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Genetic variation for grain protein, Fe and Zn content traits in chickpea reference set. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Goud CA, Satturu V, Malipatil R, Viswanath A, Semalaiyappan J, Kudapa H, Rathod S, Rathore A, Govindaraj M, Thirunavukkarasu N. Identification of iron and zinc responsive genes in pearl millet using genome-wide RNA-sequencing approach. Front Nutr 2022; 9:884381. [PMID: 36438771 PMCID: PMC9682069 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.884381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), an important source of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) for millions of families in dryland tropics, helps in eradicating micronutrient malnutrition. The crop is rich in Fe and Zn, therefore, identification of the key genes operating the mineral pathways is an important step to accelerate the development of biofortified cultivars. In a first-of-its-kind experiment, leaf and root samples of a pearl millet inbred ICMB 1505 were exposed to combinations of Fe and Zn stress conditions using the hydroponics method, and a whole-genome transcriptome assay was carried out to characterize the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and pathways. A total of 37,093 DEGs under different combinations of stress conditions were identified, of which, 7,023 and 9,996 DEGs were reported in the leaf and root stress treatments, respectively. Among the 10,194 unique DEGs, 8,605 were annotated to cellular, biological, and molecular functions and 458 DEGs were assigned to 39 pathways. The results revealed the expression of major genes related to the mugineic acid pathway, phytohormones, chlorophyll biosynthesis, photosynthesis, and carbohydrate metabolism during Fe and Zn stress. The cross-talks between the Fe and Zn provided information on their dual and opposite regulation of key uptake and transporter genes under Fe and Zn deficiency. SNP haplotypes in rice, maize, sorghum, and foxtail millet as well as in Arabidopsis using pearl millet Fe and Zn responsive genes could be used for designing the markers in staple crops. Our results will assist in developing Fe and Zn-efficient pearl millet varieties in biofortification breeding programs and precision delivery mechanisms to ameliorate malnutrition in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengeshpur Anjali Goud
- Institute of Biotechnology, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vanisri Satturu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Renuka Malipatil
- Genomics and Molecular Breeding Lab, ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Aswini Viswanath
- Genomics and Molecular Breeding Lab, ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Janani Semalaiyappan
- Genomics and Molecular Breeding Lab, ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Himabindu Kudapa
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Santosha Rathod
- Agricultural Statistics, ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Abhishek Rathore
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
- Excellence in Breeding Platform, The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Mahalingam Govindaraj
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
- HarvestPlus, Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
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Lešková A, Javot H, Giehl RFH. Metal crossroads in plants: modulation of nutrient acquisition and root development by essential trace metals. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1751-1765. [PMID: 34791130 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The metals iron, zinc, manganese, copper, molybdenum, and nickel are essential for the growth and development of virtually all plant species. Although these elements are required at relatively low amounts, natural factors and anthropogenic activities can significantly affect their availability in soils, inducing deficiencies or toxicities in plants. Because essential trace metals can shape root systems and interfere with the uptake and signaling mechanisms of other nutrients, the non-optimal availability of any of them can induce multi-element changes in plants. Interference by one essential trace metal with the acquisition of another metal or a non-metal nutrient can occur prior to or during root uptake. Essential trace metals can also indirectly impact the plant's ability to capture soil nutrients by targeting distinct root developmental programs and hormone-related processes, consequently inducing largely metal-specific changes in root systems. The presence of metal binding domains in many regulatory proteins also enables essential trace metals to coordinate nutrient uptake by acting at high levels in hierarchical signaling cascades. Here, we summarize the known molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying trace metal-dependent modulation of nutrient acquisition and root development, and highlight the importance of considering multi-element interactions to breed crops better adapted to non-optimal trace metal availabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Lešková
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institut of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), SAVE, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, F-13108, France
| | - Hélène Javot
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institut of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), SAVE, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, F-13108, France
| | - Ricardo F H Giehl
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466 Seeland, Germany
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Sun WJ, Zhang JC, Ji XL, Feng ZQ, Wang X, Huang WJ, You CX, Wang XF, Hao YJ. Low nitrate alleviates iron deficiency by regulating iron homeostasis in apple. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1869-1884. [PMID: 33459386 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential element for plant growth, development and metabolism. Due to its lack of solubility and low bioavailability in soil, Fe levels are usually far below the optimum amount for most plants' growth and development. In apple production, excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer may cause iron chlorosis symptoms in the newly growing leaves, but the regulatory mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are unclear. In this study, low nitrate (NO3- , LN) application alleviated the symptoms of Fe deficiency and promoted lower rhizosphere pH, which was beneficial for root Fe acquisition. At the same time, LN treatment increased citrate and abscisic acid accumulation in roots, which promoted Fe transport from root to shoot and maintained Fe homeostasis. Moreover, qRT-PCR analysis showed that nitrate application caused differential expression of genes related to Fe uptake and transport, as well as transcriptional regulators. In summary, our data reveal that low nitrate alleviated Fe deficiency through multiple pathways, demonstrating a new option for minimizing Fe deficiency by regulating the balance between nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- Shandong Salver Group, Salver Academy of Botany, Rizhao, China
| | - Jiu-Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xing-Long Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Zi-Quan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Wen-Jing Huang
- Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Horticultural Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming, China
| | - Chun-Xiang You
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yu-Jin Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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Root hairs: the villi of plants. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1133-1146. [PMID: 34013353 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Strikingly, evolution shaped similar tubular structures at the µm to mm scale in roots of sessile plants and in small intestines of mobile mammals to ensure an efficient transfer of essential nutrients from 'dead matter' into biota. These structures, named root hairs (RHs) in plants and villi in mammals, numerously stretch into the environment, and extremely enlarge root and intestine surfaces. They are believed to forage for nutrients, and mediate their uptake. While the conceptional understanding of plant RH function in hydromineral nutrition seems clear, experimental evidence presented in textbooks is restricted to a very limited number of reference-nutrients. Here, we make an element-by-element journey through the periodic table and link individual nutrient availabilities to the development, structure/shape and function of RHs. Based on recent developments in molecular biology and the identification of mutants differing in number, length or other shape-related characteristics of RHs in various plant species, we present comprehensive advances in (i) the physiological role of RHs for the uptake of specific nutrients, (ii) the developmental and morphological responses of RHs to element availability and (iii) RH-localized nutrient transport proteins. Our update identifies crucial roles of RHs for hydromineral nutrition, mostly under nutrient and/or water limiting conditions, and highlights the influence of certain mineral availabilities on early stages of RH development, suggesting that nutritional stimuli, as deficiencies in P, Mn or B, can even dominate over intrinsic developmental programs underlying RH differentiation.
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Shah AA, Ahmed S, Yasin NA. 2-Hydroxymelatonin induced nutritional orchestration in Cucumis sativus under cadmium toxicity: modulation of non-enzymatic antioxidants and gene expression. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2020; 22:497-507. [PMID: 31703532 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2019.1683715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
2-Hydroxymelatonin (2-OHMT) is an important metabolite produced through melatonin interaction with oxygenated compounds. 2-OHMT pretreated seeds (50 µM, 100 µM, and 150 µM) were grown in soil contaminated with 50 mg kg-1 cadmium. Cadmium imposed stress reduced seed germination, growth, biomass production, and chlorophyll (Chl) content in Cucumis sativus seedlings. 2-OHMT application emphatically revamped germination, shoot length, root length, and plant biomass production. The 2-OHMT pretreatment modulated expression levels of plasma membrane H+-ATPase genes of C. sativus including CsHA2, CsHA3, CsHA4, CsHA8, and CsHA9. This biomolecule amplified the accumulation of antioxidants such as glutathione, proline, phenolics, and flavonoids. The reduced Cd-uptake in 2-OHMT treated C. sativus seedlings encouraged uptake of essential plant nutrients. Furthermore, conjugated increase of indole acetic acid contents and ethylene production rate were observed in 2-OHMT treated seedlings in a dose-dependent manner. The improved nutritional content in 2-OHMT applied seedlings was ascribed to enhanced expression of H+-ATPase regulating genes besides increased amount of non-enzymatic antioxidants in Cd-stressed plants. The present novel study elucidates the potential of 2-OHMT in improving nutritional content in cucumber plants by modulation of non-enzymatic antioxidants and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Ali Shah
- Department of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shakil Ahmed
- Department of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Dwivedi AD, Yoon H, Singh JP, Chae KH, Rho SC, Hwang DS, Chang YS. Uptake, Distribution, and Transformation of Zerovalent Iron Nanoparticles in the Edible Plant Cucumis sativus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:10057-10066. [PMID: 30078317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Here, we investigated the fate of nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) on the Cucumis sativus under both hydroponic and soil conditions. Seedlings were exposed to 0, 250, and 1000 mg/L (or mg/kg soil) nZVI during 6-9 weeks of a growth period. Ionic controls were prepared using Fe-EDTA. None of the nZVI treatments affected the plant biomass. On the basis of the total iron contents and the superparamagnetic property of nZVI-exposed roots, there was no evidence of pristine nZVI translocation from the roots to shoots. Electron microscopy revealed that the transformed iron nanoparticles are stored in the root cell membrane and the vacuoles of the leaf parenchymal cells. X-ray absorption spectroscopy identified ferric citrate (41%) and iron (oxyhydr)oxides (59%) as the main transformed products in the roots. The shoot samples indicated a larger proportion of ferric citrate (60%) compared to iron (oxyhydr)oxides (40%). The 1.8-fold higher expression of the CsHA1 gene indicated that the plant-promoted transformation of nZVI was driven by protons released from the root layers. The current data provide a basis for two potential nZVI transformation pathways in Cucumis sativus: (1) interaction with low molecular weight organic acid ligands and (2) dissolution-precipitation of the mineral products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarendra Dhar Dwivedi
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hakwon Yoon
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jitendra Pal Singh
- Advanced Analysis Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Hwa Chae
- Advanced Analysis Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Chul Rho
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Soo Hwang
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Chang
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
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Li S, Zhou X, Chen J, Chen R. Is there a strategy I iron uptake mechanism in maize? PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2018; 13:e1161877. [PMID: 27018765 PMCID: PMC5933907 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1161877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Iron is a metal micronutrient that is essential for plant growth and development. Graminaceous and nongraminaceous plants have evolved different mechanisms to mediate Fe uptake. Generally, strategy I is used by nongraminaceous plants like Arabidopsis, while graminaceous plants, such as rice, barley, and maize, are considered to use strategy II Fe uptake. Upon the functional characterization of OsIRT1 and OsIRT2 in rice, it was suggested that rice, as an exceptional graminaceous plant, utilizes both strategy I and strategy II Fe uptake systems. Similarly, ZmIRT1 and ZmZIP3 were identified as functional zinc and iron transporters in the maize genome, along with the determination of several genes encoding Zn and Fe transporters, raising the possibility that strategy I Fe uptake also occurs in maize. This mini-review integrates previous reports and recent evidence to obtain a better understanding of the mechanisms of Fe uptake in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzhen Li
- Department of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei/Hebei Sub-center of Chinese National Maize Improvement Center, Baoding, China
- Department of Crop Genomics & Genetic Improvement, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojin Zhou
- Department of Crop Genomics & Genetic Improvement, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingtang Chen
- Department of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei/Hebei Sub-center of Chinese National Maize Improvement Center, Baoding, China
- CONTACT Jingtang Chen
| | - Rumei Chen
- Department of Crop Genomics & Genetic Improvement, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Rumei Chen (ICON)
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Martínez-Medina A, Van Wees SCM, Pieterse CMJ. Airborne signals from Trichoderma fungi stimulate iron uptake responses in roots resulting in priming of jasmonic acid-dependent defences in shoots of Arabidopsis thaliana and Solanum lycopersicum. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2691-2705. [PMID: 28667819 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Root colonization by Trichoderma fungi can trigger induced systemic resistance (ISR). In Arabidopsis, Trichoderma-ISR relies on the transcription factor MYB72, which plays a dual role in the onset of ISR and the activation of Fe uptake responses. Volatile compounds (VCs) from rhizobacteria are important elicitors of MYB72 in Arabidopsis roots. Here, we investigated the mode of action of VCs from Trichoderma fungi in the onset of ISR and Fe uptake responses. VCs from Trichoderma asperellum and Trichoderma harzianum were applied in an in vitro split-plate system with Arabidopsis or tomato seedlings. Locally, Trichoderma-VCs triggered MYB72 expression and molecular, physiological and morphological Fe uptake mechanisms in Arabidopsis roots. In leaves, Trichoderma-VCs primed jasmonic acid-dependent defences, leading to an enhanced resistance against Botrytis cinerea. By using Arabidopsis micrografts of VCs-exposed rootstocks and non-exposed scions, we demonstrated that perception of Trichoderma-VCs by the roots leads to a systemic signal that primes shoots for enhanced defences. Trichoderma-VCs also elicited Fe deficiency responses and shoot immunity in tomato, suggesting that this phenomenon is expressed in different plant species. Our results indicate that Trichoderma-VCs trigger locally a readjustment of Fe homeostasis in roots, which links to systemic elicitation of ISR by priming of jasmonic acid-dependent defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Martínez-Medina
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Saskia C M Van Wees
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Fan W, Wang H, Wu Y, Yang N, Yang J, Zhang P. H + -pyrophosphatase IbVP1 promotes efficient iron use in sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.]. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 15:698-712. [PMID: 27864852 PMCID: PMC5425394 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) deficiency is one of the most common micronutrient deficiencies limiting crop production globally, especially in arid regions because of decreased availability of iron in alkaline soils. Sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] grows well in arid regions and is tolerant to Fe deficiency. Here, we report that the transcription of type I H+ -pyrophosphatase (H+ -PPase) gene IbVP1 in sweet potato plants was strongly induced by Fe deficiency and auxin in hydroponics, improving Fe acquisition via increased rhizosphere acidification and auxin regulation. When overexpressed, transgenic plants show higher pyrophosphate hydrolysis and plasma membrane H+ -ATPase activity compared with the wild type, leading to increased rhizosphere acidification. The IbVP1-overexpressing plants showed better growth, including enlarged root systems, under Fe-sufficient or Fe-deficient conditions. Increased ferric precipitation and ferric chelate reductase activity in the roots of transgenic lines indicate improved iron uptake, which is also confirmed by increased Fe content and up-regulation of Fe uptake genes, e.g. FRO2, IRT1 and FIT. Carbohydrate metabolism is significantly affected in the transgenic lines, showing increased sugar and starch content associated with the increased expression of AGPase and SUT1 genes and the decrease in β-amylase gene expression. Improved antioxidant capacities were also detected in the transgenic plants, which showed reduced H2 O2 accumulation associated with up-regulated ROS-scavenging activity. Therefore, H+ -PPase plays a key role in the response to Fe deficiency by sweet potato and effectively improves the Fe acquisition by overexpressing IbVP1 in crops cultivated in micronutrient-deficient soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijuan Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesInstitute of Plant Physiology and EcologyShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Hongxia Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesInstitute of Plant Physiology and EcologyShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Yinliang Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesInstitute of Plant Physiology and EcologyShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Nan Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesInstitute of Plant Physiology and EcologyShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Jun Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and ResourcesShanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research CenterChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai Chenshan Botanical GardenShanghaiChina
| | - Peng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesInstitute of Plant Physiology and EcologyShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
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Zanin L, Venuti S, Zamboni A, Varanini Z, Tomasi N, Pinton R. Transcriptional and physiological analyses of Fe deficiency response in maize reveal the presence of Strategy I components and Fe/P interactions. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:154. [PMID: 28193158 PMCID: PMC5307951 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3478-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Under limited iron (Fe) availability maize, a Strategy II plant, improves Fe acquisition through the release of phytosiderophores (PS) into the rhizosphere and the subsequent uptake of Fe-PS complexes into root cells. Occurrence of Strategy-I-like components and interactions with phosphorous (P) nutrition has been hypothesized based on molecular and physiological studies in grasses. Results In this report transcriptomic analysis (NimbleGen microarray) of Fe deficiency response revealed that maize roots modulated the expression levels of 724 genes (508 up- and 216 down-regulated, respectively). As expected, roots of Fe-deficient maize plants overexpressed genes involved in the synthesis and release of 2’-deoxymugineic acid (the main PS released by maize roots). A strong modulation of genes involved in regulatory aspects, Fe translocation, root morphological modification, primary metabolic pathways and hormonal metabolism was induced by the nutritional stress. Genes encoding transporters for Fe2+ (ZmNRAMP1) and P (ZmPHT1;7 and ZmPHO1) were also up-regulated under Fe deficiency. Fe-deficient maize plants accumulated higher amounts of P than the Fe-sufficient ones, both in roots and shoots. The supply of 1 μM 59Fe, as soluble (Fe-Citrate and Fe-PS) or sparingly soluble (Ferrihydrite) sources to deficient plants, caused a rapid down-regulation of genes coding for PS and Fe(III)-PS transport, as well as of ZmNRAMP1 and ZmPHT1;7. Levels of 32P absorption essentially followed the rates of 59Fe uptake in Fe-deficient plants during Fe resupply, suggesting that P accumulation might be regulated by Fe uptake in maize plants. Conclusions The transcriptional response to Fe-deficiency in maize roots confirmed the modulation of known genes involved in the Strategy II and revealed the presence of Strategy I components usually described in dicots. Moreover, data here presented provide evidence of a close relationship between two essential nutrients for plants, Fe and P, and highlight a key role played by Fe and P transporters to preserve the homeostasis of these two nutrients in maize plants. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3478-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Zanin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, I-33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Silvia Venuti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, I-33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Anita Zamboni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, University of Verona, Ca' Vignal 1- Strada Le Grazie 15, I-37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Zeno Varanini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, University of Verona, Ca' Vignal 1- Strada Le Grazie 15, I-37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Nicola Tomasi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, I-33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Roberto Pinton
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, I-33100, Udine, Italy
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Tian Q, Zhang X, Yang A, Wang T, Zhang WH. CIPK23 is involved in iron acquisition of Arabidopsis by affecting ferric chelate reductase activity. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 246:70-79. [PMID: 26993237 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Iron deficiency is one of the major limiting factors affecting quality and production of crops in calcareous soils. Numerous signaling molecules and transcription factors have been demonstrated to play a regulatory role in adaptation of plants to iron deficiency. However, the mechanisms underlying the iron deficiency-induced physiological processes remain to be fully dissected. Here, we demonstrated that the protein kinase CIPK23 was involved in iron acquisition. Lesion of CIPK23 rendered Arabidopsis mutants hypersensitive to iron deficiency, as evidenced by stronger chlorosis in young leaves and lower iron concentration than wild-type plants under iron-deficient conditions by down-regulating ferric chelate reductase activity. We found that iron deficiency evoked an increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration and the elevated Ca(2+) would bind to CBL1/CBL9, leading to activation of CIPK23. These novel findings highlight the involvement of calcium-dependent CBL-CIPK23 complexes in the regulation of iron acquisition. Moreover, mutation of CIPK23 led to changes in contents of mineral elements, suggesting that CBL-CIPK23 complexes could be as "nutritional sensors" to sense and regulate the mineral homeostasis in Arabisopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuying Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - An Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Tianzuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Wen-Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China.
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13
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Upadhyaya HD, Bajaj D, Das S, Kumar V, Gowda CLL, Sharma S, Tyagi AK, Parida SK. Genetic dissection of seed-iron and zinc concentrations in chickpea. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24050. [PMID: 27063651 PMCID: PMC4827059 DOI: 10.1038/srep24050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The SNP-based high-resolution QTL mapping mapped eight major genomic regions harbouring robust QTLs governing seed-Fe and Zn concentrations (39.4% combined phenotypic variation explained/PVE) on six chromosomes of an intra-specific high-density genetic linkage map (1.56 cM map-density). 24620 SNPs discovered from genome-wide GBS (genotyping-by-sequencing) and 13 known cloned Fe and Zn contents-related chickpea gene-orthologs were genotyped in a structured population of 92 sequenced desi and kabuli accessions. The large-scale 16591 SNP genotyping- and phenotyping-based GWAS (genome-wide association study) identified 16 genomic loci/genes associated (29% combined PVE) with seed-Fe and Zn concentrations. Of these, 11 trait-associated SNPs in the genes linked tightly with eight QTLs were validated by QTL mapping. The seed-specific expression, including pronounced differential-regulation of 16 trait-associated genes particularly in accessions/mapping individuals with contrasting level of seed-Fe and Zn contents was apparent. Collectively, the aforementioned rapid integrated genomic strategy led to delineate novel functional non-synonymous and regulatory SNP allelic-variants from 16 known/candidate genes, including three strong trait-associated genes (encoding late embryogenesis abundant and yellow stripe-like 1 protein, and vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein) and eight major QTLs regulating seed-Fe and Zn concentrations in chickpea. These essential inputs thus have potential to be deployed in marker-assisted genetic enhancement for developing nutritionally-rich iron/zinc-biofortified chickpea cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari D Upadhyaya
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502324, Telangana, India
| | - Deepak Bajaj
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shouvik Das
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology (NRCPB), New Delhi 110012, India
| | - C L L Gowda
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502324, Telangana, India
| | - Shivali Sharma
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502324, Telangana, India
| | - Akhilesh K Tyagi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Swarup K Parida
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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14
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Decipher the Molecular Response of Plant Single Cell Types to Environmental Stresses. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:4182071. [PMID: 27088086 PMCID: PMC4818802 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4182071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of the molecular response of entire plants or organs to environmental stresses suffers from the cellular complexity of the samples used. Specifically, this cellular complexity masks cell-specific responses to environmental stresses and logically leads to the dilution of the molecular changes occurring in each cell type composing the tissue/organ/plant in response to the stress. Therefore, to generate a more accurate picture of these responses, scientists are focusing on plant single cell type approaches. Several cell types are now considered as models such as the pollen, the trichomes, the cotton fiber, various root cell types including the root hair cell, and the guard cell of stomata. Among them, several have been used to characterize plant response to abiotic and biotic stresses. In this review, we are describing the various -omic studies performed on these different plant single cell type models to better understand plant cell response to biotic and abiotic stresses.
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15
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Li S, Zhou X, Li H, Liu Y, Zhu L, Guo J, Liu X, Fan Y, Chen J, Chen R. Overexpression of ZmIRT1 and ZmZIP3 Enhances Iron and Zinc Accumulation in Transgenic Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136647. [PMID: 26317616 PMCID: PMC4552944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron and zinc are important micronutrients for both the growth and nutrient availability of crop plants, and their absorption is tightly controlled by a metal uptake system. Zinc-regulated transporters, iron-regulated transporter-like proteins (ZIP), is considered an essential metal transporter for the acquisition of Fe and Zn in graminaceous plants. Several ZIPs have been identified in maize, although their physiological function remains unclear. In this report, ZmIRT1 was shown to be specifically expressed in silk and embryo, whereas ZmZIP3 was a leaf-specific gene. Both ZmIRT1 and ZmZIP3 were shown to be localized to the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing ZmIRT1 or ZmZIP3 were generated, and the metal contents in various tissues of transgenic and wild-type plants were examined based on ICP-OES and Zinpyr-1 staining. The Fe and Zn concentration increased in roots and seeds of ZmIRT1-overexpressing plants, while the Fe content in shoots decreased. Overexpressing ZmZIP3 enhanced Zn accumulation in the roots of transgenic plants, while that in shoots was repressed. In addition, the transgenic plants showed altered tolerance to various Fe and Zn conditions compared with wild-type plants. Furthermore, the genes associated with metal uptake were stimulated in ZmIRT1 transgenic plants, while those involved in intra- and inter- cellular translocation were suppressed. In conclusion, ZmIRT1 and ZmZIP3 are functional metal transporters with different ion selectivities. Ectopic overexpression of ZmIRT1 may stimulate endogenous Fe uptake mechanisms, which may facilitate metal uptake and homeostasis. Our results increase our understanding of the functions of ZIP family transporters in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzhen Li
- Department of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei/Hebei Sub-center of Chinese National Maize Improvement Center, Baoding, China
- Department of Crop Genomics & Genetic Improvement, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojin Zhou
- Department of Crop Genomics & Genetic Improvement, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbo Li
- Department of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei/Hebei Sub-center of Chinese National Maize Improvement Center, Baoding, China
| | - Yuanfeng Liu
- Department of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei/Hebei Sub-center of Chinese National Maize Improvement Center, Baoding, China
| | - Liying Zhu
- Department of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei/Hebei Sub-center of Chinese National Maize Improvement Center, Baoding, China
| | - Jinjie Guo
- Department of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei/Hebei Sub-center of Chinese National Maize Improvement Center, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Department of Crop Genomics & Genetic Improvement, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunliu Fan
- Department of Crop Genomics & Genetic Improvement, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingtang Chen
- Department of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei/Hebei Sub-center of Chinese National Maize Improvement Center, Baoding, China
- * E-mail: (JTC); (RMC)
| | - Rumei Chen
- Department of Crop Genomics & Genetic Improvement, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JTC); (RMC)
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Zanon L, Falchi R, Santi S, Vizzotto G. Sucrose transport and phloem unloading in peach fruit: potential role of two transporters localized in different cell types. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 154:179-93. [PMID: 25348206 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Several complex physiological processes, which include long-distance translocation in the phloem and unloading in sink tissues, govern the partitioning of sugars in economically important organs, such as peach fruit. In this study, we took advantage of a symplastic tracer, carboxyfluorescein (CF), providing evidence for an apoplastic sucrose transfer in the early (SI) and middle (SIII) phases of peach fruit development. Moreover, using a combination of in situ hybridization and laser microdissection-assisted expression analysis, three putative sucrose transporters encoding genes (PpSUT1, PpSUT2, PpSUT4) were transcriptionally analyzed to relate their expression with sucrose storage in this organ. Our study revealed that PpSUT2 and PpSUT4 are the genes predominantly expressed in fruit flesh, and the detailed analysis of their expression pattern in the different cell types enabled us to suggest a specialized role in sucrose distribution. Both PpSUTs transporters could be involved in the retrieval of sucrose lost from the symplastic continuum of the phloem and, when expressed in parenchyma cells, they could be active in the import of sucrose into sink tissues, via symport from the apoplast. An alternative hypothesis has been proposed and discussed for PpSUT4 because of its putative tonoplastic localization. Taken together, our results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underpinning sucrose unloading and accumulation in peach fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Zanon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Rachele Falchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Simonetta Santi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Giannina Vizzotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
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17
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Ceballos-Laita L, Gutierrez-Carbonell E, Lattanzio G, Vázquez S, Contreras-Moreira B, Abadía A, Abadía J, López-Millán AF. Protein profile of Beta vulgaris leaf apoplastic fluid and changes induced by Fe deficiency and Fe resupply. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:145. [PMID: 25852707 PMCID: PMC4364163 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The fluid collected by direct leaf centrifugation has been used to study the proteome of the sugar beet apoplastic fluid as well as the changes induced by Fe deficiency and Fe resupply to Fe-deficient plants in the protein profile. Plants were grown in Fe-sufficient and Fe-deficient conditions, and Fe resupply was carried out with 45 μM Fe(III)-EDTA for 24 h. Protein extracts of leaf apoplastic fluid were analyzed by two-dimensional isoelectric focusing-SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. Gel image analysis revealed 203 consistent spots, and proteins in 81% of them (164) were identified by nLC-MS/MS using a custom made reference repository of beet protein sequences. When redundant UniProt entries were deleted, a non-redundant leaf apoplastic proteome consisting of 109 proteins was obtained. TargetP and SecretomeP algorithms predicted that 63% of them were secretory proteins. Functional classification of the non-redundant proteins indicated that stress and defense, protein metabolism, cell wall and C metabolism accounted for approximately 75% of the identified proteome. The effects of Fe-deficiency on the leaf apoplast proteome were limited, with only five spots (2.5%) changing in relative abundance, thus suggesting that protein homeostasis in the leaf apoplast fluid is well-maintained upon Fe shortage. The identification of three chitinase isoforms among proteins increasing in relative abundance with Fe-deficiency suggests that one of the few effects of Fe deficiency in the leaf apoplast proteome includes cell wall modifications. Iron resupply to Fe deficient plants changed the relative abundance of 16 spots when compared to either Fe-sufficient or Fe-deficient samples. Proteins identified in these spots can be broadly classified as those responding to Fe-resupply, which included defense and cell wall related proteins, and non-responsive, which are mainly protein metabolism related proteins and whose changes in relative abundance followed the same trend as with Fe-deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ceballos-Laita
- Plant Stress Physiology Group, Department of Plant Nutrition, Aula Dei Experimental Station, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasZaragoza, Spain
| | - Elain Gutierrez-Carbonell
- Plant Stress Physiology Group, Department of Plant Nutrition, Aula Dei Experimental Station, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasZaragoza, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Lattanzio
- Plant Stress Physiology Group, Department of Plant Nutrition, Aula Dei Experimental Station, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasZaragoza, Spain
| | - Saul Vázquez
- Plant Stress Physiology Group, Department of Plant Nutrition, Aula Dei Experimental Station, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasZaragoza, Spain
| | - Bruno Contreras-Moreira
- Laboratory of Computational and Structural Biology, Aula Dei Experimental Station, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasZaragoza, Spain
- Fundación ARAIDZaragoza, Spain
| | - Anunciación Abadía
- Plant Stress Physiology Group, Department of Plant Nutrition, Aula Dei Experimental Station, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasZaragoza, Spain
| | - Javier Abadía
- Plant Stress Physiology Group, Department of Plant Nutrition, Aula Dei Experimental Station, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasZaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana-Flor López-Millán
- Plant Stress Physiology Group, Department of Plant Nutrition, Aula Dei Experimental Station, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasZaragoza, Spain
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18
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Shen C, Yue R, Sun T, Zhang L, Yang Y, Wang H. OsARF16, a transcription factor regulating auxin redistribution, is required for iron deficiency response in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 231:148-58. [PMID: 25576000 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant response to iron deficiency is the most important feature for survival in Fe-limited soils. Several phytohormones, including auxin, are involved in iron uptake and homeostasis. However, the mechanisms behind how auxin participates in the iron deficiency response in rice are largely unknown. We found that OsARF16 was involved in the iron deficiency response and the induction of iron deficiency response genes. Most Fe-deficient symptoms could be partially restored in the osarf16 mutant, including dwarfism, photosynthesis decline, a reduction in iron content and root system architecture (RSA) regulation. OsARF16 expression was induced in the roots and shoots by Fe deprivation. Restoration of the phenotype could also be mimicked by 1-NOA, an auxin influx inhibitor. Furthermore, the qRT-PCR data indicated that the induction of Fe-deficiency response genes by iron deficiency was more compromised in the osarf16 mutant than in Nipponbare. In conclusion, osarf16, an auxin insensitive mutant, was involved in iron deficiency response in rice. Our results reveal a new biological function for OsARF16 and provide important information on how ARF-medicated auxin signaling affects iron signaling and the iron deficiency response. This work may help us to improve production or increased Fe nutrition of rice to iron deficiency by regulating auxin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjia Shen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China.
| | - Runqing Yue
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Tao Sun
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA
| | - Yanjun Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Huizhong Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China.
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19
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Chen L, Ding C, Zhao X, Xu J, Mohammad AA, Wang S, Ding Y. Differential regulation of proteins in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under iron deficiency. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:83-96. [PMID: 25287133 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1689-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Sixty-three proteins were identified to be differentially accumulated due to iron deficiency in shoot and root. The importance of these proteins alterations on shoot physiology is discussed. Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient for plant growth and its accumulation affects the quality of edible plant organs. To investigate the adaptive mechanism of a Chinese rice variety grown under iron deficiency, proteins differentially accumulated in leaves and roots of Yangdao 6, an indica cultivar, under Fe deficiency growth condition, were profiled using a two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS). The accumulations of seventy-three proteins were detected to be increased or decreased upon iron deficiency, and sixty-three of them were successfully identified. Among the sixty-three proteins, a total of forty proteins were identified in rice leaves, and twenty-three proteins were in roots. Most of these proteins are involved in photosynthesis, C metabolism, oxidative stress, Adenosine triphosphate synthesis, cell growth or signal transduction. The results provide a comprehensive way to understand, at the level of proteins, the adaptive mechanism used by rice shoots and roots under iron deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, College of Agriculture, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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20
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Khan D, Chan A, Millar JL, Girard IJ, Belmonte MF. Predicting transcriptional circuitry underlying seed coat development. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 223:146-52. [PMID: 24767124 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Filling, protection, and dispersal of angiosperm seeds are largely dependent on the development of the maternally derived seed coat. The development of the seed coat in plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana and Glycine max (soybean) is regulated by a complex network of genes and gene products responsible for the establishment and identity of this multicellular structure. Recent studies support the hypothesis that the structure, development, and function of the seed coat are under the control of transcriptional regulators that are specified in space and time. Furthermore, these transcriptional regulators can act in combination to orchestrate the expression of large gene sets. We discuss the underlying transcriptional circuits of the seed coat sub-regions through the interrogation of large-scale datasets, and also provide some ideas on how the identification and analysis of these datasets can be further improved in these two model oilseed systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ainsley Chan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Jenna L Millar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ian J Girard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Mark F Belmonte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada.
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21
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Pan IC, Schmidt W. Functional implications of K63-linked ubiquitination in the iron deficiency response of Arabidopsis roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 4:542. [PMID: 24427162 PMCID: PMC3877749 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient that plays important roles as a redox cofactor in a variety of processes, many of which are related to DNA metabolism. The E2 ubiquitin conjugase UBC13, the only E2 protein that is capable of catalyzing the formation of non-canonical K63-linked ubiquitin chains, has been associated with the DNA damage tolerance pathway in eukaryotes, critical for maintenance of genome stability and integrity. We previously showed that UBC13 and an interacting E3 ubiquitin ligase, RGLG, affect the differentiation of root epidermal cells in Arabidopsis. When grown on iron-free media, Arabidopsis plants develops root hairs that are branched at their base, a response that has been interpreted as an adaption to reduced iron availability. Mutations in UBC13A abolished the branched root hair phenotype. Unexpectedly, mutations in RGLG genes caused constitutive root hair branching. Based on recent results that link endocytotic turnover of plasma membrane-bound PIN transporters to K63-linked ubiquitination, we reinterpreted our results in a context that classifies the root hair phenotype of iron-deficient plants as a consequence of altered auxin distribution. We show here that UBC13A/B and RGLG1/2 are involved in DNA damage repair and hypothesize that UBC13 protein becomes limited under iron-deficient conditions to prioritize DNA metabolism. The data suggest that genes involved in combating detrimental effects on genome stability may represent essential components in the plant's stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chun Pan
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia SinicaTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Wolfgang Schmidt
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia SinicaTaipei, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, College of Life Science, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Wolfgang Schmidt, Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Academia Road 128, Taipei 11529, Taiwan e-mail:
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22
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Sequence diversity and enzyme activity of ferric-chelate reductase LeFRO1 in tomato. J Genet Genomics 2013; 40:565-73. [PMID: 24238610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Ferric-chelate reductase which functions in the reduction of ferric to ferrous iron on root surface is a critical protein for iron homeostasis in strategy I plants. LeFRO1 is a major ferric-chelate reductase involved in iron uptake in tomato. To identify the natural variations of LeFRO1 and to assess their effect on the ferric-chelate reductase activity, we cloned the coding sequences of LeFRO1 from 16 tomato varieties collected from different regions, and detected three types of LeFRO1 (LeFRO1(MM), LeFRO1(Ailsa) and LeFRO1(Monita)) with five amino acid variations at the positions 21, 24, 112, 195 and 582. Enzyme activity assay revealed that the three types of LeFRO1 possessed different ferric-chelate reductase activity (LeFRO1(Ailsa) > LeFRO1(MM) > LeFRO1(Monita)). The 112th amino acid residue Ala of LeFRO1 is critical for maintaining the high activity of ferric-chelate reductase, because modification of this amino acid resulted in a significant reduction of enzyme activity. Further, we showed that the combination of the amino acid residue Ile at the site 24 with Lys at the site 582 played a positive role in the enzyme activity of LeFRO1. In conclusion, the findings are helpful to understand the natural adaptation mechanisms of plants to iron-limiting stress, and may provide new knowledge to select and manipulate LeFRO1 for improving the iron deficiency tolerance in tomato.
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23
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Santi S, Grisan S, Pierasco A, DE Marco F, Musetti R. Laser microdissection of grapevine leaf phloem infected by stolbur reveals site-specific gene responses associated to sucrose transport and metabolism. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:343-55. [PMID: 22788215 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02577.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bois Noir is an emergent disease of grapevine that has been associated to a phytoplasma belonging to the XII-A stolbur group. In plants, phytoplasmas have been found mainly in phloem sieve elements, from where they spread moving through the pores of plates, accumulating especially in source leaves. To examine the expression of grapevine genes involved in sucrose transport and metabolism, phloem tissue, including sieve element/companion cell complexes and some parenchyma cells, was isolated from healthy and infected leaves by means of laser microdissection pressure catapulting (LMPC). Site-specific expression analysis dramatically increased sensitivity, allowing us to identify specific process components almost completely masked in whole-leaf analysis. Our findings showed decreased phloem loading through inhibition of sucrose transport and increased sucrose cleavage activity, which are metabolic changes strongly suggesting the establishment of a phytoplasma-induced switch from carbohydrate source to sink. The analysis focused at the infection site also showed a differential regulation and specificity of two pathogenesis-related thaumatin-like genes (TL4 and TL5) of the PR-5 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Santi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 208, I-33100 Udine, Italy.
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24
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Qiao Z, Libault M. Unleashing the potential of the root hair cell as a single plant cell type model in root systems biology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:484. [PMID: 24324480 PMCID: PMC3840615 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant root is an organ composed of multiple cell types with different functions. This multicellular complexity limits our understanding of root biology because -omics studies performed at the level of the entire root reflect the average responses of all cells composing the organ. To overcome this difficulty and allow a more comprehensive understanding of root cell biology, an approach is needed that would focus on one single cell type in the plant root. Because of its biological functions (i.e., uptake of water and various nutrients; primary site of infection by nitrogen-fixing bacteria in legumes), the root hair cell is an attractive single cell model to study root cell response to various stresses and treatments. To fully study their biology, we have recently optimized procedures in obtaining root hair cell samples. We culture the plants using an ultrasound aeroponic system maximizing root hair cell density on the entire root systems and allowing the homogeneous treatment of the root system. We then isolate the root hair cells in liquid nitrogen. Isolated root hair yields could be up to 800 to 1000~mg of plant cells from 60 root systems. Using soybean as a model, the purity of the root hair was assessed by comparing the expression level of genes previously identified as soybean root hair specific between preparations of isolated root hair cells and stripped roots, roots devoid in root hairs. Enlarging our tests to include other plant species, our results support the isolation of large quantities of highly purified root hair cells which is compatible with a systems biology approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Libault
- *Correspondence: Marc Libault, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, 770 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK 73019, USA e-mail:
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Hindt MN, Guerinot ML. Getting a sense for signals: regulation of the plant iron deficiency response. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1823:1521-30. [PMID: 22483849 PMCID: PMC4008143 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the Fe deficiency response in plants is necessary for improving both plant health and the human diet, which relies on Fe from plant sources. In this review we focus on the regulation of the two major strategies for iron acquisition in plants, exemplified by the model plants Arabidopsis and rice. Critical to our knowledge of Fe homeostasis in plants is determining how Fe is sensed and how this signal is transmitted and integrated into a response. We will explore the evidence for an Fe sensor in plants and summarize the recent findings on hormones and signaling molecules which contribute to the Fe deficiency response. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cell Biology of Metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria N. Hindt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Mary Lou Guerinot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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De Nisi P, Vigani G, Dell'Orto M, Zocchi G. Application of the split root technique to study iron uptake in cucumber plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2012; 57:168-74. [PMID: 22705592 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The regulation exerted by the Fe status in the plant on Fe deficiency responses was investigated in Cucumis sativus L. roots at both biochemical and molecular levels. Besides the two activities strictly correlated with Fe deficiency response, those of the Fe(III)-chelate reductase and the high affinity Fe transporter, we considered also H(+)-ATPase (EC 3.6.3.6) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.31), that have been shown to be involved in this response. Both enzymatic activities and gene expression were monitored using a split root system. Absence of Fe induced the expression of the four transcripts, accompanied by an increase in the corresponding enzymatic activities. The application of the split root technique gave some information about the regulation of Fe uptake. In fact, 24 h after split root application, transcripts were still high and comparable to those of the -Fe control in the Fe-supplied half side, while in the -Fe side there was a drop in the expression and the relative enzymatic activities. Major changes occurred after 48 and 72 h. The coordinated regulation of these responses is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia De Nisi
- Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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Nikolic M, Cesco S, Monte R, Tomasi N, Gottardi S, Zamboni A, Pinton R, Varanini Z. Nitrate transport in cucumber leaves is an inducible process involving an increase in plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase activity and abundance. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:66. [PMID: 22571503 PMCID: PMC3403936 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms by which nitrate is transported into the roots have been characterized both at physiological and molecular levels. It has been demonstrated that nitrate is taken up in an energy-dependent way by a four-component uptake machinery involving high- and low- affinity transport systems. In contrast very little is known about the physiology of nitrate transport towards different plant tissues and in particular at the leaf level. RESULTS The mechanism of nitrate uptake in leaves of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Chinese long) plants was studied and compared with that of the root. Net nitrate uptake by roots of nitrate-depleted cucumber plants proved to be substrate-inducible and biphasic showing a saturable kinetics with a clear linear non saturable component at an anion concentration higher than 2 mM. Nitrate uptake by leaf discs of cucumber plants showed some similarities with that operating in the roots (e.g. electrogenic H+ dependence via involvement of proton pump, a certain degree of induction). However, it did not exhibit typical biphasic kinetics and was characterized by a higher Km with values out of the range usually recorded in roots of several different plant species. The quantity and activity of plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase of the vesicles isolated from leaf tissues of nitrate-treated plants for 12 h (peak of nitrate foliar uptake rate) increased with respect to that observed in the vesicles isolated from N-deprived control plants, thus suggesting an involvement of this enzyme in the leaf nitrate uptake process similar to that described in roots. Molecular analyses suggest the involvement of a specific isoform of PM H+-ATPase (CsHA1) and NRT2 transporter (CsNRT2) in root nitrate uptake. At the leaf level, nitrate treatment modulated the expression of CsHA2, highlighting a main putative role of this isogene in the process. CONCLUSIONS Obtained results provide for the first time evidence that a saturable and substrate-inducible nitrate uptake mechanism operates in cucumber leaves. Its activity appears to be related to that of PM H+-ATPase activity and in particular to the induction of CsHA2 isoform. However the question about the molecular entity responsible for the transport of nitrate into leaf cells therefore still remains unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Nikolic
- IMSI, University of Belgrade, Kneza Viselslava 1, 11030, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Stefano Cesco
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Rossella Monte
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Nicola Tomasi
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Stefano Gottardi
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Anita Zamboni
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37029, S. Floriano, Italy
| | - Roberto Pinton
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Zeno Varanini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37029, S. Floriano, Italy
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Vigani G. Does a similar metabolic reprogramming occur in fe-deficient plant cells and animal tumor cells? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:47. [PMID: 22645588 PMCID: PMC3355750 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianpiero Vigani
- Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italy
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Kobayashi T, Nishizawa NK. Iron uptake, translocation, and regulation in higher plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 63:131-52. [PMID: 22404471 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 644] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Iron is essential for the survival and proliferation of all plants. Higher plants have developed two distinct strategies to acquire iron, which is only slightly soluble, from the rhizosphere: the reduction strategy of nongraminaceous plants and the chelation strategy of graminaceous plants. Key molecular components-including transporters, enzymes, and chelators-have been clarified for both strategies, and many of these components are now thought to also function inside the plant to facilitate internal iron transport. Transporters for intracellular iron trafficking are also being clarified. A majority of genes encoding these components are transcriptionally regulated in response to iron availability. Recent research has uncovered central transcription factors, cis-acting elements, and molecular mechanisms regulating these genes. Manipulation of these molecular components has produced transgenic crops with enhanced tolerance to iron deficiency or with increased iron content in the edible parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Kobayashi
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, Japan.
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Vigani G. Discovering the role of mitochondria in the iron deficiency-induced metabolic responses of plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:1-11. [PMID: 22050893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In plants, iron (Fe) deficiency-induced chlorosis is a major problem, affecting both yield and quality of crops. Plants have evolved multifaceted strategies, such as reductase activity, proton extrusion, and specialised storage proteins, to mobilise Fe from the environment and distribute it within the plant. Because of its fundamental role in plant productivity, several issues concerning Fe homeostasis in plants are currently intensively studied. The activation of Fe uptake reactions requires an overall adaptation of the primary metabolism because these activities need the constant supply of energetic substrates (i.e., NADPH and ATP). Several studies concerning the metabolism of Fe-deficient plants have been conducted, but research focused on mitochondrial implications in adaptive responses to nutritional stress has only begun in recent years. Mitochondria are the energetic centre of the root cell, and they are strongly affected by Fe deficiency. Nevertheless, they display a high level of functional flexibility, which allows them to maintain the viability of the cell. Mitochondria represent a crucial target of studies on plant homeostasis, and it might be of interest to concentrate future research on understanding how mitochondria orchestrate the reprogramming of root cell metabolism under Fe deficiency. In this review, I summarise what it is known about the effect of Fe deficiency on mitochondrial metabolism and morphology. Moreover, I present a detailed view of the possible roles of mitochondria in the development of plant responses to Fe deficiency, integrating old findings with new and discussing new hypotheses for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianpiero Vigani
- Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Kim KH, Kang YJ, Kim DH, Yoon MY, Moon JK, Kim MY, Van K, Lee SH. RNA-Seq analysis of a soybean near-isogenic line carrying bacterial leaf pustule-resistant and -susceptible alleles. DNA Res 2011; 18:483-97. [PMID: 21987089 PMCID: PMC3223079 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsr033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial leaf pustule (BLP) disease is caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines (Xag). To investigate the plant basal defence mechanisms induced in response to Xag, differential gene expression in near-isogenic lines (NILs) of BLP-susceptible and BLP-resistant soybean was analysed by RNA-Seq. Of a total of 46 367 genes that were mapped to soybean genome reference sequences, 1978 and 783 genes were found to be up- and down-regulated, respectively, in the BLP-resistant NIL relative to the BLP-susceptible NIL at 0, 6, and 12h after inoculation (hai). Clustering analysis revealed that these genes could be grouped into 10 clusters with different expression patterns. Functional annotation based on gene ontology (GO) categories was carried out. Among the putative soybean defence response genes identified (GO:0006952), 134 exhibited significant differences in expression between the BLP-resistant and -susceptible NILs. In particular, pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) and damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) receptors and the genes induced by these receptors were highly expressed at 0 hai in the BLP-resistant NIL. Additionally, pathogenesis-related (PR)-1 and -14 were highly expressed at 0 hai, and PR-3, -6, and -12 were highly expressed at 12 hai. There were also significant differences in the expression of the core JA-signalling components MYC2 and JASMONATE ZIM-motif. These results indicate that powerful basal defence mechanisms involved in the recognition of PAMPs or DAMPs and a high level of accumulation of defence-related gene products may contribute to BLP resistance in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kil Hyun Kim
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Jae Kang
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Young Yoon
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Kyung Moon
- Rural Development Administration, Gyeonggi 441-770, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Young Kim
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyujung Van
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Ha Lee
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
- Plant Genomic and Breeding Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
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Slatni T, Vigani G, Salah IB, Kouas S, Dell'Orto M, Gouia H, Zocchi G, Abdelly C. Metabolic changes of iron uptake in N(2)-fixing common bean nodules during iron deficiency. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 181:151-8. [PMID: 21683880 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an important nutrient in N(2)-fixing legume nodules. The demand for this micronutrient increases during the symbiosis establishment, where the metal is utilized for the synthesis of various iron-containing proteins in both the plant and the bacteroid. Unfortunately, in spite of its importance, iron is poorly available to plant uptake since its solubility is very low when in its oxidized form Fe(III). In the present study, the effect of iron deficiency on the activity of some proteins involved in Strategy I response, such as Fe-chelate reductase (FC-R), H(+)-ATPase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and the protein level of iron regulated transporter (IRT1) and H(+)-ATPase proteins has been investigated in both roots and nodules of a tolerant (Flamingo) and a susceptible (Coco blanc) cultivar of common bean plants. The main results of this study show that the symbiotic tolerance of Flamingo can be ascribed to a greater increase in the FC-R and H(+)-ATPase activities in both roots and nodules, leading to a more efficient Fe supply to nodulating tissues. The strong increase in PEPC activity and organic acid content, in the Flamingo root nodules, suggests that under iron deficiency nodules can modify their metabolism in order to sustain those activities necessary to acquire Fe directly from the soil solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Slatni
- Laboratoire des Plantes Extrêmophiles, Centre de Biotechnologie, Technopark de Borj Cedria, BP 901, Hammam Lif 2050, Tunisia. slatni
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Csog Á, Mihucz VG, Tatár E, Fodor F, Virág I, Majdik C, Záray G. Accumulation and distribution of iron, cadmium, lead and nickel in cucumber plants grown in hydroponics containing two different chelated iron supplies. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:1038-1044. [PMID: 21342715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber plants grown in hydroponics containing 10 μM Cd(II), Ni(II) and Pb(II), and iron supplied as Fe(III) EDTA or Fe(III) citrate in identical concentrations, were investigated by total-reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry with special emphasis on the determination of iron accumulation and distribution within the different plant compartments (root, stem, cotyledon and leaves). The extent of Cd, Ni and Pb accumulation and distribution were also determined. Generally, iron and heavy-metal contaminant accumulation was higher when Fe(III) citrate was used. The accumulation of nickel and lead was higher by about 20% and 100%, respectively, if the iron supply was Fe(III) citrate. The accumulation of Cd was similar. In the case of Fe(III) citrate, the total amounts of Fe taken up were similar in the control and heavy-metal-treated plants (27-31 μmol/plant). Further, the amounts of iron transported from the root towards the shoot of the control, lead- and nickel-contaminated plants were independent of the iron(III) form. Although Fe mobility could be characterized as being low, its distribution within the shoot was not significantly affected by the heavy metals investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Árpád Csog
- Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, Arany János 11, Cluj-Napoca RO-3400, Romania
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Abadía J, Vázquez S, Rellán-Álvarez R, El-Jendoubi H, Abadía A, Alvarez-Fernández A, López-Millán AF. Towards a knowledge-based correction of iron chlorosis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2011; 49:471-82. [PMID: 21349731 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) deficiency-induced chlorosis is a major nutritional disorder in crops growing in calcareous soils. Iron deficiency in fruit tree crops causes chlorosis, decreases in vegetative growth and marked fruit yield and quality losses. Therefore, Fe fertilizers, either applied to the soil or delivered to the foliage, are used every year to control Fe deficiency in these crops. On the other hand, a substantial body of knowledge is available on the fundamentals of Fe uptake, long and short distance Fe transport and subcellular Fe allocation in plants. Most of this basic knowledge, however, applies only to Fe deficiency, with studies involving Fe fertilization (i.e., with Fe-deficient plants resupplied with Fe) being still scarce. This paper reviews recent developments in Fe-fertilizer research and the state-of-the-art of the knowledge on Fe acquisition, transport and utilization in plants. Also, the effects of Fe-fertilization on the plant responses to Fe deficiency are reviewed. Agronomical Fe-fertilization practices should benefit from the basic knowledge on plant Fe homeostasis already available; this should be considered as a long-term goal that can optimize fertilizer inputs, reduce grower's costs and minimize the environmental impact of fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Abadía
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), P.O. BOX 13034, E-50080 Zaragoza, Spain.
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Rodríguez-Celma J, Lattanzio G, Grusak MA, Abadía A, Abadía J, López-Millán AF. Root responses of Medicago truncatula plants grown in two different iron deficiency conditions: changes in root protein profile and riboflavin biosynthesis. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:2590-601. [PMID: 21370931 DOI: 10.1021/pr2000623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Iron deficiency is a yield-limiting factor with major implications for field crop production in one-third of the world's agricultural areas, especially those with high soil CaCO(3). In the present work, a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis proteomic approach was combined with a study on the riboflavin synthesis pathway, including qPCR and riboflavin determination, to investigate Fe-deficiency responses in Medicago truncatula plants grown with and without CaCO(3). Iron deficiency caused a de novo accumulation of DMRLs and GTPcII, proteins involved in riboflavin biosynthesis, as well as marked increases in root riboflavin concentrations and in the expression of four genes from the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway. Two novel changes found were the increased accumulation of proteins related to N recycling and protein catabolism. Other identified changes were consistent with previously found increases in glycolysis, TCA cycle, and stress-related processes. All effects were more marked in the presence of CaCO(3). Our results show that the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway was up-regulated at the genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic levels under both Fe-deficiency treatments, especially in the presence of CaCO(3). Results also indicate that N recycling occurs in M. truncatula upon Fe deficiency, possibly constituting an additional anaplerotic N and C source for the synthesis of secondary metabolites, carboxylates, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rodríguez-Celma
- Plant Nutrition Department, Aula Dei Experimental Station (CSIC), P.O. Box 13034, E-50080, Zaragoza, Spain
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Chen WW, Yang JL, Qin C, Jin CW, Mo JH, Ye T, Zheng SJ. Nitric oxide acts downstream of auxin to trigger root ferric-chelate reductase activity in response to iron deficiency in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 154:810-9. [PMID: 20699398 PMCID: PMC2948983 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.161109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In response to iron (Fe) deficiency, dicots employ a reduction-based mechanism by inducing ferric-chelate reductase (FCR) at the root plasma membrane to enhance Fe uptake. However, the signal pathway leading to FCR induction is still unclear. Here, we found that the Fe-deficiency-induced increase of auxin and nitric oxide (NO) levels in wild-type Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) was accompanied by up-regulation of root FCR activity and the expression of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor (FIT) and the ferric reduction oxidase 2 (FRO2) genes. This was further stimulated by application of exogenous auxin (α-naphthaleneacetic acid) or NO donor (S-nitrosoglutathione [GSNO]), but suppressed by either polar auxin transport inhibition with 1-naphthylphthalamic acid or NO scavenging with 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide, tungstate, or N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride. On the other hand, the root FCR activity, NO level, and gene expression of FIT and FRO2 were higher in auxin-overproducing mutant yucca under Fe deficiency, which were sharply restrained by 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide treatment. The opposite response was observed in a basipetal auxin transport impaired mutant aux1-7, which was slightly rescued by exogenous GSNO application. Furthermore, Fe deficiency or α-naphthaleneacetic acid application failed to induce Fe-deficiency responses in noa1 and nial nia2, two mutants with reduced NO synthesis, but root FCR activities in both mutants could be significantly elevated by GSNO. The inability to induce NO burst and FCR activity was further verified in a double mutant yucca noa1 with elevated auxin production and reduced NO accumulation. Therefore, we presented a novel signaling pathway where NO acts downstream of auxin to activate root FCR activity under Fe deficiency in Arabidopsis.
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Ramirez L, Zabaleta EJ, Lamattina L. Nitric oxide and frataxin: two players contributing to maintain cellular iron homeostasis. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2010; 105:801-10. [PMID: 19556267 PMCID: PMC2859906 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO) is a signalling and physiologically active molecule in animals, plants and bacteria. The specificity of the molecular mechanism(s) involved in transducing the NO signal within and between cells and tissues is still poorly understood. NO has been shown to be an emerging and potent signal molecule in plant growth, development and stress physiology. The NO donor S-nitrosoglutathion (GSNO) was shown to be a biologically active compound in plants and a candidate for NO storage and/or mobilization between plant tissues and cells. NO has been implicated as a central component in maintaining iron bioavailavility in plants. SCOPE AND CONCLUSIONS Iron is an essential nutrient for almost all organisms. This review presents an overview of the functions of NO in iron metabolism in animals and discusses how NO production constitutes a key response in plant iron sensing and availability. In plants, NO drives downstream responses to both iron deficiency and iron overload. NO-mediated improvement of iron nutrition in plants growing under iron-deficient conditions represents a powerful tool to cope with soils displaying low iron availability. An interconversion between different redox forms based on the iron and NO status of the plant cells might be the core of a metabolic process driving plant iron homeostasis. Frataxin, a recently identified protein in plants, plays an important role in mitochondria biogenesis and in maintaining mitochondrial iron homeostasis. Evidence regarding the interaction between frataxin, NO and iron from analysis of frataxin knock-down Arabidopsis thaliana mutants is reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lorenzo Lamattina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC 1245, (7600) Mar del Plata, Argentina
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Li W, Schmidt W. A lysine-63-linked ubiquitin chain-forming conjugase, UBC13, promotes the developmental responses to iron deficiency in Arabidopsis roots. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 62:330-43. [PMID: 20113438 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Iron-deficiency responses comprise molecular, physiological and developmental adjustments, ultimately leading to an improved cellular Fe homeostasis. By using a proteomic approach, we identified the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBC13 as being highly responsive to the Fe regime at the post-transcriptional level in the tips of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) roots. UBC13 has been shown to catalyze non-canonical Lys63-linked ubiquitin chains, playing important roles in signal transduction among eukaryotes. Ectopic expression of the cucumber UBC13 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana led to a more pronounced and Fe-responsive formation of branched root hairs, a key response of Arabidopsis roots to Fe deficiency. Plants carrying a mutation in the Arabidopsis ortholog UBC13A were unable to form branched root hairs upon Fe deficiency and showed a perturbed expression of Fe-regulated genes. Mutants defective in both Arabidopsis UBC13 genes, UBC13A and UBC13B, showed a marked reduction in root hair density. Mutations in the cognate E3 ligases RGLG2 and RGLG1 caused the constitutive formation of branched root hairs independent of the Fe supply, indicating the involvement of polyubiquitination in the altered differentiation of rhizodermal cells. It is concluded that UBC13, probably via the formation of Lys63-linked ubiquitin chains, has a critical function in epidermal cell differentiation and is crucial for the regulation of Fe-responsive genes and developmental responses to Fe deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Li
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 115 Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
High-resolution cellular analysis will help answer many important questions in plant biology including how genetic information is differentially used to enable the formation and development of the plant body. By comparing transcriptome data from distinct cell types during various stages of development, insight can be obtained into the transcriptional networks that underpin the attributes and contributions of particular cells and tissues. Laser microdissection (LM) is a technique that enables researchers to obtain specific cells or tissues from histological samples in a manner conducive to downstream molecular analysis. LM has become an established strategy in many areas of biology and it has recently been adapted for use with many types of plant tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Day
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
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Gomez SK, Harrison MJ. Laser microdissection and its application to analyze gene expression in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2009; 65:504-511. [PMID: 19206091 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus is essential for plant growth, and in many soils phosphorus availability limits crop production. Most plants in natural ecosystems obtain phosphorus via a symbiotic partnership with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. While the significance of these associations is apparent, their molecular basis is poorly understood. Consequently, the potential to harness the mycorrhizal symbiosis to improve phosphorus nutrition in agriculture is not realized. Transcript profiling has recently been used to investigate gene expression changes that accompany development of the AM symbiosis. While these approaches have enabled the identification of AM-symbiosis-associated genes, they have generally involved the use of RNA from whole mycorrhizal roots. Laser microdissection techniques allow the dissection and capture of individual cells from a tissue. RNA can then be isolated from these samples and cell-type specific gene expression information can be obtained. This technology has been applied to obtain cells from plants and more recently to study plant-microbe interactions. The latter techniques, particularly those developed for root-microbe interactions, are of relevance to plant-parasitic weed research. Here, laser microdissection, its use in plant biology and in particular plant-microbe interactions are discussed. An overview of the AM symbiosis is then provided, with a focus on recent advances in understanding development of the arbuscule-cortical cell interface. Finally, the recent applications of laser microdissection for analyses of AM symbiosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Karen Gomez
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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Jeong J, Guerinot ML. Homing in on iron homeostasis in plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2009; 14:280-5. [PMID: 19375375 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Iron is essential for plants but is not readily accessible and is also potentially toxic. As plants are a major dietary source of iron worldwide, understanding plant iron homeostasis is pivotal for improving not only crop yields but also human nutrition. Although iron acquisition from the environment is well characterized, the transporters and reductases involved in plant organellar iron transport and some of the transcription factors that regulate iron uptake have only recently been discovered. Here, we discuss newly characterized molecular players, focusing on Arabidopsis. Localization of iron to the right compartment and accessibility of iron stores are proving crucial for maintaining proper iron homeostasis and will need to be considered in biofortification efforts currently underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeyon Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Santi S, Schmidt W. Dissecting iron deficiency-induced proton extrusion in Arabidopsis roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 183:1072-1084. [PMID: 19549134 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Here, we have analysed the H(+)-ATPase-mediated extrusion of protons across the plasma membrane (PM) of rhizodermic cells, a process that is inducible by iron (Fe) deficiency and thought to serve in the mobilization of sparingly soluble Fe sources. The induction and function of Fe-responsive PM H(+)-ATPases in Arabidopsis roots was investigated by gene expression analysis and by using mutants defective in the expression or function of one of the isogenes. In addition, the expression of the most responsive isogenes was investigated in natural Arabidopsis accessions that have been selected for their in vivo proton extrusion activity. Our data suggest that the rhizosphere acidification in response to Fe deficiency is chiefly mediated by AHA2, while AHA1 functions as a housekeeping isoform. The aha7 knock-out mutant plants showed a reduced frequency of root hairs, suggesting an involvement of AHA7 in the differentiation of rhizodermic cells. Acidification capacity varied among Arabidopsis accessions and was associated with a high induction of AHA2 and IRT1, a high relative growth rate and a shoot-root ratio that was unaffected by the external Fe supply. An effective regulation of the Fe-responsive genes and a stable shoot-root ratio may represent important characteristics for the Fe uptake efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Santi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Universitá degli studi di Udine, Via delle Scienze 208, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Schmidt
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 115 Taipei, Taiwan
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Walker EL, Connolly EL. Time to pump iron: iron-deficiency-signaling mechanisms of higher plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 11:530-5. [PMID: 18722804 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2008.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient for plants, yet it often limits plant growth. On the contrary, overaccumulation of iron within plant cells leads to oxidative stress. As a consequence, iron-uptake systems are carefully regulated to ensure that iron homeostasis is maintained. In response to iron limitation, plants induce expression of sets of activities that function at the root-soil interface to solubilize iron and subsequently transfer it across the plasma membrane of root cells. Recent advances have revealed key players in the signaling pathways that function to induce these iron-uptake responses. Transcription factors belonging to the basic helix-loop-helix, ABI3/VP1(B3), and NAC families appear to function either directly or indirectly in the upregulation of iron deficiency responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsbeth L Walker
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
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Nelson T, Gandotra N, Tausta SL. Plant cell types: reporting and sampling with new technologies. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 11:567-73. [PMID: 18653377 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants have relatively few cell types, but their specialized functions and their interactions are essential for physiology, development, and defense. The contributions of individual cells have been distinguished by methods including in situ reporting, cell sampling, and cell separation, thus far mostly limited to measurement of single transcripts, proteins, or metabolites. Advances in transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and activity assays with small samples and in the modeling of these data into networks of expression, regulation, interaction, and metabolism make it possible to evaluate the roles of cell types at system levels. Recent analyses include cell types of developing roots, bundle sheath and mesophyll cells of C4-type leaves, xylem and phloem cells of vascular systems, and specialized regions of embryos and shoot apices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Nelson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208104, New Haven, CT 06520-8104, USA.
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