsal root ganglia. Immunocytochemistry indicated pericellular 6-sulphated chondroitin products around C6ST-1-expressing frontier cells. Motility analysis of frontier cells in cultures subjected to staged treatment with chondroitinase ABC indicated that freshly produced 6-sulphated chondroitin moieties facilitated Schwann cell motility, unlike restrictions resulting from proteoglycan interaction with matrix components. Sciatic nerve crush provided further evidence of in vivo upregulation of the C6ST-1 gene in mobile Schwann cells that guided axonal regrowth 1-14 days post crush; downregulation then accompanied declining mobility of Schwann cells as they engaged in the myelination of re-growing axons. These findings are the first to identify upregulated C6st1 gene expression correlating with the motility of Schwann cells that guide growing axons through both developmental and injured environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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Groves ML, McKeon R, Werner E, Nagarsheth M, Meador W, English AW. Axon regeneration in peripheral nerves is enhanced by proteoglycan degradation. Exp Neurol 2005; 195:278-92. [PMID: 15950970 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2005] [Revised: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 04/13/2005] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration of axons in the peripheral nervous system is enhanced by the removal of glycosaminoglycan side chains (GAGs) of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. However, some axons regenerate poorly despite such treatment, suggesting the existence of additional inhibitors. We compared the effects of enzymatic removal of GAGs from chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans versus two other proteoglycan species, heparan sulfate and keratan sulfate proteoglycans, on the regeneration of peripheral axons. Common fibular (CF) nerves of thy-1-YFP-H mice were cut and repaired using short segments of CF nerves harvested from wild-type littermates and pre-treated with a GAG-degrading enzyme for 1 h prior to nerve repair. Axonal regeneration was assayed by measuring the lengths of profiles of YFP+ axons in optical sections of the grafted nerves 1 week later. Except for grafts treated with keratanase, more and longer axon profiles were encountered in enzyme-treated grafts than in control grafts. Heparinase III treatments induced the greatest number of axons to enter into the graft. The proportions of axon profiles longer than 1000 microm were greater in grafts treated with chondroitinase ABC or heparinase I, but not with either keratanase or heparinase III. More regenerative sprouts were observed after treatment with heparinase I than any other enzymes. Treatment with a mixture of all four enzymes resulted in an enhancement of axon regeneration which was greater than that observed after treatment with any of the enzymes individually. The effects of chondroitinase ABC and heparinase III were correlated with specific GAG degradation. We believe that enzymatic removal of GAGs is especially effective in promoting the ability of regenerating axons to select their pathway in the distal stump (or nerve graft) and, in the case of chondroitinase ABC or heparinase I, it may also promote growth within that pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari L Groves
- Department of Cell Biology, 405P Whitehead Building, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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31
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McGraw J, Gaudet AD, Oschipok LW, Kadoya T, Horie H, Steeves JD, Tetzlaff W, Ramer MS. Regulation of neuronal and glial galectin-1 expression by peripheral and central axotomy of rat primary afferent neurons. Exp Neurol 2005; 195:103-14. [PMID: 15893752 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2005] [Revised: 04/06/2005] [Accepted: 04/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-1 (Gal1) is an endogenously-expressed protein important for the embryonic development of the full complement of primary sensory neurons and their synaptic connections in the spinal cord. Gal1 also promotes axonal regeneration following peripheral nerve injury, but the regulation of Gal1 by axotomy in primary afferent neurons has not yet been examined. Here, we show by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization that Gal1 expression is differentially regulated by peripheral nerve injury and by dorsal rhizotomy. Following peripheral nerve injury, the proportion of Gal1-positive DRG neurons was increased. An increase in the proportion of large-diameter DRG neurons immunopositive for Gal1 was paralleled by an increase in the depth of immunoreactivity in the dorsal horn, where Gal1-positive terminals are normally restricted to laminae I and II. Dorsal rhizotomy did not affect the proportions of neurons containing Gal1 mRNA or protein, but did deplete the ipsilateral dorsal horn of Gal1 immunoreactivity, indicating that it is transported centrally by dorsal root axons. Dorsal rhizotomy also resulted in an increase in Gal1 mRNA the nerve peripheral to the PNS-CNS interface (likely within Schwann cells and/or macrophages), and to a lesser extent within deafferented spinal cord regions undergoing Wallerian degeneration. This latter increase was notable in the dorsal columns and along the prior trajectories of myelinated afferents into the deeper dorsal horn. These results show that neuronal and glial expressions of Gal1 are tightly correlated with regenerative success. Thus, the differential expression pattern of Gal1 following peripheral axotomy and dorsal rhizotomy suggests that endogenous Gal1 may be a factor important to the regenerative response of injured axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- J McGraw
- ICORD (International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries), Department of Zoology, 6270 University Boulevard, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4
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32
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Martin D, Pinsolle V, Merville P, Moreau K, Pelissier P, Baudet J. Premier cas mondial d'autoréimplantation de membre associé à un traitement immunosuppresseur (FK 506-Tacrolimus®) : rapport préliminaire à 18 mois. ANN CHIR PLAST ESTH 2005; 50:257-63. [PMID: 16087038 DOI: 10.1016/j.anplas.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/25/2005] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This is the case of the replantation of the upper limb of a sixty year old woman. The nature of the traumatism is an avulsion of the upper limb, at the junction of the middle third and the lower third of the humerus, which has a very bad prognosis. The originality of this report is the administration of Tacrolimus (immunosuppressive molecule) in an autotransplant. Tracolimus stimulates the nerve growing back, as already demonstrated in the animal and the fetus. In this preliminary report, the use of Tacrolimus over one year showed exceptional results. Indeed, the autors noticed clinical signs of intrinsic reinervation of the hand in the territory of the ulnar and median nerve. This has been confirmed with the use of electromyography. This is, as far as we know, the first observation of such results with adults and when the level of amputation is located so high. The authors think that the use of Tacrolimus should be tested in numerous cases of nerve lesions with bad prognosis such as high ulnar nerve lesions, serious plexus suffering or even in spinal cord trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Martin
- Service de chirurgie plastique, chirurgie de la main, microchirurgie, Hôpital du Tondu, CHU de Pellegrin BORDEAUX.
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33
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Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury is normally followed by a robust regenerative response. Here we describe the early changes associated with injury from the initial rise in intracellular calcium and the subsequent activation of transcription factors and cytokines leading to an inflammatory reaction, and the expression of growth factors, cytokines, neuropeptides, and other secreted molecules involved in cell-to-cell communication promoting regeneration and neurite outgrowth. The aim of this review is to summarize the molecular mechanisms that play a part in executing successful regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Makwana
- Centre for Perinatal Brain Protection & Repair, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College London, UK
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34
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Chang-Hong R, Wada M, Koyama S, Kimura H, Arawaka S, Kawanami T, Kurita K, Kadoya T, Aoki M, Itoyama Y, Kato T. Neuroprotective effect of oxidized galectin-1 in a transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Exp Neurol 2005; 194:203-11. [PMID: 15899257 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2004] [Revised: 02/17/2005] [Accepted: 02/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal accumulation of neurofilaments in motor neurons is a characteristic pathological finding in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Recently, we revealed that galectin-1, whose oxidized form has axonal regeneration-enhancing activity, accumulates in the neurofilamentous lesions in ALS. To investigate whether oxidized galectin-1 has a beneficial effect on ALS, oxidized recombinant human galectin-1 (rhGAL-1/ox) or physiological saline was injected into the left gastrocnemius muscle of the transgenic mice over-expressing a mutant copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) with a substitution of histidine to arginine at position 46 (H46R SOD1). The H46R SOD1 transgenic mice, which represented a new animal model of familial ALS, were subsequently assessed for their disease onset, life span, duration of illness, and motor function. Furthermore, the number of remaining large anterior horn cells of spinal cords was also compared between the two groups. The results showed that administration of rhGAL-1/ox to the mice delayed the onset of their disease and prolonged the life of the mice and the duration of their illness. Motor function, as evaluated by a Rotarod performance, was improved in rhGAL-1/ox-treated mice. Significantly more anterior horn neurons of the lumbar and cervical cords were preserved in the mice injected with rhGAL-1/ox than in those injected with physiological saline. The study suggests that rhGAL-1/ox administration could be a new therapeutic strategy for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Chang-Hong
- Department of Neurology, Hematology, Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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35
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Kadoya T, Oyanagi K, Kawakami E, Hasegawa M, Inagaki Y, Sohma Y, Horie H. Oxidized galectin-1 advances the functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury. Neurosci Lett 2005; 380:284-8. [PMID: 15862903 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Revised: 12/28/2004] [Accepted: 01/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized galectin-1 has been shown to promote axonal regeneration from transected-nerve sites in an in vitro dorsal root ganglion (DRG) explant model as well as in in vivo peripheral nerve axotomy models. The present study provides evidence that oxidized galectin-1 advances the restoration of nerve function after peripheral nerve injury. The sciatic nerve of adult rats was transected and the distal nerve was frozen after being sutured into a proximal site with four epineurial stitches. An osmotic pump delivered oxidized galectin-1 peripherally to the surgical site. Functional recovery was assessed by measurement of the degree of toe spread of the hind paw for 3 months after the sciatic nerve lesion. The recovery curves of toe spread in the test group showed a statistically significant improvement of functional recovery after day 21 by the application of oxidized recombinant human galectin-1 (rhGAL-1/Ox) compared to the control group. This functional recovery was supported by histological analysis performed by light microscopic examination. The regenerating myelinated fibers at the site 21 mm distal to the nerve-transected site were quantitatively examined at 100 days after the operation. The frequency distribution of myelinated fiber diameters showed that exogenous rhGAL-1/Ox increased the number and diameter of regenerating myelinated fibers; the number of medium-sized (6-11 microm in diameter) fibers increased significantly (P<0.05). These results indicate that oxidized galectin-1 promotes the restoration of nerve function after peripheral nerve injury. Thus, rhGAL-1/Ox may be a factor for functional restoration of injured peripheral nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Kadoya
- CMC R&D Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Division, Kirin Brewery Co. Ltd., Hagiwara, Takasaki, Gunma 370-0013, Japan.
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36
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Itoh S, Fujimori KE, Uyeda A, Matsuda A, Kobayashi H, Shinomiya K, Tanaka J, Taguchi T. Long-term effects of muscle-derived protein with molecular mass of 77 kDa (MDP77) on nerve regeneration. J Neurosci Res 2005; 81:730-8. [PMID: 16007679 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The long-term effects of the 77-kDa muscle-derived protein (MDP77) on motor and sensory nerve regeneration were examined in vivo. Fourteen-millimeter bridge grafts of the right sciatic nerve of SD rats were carried out with silicone tubes containing a solution of type I collagen together with 0, 5, 10, or 20 microg/ml recombinant human MDP77 (N = 10 in each group). Recovery of motor and sensory function was evaluated monthly by the maximal toe-spread index (TSI) and hot-plate test, respectively, for 6 months after the operation. Electrophysiology (nerve conduction velocity), histology (diameter and total number of the regenerated myelinated axons in the tube), and immunohistochemistry (total number of Schwann cells in the tube), as well as measurement of soleus muscle weight, were also performed at this time. Motor, but not sensory, function recovered rapidly in the MDP77-treated groups in a dose-dependent manner. Electrophysiological measurements and the ratio of soleus muscle weight corroborated the positive effects of MDP77 on motor nerve regeneration, but no facilitation of sensory nerve recovery was observed. Furthermore, histological and immunohistochemical evaluations suggested that MDP77 treatment accelerates Schwann cell migration, followed by enhanced maturation of regenerating axons, resulting in functional recovery of both the nerves and the atrophied, denervated muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Itoh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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37
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Carroll SL, Byer SJ, Dorsey DA, Watson MA, Schmidt RE. Ganglion-specific patterns of diabetes-modulated gene expression are established in prevertebral and paravertebral sympathetic ganglia prior to the development of neuroaxonal dystrophy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2004; 63:1144-54. [PMID: 15581182 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/63.11.1144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In both humans and animal models, diabetic sympathetic autonomic neuropathy is associated with the selective development of markedly enlarged distal axons and nerve terminals (neuroaxonal dystrophy, NAD). NAD occurs in the prevertebral superior mesenteric and celiac ganglia (SMG-CG), but not in the paravertebral superior cervical ganglion (SCG). To identify molecular differences between these ganglia that may explain their selective vulnerability to NAD, we have examined global gene expression patterns in control and diabetic rat sympathetic ganglia before and after the onset of structural evidence of NAD. As predicted, major differences in transcriptional profiles exist between SCG and SMG-CG in normal young adult animals including, but not limited to, known differences in neurotransmitter-related gene expression. Gene expression patterns of diabetic SMG-CG and SCG, prior to the development of NAD lesions, also differ from their age-matched non-diabetic counterparts. However, diabetes has ganglion-specific effects on gene expression; of approximately 110 transcripts that were differentially expressed between diabetic and control sympathetic ganglia, only 5 were differentially expressed as a result of diabetes in both SCG and SMG-CG. Genes involving synapse and mitochondrial structure and function, oxidative stress, and glycolysis were highly represented in the differentially expressed gene set. Differences in the number of synapse-related gene alterations in diabetic SMG-CG (18 genes) versus SCG (2 genes) prior to the onset of NAD may also well explain the selective development of NAD in the SMG-CG. These results provide support for the specificity of diabetes-modulated gene expression for selected neuronal subpopulations of sympathetic noradrenergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Carroll
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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38
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McGraw J, McPhail LT, Oschipok LW, Horie H, Poirier F, Steeves JD, Ramer MS, Tetzlaff W. Galectin-1 in regenerating motoneurons. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 20:2872-80. [PMID: 15579141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03802.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The exogenous application of recombinant galectin-1 has recently been shown to promote the rate of peripheral nerve regeneration. Endogenous neuronal galectin-1 expression has recently been demonstrated to increase after axotomy. Here we demonstrate a significant increase in the endogenous neuronal expression of galectin-1 mRNA in facial motoneurons after either a nerve resection or crush injury in mice. This increase in galectin-1 expression was due in part to the loss of target-derived factor(s) as indicated by both the return of galectin-1 expression to control levels following target re-innervation and the increase in galectin-1 expression after blockade of axonal transport by an interneuronal colchicine injection. Furthermore, interneuronal injections of glial-derived neurotrophic factor into the uninjured nerve also increased galectin-1 mRNA expression within facial motoneurons suggesting that positive signals may also be involved in the regulation of galectin-1 expression. Galectin-1 null mutant mice showed an attenuated rate of functional recovery of whisking movement after a facial nerve crush.
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Affiliation(s)
- J McGraw
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries, 6270 University Boulevard, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, V6T 1Z4
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39
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McGraw J, Gaudet AD, Oschipok LW, Steeves JD, Poirier F, Tetzlaff W, Ramer MS. Altered primary afferent anatomy and reduced thermal sensitivity in mice lacking galectin-1. Pain 2004; 114:7-18. [PMID: 15733626 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2004.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2004] [Revised: 10/06/2004] [Accepted: 10/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The transmission of nociceptive information occurs along non-myelinated, or thinly myelinated, primary afferent axons. These axons are generally classified as peptidergic (CGRP-expressing) or non-peptidergic (IB4-binding), although there is a sub-population that is both CGRP-positive and IB4-binding. During neuronal development and following injury, trophic factors and their respective receptors regulate their survival and repair. Recent reports also show that the carbohydrate-binding protein galectin-1 (Gal1), which is expressed by nociceptive primary afferent neurons during development and into adulthood, is involved in axonal pathfinding and regeneration. Here we characterize anatomical differences in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of Gal1 homozygous null mutant mice (Gal1(-/-)), as well as behavioural differences in tests of nociception. Gal1(-/-) mice have a significantly reduced proportion of IB4-binding DRG neurons, an increased proportion of NF200-immunoreactive DRG neurons, increased depth of central terminals of IB4-binding and CGRP-immunoreactive axons in the dorsal horn, and a reduced number of Fos-positive second order neurons following thermal (cold or hot) stimulation. While there is no difference in the total number of axons in the dorsal root of Gal1(-/-) mice, there are an increased number of myelinated axons, suggesting that in the absence of Gal1, neurons that are normally destined to become IB4-binding instead become NF200-expressing. In addition, mice lacking Gal1 have a decreased sensitivity to noxious thermal stimuli. We conclude that Gal1 is involved in nociceptive neuronal development and that the lack of this protein results in anatomical and functional deficits in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- J McGraw
- ICORD (International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries), Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
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40
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Abstract
Galectin-1 has demonstrated a diverse range of activities in relation to cell survival and proliferation. In different circumstances, it acts as a mitogen, as an inhibitor of cell proliferation, and as a promoter of cellular apoptosis. Many of these activities, particularly the mitogenic and apoptotic responses, follow from the interaction of galectin-1 with cell-surface beta-galactoside ligands, but there is increasing evidence for protein-protein interactions involving galectin-1, and for a beta-galactoside-independent cytostatic mechanism. The bifunctional nature of galectin-1, in conjunction with other experimental variables, makes it difficult to assess the overall outcomes and significance of the growth-regulatory actions in many previous investigations. There is thus a need for well-defined experimental cross-correlation of observations, for which specific loss-of-function galectin-1 mutants will be invaluable. Unsurprisingly, in view of this background, the interpretation of the actions of galectin-1 in developmental situations, both normal and neoplastic, is often very complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Scott
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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41
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Biers SM, Brading AF. Nerve regeneration: might this be the only solution for functional problems of the urinary tract? Curr Opin Urol 2004; 13:495-500. [PMID: 14560145 DOI: 10.1097/00042307-200311000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To assess the potential role of nerve regeneration in restoring urinary tract function, the rapidly developing and exciting area of central and peripheral nerve repair and regeneration is reviewed, with particular reference to papers in which animal models of nerve damage resulting in urogenital dysfunction have been used. The difficulties and potential of these techniques for therapeutic application to human subjects with functional problems of the urinary tract are discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Methods for encouraging regeneration of cut axons and directed growth in the inhibitory environment of the central nervous system are being extensively explored. The recent discovery of the potential of olfactory ensheathing cells has proved a significant advance. Olfactory ensheathing cells are a type of glial cell which can be harvested from the olfactory mucosa. Transplantation of these cells, in conjunction with a biodegradable synthetic nerve guide or conduit, has been shown to restore urinary tract function after spinal cord injury. Artificial, biodegradable conduits have also restored bladder and spermatic duct function after sympathetic nerve damage. Other adjuvants facilitating the process of axonal recovery include the use of neurotrophins to accelerate and guide the formation of new nerve-fibre growth. SUMMARY These revolutionary technologies may, in the future, provide a means of treating urinary tract dysfunction with some types of aetiology, including acute spinal cord injury, and injury to nerves following pelvic surgery. It is, however, less likely that these treatments will be used successfully in the near future in patients in which the neural damage is long term, or associated with death of post-ganglionic neurons.
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42
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43
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Horie H, Kadoya T, Hikawa N, Sango K, Inoue H, Takeshita K, Asawa R, Hiroi T, Sato M, Yoshioka T, Ishikawa Y. Oxidized galectin-1 stimulates macrophages to promote axonal regeneration in peripheral nerves after axotomy. J Neurosci 2004; 24:1873-80. [PMID: 14985427 PMCID: PMC6730408 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4483-03.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Various neurotrophic factors that promote axonal regeneration have been investigated in vivo, but the signals that prompt neurons to send out processes in peripheral nerves after axotomy are not well understood. Previously, we have shown oxidized galectin-1 (GAL-1/Ox) promotes initial axonal growth after axotomy in peripheral nerves. However, the mechanism by which GAL-1/Ox promotes axonal regeneration remains unclear and is the subject of the present study. To identify possible target cells of GAL-1/Ox, a fluorescently labeled recombinant human GAL-1/Ox (rhGAL-1/Ox) was incubated with DRG neurons, Schwann cells, and intraperitoneal macrophages from adult rats. Only the cell surfaces of intraperitoneal macrophages bound the rhGAL-1/Ox, suggesting that these cells possess a receptor for GAL-1/Ox. Experiments examining tyrosine phosphorylation revealed that rhGAL-1/Ox stimulated changes in signal transduction pathways in these macrophages. These changes caused macrophages to secrete an axonal growth-promoting factor. This was demonstrated when conditioned media of macrophages stimulated with rhGAL-1/Ox in 48 hr culture strongly enhanced axonal regeneration from transected-nerve sites of DRG explants. Furthermore, activated macrophage-conditioned media also improved Schwann cell migration from the transected-nerve sites. From these results, we propose that axonal regeneration occurs in axotomized peripheral nerves as a result of cytosolic reduced galectin-1 being released from Schwann cells and injured axons, which then becomes oxidized in the extracellular space. Oxidized galectin-1 then stimulates macrophages to secrete a factor that promotes axonal growth and Schwann cell migration, thus enhancing peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Horie
- Advanced Research Center for Biological Scienc, Waseda University, Nishitokyo City, Tokyo 202-0021, Japan.
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44
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Abstract
Apoptotic elimination of T cells at sites of inflammation or infiltration into tumors limits an effective immune response. T cell apoptosis can be initiated by a variety of triggers, including galectin-1, a soluble, secreted lectin that binds to oligosaccharide ligands on cell surface glycoproteins, or to oligosaccharide ligands on extracellular matrix glycoproteins in tissue stroma. Although galectin-1 has no transmembrane domain and is secreted from cells that make it, it is not clear if galectin-1 functions as a soluble death trigger in vivo. We examined the ability of stromal cells secreting galectin-1 to kill T cells. Although the stromal cells synthesized abundant galectin-1, the majority of the galectin-1 remained bound to the cell surface, and stromal cell-associated galectin-1 killed bound T cells. In contrast, insufficient amounts of functional galectin-1 were released from the stromal cells into the media to kill T cells in the absence of contact with stromal cells. However, when stromal cells were grown on Matrigel, a mixture of extracellular matrix proteins, or on permeable membranes above Matrigel, secreted galectin-1 bound to Matrigel and killed T cells without stromal cell contact. Ten-fold less galectin-1 on Matrigel was sufficient to kill adherent T cells compared with soluble galectin-1. These results demonstrate that galectin-1 in extracellular matrix is able to directly kill susceptible T cells. Because increased galectin-1 deposition in tumor stroma occurs with tumor progression in various types of cancer, galectin-1 in stroma may act locally in the apoptotic elimination of infiltrating T cells during an immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale He
- Department of Pathology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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45
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Sango K, Tokashiki A, Ajiki K, Horie M, Kawano H, Watabe K, Horie H, Kadoya T. Synthesis, localization and externalization of galectin-1 in mature dorsal root ganglion neurons and Schwann cells. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 19:55-64. [PMID: 14750963 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.03102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We recently confirmed that oxidized galectin-1 is a novel factor enhancing axonal growth in peripheral nerves after axotomy, but the process of extracellular release and oxidization of endogenous galectin-1 in the injured nervous tissue remains unknown. In the present study, we examined the distribution of galectin-1 in adult rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in vivo and in vitro. By RT-PCR analysis and in situ hybridization histochemistry, galectin-1 mRNA was detected in both DRG neurons and non-neuronal cells. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that galectin-1 was distributed diffusely throughout the cytoplasm in smaller diameter neurons and Schwann cells in DRG sections. In contrast, the immunoreactivity for galectin-1 was detected in almost all DRG neurons from an early stage in culture (3 h after seeding) and was restricted to the surface and/or extracellular region of neurons and Schwann cells at later stages in culture. In a manner similar to the primary cultured cells, we also observed the surface and extracellular expression of this molecule in immortalized adult mouse Schwann cells (IMS32). Western blot analysis has revealed that both reduced and oxidized forms of galectin-1 were detected in culture media of DRG neurons and IMS32. These findings suggest that galectin-1 is externalized from DRG neurons and Schwann cells upon axonal injury. Some of the molecules in the extracellular milieu may be converted to the oxidized form, which lacks lectin activity but could act on neural tissue as a cytokine.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/ultrastructure
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytoplasm/genetics
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- Cytoplasm/ultrastructure
- Exocytosis/genetics
- Extracellular Fluid/metabolism
- Female
- Galectin 1/biosynthesis
- Galectin 1/genetics
- Ganglia, Spinal/cytology
- Ganglia, Spinal/growth & development
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lysosomes/metabolism
- Lysosomes/ultrastructure
- Microscopy, Electron
- Nerve Regeneration/genetics
- Neurons, Afferent/metabolism
- Neurons, Afferent/ultrastructure
- Peripheral Nerve Injuries
- Peripheral Nerves/metabolism
- Peripheral Nerves/ultrastructure
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Schwann Cells/metabolism
- Schwann Cells/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Sango
- Department of Developmental Morphology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, 2-6 Musashidai, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8526, Japan.
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46
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Akazawa C, Nakamura Y, Sango K, Horie H, Kohsaka S. Distribution of the galectin-1 mRNA in the rat nervous system: its transient upregulation in rat facial motor neurons after facial nerve axotomy. Neuroscience 2004; 125:171-8. [PMID: 15051156 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2004] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-1 is a member of the animal lectin family that displays conserved consensus sequences and similar carbohydrate binding specificities. Recent analyses revealed that galectin-1 plays an important role in the process of nerve regeneration. We analyzed the topological expression of galectin-1 mRNA in adult rat nervous system. Galectin-1 mRNA was predominantly observed in the cell bodies of neurons such as oculomotor nucleus (III), trochlear nucleus (IV), trigeminal motor nucleus (V), abducens nucleus (VI), facial nucleus (VII), hypoglossal nucleus (XII), red nucleus, and locus ceruleus. Neurons in pineal gland and dorsal root ganglia expressed galectin-1 mRNA. We next tested whether the axotomy of facial nerve altered the expression of galectin-1 mRNA in motor neurons. In the adult rats, the axotomy of facial nerve induced transient upregulation of galectin-1 mRNA around 6 h after axotomy. These results indicate that galectin-1 may play roles in the early event of the nerve injury and regeneration through the transient change of its expression level.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Akazawa
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Japan, Ogawahigashi 4-1-1, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.
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47
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McGraw J, Oschipok LW, Liu J, Hiebert GW, Mak CFW, Horie H, Kadoya T, Steeves JD, Ramer MS, Tetzlaff W. Galectin-1 expression correlates with the regenerative potential of rubrospinal and spinal motoneurons. Neuroscience 2004; 128:713-9. [PMID: 15464279 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Axotomized spinal motoneurons are able to regenerate to their peripheral targets, whereas injured rubrospinal neurons that lie completely within the CNS fail to regenerate. The differing cell body reactions to axotomy of these two neuronal populations have been implicated in their disparate regenerative ability. Recently, the lectin galectin-1 has been shown to be involved in both spinal motoneurons and primary afferent regeneration. Using in situ hybridization, we compared the endogenous galectin-1 mRNA expression in spinal motoneurons and rubrospinal neurons after axotomy. We found that 7 and 14 days after axotomy, galectin-1 mRNA increased in spinal motoneurons but decreased in rubrospinal neurons. Infusion of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor into the vicinity of the injured rubrospinal nucleus, which we have previously shown to increase the regenerative capacity of rubrospinal neurons, significantly increased galectin-1 mRNA compared with uninjured control levels. Thus, the expression of galectin-1 in neurons correlates with the regenerative propensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J McGraw
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, 6270 University Boulevard, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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