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Bacelar E, Pinto T, Anjos R, Morais MC, Oliveira I, Vilela A, Cosme F. Impacts of Climate Change and Mitigation Strategies for Some Abiotic and Biotic Constraints Influencing Fruit Growth and Quality. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1942. [PMID: 39065469 PMCID: PMC11280748 DOI: 10.3390/plants13141942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Factors such as extreme temperatures, light radiation, and nutritional condition influence the physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes associated with fruit development and its quality. Besides abiotic stresses, biotic constraints can also affect fruit growth and quality. Moreover, there can be interactions between stressful conditions. However, it is challenging to predict and generalize the risks of climate change scenarios on seasonal patterns of growth, development, yield, and quality of fruit species because their responses are often highly complex and involve changes at multiple levels. Advancements in genetic editing technologies hold great potential for the agricultural sector, particularly in enhancing fruit crop traits. These improvements can be tailored to meet consumer preferences, which is crucial for commercial success. Canopy management and innovative training systems are also key factors that contribute to maximizing yield efficiency and improving fruit quality, which are essential for the competitiveness of orchards. Moreover, the creation of habitats that support pollinators is a critical aspect of sustainable agriculture, as they play a significant role in the production of many crops, including fruits. Incorporating these strategies allows fruit growers to adapt to changing climate conditions, which is increasingly important for the stability of food production. By investing in these areas, fruit growers can stay ahead of challenges and opportunities in the industry, ultimately leading to increased success and profitability. In this review, we aim to provide an updated overview of the current knowledge on this important topic. We also provide recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Bacelar
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-of-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, P-5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (T.P.); (R.A.); (M.C.M.); (I.O.)
| | - Teresa Pinto
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-of-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, P-5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (T.P.); (R.A.); (M.C.M.); (I.O.)
| | - Rosário Anjos
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-of-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, P-5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (T.P.); (R.A.); (M.C.M.); (I.O.)
| | - Maria Cristina Morais
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-of-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, P-5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (T.P.); (R.A.); (M.C.M.); (I.O.)
| | - Ivo Oliveira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-of-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, P-5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (T.P.); (R.A.); (M.C.M.); (I.O.)
| | - Alice Vilela
- Chemistry Research Centre–Vila Real (CQ-VR), Department of Agronomy, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, P-5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Fernanda Cosme
- Chemistry Research Centre–Vila Real (CQ-VR), Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, P-5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
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Moosavi SF, Haghighi M, Mirmazloum I. Interacting effects of phytohormones and fruit pruning on the morpho-physiological and biochemical attributes of bell pepper. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14801. [PMID: 38926600 PMCID: PMC11208527 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65855-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Several factors, such as pruning and phytohormones, have demonstrated an influence on both the quantity and quality in the bell pepper. A factorial experiment using a completely randomized design was conducted on the Lumos yellow bell in a greenhouse. Treatments were the fruit pruning (0, 10, and 30%) and foliar application of phytohormones auxin (AUX) and gibberellic acid (GA3) at concentrations of 10 µM AUX, 10 µM GA3, 10 µM AUX + 10 µM GA3+, and 20 µM AUX + 10 µM GA3 along with controls. The plants were sprayed with phytohormones in four growth stages (1: flowering stage when 50% of the flowers were on the plant, 2: fruiting stage when 50% of the fruits were the size of peas, 3: fruit growth stage when 50% of the fruits had reached 50% of their growth, and 4: ripening stage when 50% of the fruits were at color break). The results of the present investigation showed that pruning rate of 30% yielded the highest flesh thickness and vitamin C content, decreased seed count and hastened fruit ripening. The use of GA3 along with AUX has been observed to augment diverse fruit quality characteristics. According to the results, the application of 10% pruning in combination with 20 µM AUX and 10 µM GA3 demonstrated the most significant levels of carotenoids, chlorophyll, and fruit length. The experimental group subjected to the combined treatment of 30% pruning and 10 µM AUX + 10 µM GA3 showed the most noteworthy levels of vitamin C, fruit weight, and fruit thickness. The groups that received the 10 µM GA3 and 20 µM AUX + 10 µM GA3 treatments exhibited the most favorable fruit flavor. According to the research results, the implementation of hormonal treatments 10 µM AUX and 10 µM AUX + 10 µM GA3 in combination with a 30% pruning strategy resulted in the most advantageous yield of bell peppers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayedeh Fatemeh Moosavi
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Haghighi
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Iman Mirmazloum
- Department of Plant Physiology and Plant Ecology, Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ménesi Str. 44, 1118, Budapest, Hungary.
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Li H, Suo Y, Li H, Sun P, Han W, Fu J. Cytological, Phytohormone, and Transcriptome Analyses Provide Insights into Persimmon Fruit Shape Formation ( Diospyros kaki Thunb.). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4812. [PMID: 38732032 PMCID: PMC11083898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Fruit shape is an important external feature when consumers choose their preferred fruit varieties. Studying persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) fruit shape is beneficial to increasing its commodity value. However, research on persimmon fruit shape is still in the initial stage. In this study, the mechanism of fruit shape formation was studied by cytological observations, phytohormone assays, and transcriptome analysis using the long fruit and flat fruit produced by 'Yaoxianwuhua' hermaphroditic flowers. The results showed that stage 2-3 (June 11-June 25) was the critical period for persimmon fruit shape formation. Persimmon fruit shape is determined by cell number in the transverse direction and cell length in the longitudinal direction. High IAA, GA4, ZT, and BR levels may promote long fruit formation by promoting cell elongation in the longitudinal direction, and high GA3 and ABA levels may be more conducive to flat fruit formation by increasing the cell number in the transverse direction and inhibiting cell elongation in the longitudinal direction, respectively. Thirty-two DEGs related to phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways and nine DEGs related to cell division and cell expansion may be involved in the persimmon fruit shape formation process. These results provide valuable information for regulatory mechanism research on persimmon fruit formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Li
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, No. 498 Shaoshan South Road, Changsha 410004, China;
- Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 3 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (Y.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Yujing Suo
- Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 3 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (Y.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Hui Li
- Research Institute of Forestry Policy and Information, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China;
| | - Peng Sun
- Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 3 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (Y.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Weijuan Han
- Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 3 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (Y.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Jianmin Fu
- Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 3 Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (Y.S.); (P.S.)
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4
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Chen D, Xu Y, Li J, Shiba H, Ezura H, Wang N. ERECTA Modulates Seed Germination and Fruit Development via Auxin Signaling in Tomato. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4754. [PMID: 38731974 PMCID: PMC11084166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) breeding for improved fruit quality emphasizes selecting for desirable taste and characteristics, as well as enhancing disease resistance and yield. Seed germination is the initial step in the plant life cycle and directly affects crop productivity and yield. ERECTA (ER) is a receptor-like kinase (RLK) family protein known for its involvement in diverse developmental processes. We characterized a Micro-Tom EMS mutant designated as a knock-out mutant of sler. Our research reveals that SlER plays a central role in controlling critical traits such as inflorescence development, seed number, and seed germination. The elevation in auxin levels and alterations in the expression of ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 3 (ABI3) and ABI5 in sler seeds compared to the WT indicate that SlER modulates seed germination via auxin and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Additionally, we detected an increase in auxin content in the sler ovary and changes in the expression of auxin synthesis genes YUCCA flavin monooxygenases 1 (YUC1), YUC4, YUC5, and YUC6 as well as auxin response genes AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 5 (ARF5) and ARF7, suggesting that SlER regulates fruit development via auxin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoyun Chen
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan; (D.C.); (Y.X.); (J.L.); (H.S.); (H.E.)
| | - Yuqing Xu
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan; (D.C.); (Y.X.); (J.L.); (H.S.); (H.E.)
| | - Jiawei Li
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan; (D.C.); (Y.X.); (J.L.); (H.S.); (H.E.)
| | - Hiroshi Shiba
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan; (D.C.); (Y.X.); (J.L.); (H.S.); (H.E.)
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan; (D.C.); (Y.X.); (J.L.); (H.S.); (H.E.)
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ning Wang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan; (D.C.); (Y.X.); (J.L.); (H.S.); (H.E.)
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan
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Hua B, Wu J, Han X, Bian X, Xu Z, Sun C, Wang R, Zhang W, Liang F, Zhang H, Li S, Li Z, Wu S. Auxin homeostasis is maintained by sly-miR167-SlARF8A/B-SlGH3.4 feedback module in the development of locular and placental tissues of tomato fruits. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1177-1192. [PMID: 37985404 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The locular gel, produced by the placenta, is important for fruit flavor and seed development in tomato. However, the mechanism underlying locule and placenta development is not fully understood yet. Here, we show that two SlARF transcription factors, SlARF8B and SlARF8A (SlARF8A/B), promote the development of locular and placenta tissues. The expression of both SlARF8A and SlARF8B is repressed by sly-microRNA167 (sly-miR167), allowing for the activation of auxin downstream genes. In slarf8a, slarf8b, and slarf8a/b mutants, the auxin (IAA) levels are decreased, whereas the levels of inactive IAA conjugates including IAA-Ala, IAA-Asp, and IAA-Glu are increased. We further find that SlARF8B directly inhibits the expression of SlGH3.4, an acyl acid amino synthetase that conjugates the amino acids to IAA. Disruption of such auxin balance by the increased expression of SlGH3.4 or SlGH3.2 results in defective locular and placental tissues. Taken together, our findings reveal an important regulatory module constituted by sly-miR167-SlARF8A/B-SlGH3.4 during the development of locular and placenta tissues of tomato fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Hua
- College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Junqing Wu
- College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xiaoqian Han
- College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xinxin Bian
- College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhijing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chao Sun
- College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Renyin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Fei Liang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Shuang Li
- College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhengguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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6
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Baranov D, Dolgov S, Timerbaev V. New Advances in the Study of Regulation of Tomato Flowering-Related Genes Using Biotechnological Approaches. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:359. [PMID: 38337892 PMCID: PMC10856997 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The tomato is a convenient object for studying reproductive processes, which has become a classic. Such complex processes as flowering and fruit setting require an understanding of the fundamental principles of molecular interaction, the structures of genes and proteins, the construction of signaling pathways for transcription regulation, including the synchronous actions of cis-regulatory elements (promoter and enhancer), trans-regulatory elements (transcription factors and regulatory RNAs), and transposable elements and epigenetic regulators (DNA methylation and acetylation, chromatin structure). Here, we discuss the current state of research on tomatoes (2017-2023) devoted to studying the function of genes that regulate flowering and signal regulation systems using genome-editing technologies, RNA interference gene silencing, and gene overexpression, including heterologous expression. Although the central candidate genes for these regulatory components have been identified, a complete picture of their relationship has yet to be formed. Therefore, this review summarizes the latest achievements related to studying the processes of flowering and fruit set. This work attempts to display the gene interaction scheme to better understand the events under consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Baranov
- Laboratory of Expression Systems and Plant Genome Modification, Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (D.B.); (S.D.)
- Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Dolgov
- Laboratory of Expression Systems and Plant Genome Modification, Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (D.B.); (S.D.)
- Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim Timerbaev
- Laboratory of Expression Systems and Plant Genome Modification, Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (D.B.); (S.D.)
- Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 127550 Moscow, Russia
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7
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Kerr SC, Shehnaz S, Paudel L, Manivannan MS, Shaw LM, Johnson A, Velasquez JTJ, Tanurdžić M, Cazzonelli CI, Varkonyi-Gasic E, Prentis PJ. Advancing tree genomics to future proof next generation orchard production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1321555. [PMID: 38312357 PMCID: PMC10834703 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1321555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
The challenges facing tree orchard production in the coming years will be largely driven by changes in the climate affecting the sustainability of farming practices in specific geographical regions. Identifying key traits that enable tree crops to modify their growth to varying environmental conditions and taking advantage of new crop improvement opportunities and technologies will ensure the tree crop industry remains viable and profitable into the future. In this review article we 1) outline climate and sustainability challenges relevant to horticultural tree crop industries, 2) describe key tree crop traits targeted for improvement in agroecosystem productivity and resilience to environmental change, and 3) discuss existing and emerging genomic technologies that provide opportunities for industries to future proof the next generation of orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Kerr
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Saiyara Shehnaz
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lucky Paudel
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Mekaladevi S Manivannan
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Lindsay M Shaw
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Amanda Johnson
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jose Teodoro J Velasquez
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Miloš Tanurdžić
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Erika Varkonyi-Gasic
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter J Prentis
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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8
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Camarero MC, Briegas B, Corbacho J, Labrador J, Gomez-Jimenez MC. Hormonal Content and Gene Expression during Olive Fruit Growth and Ripening. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3832. [PMID: 38005729 PMCID: PMC10675085 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The cultivated olive (Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea var. europaea) is one of the most valuable fruit trees worldwide. However, the hormonal mechanisms underlying the fruit growth and ripening in olives remain largely uncharacterized. In this study, we investigated the physiological and hormonal changes, by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS), as well as the expression patterns of hormone-related genes, using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis, during fruit growth and ripening in two olive cultivars, 'Arbequina' and 'Picual', with contrasting fruit size and shape as well as fruit ripening duration. Hormonal profiling revealed that olive fruit growth involves a lowering of auxin (IAA), cytokinin (CKs), and jasmonic acid (JA) levels as well as a rise in salicylic acid (SA) levels from the endocarp lignification to the onset of fruit ripening in both cultivars. During olive fruit ripening, both abscisic acid (ABA) and anthocyanin levels rose, while JA levels fell, and SA levels showed no significant changes in either cultivar. By contrast, differential accumulation patterns of gibberellins (GAs) were found between the two cultivars during olive fruit growth and ripening. GA1 was not detected at either stage of fruit development in 'Arbequina', revealing a specific association between the GA1 and 'Picual', the cultivar with large sized, elongated, and fast-ripening fruit. Moreover, ABA may play a central role in regulating olive fruit ripening through transcriptional regulation of key ABA metabolism genes, whereas the IAA, CK, and GA levels and/or responsiveness differ between olive cultivars during olive fruit ripening. Taken together, the results indicate that the relative absence or presence of endogenous GA1 is associated with differences in fruit morphology and size as well as in the ripening duration in olives. Such detailed knowledge may be of help to design new strategies for effective manipulation of olive fruit size as well as ripening duration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Maria C. Gomez-Jimenez
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
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9
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Zuccarelli R, Rodríguez-Ruiz M, Silva FO, Gomes LDL, Lopes-Oliveira PJ, Zsögön A, Andrade SCS, Demarco D, Corpas FJ, Peres LEP, Rossi M, Freschi L. Loss of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase disturbs phytohormone homeostasis and regulates shoot side branching and fruit growth in tomato. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6349-6368. [PMID: 37157899 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
S-Nitrosoglutathione plays a central role in nitric oxide (NO) homeostasis, and S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) regulates the cellular levels of S-nitrosoglutathione across kingdoms. Here, we investigated the role of endogenous NO in shaping shoot architecture and controlling fruit set and growth in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). SlGSNOR silencing promoted shoot side branching and led to reduced fruit size, negatively impacting fruit yield. Greatly intensified in slgsnor knockout plants, these phenotypical changes were virtually unaffected by SlGSNOR overexpression. Silencing or knocking out of SlGSNOR intensified protein tyrosine nitration and S-nitrosation and led to aberrant auxin production and signaling in leaf primordia and fruit-setting ovaries, besides restricting the shoot basipetal polar auxin transport stream. SlGSNOR deficiency triggered extensive transcriptional reprogramming at early fruit development, reducing pericarp cell proliferation due to restrictions on auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin production and signaling. Abnormal chloroplast development and carbon metabolism were also detected in early-developing NO-overaccumulating fruits, possibly limiting energy supply and building blocks for fruit growth. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms by which endogenous NO fine-tunes the delicate hormonal network controlling shoot architecture, fruit set, and post-anthesis fruit development, emphasizing the relevance of NO-auxin interaction for plant development and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Zuccarelli
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda O Silva
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Letícia D L Gomes
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia J Lopes-Oliveira
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Agustin Zsögön
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Sónia C S Andrade
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Diego Demarco
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Lázaro E P Peres
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Magdalena Rossi
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciano Freschi
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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10
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Sun J, Zhang X, Fu C, Ahmad N, Zhao C, Hou L, Naeem M, Pan J, Wang X, Zhao S. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of GA20ox and GA3ox genes during pod development in peanut. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16279. [PMID: 37908413 PMCID: PMC10615029 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gibberellins (GAs) play important roles in regulating peanut growth and development. GA20ox and GA3ox are key enzymes involved in GA biosynthesis. These enzymes encoded by a multigene family belong to the 2OG-Fe (II) oxygenase superfamily. To date, no genome-wide comparative analysis of peanut AhGA20ox and AhGA3ox-encoding genes has been performed, and the roles of these genes in peanut pod development are not clear. Methods A whole-genome analysis of AhGA20ox and AhGA3ox gene families in peanut was carried out using bioinformatic tools. The expression of these genes at different stage of pod development was analyzed using qRT-PCR. Results In this study, a total of 15 AhGA20ox and five AhGA3ox genes were identified in peanut genome, which were distributed on 14 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis divided the GA20oxs and GA3oxs into three groups, but AhGA20oxs and AhGA3oxs in two groups. The conserved pattern of gene structure, cis-elements, and protein motifs further confirmed their evolutionary relationship in peanut. AhGA20ox and AhGA3ox genes were differential expressed at different stages of pod development. The strong expression of AhGA20ox1/AhGA20ox4, AhGA20ox12/AhGA20ox15, AhGA3ox1 and AhGA3ox4/AhGA3ox5 in S1-stage indicated that these genes could have a key role in controlling peg elongation. Furthermore, AhGA20ox and AhGA3ox also showed diverse expression patterns in different peanut tissues including leaves, main stems, flowers and inflorescences. Noticeably, AhGA20ox9/AhGA20ox11 and AhGA3o4/AhGA3ox5 were highly expressed in the main stem, whereas the AhGA3ox1 and AhGA20ox10 were strongly expressed in the inflorescence. The expression levels of AhGA20ox2/AhGA20ox3, AhGA20ox5/AhGA20ox6, AhGA20ox7/AhGA20ox8, AhGA20ox13/AhGA20ox14 and AhGA3ox2/AhGA3ox3 were high in the flowers, suggesting their involvement in flower development. These results provide a basis for deciphering the roles of AhGA20ox and AhGA3ox in peanut growth and development, especially in pod development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Chun Fu
- Weifang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, China
| | - Naveed Ahmad
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanzhi Zhao
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Hou
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, China
| | - Muhammad Naeem
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaowen Pan
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, China
| | - Xingjun Wang
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuzhen Zhao
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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11
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Lu D, Wu Y, Zhang J, Qi Y, Zhang Y, Pan Q. Visualizing the Distribution of Jujube Metabolites at Different Maturity Stages Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Foods 2023; 12:3795. [PMID: 37893688 PMCID: PMC10606910 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chinese jujube (also called Chinese date, Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is an economically important tree in China and provides a rich source of sugars, vitamins, and bioactive components, all of which are indispensable and essential for the composition and participation in life processes of the human body. However, the location of these metabolites in jujube fruits has not been determined. This study applied matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) to investigate the spatial distribution of sugars, organic acids, and other key components in jujube fruits at different developmental periods. Soluble sugars such as hexoses and sucrose/maltose significantly increase with fruit ripening, while organic acids show an overall trend of initially increasing and then decreasing. Procyanidins and rutin exhibit specific distributions in the fruit periphery and peel. These findings suggest that MALDI-MSI can be used to study the spatial distribution of nutritional components in jujube fruits, providing insights into the changes and spatial distribution of substances during jujube fruit development. This technique offers a scientific basis for jujube breeding, utilization, and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongye Lu
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (D.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing 100093, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (D.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing 100093, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- Beijing Forestry Workstation, Beijing Municipal Forestry and Parks Buteau, Beijing 100013, China;
| | - Yuanyong Qi
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (D.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing 100093, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yuping Zhang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (D.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Qinghua Pan
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (D.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing 100093, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, China
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12
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Wu Y, Li X, Zhang W, Wang L, Li B, Wang S. Aroma profiling of Shine Muscat grape provides detailed insights into the regulatory effect of gibberellic acid and N-(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl)-N-phenylurea applications on aroma quality. Food Res Int 2023; 170:112950. [PMID: 37316003 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As plant growth regulators, gibberellic acid (GA3) and CPPU [forchlorfenuron, N-(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl)-N-phenylurea] are widely used in the production of table grapes. However, how these compounds regulate the aroma quality remains unclear. By measuring free and bound aroma compounds in Shine Muscat grapes from eight groups during whole growth period, GA3 and CPPU were both found to significantly promote the synthesis of acyclic monoterpenes and (E)-2-hexenal, and double applications were found to further increase the aroma compound contents. On the other hand, GA3 and CPPU obviously promoted the expansion of berries, and the effect of promoting the synthesis of aroma compounds was largely diminished. In conclusion, free compound concentrations in berry were almost unaffected by GA3 and CPPU. From the perspective of aroma compounds, a highly concerted interplay was observed for terpenes, and bound compounds exhibited higher correlations than those of free compounds. In addition, 17 compounds could be used as markers that indicated the developmental timing of berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusen Wu
- Shandong Academy of Grape, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiujie Li
- Shandong Academy of Grape, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Bo Li
- Shandong Academy of Grape, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Shiping Wang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China.
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13
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Israeli A, Schubert R, Man N, Teboul N, Serrani Yarce JC, Rosowski EE, Wu MF, Levy M, Efroni I, Ljung K, Hause B, Reed JW, Ori N. Modulating auxin response stabilizes tomato fruit set. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:2336-2355. [PMID: 37032117 PMCID: PMC10315294 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fruit formation depends on successful fertilization and is highly sensitive to weather fluctuations that affect pollination. Auxin promotes fruit initiation and growth following fertilization. Class A auxin response factors (Class A ARFs) repress transcription in the absence of auxin and activate transcription in its presence. Here, we explore how multiple members of the ARF family regulate fruit set and fruit growth in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and Arabidopsis thaliana, and test whether reduction of SlARF activity improves yield stability in fluctuating temperatures. We found that several tomato Slarf mutant combinations produced seedless parthenocarpic fruits, most notably mutants deficient in SlARF8A and SlARF8B genes. Arabidopsis Atarf8 mutants deficient in the orthologous gene had less complete parthenocarpy than did tomato Slarf8a Slarf8b mutants. Conversely, Atarf6 Atarf8 double mutants had reduced fruit growth after fertilization. AtARF6 and AtARF8 likely switch from repression to activation of fruit growth in response to a fertilization-induced auxin increase in gynoecia. Tomato plants with reduced SlARF8A and SlARF8B gene dosage had substantially higher yield than the wild type under controlled or ambient hot and cold growth conditions. In field trials, partial reduction in the SlARF8 dose increased yield under extreme temperature with minimal pleiotropic effects. The stable yield of the mutant plants resulted from a combination of early onset of fruit set, more fruit-bearing branches and more flowers setting fruits. Thus, ARF8 proteins mediate the control of fruit set, and relieving this control with Slarf8 mutations may be utilized in breeding to increase yield stability in tomato and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Israeli
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ramona Schubert
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - Nave Man
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Naama Teboul
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Emily E Rosowski
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Miin-Feng Wu
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Matan Levy
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Idan Efroni
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Karin Ljung
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 901 83, Sweden
| | - Bettina Hause
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - Jason W Reed
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Naomi Ori
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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14
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Li Q, Luo S, Zhang L, Feng Q, Song L, Sapkota M, Xuan S, Wang Y, Zhao J, van der Knaap E, Chen X, Shen S. Molecular and genetic regulations of fleshy fruit shape and lessons from Arabidopsis and rice. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad108. [PMID: 37577396 PMCID: PMC10419822 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Fleshy fruit shape is an important external quality trait influencing the usage of fruits and consumer preference. Thus, modification of fruit shape has become one of the major objectives for crop improvement. However, the underlying mechanisms of fruit shape regulation are poorly understood. In this review we summarize recent progress in the genetic basis of fleshy fruit shape regulation using tomato, cucumber, and peach as examples. Comparative analyses suggest that the OFP-TRM (OVATE Family Protein - TONNEAU1 Recruiting Motif) and IQD (IQ67 domain) pathways are probably conserved in regulating fruit shape by primarily modulating cell division patterns across fleshy fruit species. Interestingly, cucumber homologs of FRUITFULL (FUL1), CRABS CLAW (CRC) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase 2 (ACS2) were found to regulate fruit elongation. We also outline the recent progress in fruit shape regulation mediated by OFP-TRM and IQD pathways in Arabidopsis and rice, and propose that the OFP-TRM pathway and IQD pathway coordinate regulate fruit shape through integration of phytohormones, including brassinosteroids, gibberellic acids, and auxin, and microtubule organization. In addition, functional redundancy and divergence of the members of each of the OFP, TRM, and IQD families are also shown. This review provides a general overview of current knowledge in fruit shape regulation and discusses the possible mechanisms that need to be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Shuangxia Luo
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Liying Zhang
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Qian Feng
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, Institute for Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lijun Song
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Manoj Sapkota
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, Institute for Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Shuxin Xuan
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Jianjun Zhao
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Esther van der Knaap
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, Institute for Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Xueping Chen
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Shuxing Shen
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
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15
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Do VG, Lee Y, Kim S, Yang S, Park J, Do G. Introducing MdTFL1 Promotes Heading Date and Produces Semi-Draft Phenotype in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10365. [PMID: 37373512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Flowering time (in rice, termed the heading date), plant height, and grain number are crucial agronomic traits for rice productivity. The heading date is controlled via environmental factors (day length and temperature) and genetic factors (floral genes). TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) encodes a protein that controls meristem identity and participates in regulating flowering. In this study, a transgenic approach was used to promote the heading date in rice. We isolated and cloned apple MdTFL1 for early flowering in rice. Transgenic rice plants with antisense MdTFL1 showed an early heading date compared with wild-type plants. A gene expression analysis suggested that introducing MdTFL1 upregulated multiple endogenous floral meristem identity genes, including the (early) heading date gene family FLOWERING LOCUS T and MADS-box transcription factors, thereby shortening vegetable development. Antisense MdTFL1 also produced a wide range of phenotypic changes, including a change in overall plant organelles that affected an array of traits, especially grain productivity. The transgenic rice exhibited a semi-draft phenotype, increased leaf inclination angle, restricted flag leaf length, reduced spikelet fertility, and fewer grains per panicle. MdTFL1 plays a central role in regulating flowering and in various physiological aspects. These findings emphasize the role of TFL1 in regulating flowering in shortened breeding and expanding its function to produce plants with semi-draft phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Giap Do
- Apple Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Gunwi 39000, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsuk Lee
- Apple Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Gunwi 39000, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonae Kim
- Apple Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Gunwi 39000, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangjin Yang
- Apple Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Gunwi 39000, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyeon Park
- Apple Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Gunwi 39000, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyungran Do
- Planning and Coordination Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
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16
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Chai L, Wang H, Yu H, Pang E, Lu T, Li Y, Jiang W, Li Q. Girdling promotes tomato fruit enlargement by enhancing fruit sink strength and triggering cytokinin accumulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1174403. [PMID: 37396637 PMCID: PMC10312241 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1174403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Girdling is a horticultural technique that enhances fruit size by allocating more carbohydrates to fruits, yet its underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, girdling was applied to the main stems of tomato plants 14 days after anthesis. Following girdling, there was a significant increase in fruit volume, dry weight, and starch accumulation. Interestingly, although sucrose transport to the fruit increased, the fruit's sucrose concentration decreased. Girdling also led to an increase in the activities of enzymes involved in sucrose hydrolysis and AGPase, and to an upregulation in the expression of key genes related to sugar transport and utilization. Moreover, the assay of carboxyfluorescein (CF) signal in detached fruit indicated that girdled fruits exhibited a greater ability to take up carbohydrates. These results indicate that girdling improves sucrose unloading and sugar utilization in fruit, thereby enhancing fruit sink strength. In addition, girdling induced cytokinin (CK) accumulation, promoted cell division in the fruit, and upregulated the expression of genes related to CK synthesis and activation. Furthermore, the results of a sucrose injection experiment suggested that increased sucrose import induced CK accumulation in the fruit. This study sheds light on the mechanisms by which girdling promotes fruit enlargement and provides novel insights into the interaction between sugar import and CK accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qiang Li
- *Correspondence: Qiang Li, ; Weijie Jiang,
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17
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Seedlessness Trait and Genome Editing—A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065660. [PMID: 36982733 PMCID: PMC10057249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Parthenocarpy and stenospermocarpy are the two mechanisms underlying the seedless fruit set program. Seedless fruit occurs naturally and can be produced using hormone application, crossbreeding, or ploidy breeding. However, the two types of breeding are time-consuming and sometimes ineffective due to interspecies hybridization barriers or the absence of appropriate parental genotypes to use in the breeding process. The genetic engineering approach provides a better prospect, which can be explored based on an understanding of the genetic causes underlying the seedlessness trait. For instance, CRISPR/Cas is a comprehensive and precise technology. The prerequisite for using the strategy to induce seedlessness is identifying the crucial master gene or transcription factor liable for seed formation/development. In this review, we primarily explored the seedlessness mechanisms and identified the potential candidate genes underlying seed development. We also discussed the CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing approaches and their improvements.
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18
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Islam MS, Hasan MK, Islam MR, Chowdhury MK, Pramanik MH, Iqbal MA, Rajendran K, Iqbal R, Soufan W, Kamran C, Liyun L, El Sabagh A. Water relations and yield characteristics of mungbean as influenced by foliar application of gibberellic acid (GA3). Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1048768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimizing the dose and foliar application frequency of growth regulators such as gibberellic acid (GA3) may play an important role in ensuring food security under changing climate scenarios by boosting grain yield of food legumes such as mungbean. A trial was conducted to evaluate the growth promoting effect of foliage applied gibberellic acid (GA3) at various spraying frequencies for mungbean crop. The employed treatments included four gibberellic acid levels (0, 100, 200, and 300 ppm) and two application frequencies (single spray at 30 days after sowing DAS, and two sprays at 30 and 40 DAS). Water relations, yield contributing characteristics and mungbean grain yield were among the response variables investigated. The research findings revealed that GA3 (200 ppm applied twice at pre-flowering and post-flowering stages) significantly improved the water relations, morphological and yield attributes of mungbean. This treatment combination remained unmatched by producing the highest relative water content in the stem (85.52), water retention capacity in the stem (17.24), and water uptake capacity in the stem and leaf (2.35). Furthermore, the same treatment combination resulted in the maximum plant height (50.04 cm), pods per plant (11.07), pod length (6.62 cm), grains number per pod (11.00), 100-grains weight (3.78 g), grain yield per plant (4.57 g), and a minimum water saturation deficit. Thus, GA3 foliage application at 200 ppm at 30 and 60 DAS has the potential to stimulate growth and increase the yield attributes and grain yield of mungbean. However, additional in-depth field trials with various doses of GA3 sprayed at a higher frequency may be required before recommending GA3 for general adoption to mungbean growers.
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19
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He R, Tang Y, Wang D. Coordinating Diverse Functions of miRNA and lncRNA in Fleshy Fruit. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:411. [PMID: 36679124 PMCID: PMC9866404 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs play vital roles in the diverse biological processes of plants, and they are becoming key topics in horticulture research. In particular, miRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are receiving increased attention in fruit crops. Recent studies in horticulture research provide both genetic and molecular evidence that miRNAs and lncRNAs regulate biological function and stress responses during fruit development. Here, we summarize multiple regulatory modules of miRNAs and lncRNAs and their biological roles in fruit sets and stress responses, which would guide the development of molecular breeding techniques on horticultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reqing He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Gene Engineering in Jiangxi Province, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yajun Tang
- Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang 261325, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Gene Engineering in Jiangxi Province, College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
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Chen C, Yang Y, Pan L, Xia W, Xu L, Hua B, Zhang Z, Miao M. Genome-Wide Identification of WD40 Proteins in Cucurbita maxima Reveals Its Potential Functions in Fruit Development. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14010220. [PMID: 36672961 PMCID: PMC9859561 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
WD40 proteins, a super gene family in eukaryotes, are involved in multiple biological processes. Members of this family have been identified in several plants and shown to play key roles in various development processes, including acting as scaffolding molecules with other proteins. However, WD40 proteins have not yet been systematically analyzed and identified in Cucurbita maxima. In this study, 231 WD40 proteins (CmWD40s) were identified in C. maxima and classified into five clusters. Eleven subfamilies were identified based on different conserved motifs and gene structures. The CmWD40 genes were distributed in 20 chromosomes; 5 and 33 pairs of CmWD40s were distinguished as tandem and segmental duplications, respectively. Overall, 58 pairs of orthologous WD40 genes in C. maxima and Arabidopsis thaliana, and 56 pairs of orthologous WD40 genes in C. maxima and Cucumis sativus were matched. Numerous CmWD40s had diverse expression patterns in fruits, leaf, stem, and root. Several genes were involved in responses to NaCl. The expression pattern of CmWD40s suggested their key role in fruit development and abiotic stress response. Finally, we identified 14 genes which might be involved in fruit development. Our results provide valuable basis for further functional verification of CmWD40s in C. maxima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yating Yang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Liu Pan
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wenhao Xia
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lanruoyan Xu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Bing Hua
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Minmin Miao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence:
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Micol-Ponce R, García-Alcázar M, Lebrón R, Capel C, Pineda B, García-Sogo B, Alché JDD, Ortiz-Atienza A, Bretones S, Yuste-Lisbona FJ, Moreno V, Capel J, Lozano R. Tomato POLLEN DEFICIENT 2 encodes a G-type lectin receptor kinase required for viable pollen grain formation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:178-193. [PMID: 36260406 PMCID: PMC9786849 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Pollen development is a crucial biological process indispensable for seed set in flowering plants and for successful crop breeding. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms regulating pollen development in crop species. This study reports a novel male-sterile tomato mutant, pollen deficient 2 (pod2), characterized by the production of non-viable pollen grains and resulting in the development of small parthenocarpic fruits. A combined strategy of mapping-by-sequencing and RNA interference-mediated gene silencing was used to prove that the pod2 phenotype is caused by the loss of Solanum lycopersicum G-type lectin receptor kinase II.9 (SlG-LecRK-II.9) activity. In situ hybridization of floral buds showed that POD2/SlG-LecRK-II.9 is specifically expressed in tapetal cells and microspores at the late tetrad stage. Accordingly, abnormalities in meiosis and tapetum programmed cell death in pod2 occurred during microsporogenesis, resulting in the formation of four dysfunctional microspores leading to an aberrant microgametogenesis process. RNA-seq analyses supported the existence of alterations at the final stage of microsporogenesis, since we found tomato deregulated genes whose counterparts in Arabidopsis are essential for the normal progression of male meiosis and cytokinesis. Collectively, our results revealed the essential role of POD2/SlG-LecRK-II.9 in regulating tomato pollen development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ricardo Lebrón
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (CIAIMBITAL), Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Carmen Capel
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (CIAIMBITAL), Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Benito Pineda
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV-CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - Begoña García-Sogo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV-CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan de Dios Alché
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín-CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Ortiz-Atienza
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (CIAIMBITAL), Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Sandra Bretones
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (CIAIMBITAL), Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Fernando Juan Yuste-Lisbona
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (CIAIMBITAL), Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Vicente Moreno
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV-CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Capel
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (CIAIMBITAL), Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
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Jahed KR, Hirst PM. Fruit growth and development in apple: a molecular, genomics and epigenetics perspective. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1122397. [PMID: 37123845 PMCID: PMC10130390 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1122397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fruit growth and development are physiological processes controlled by several internal and external factors. This complex regulatory mechanism comprises a series of events occurring in a chronological order over a growing season. Understanding the underlying mechanism of fruit development events, however, requires consideration of the events occurring prior to fruit development such as flowering, pollination, fertilization, and fruit set. Such events are interrelated and occur in a sequential order. Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing technology in conjunction with improved statistical and computational methods have empowered science to identify some of the major molecular components and mechanisms involved in the regulation of fruit growth and have supplied encouraging successes in associating genotypic differentiation with phenotypic observations. As a result, multiple approaches have been developed to dissect such complex regulatory machinery and understand the genetic basis controlling these processes. These methods include transcriptomic analysis, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) mapping, whole-genome approach, and epigenetics analyses. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the molecular, genomic and epigenetics perspective of apple fruit growth and development that defines the final fruit size and provides a detailed analysis of the mechanisms by which fruit growth and development are controlled. Though the main emphasis of this article is on the molecular, genomic and epigenetics aspects of fruit growth and development, we will also deliver a brief overview on events occurring prior to fruit growth.
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Identification and Characterization of AUXIN Response Factor Gene Family Reveals Their Regulatory Network to Respond the Multi-Hormones Crosstalk during GA-Induced Grape Parthenocarpic Berry. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911108. [PMID: 36232409 PMCID: PMC9569648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenous gibberellin (GA) was widely used to improve berry quality through inducing parthenocarpic seedless berries in grapes. We revealed that auxin response factors (ARFs), the key transcription factors in response to auxin, might respond to GA involving modulation of grape parthenocarpy. However, the underlying molecular mechanism in this process remains yet unclear. Here, a total of 19 VvARF members were identified in the ovaries during GA-induced grapes’ parthenocarpy. Interestingly, almost all members were GA-responsive factors, of which 9 could be classified in plant hormone signal transduction (KO04075) and involved in the tryptophan metabolic pathway (K14486). Moreover, VvARFs were predicted to have 310 interacted proteins involved in 19 KEGG pathways. Of them, 32 interacted proteins participated in the KO04075 pathway, including auxin (IAA), salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinin (CTK), and ethylene signaling pathways by responding to GA-mediated multi-hormone crosstalk. Further analysis demonstrated that VvARF4-2 might be the major factor in the modulation of GA-induced parthenocarpy via the crosstalk of IAA, CTK, SA, and ethylene signaling, followed by VvARF6-1 and VvARF9 involved in SA and ABA signaling pathways, respectively. Finally, we developed a VvARFs-mediated regulatory network by responding to GA-mediated multi-hormone crosstalk during grape parthenocarpy. Collectively, our findings provided novel insights into the regulatory network of VvARFs in GA-guided multi-hormone signaling to modulate grape parthenocarpy, which has great implications for the molecular breeding of high quality seedless grape berries.
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Ibiang SR, Sakamoto K. Modulation of Phytochemicals and Essential Trace Elements in Fruits of Different Tomato Cultivars by the Endophytic Fungus Penicillium pinophilum EU0013. Microbes Environ 2022; 37. [PMID: 36104169 PMCID: PMC9530726 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me22026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of the endophytic fungus, Penicillium pinophilum EU0013 on fruit phytochemical indices and essential trace elements in five tomato cultivars. In a completely randomized design, inoculated and uninoculated seedlings of tomato cultivars (Momotaro, Rodeo, Anaya, Reika, and Cherry) were raised for sixteen weeks in a greenhouse. Fruit fresh weights and root colonization by P. pinophilum were significantly higher in the Rodeo cultivar than in the other cultivars tested. Significant effects of the cultivar, inoculation, and interaction on fruit dry weights were observed with higher values in Anaya inoculated with P. pinophilum. Cultivar and inoculation effects were significant for ascorbic acid and soluble sugars in four cultivars, with increases being observed due to the P. pinophilum inoculation. Lycopene levels increased in Rodeo and decreased in Anaya, while β-carotene levels increased in four cultivars due to the inoculation. Manganese concentrations were significantly increased in Cherry, while iron concentrations were increased in Reika and Cherry. Increases due to the inoculation were observed for gibberellic acids (GA1 and GA4) in Reika and Anaya, whereas decreases were detected in Cherry and Rodeo. Similar results were obtained for abscisic acids (ABA) with increases in Reika and Anaya due to the inoculation. P. pinophilum EU0013 demonstrated the ability to improve the nutritive value of tomato fruits via modulations to phytochemicals in addition to increases in Mn and Fe concentrations, particularly in Cherry and Rodeo. Cultivar responses to the P. pinophilum inoculation are a factor that need to be considered for its use in increasing fruit quality indices in tomato.
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Mukherjee A, Gaurav AK, Singh S, Yadav S, Bhowmick S, Abeysinghe S, Verma JP. The bioactive potential of phytohormones: A review. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 35:e00748. [PMID: 35719852 PMCID: PMC9204661 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2022.e00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Phytohormones act as bioactive compound for plant, humans and microbes. Cytokinin, GA and auxin reduce reactive oxygen to prevent cancer & tumour disease. Phytohormones used in pharmaceuticals products and cosmetics for human. Microbes can be a potential source for plant hormones production. Phytohormones play a key role in signalling for plant-animal–microbe interactions.
Plant hormones play an important role in growth, defence and plants productivity and there are several studies on their effects on plants. However, their role in humans and animals is limitedly studied. Recent studies suggest that plant hormone also works in mammalian systems, and have the potential to reduce human diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and also improve cell growth. Plant hormones such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) works as an antitumor, anti-cancer agent, gibberellins help in apoptosis, abscisic acid (ABA) as antidepressant compounds and regulation of glucose homeostasis whereas cytokinin works as an anti-ageing compound. The main aim of this review is to explore and correlate the relation of plant hormones and their important roles in animals, microbes and plants, and their interrelationships, emphasizing mainly human health. The most important and well-known plant hormones e.g., IAA, gibberellins, ABA, cytokinin and ethylene have been selected in this review to explore their effects on humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Mukherjee
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anand Kumar Gaurav
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saurabh Singh
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shweta Yadav
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shiuly Bhowmick
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saman Abeysinghe
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka
| | - Jay Prakash Verma
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Huang W, Hu N, Xiao Z, Qiu Y, Yang Y, Yang J, Mao X, Wang Y, Li Z, Guo H. A molecular framework of ethylene-mediated fruit growth and ripening processes in tomato. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:3280-3300. [PMID: 35604102 PMCID: PMC9421474 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the role of ethylene in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit ripening has been intensively studied, its role in tomato fruit growth remains poorly understood. In addition, the relationship between ethylene and the developmental factors NON-RIPENING (NOR) and RIPENING INHIBITOR (RIN) during ripening is under debate. Here, we carried out comprehensive genetic analyses of genome-edited mutants of tomato ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2 (SlEIN2), four EIN3-like genes (SlEIL1-4), and three EIN3 BINDING F-box protein genes (SlEBF1-3). Both slein2-1 and the high-order sleil mutant (sleil1 sleil2 sleil3/SlEIL3 sleil4) showed reduced fruit size, mainly due to decreased auxin biosynthesis. During fruit maturation, slein2 mutants displayed the complete cessation of ripening, which was partially rescued by slebf1 but not slebf2 or slebf3. We also discovered that ethylene directly activates the expression of the developmental genes NOR, RIN, and FRUITFULL1 (FUL1) via SlEIL proteins. Indeed, overexpressing these genes partially rescued the ripening defects of slein2-1. Finally, the signal intensity of the ethylene burst during fruit maturation was intimately connected with the progression of full ripeness. Collectively, our work uncovers a critical role of ethylene in fruit growth and supports a molecular framework of ripening control in which the developmental factors NOR, RIN, and FUL1 act downstream of ethylene signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Biology,Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Zhina Xiao
- Department of Biology,Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuping Qiu
- Department of Biology,Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Biology,Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Biology,Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xin Mao
- Department of Biology,Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yichuan Wang
- Department of Biology,Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhengguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
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Tian Y, Xin W, Lin J, Ma J, He J, Wang X, Xu T, Tang W. Auxin Coordinates Achene and Receptacle Development During Fruit Initiation in Fragaria vesca. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:929831. [PMID: 35873981 PMCID: PMC9301465 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.929831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In strawberries, fruit set is considered as the transition from the quiescent ovary to a rapidly growing fruit. Auxin, which is produced from the fertilized ovule in the achenes, plays a key role in promoting the enlargement of receptacles. However, detailed regulatory mechanisms for fruit set and the mutual regulation between achenes and receptacles are largely unknown. In this study, we found that pollination promoted fruit development (both achene and receptacle), which could be stimulated by exogenous auxin treatment. Interestingly, auxin was highly accumulated in achenes, but not in receptacles, after pollination. Further transcriptome analysis showed that only a small portion of the differentially expressed genes induced by pollination overlapped with those by exogenous auxin treatment. Auxin, but not pollination, was able to activate the expression of growth-related genes, especially in receptacles, which resulted in fast growth. Meanwhile, those genes involved in the pathways of other hormones, such as GA and cytokinin, were also regulated by exogenous auxin treatment, but not pollination. This suggested that pollination was not able to activate auxin responses in receptacles but produced auxin in fertilized achenes, and then auxin might be able to transport or transduce from achenes to receptacles and promote fast fruit growth at the early stage of fruit initiation. Our work revealed a potential coordination between achenes and receptacles during fruit set, and auxin might be a key coordinator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Tian
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Plant Synthetic Biology Center, Horticulture Biology and Metabolic Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei Xin
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Plant Synthetic Biology Center, Horticulture Biology and Metabolic Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Ecology and Resources Engineering, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, China
| | - Juncheng Lin
- Plant Synthetic Biology Center, Horticulture Biology and Metabolic Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Plant Synthetic Biology Center, Horticulture Biology and Metabolic Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun He
- Plant Synthetic Biology Center, Horticulture Biology and Metabolic Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuhui Wang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Plant Synthetic Biology Center, Horticulture Biology and Metabolic Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tongda Xu
- Plant Synthetic Biology Center, Horticulture Biology and Metabolic Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenxin Tang
- Plant Synthetic Biology Center, Horticulture Biology and Metabolic Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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28
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Genome–Wide Identification and Functional Characterization of Auxin Response Factor (ARF) Genes in Eggplant. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116219. [PMID: 35682898 PMCID: PMC9181582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Auxin response factors (ARFs) are important plant transcription factors that are differentially expressed in response to auxin and various abiotic stresses. ARFs play important roles in mediating plant growth and stress responses; however, these factors have not been studied in eggplants. In this study, genome–wide identification and the functional analysis of the ARF gene family in eggplants (Solanum melongena L.) were performed. A total of 20 ARF (SmARF) genes were identified and phylogenetically classified into three groups. Our analysis revealed four functional domains and 10 motifs in these proteins. Subcellular localization showed that the SmARFs localized in the nucleus. To investigate the biological functions of the SmARFs under 2,4–D and salt stress treatments, quantitative real–time RT–PCR (qRT–PCR) was conducted. Most SmARF genes exhibited changes in expression in response to 2,4–D treatments in the flowers, especially SmARF4 and 7B. All SmARF genes quickly responded to salt stress, except SmARF17 and 19 in leaves, SmARF1A and 7B in roots, and SmARF2A, SmARF7B, and SmARF16B in stems. These results helped to elucidate the role of ARFs in auxin signaling under 2,4–D and salt stress in eggplants.
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29
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Zhao P, Wang F, Deng Y, Zhong F, Tian P, Lin D, Deng J, Zhang Y, Huang T. Sly-miR159 regulates fruit morphology by modulating GA biosynthesis in tomato. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:833-845. [PMID: 34882929 PMCID: PMC9055814 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Fruit morphology is an important agronomical trait of many crops. Here, we identify Sly-miR159 as an important regulator of fruit morphology in tomato, a model species of fleshy-fruit development. We show that Sly-miR159 functions through its target SlGAMYB2 to control fruit growth. Suppression of Sly-miR159 and overexpression of SlGAMYB2 result in larger fruits with a reduced length/width ratio, while loss of function of SlGAMYB2 leads to the formation of smaller and more elongated fruits. Gibberellin (GA) is a major phytohormone that regulates fruit development in tomato. We show the Sly-miR159-SlGAMYB2 pathway controls fruit morphology by modulating GA biosynthesis. In particular, we demonstrate that Sly-miR159 promotes GA biosynthesis largely through the direct repression of the GA biosynthetic gene SlGA3ox2 by SlGAMYB2. Together, our findings reveal the action of Sly-miR159 on GA biosynthesis as a previously unidentified mechanism that controls fruit morphology in tomato. Modulating this pathway may have potential applications in tomato breeding for manipulating fruit growth and facilitating the process of fruit improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant EpigeneticsCollege of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and GuangdongCollege of Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Fengpan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant EpigeneticsCollege of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and GuangdongCollege of Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Yinjiao Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant EpigeneticsCollege of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Fanjia Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant EpigeneticsCollege of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Peng Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant EpigeneticsCollege of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and GuangdongCollege of Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Dongbo Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant EpigeneticsCollege of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and GuangdongCollege of Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Juhui Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant EpigeneticsCollege of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Yongxia Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant EpigeneticsCollege of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Tengbo Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant EpigeneticsCollege of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
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Transcriptomic, Hormonomic and Metabolomic Analyses Highlighted the Common Modules Related to Photosynthesis, Sugar Metabolism and Cell Division in Parthenocarpic Tomato Fruits during Early Fruit Set. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091420. [PMID: 35563726 PMCID: PMC9102895 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parthenocarpy, the pollination-independent fruit set, can raise the productivity of the fruit set even under adverse factors during the reproductive phase. The application of plant hormones stimulates parthenocarpy, but artificial hormones incur extra financial and labour costs to farmers and can induce the formation of deformed fruit. This study examines the performance of parthenocarpic mutants having no transcription factors of SlIAA9 and SlTAP3 and sldella that do not have the protein-coding gene, SlDELLA, in tomato (cv. Micro-Tom). At 0 day after the flowering (DAF) stage and DAFs after pollination, the sliaa9 mutant demonstrated increased pistil development compared to the other two mutants and wild type (WT). In contrast to WT and the other mutants, the sliaa9 mutant with pollination efficiently stimulated the build-up of auxin and GAs after flowering. Alterations in both transcript and metabolite profiles existed for WT with and without pollination, while the three mutants without pollination demonstrated the comparable metabolomic status of pollinated WT. Network analysis showed key modules linked to photosynthesis, sugar metabolism and cell proliferation. Equivalent modules were noticed in the famous parthenocarpic cultivars ‘Severianin’, particularly for emasculated samples. Our discovery indicates that controlling the genes and metabolites proffers future breeding policies for tomatoes.
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Su Z, Xuan X, Sheng Z, Wang F, Zhang X, Ye D, Wang X, Dong T, Pei D, Zhang P, Fang J, Wang C. Characterization and regulatory mechanism analysis of VvmiR156a-VvAGL80 pair during grapevine flowering and parthenocarpy process induced by gibberellin. THE PLANT GENOME 2022; 15:e20181. [PMID: 34882981 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNA156 (miR156) is an important conserved miRNA family in plants. Recently, we revealed VvmiR156a could involve in the modulation of gibberellin (GA)-mediated flower and berry development process of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). However, how to manipulate this process is unclear. For this, we used the GA-induced grapevine parthenocarpy system to investigate the regulatory roles of VvmiR156a during this process. Here, we cloned the mature and precursor sequences of VvmiR156a in Wink grape and identified its potential target gene VvAGL80, which belongs to the MADS-box gene family. Moreover, using RNA ligase-mediated 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RLM-RACE) and poly(A)polymerase-mediated 3' rapid amplification of cDNA (PPM-RACE) technologies, it confirmed that VvAGL80 was the true target gene of VvmiR159a. Analysis of promoter cis-elements and β-glucuronidase (GUS) staining showed that both VvmiR156a and VvAGL80 contained GA-responsive elements and could respond to GA treatments. Quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis exhibited the VvmiR156a and VvAGL80 showed opposite expression trends during grapevine flower and berry development, indicating that VvmiR156a negatively regulated the expression of VvAGL80 during this process. After GA treatment, the expression of miR156 in flowers was downregulated significantly, while that of VvAGL80 was upregulated, thereby accelerating grapevine flowering. Furthermore, GA treatment enhanced the negative regulation of VvmiR156a on VvAGL80 in seed, especially at the seed-coat hardening stage, which was the key period of seed growth and development. Our findings enriched the knowledge of the regulatory mechanism of the miRNA-mediated grapevine parthenocarpy process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Su
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural Univ., Nanjing, 210095, China
- Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Xuxian Xuan
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural Univ., Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zilu Sheng
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural Univ., Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural Univ., Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural Univ., Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Dongdong Ye
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural Univ., Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xicheng Wang
- Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Tianyu Dong
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural Univ., Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Dan Pei
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural Univ., Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Peian Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural Univ., Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jinggui Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural Univ., Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chen Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural Univ., Nanjing, 210095, China
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Sharif R, Su L, Chen X, Qi X. Hormonal interactions underlying parthenocarpic fruit formation in horticultural crops. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:6497882. [PMID: 35031797 PMCID: PMC8788353 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In some horticultural crops, such as Cucurbitaceae, Solanaceae, and Rosaceae species, fruit set and development can occur without the fertilization of ovules, a process known as parthenocarpy. Parthenocarpy is an important agricultural trait that can not only mitigate fruit yield losses caused by environmental stresses but can also induce the development of seedless fruit, which is a desirable trait for consumers. In the present review, the induction of parthenocarpic fruit by the application of hormones such as auxins (2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; naphthaleneacetic acid), cytokinins (forchlorfenuron; 6-benzylaminopurine), gibberellic acids, and brassinosteroids is first presented. Then, the molecular mechanisms of parthenocarpic fruit formation, mainly related to plant hormones, are presented. Auxins, gibberellic acids, and cytokinins are categorized as primary players in initiating fruit set. Other hormones, such as ethylene, brassinosteroids, and melatonin, also participate in parthenocarpic fruit formation. Additionally, synergistic and antagonistic crosstalk between these hormones is crucial for deciding the fate of fruit set. Finally, we highlight knowledge gaps and suggest future directions of research on parthenocarpic fruit formation in horticultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Sharif
- Department of Horticulture, School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Li Su
- Department of Horticulture, School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xuehao Chen
- Department of Horticulture, School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
- Corresponding authors. E-mail: ,
| | - Xiaohua Qi
- Department of Horticulture, School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
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Comparative Analysis of the Transcriptomes of Persisting and Abscised Fruitlets: Insights into Plant Hormone and Carbohydrate Metabolism Regulated Self-Thinning of Pecan Fruitlets during the Early Stage. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 44:176-193. [PMID: 35723392 PMCID: PMC8929008 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pecan is one of the most popular nut species in the world. The fruit drop rate of the pecan ‘Pawnee’ is more than 57%, with four fruit drop stages, which is very serious. In this study, we conducted transcriptomic profiling of persisting and abscised fruitlets in early fruit development by RNA-seq. A total of 11,976 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, 3012 upregulated and 8964 downregulated, in a comparison of abscised vs. persisting fruitlets at 35 days after anthesis (DAA). Our transcriptomic data suggest that gene subsets encoding elements involving the biosynthesis, metabolism, perception, signal transduction, and crosstalk of the plant hormones abscisic acid (ABA), auxin, cytokinin, ethylene, and gibberellin (GA) and plant growth regulators jasmonates, salicylic acid, and brassinosteroids were differentially expressed. In addition, the majority of transcriptionally activated genes involved in hormone signaling (except for ethylene and salicylic acid signaling) were downregulated in abscised fruitlets. The differential expression of transcripts coding for enzymes involved in sucrose, glucose, trehalose, starch, galactose, and galactinol metabolism shows that sucrose, galactinol, and glucose synthesis and starch content were reduced as starch biosynthesis was blocked, and retrogradation and degradation intensified. These results suggest that the abscised pecan fruitlets stopped growing and developing for some time before dropping, further indicating that their sugar supply was reduced or stopped. The transcriptome characterization described in this paper contributes to unravelling the molecular mechanisms and pathways involved in the physiological abscission of pecan fruits.
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Hoshikawa K, Pham D, Ezura H, Schafleitner R, Nakashima K. Genetic and Molecular Mechanisms Conferring Heat Stress Tolerance in Tomato Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:786688. [PMID: 35003175 PMCID: PMC8739973 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.786688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is a major threat to global food security. Changes in climate can directly impact food systems by reducing the production and genetic diversity of crops and their wild relatives, thereby restricting future options for breeding improved varieties and reducing the ability to adapt crops to future challenges. The global surface temperature is predicted to rise by an average of 0.3°C during the next decade, and the Paris Agreement (Paris Climate Accords) aims to limit global warming to below an average of 2°C, preferably to 1.5°C compared to pre-industrial levels. Even if the goal of the Paris Agreement can be met, the predicted rise in temperatures will increase the likelihood of extreme weather events, including heatwaves, making heat stress (HS) a major global abiotic stress factor for many crops. HS can have adverse effects on plant morphology, physiology, and biochemistry during all stages of vegetative and reproductive development. In fruiting vegetables, even moderate HS reduces fruit set and yields, and high temperatures may result in poor fruit quality. In this review, we emphasize the effects of abiotic stress, especially at high temperatures, on crop plants, such as tomatoes, touching upon key processes determining plant growth and yield. Specifically, we investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in HS tolerance and the challenges of developing heat-tolerant tomato varieties. Finally, we discuss a strategy for effectively improving the heat tolerance of vegetable crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Hoshikawa
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Vegetable Diversity and Improvement, World Vegetable Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Dung Pham
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Kazuo Nakashima
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan
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Mauxion JP, Chevalier C, Gonzalez N. Complex cellular and molecular events determining fruit size. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:1023-1038. [PMID: 34158228 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of plant organ-size determination represents an important challenge, especially because of the significant role of plants as food and renewable energy sources and the increasing need for plant-derived products. Most of the knowledge on the regulation of organ growth and the molecular network controlling cell division and cell expansion, the main drivers of growth, is derived from arabidopsis. The increasing use of crops such as tomato for research is now bringing essential information on the mechanisms underlying size control in agronomically important organs. This review describes our current knowledge, still very scarce, of the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing tomato fruit size and proposes future research to better understand the regulation of growth in this important crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Mauxion
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1332 Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, F33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Christian Chevalier
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1332 Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, F33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1332 Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, F33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France. @inrae.fr
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Nimmakayala P, Lopez-Ortiz C, Shahi B, Abburi VL, Natarajan P, Kshetry AO, Shinde S, Davenport B, Stommel J, Reddy UK. Exploration into natural variation for genes associated with fruit shape and size among Capsicum chinense collections. Genomics 2021; 113:3002-3014. [PMID: 34229041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phenotype diversity within cultivated Capsicum chinense is particularly evident for fruit shape and size. We used this diversity in C. chinense to further unravel the genetic mechanisms underlying fruit shape variation in pepper and related Solanaceous species. We identified candidate genes for C. chinense fruit shape, explored their contribution to population structure, and characterized their potential function in pepper fruit shape. Using genotyping by sequencing, we identified 43,081 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from diverse collections of C. chinense. Principal component, neighbor-joining tree, and population structure analyses resolved 3 phylogenetically robust clusters associated with fruit shapes. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) was used to identify associated genomic regions with various fruit shape traits obtained from image analysis with Tomato Analyzer software. In our GWAS, we selected 12 SNPs associated with locule number trait and 8 SNP markers associated with other fruit shape traits such as perimeter, area, obovoid, ellipsoid and morphometrics (5y, 6y and 7y). The SNPs in CLAVATA1, WD-40, Auxin receptor, AAA type ATPase family protein, and RNA polymerase III genes were the major markers identified for fruit locule number from our GWAS results. Furthermore, we found SNPs in tetratricopeptide-repeat thioredoxin-like 3, enhancer of ABA co-receptor 1, subunit of exocyst complex 8 and pleiotropic drug resistance proteins associated with various fruit shape traits. CLAVATA1, WD-40 and Auxin receptor genes are known genes that affect tomato fruit shape. In this study, we used Arabidopsis thaliana T-DNA insertion knockout mutants and expression profiles for functional characterization of newly identified genes and to understand their role in fruit shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padma Nimmakayala
- Gus R. Douglass Institute and Department of Biology, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV-25112, USA
| | - Carlos Lopez-Ortiz
- Gus R. Douglass Institute and Department of Biology, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV-25112, USA
| | - Bhagarathi Shahi
- Gus R. Douglass Institute and Department of Biology, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV-25112, USA
| | - Venkata L Abburi
- Gus R. Douglass Institute and Department of Biology, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV-25112, USA
| | - Purushothaman Natarajan
- Gus R. Douglass Institute and Department of Biology, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV-25112, USA
| | - Arjun Ojha Kshetry
- Gus R. Douglass Institute and Department of Biology, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV-25112, USA
| | - Suhas Shinde
- Gus R. Douglass Institute and Department of Biology, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV-25112, USA
| | - Brittany Davenport
- Gus R. Douglass Institute and Department of Biology, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV-25112, USA
| | - John Stommel
- Genetic Improvement of Fruits and Vegetables Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Beltsville MD-20705, USA
| | - Umesh K Reddy
- Gus R. Douglass Institute and Department of Biology, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV-25112, USA.
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Zhang H, Han W, Wang H, Cong L, Zhai R, Yang C, Wang Z, Xu L. Downstream of GA 4, PbCYP78A6 participates in regulating cell cycle-related genes and parthenogenesis in pear (Pyrus bretshneideri Rehd.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:292. [PMID: 34167472 PMCID: PMC8223387 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03098-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parthenocarpy results in traits attractive to both consumers and breeders, and it overcomes the obstacle of self-incompatibility in the fruit set of horticultural crops, including pear (Pyrus bretshneider). However, there is limited knowledge regarding the genetic and molecular mechanisms that regulate parthenogenesis. RESULTS Here, in a transcriptional comparison between pollination-dependent fruit and GA4-induced parthenocarpy, PbCYP78A6 was identified and proposed as a candidate gene involved in parthenocarpy. PbCYP78A6 is similar to Arabidopsis thaliana CYP78A6 and highly expressed in pear hypanthia. The increased PbCYP78A6 expression, as assessed by RT-qPCR, was induced by pollination and GA4 exposure. The ectopic overexpression of PbCYP78A6 contributed to parthenocarpic fruit production in tomato. The PbCYP78A6 expression coincided with fertilized and parthenocarpic fruitlets development and the expression of fruit development-related genes as assessed by cytological observations and RT-qPCR, respectively. PbCYP78A6 RNA interference and overexpression in pear calli revealed that the gene is an upstream regulator of specific fruit development-related genes in pear. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that PbCYP78A6 plays a critical role in fruit formation and provide insights into controlling parthenocarpy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, Taicheng Road No.3, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Wei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, Taicheng Road No.3, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Huibin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, Taicheng Road No.3, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Liu Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, Taicheng Road No.3, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Rui Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, Taicheng Road No.3, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Chengquan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, Taicheng Road No.3, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, Taicheng Road No.3, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Lingfei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, Taicheng Road No.3, Yangling, 712100, China.
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Godoy F, Kühn N, Muñoz M, Marchandon G, Gouthu S, Deluc L, Delrot S, Lauvergeat V, Arce-Johnson P. The role of auxin during early berry development in grapevine as revealed by transcript profiling from pollination to fruit set. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:140. [PMID: 34127649 PMCID: PMC8203632 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00568-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a key phytohormone that modulates fruit formation in many fleshy fruits through the regulation of cell division and expansion. Auxin content rapidly increases after pollination and the manipulation in its levels may lead to the parthenocarpic development. ln Vitis vinifera L., little is known about the early fruit development that encompasses from pollination to fruit set. Pollination/fertilization events trigger fruit formation, and auxin treatment mimics their effect in grape berry set. However, the role of auxin in this process at the molecular level is not well understood. To elucidate the participation of auxin in grapevine fruit formation, morphological, reproductive, and molecular events from anthesis to fruit set were described in sequential days after pollination. Exploratory RNA-seq analysis at four time points from anthesis to fruit set revealed that the highest percentage of genes induced/repressed within the hormone-related gene category were auxin-related genes. Transcript profiling showed significant transcript variations in auxin signaling and homeostasis-related genes during the early fruit development. Indole acetic acid and several auxin metabolites were present during this period. Finally, application of an inhibitor of auxin action reduced cell number and the mesocarp diameter, similarly to unpollinated berries, further confirming the key role of auxin during early berry development. This work sheds light into the molecular features of the initial fruit development and highlights the auxin participation during this stage in grapevine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Godoy
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nathalie Kühn
- Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2340025, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Mindy Muñoz
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Germán Marchandon
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Laurent Deluc
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Serge Delrot
- UMR Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, ISVV, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d´Ornon, France
| | - Virginie Lauvergeat
- UMR Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, ISVV, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d´Ornon, France
| | - Patricio Arce-Johnson
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile.
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Gupta SK, Barg R, Arazi T. Tomato agamous-like6 parthenocarpy is facilitated by ovule integument reprogramming involving the growth regulator KLUH. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:969-984. [PMID: 33793903 PMCID: PMC8133625 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Fruit set is established during and soon after fertilization of the ovules inside the quiescent ovary, but the signaling pathways involved remain obscure. The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) CRISPR loss-of-function mutant of the transcription factor gene AGAMOUS-like6 (SlAGL6; slagl6CR-sg1) is capable of fertilization-independent setting of normal, yet seedless (parthenocarpic), fruit. To gain insight into the mechanism of fleshy fruit set, in this study, we investigated how slagl6CR-sg1 uncouples fruit set from fertilization. We found that mutant ovules were enlarged due to integument over-proliferation and failed to differentiate an endothelium, the integument's innermost layer, upon maturation. A causal relationship between slagl6 loss-of-function and these abnormal phenotypes is inferred from the observation that SlAGL6 is predominantly expressed in the immature ovule integument, and upon ovule maturation, its expression shifts to the endothelium. The transcriptome of unfertilized mutant ovules profoundly differs from that of wild-type and exhibits substantial overlap with the transcriptomes of fertilized ovules sporophytic tissues. One prominent upregulated gene was the fertilization-induced cytochrome P450 cell proliferation regulator SlKLUH. Indeed, ectopic overexpression of SlKLUH stimulated both integument growth in unfertilized ovules and parthenocarpy, suggesting that its suppression by SlAGL6 is paramount for preventing fertilization-independent fruit set. Taken together, our study informs on the transcriptional programs that are regulated by SlAGL6 and demonstrates that it acts from within the ovule integument to inhibit ovary growth beyond anthesis. That by suppressing components of the fertilization-induced ovule reprogramming underlying fruit set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar Gupta
- ARO, Volcani Center, Institute of Plant Sciences, HaMaccabbim Road 68, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Rivka Barg
- ARO, Volcani Center, Institute of Plant Sciences, HaMaccabbim Road 68, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Tzahi Arazi
- ARO, Volcani Center, Institute of Plant Sciences, HaMaccabbim Road 68, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
- Author for communication:
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40
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Haim D, Shalom L, Simhon Y, Shlizerman L, Kamara I, Morozov M, Albacete A, Rivero RM, Sadka A. Alternate bearing in fruit trees: fruit presence induces polar auxin transport in citrus and olive stem and represses IAA release from the bud. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2450-2462. [PMID: 33345278 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In many fruit trees, heavy fruit load in one year reduces flowering in the following year, creating a biennial fluctuation in yield termed alternate bearing (AB). In subtropical trees, where flowering induction is mostly governed by the accumulation of chilling hours, fruit load is thought to generate a signal (AB signal) that blocks the perception of cold induction. Fruit removal during a heavy-fruit-load year is effective at inducing flowering only if performed one to a few months before the onset of the flowering induction period. We previously showed that following fruit removal, the content of the auxin indoleacetic acid (IAA) in citrus buds is reduced, suggesting that the hormone plays a role in the AB signal. Here, we demonstrate that fruit presence generates relatively strong polar auxin transport in citrus and olive stems. Upon fruit removal, polar auxin transport is reduced and allows auxin release from the bud. Furthermore, using immunolocalization, hormone, and gene expression analyses, we show that in citrus, IAA level in the bud and specifically in the apical meristem is reduced upon fruit removal. Overall, our data provide support for the notion that fruit presence generates an auxin signal in the bud, which may affect flowering induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dor Haim
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, The Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Liron Shalom
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, The Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Yasmin Simhon
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, The Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lyudmila Shlizerman
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, The Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Itzhak Kamara
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, The Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Michael Morozov
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, The Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Alfonso Albacete
- CEBAS-CSIC, Department of Plant Nutrition, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Rosa M Rivero
- CEBAS-CSIC, Department of Plant Nutrition, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Avi Sadka
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, The Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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Costantini L, Moreno-Sanz P, Nwafor CC, Lorenzi S, Marrano A, Cristofolini F, Gottardini E, Raimondi S, Ruffa P, Gribaudo I, Schneider A, Grando MS. Somatic variants for seed and fruit set in grapevine. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:135. [PMID: 33711928 PMCID: PMC7955655 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02865-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grapevine reproductive development has direct implications on yield. It also impacts on berry and wine quality by affecting traits like seedlessness, berry and bunch size, cluster compactness and berry skin to pulp ratio. Seasonal fluctuations in yield, fruit composition and wine attributes, which are largely driven by climatic factors, are major challenges for worldwide table grape and wine industry. Accordingly, a better understanding of reproductive processes such as gamete development, fertilization, seed and fruit set is of paramount relevance for managing yield and quality. With the aim of providing new insights into this field, we searched for clones with contrasting seed content in two germplasm collections. RESULTS We identified eight variant pairs that seemingly differ only in seed-related characteristics while showing identical genotype when tested with the GrapeReSeq_Illumina_20K_SNP_chip and several microsatellites. We performed multi-year observations on seed and fruit set deriving from different pollination treatments, with special emphasis on the pair composed by Sangiovese and its seedless variant locally named Corinto Nero. The pollen of Corinto Nero failed to germinate in vitro and gave poor berry set when used to pollinate other varieties. Most berries from both open- and cross-pollinated Corinto Nero inflorescences did not contain seeds. The genetic analysis of seedlings derived from occasional Corinto Nero normal seeds revealed that the few Corinto Nero functional gametes are mostly unreduced. Moreover, three genotypes, including Sangiovese and Corinto Nero, were unexpectedly found to develop fruits without pollen contribution and occasionally showed normal-like seeds. Five missense single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified between Corinto Nero and Sangiovese from transcriptomic data. CONCLUSIONS Our observations allowed us to attribute a seedlessness type to some variants for which it was not documented in the literature. Interestingly, the VvAGL11 mutation responsible for Sultanina stenospermocarpy was also discovered in a seedless mutant of Gouais Blanc. We suggest that Corinto Nero parthenocarpy is driven by pollen and/or embryo sac defects, and both events likely arise from meiotic anomalies. The single nucleotide polymorphisms identified between Sangiovese and Corinto Nero are suitable for testing as traceability markers for propagated material and as functional candidates for the seedless phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Costantini
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.
| | - Paula Moreno-Sanz
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, Via. E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Chinedu Charles Nwafor
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Center for Plant Science Innovation & Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Silvia Lorenzi
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Annarita Marrano
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Fabiana Cristofolini
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Elena Gottardini
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Stefano Raimondi
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection - Research Council of Italy, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Paola Ruffa
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection - Research Council of Italy, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Ivana Gribaudo
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection - Research Council of Italy, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Anna Schneider
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection - Research Council of Italy, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Maria Stella Grando
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, Via. E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
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Lian Q, Fu Q, Xu Y, Hu Z, Zheng J, Zhang A, He Y, Wang C, Xu C, Chen B, Garcia-Mas J, Zhao G, Wang H. QTLs and candidate genes analyses for fruit size under domestication and differentiation in melon (Cucumis melo L.) based on high resolution maps. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:126. [PMID: 33658004 PMCID: PMC7931605 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02904-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melon is a very important horticultural crop produced worldwide with high phenotypic diversity. Fruit size is among the most important domestication and differentiation traits in melon. The molecular mechanisms of fruit size in melon are largely unknown. RESULTS Two high-density genetic maps were constructed by whole-genome resequencing with two F2 segregating populations (WAP and MAP) derived from two crosses (cultivated agrestis × wild agrestis and cultivated melo × cultivated agrestis). We obtained 1,871,671 and 1,976,589 high quality SNPs that show differences between parents in WAP and MAP. A total of 5138 and 5839 recombination events generated 954 bins in WAP and 1027 bins in MAP with the average size of 321.3 Kb and 301.4 Kb respectively. All bins were mapped onto 12 linkage groups in WAP and MAP. The total lengths of two linkage maps were 904.4 cM (WAP) and 874.5 cM (MAP), covering 86.6% and 87.4% of the melon genome. Two loci for fruit size were identified on chromosome 11 in WAP and chromosome 5 in MAP, respectively. An auxin response factor and a YABBY transcription factor were inferred to be the candidate genes for both loci. CONCLUSION The high-resolution genetic maps and QTLs analyses for fruit size described here will provide a better understanding the genetic basis of domestication and differentiation, and provide a valuable tool for map-based cloning and molecular marker assisted breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Lian
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, Beijing, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Qiushi Fu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Yongyang Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Zhicheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Aiai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhua He
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Changsheng Wang
- National Center for Gene Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Chuanqiang Xu
- Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Horticulture, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Benxue Chen
- Design Gollege, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466000, China
| | - Jordi Garcia-Mas
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guangwei Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China.
| | - Huaisong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, Beijing, China.
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El-Sharkawy I, Ismail A, Darwish A, El Kayal W, Subramanian J, Sherif SM. Functional characterization of a gibberellin F-box protein, PslSLY1, during plum fruit development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:371-384. [PMID: 32945838 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fruit development is orchestrated by a complex network of interactions between hormone signaling pathways. The phytohormone gibberellin (GA) is known to regulate a diverse range of developmental processes; however, the mechanisms of GA action in perennial fruit species are yet to be elucidated. In the current study, a GA signaling gene PslSLY1, encoding a putative F-box protein that belongs to the SLY1 (SLEEPY1)/GID2 (gibberellin-insensitive dwarf2) gene family, was isolated from Japanese plum (Prunus salicina). PslSLY1 transcript abundance declined as fruit development progressed, along with potential negative feedback regulation of PslSLY1 by GA. Subcellular localization and protein-protein interaction assays suggested that PslSLY1 functions as an active GA signaling component that interacts with the ASK1 (Arabidopsis SKP1) subunit of an SCF-ubiquitin ligase complex and with PslDELLA repressors, in a GA-independent manner. By using a domain omission strategy, we illustrated that the F-box and C-terminal domains of PslSLY1 are essential for its interactions with the downstream GA signaling components. PslSLY1 overexpression in wild-type and Arabidopsissly1.10 mutant backgrounds resulted in a dramatic enhancement in overall plant growth, presumably due to triggered GA signaling. This includes germination characteristics, stem elongation, flower structure, and fertility. Overall, our findings shed new light on the GA strategy and signaling network in commercially important perennial crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam El-Sharkawy
- Florida A&M University, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Center for Viticulture & Small Fruit Research, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Ahmed Ismail
- Damanhour University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Damanhour, Behera, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Darwish
- Florida A&M University, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Center for Viticulture & Small Fruit Research, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- Minia University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Minia, Egypt
| | - Walid El Kayal
- Florida A&M University, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Center for Viticulture & Small Fruit Research, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- American University of Beirut, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Sherif M Sherif
- Virginia Tech, School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, AHS Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Winchester, VA, USA
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Hu G, Huang B, Wang K, Frasse P, Maza E, Djari A, Benhamed M, Gallusci P, Li Z, Zouine M, Bouzayen M. Histone posttranslational modifications rather than DNA methylation underlie gene reprogramming in pollination-dependent and pollination-independent fruit set in tomato. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:902-919. [PMID: 32875585 PMCID: PMC7821339 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Fruit formation comprises a series of developmental transitions among which the fruit set process is essential in determining crop yield. Yet, our understanding of the epigenetic landscape remodelling associated with the flower-to-fruit transition remains poor. We investigated the epigenetic and transcriptomic reprogramming underlying pollination-dependent and auxin-induced flower-to-fruit transitions in the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) using combined genomewide transcriptomic profiling, global ChIP-sequencing and whole genomic DNA bisulfite sequencing (WGBS). Variation in the expression of the overwhelming majority of genes was associated with change in histone mark distribution, whereas changes in DNA methylation concerned a minor fraction of differentially expressed genes. Reprogramming of genes involved in processes instrumental to fruit set correlated with their H3K9ac or H3K4me3 marking status but not with changes in cytosine methylation, indicating that histone posttranslational modifications rather than DNA methylation are associated with the remodelling of the epigenetic landscape underpinning the flower-to-fruit transition. Given the prominent role previously assigned to DNA methylation in reprogramming key genes of the transition to ripening, the outcome of the present study supports the idea that the two main developmental transitions in fleshy fruit and the underlying transcriptomic reprogramming are associated with different modes of epigenetic regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojian Hu
- UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des FruitsINRAe/INP ToulouseUniversité de ToulouseAvenue de l’AgrobiopoleCastanet‐TolosanCS32607, F‐31326France
| | - Baowen Huang
- UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des FruitsINRAe/INP ToulouseUniversité de ToulouseAvenue de l’AgrobiopoleCastanet‐TolosanCS32607, F‐31326France
| | - Keke Wang
- UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des FruitsINRAe/INP ToulouseUniversité de ToulouseAvenue de l’AgrobiopoleCastanet‐TolosanCS32607, F‐31326France
| | - Pierre Frasse
- UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des FruitsINRAe/INP ToulouseUniversité de ToulouseAvenue de l’AgrobiopoleCastanet‐TolosanCS32607, F‐31326France
| | - Elie Maza
- UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des FruitsINRAe/INP ToulouseUniversité de ToulouseAvenue de l’AgrobiopoleCastanet‐TolosanCS32607, F‐31326France
| | - Anis Djari
- UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des FruitsINRAe/INP ToulouseUniversité de ToulouseAvenue de l’AgrobiopoleCastanet‐TolosanCS32607, F‐31326France
| | - Moussa Benhamed
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐SaclayCNRSINRAUniversity Paris‐SudUniversity of EvryUniversity Paris‐DiderotSorbonne Paris‐CiteUniversity of Paris‐SaclayBatiment 630Orsay91405France
| | - Philippe Gallusci
- UMR EGFVBordeaux Sciences AgroINRAUniversité de Bordeaux210 Chemin de Leysotte, CS 50008Villenave d’Ornon33882France
| | - Zhengguo Li
- Center of Plant Functional GenomicsInstitute of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesChongqing UniversityChongqing401331China
| | - Mohamed Zouine
- UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des FruitsINRAe/INP ToulouseUniversité de ToulouseAvenue de l’AgrobiopoleCastanet‐TolosanCS32607, F‐31326France
| | - Mondher Bouzayen
- UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des FruitsINRAe/INP ToulouseUniversité de ToulouseAvenue de l’AgrobiopoleCastanet‐TolosanCS32607, F‐31326France
- Center of Plant Functional GenomicsInstitute of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesChongqing UniversityChongqing401331China
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He M, Song S, Zhu X, Lin Y, Pan Z, Chen L, Chen D, Hu G, Huang B, Chen M, Wu C, Chen R, Bouzayen M, Zouine M, Hao Y. SlTPL1 Silencing Induces Facultative Parthenocarpy in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:672232. [PMID: 34093628 PMCID: PMC8174789 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.672232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Facultative parthenocarpy is of great practical value. However, the molecular mechanism underlying facultative parthenocarpy remains elusive. Transcriptional co-repressors (TPL) act as a central regulatory hub controlling all nine phytohormone pathways. Previously, we proved that SlTPLs participate in the auxin signaling pathway by interacting with auxin/indole acetic acid (Aux/IAAs) in tomato; however, their function in fruit development has not been studied. In addition to their high expression levels during flower development, the interaction between SlTPL1 and SlIAA9 stimulated the investigation of its functional significance via RNA interference (RNAi) technology, whereby the translation of a protein is prevented by selective degradation of its encoded mRNA. Down-regulation of SlTPL1 resulted in facultative parthenocarpy. Plants of SlTPL1-RNAi transgenic lines produced similar fruits which did not show any pleiotropic effects under normal conditions. However, they produced seedless fruits upon emasculation and under heat stress conditions. Furthermore, SlTPL1-RNAi flower buds contained higher levels of cytokinins and lower levels of abscisic acid. To reveal how SlTPL1 regulates facultative parthenocarpy, RNA-seq was performed to identify genes regulated by SlTPL1 in ovaries before and after fruit set. The results showed that down-regulation of SlTPL1 resulted in reduced expression levels of cytokinin metabolism-related genes, and all transcription factors such as MYB, CDF, and ERFs. Conversely, down-regulation of SlTPL1 induced the expression of genes related to cell wall and cytoskeleton organization. These data provide novel insights into the molecular mechanism of facultative tomato parthenocarpy and identify SlTPL1 as a key factor regulating these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiwei Song
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zanlin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guojian Hu
- Laboratory Genomics and Biotechnology of Fruits, INRA, Toulouse INP, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Baowen Huang
- Laboratory Genomics and Biotechnology of Fruits, INRA, Toulouse INP, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Mengyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Bioengineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caiyu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Riyuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mondher Bouzayen
- Laboratory Genomics and Biotechnology of Fruits, INRA, Toulouse INP, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Mohammed Zouine
- Laboratory Genomics and Biotechnology of Fruits, INRA, Toulouse INP, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- *Correspondence: Mohammed Zouine,
| | - Yanwei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Yanwei Hao,
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How Hormones and MADS-Box Transcription Factors Are Involved in Controlling Fruit Set and Parthenocarpy in Tomato. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11121441. [PMID: 33265980 PMCID: PMC7760363 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruit set is the earliest phase of fruit growth and represents the onset of ovary growth after successful fertilization. In parthenocarpy, fruit formation is less affected by environmental factors because it occurs in the absence of pollination and fertilization, making parthenocarpy a highly desired agronomic trait. Elucidating the genetic program controlling parthenocarpy, and more generally fruit set, may have important implications in agriculture, considering the need for crops to be adaptable to climate changes. Several phytohormones play an important role in the transition from flower to fruit. Further complexity emerges from functional analysis of floral homeotic genes. Some homeotic MADS-box genes are implicated in fruit growth and development, displaying an expression pattern commonly observed for ovary growth repressors. Here, we provide an overview of recent discoveries on the molecular regulatory gene network underlying fruit set in tomato, the model organism for fleshy fruit development due to the many genetic and genomic resources available. We describe how the genetic modification of components of this network can cause parthenocarpy, discussing the contribution of hormonal signals and MADS-box transcription factors.
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Abstract
Fruit set is the process whereby ovaries develop into fruits after pollination and fertilization. The process is induced by the phytohormone gibberellin (GA) in tomatoes, as determined by the constitutive GA response mutant procera However, the role of GA on the metabolic behavior in fruit-setting ovaries remains largely unknown. This study explored the biochemical mechanisms of fruit set using a network analysis of integrated transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, and enzyme activity data. Our results revealed that fruit set involves the activation of central carbon metabolism, with increased hexoses, hexose phosphates, and downstream metabolites, including intermediates and derivatives of glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and associated organic and amino acids. The network analysis also identified the transcriptional hub gene SlHB15A, that coordinated metabolic activation. Furthermore, a kinetic model of sucrose metabolism predicted that the sucrose cycle had high activity levels in unpollinated ovaries, whereas it was shut down when sugars rapidly accumulated in vacuoles in fruit-setting ovaries, in a time-dependent manner via tonoplastic sugar carriers. Moreover, fruit set at least partly required the activity of fructokinase, which may pull fructose out of the vacuole, and this could feed the downstream pathways. Collectively, our results indicate that GA cascades enhance sink capacities, by up-regulating central metabolic enzyme capacities at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. This leads to increased sucrose uptake and carbon fluxes for the production of the constituents of biomass and energy that are essential for rapid ovary growth during the initiation of fruit set.
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Wang W, Bai Y, Koilkonda P, Guan L, Zhuge Y, Wang X, Liu Z, Jia H, Wang C, Fang J. Genome-wide identification and characterization of gibberellin metabolic and signal transduction (GA MST) pathway mediating seed and berry development (SBD) in grape (Vitis vinifera L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:384. [PMID: 32825825 PMCID: PMC7441673 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02591-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grape is highly sensitive to gibberellin (GA), which is crucial during seed and berry development (SBD) either by itself or by interacting with other hormones, such as auxin, Abscisic acid (ABA), and Cytokinin (CK). However, no systematic analysis of GA metabolic and signal transduction (MST) pathway has been undertaken in grapevine. RESULTS In this study, total endogenous GA3 content significantly decreased during SBD, and a total of 48 known genes in GA metabolic (GAM; 31) and signal transduction (ST; 17) pathways were identified in this process. In the GAM pathway, out of 31 genes, VvGA20ox1-1, VvGA3ox4-1, and VvGA2ox1-1 may be the major factors interacting at the green-berry stage (GBS) accompanied with higher accumulation rate. GA biosynthesis was greater than GA inactivation at GBS, confirming the importance of seeds in GA synthesis. The visible correlation between endogenous GA3 content and gene expression profiles suggested that the transcriptional regulation of GA biosynthesis pathway genes was a key mechanism of GA accumulation at the stone-hardening stage (SHS). Interestingly, we observed a negative feedback regulation between VvGA3oxs-VvGAI1-4, VvGA2oxs-VvGAI1-4, and VvGID1B-VvGAI1-4 in maintaining the balance of GA3 content in berries. Moreover, 11 miRNAs may be involved in the modulation of GA MST pathway by mediating their target genes, such as VvGA3ox, VvGID1B, and VvGAMYB. Many genes in auxin, ABA, and CK MST pathways were further identified and found to have a special pattern in the berry, and the crosstalk between GA and these hormones may modulate the complex process during SBD through the interaction gene network of the multihormone pathway. Lastly, based on the expression characterization of multihormone MST pathway genes, a proposed model of the GA-mediated multihormone regulatory network during SBD was proposed. CONCLUSIONS Our results provided novel insights into GA-mediated regulatory networks during SBD in grape. The complexity of GA-mediated multihormone ST in SBD was also elucidated, thereby providing valuable information for future functional characterizations of specific genes in grape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenran Wang
- Nanjing Agricultural University, College of Horticulture, Nanjing, 210095 PR China
- China Agricultural University, College of Horticulture, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yunhe Bai
- Nanjing Agricultural University, College of Horticulture, Nanjing, 210095 PR China
| | - Padmalatha Koilkonda
- Division of Crop Sciences, ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Santoshnagar, Hyderabad, Telangana 500059 India
| | - Le Guan
- Nanjing Agricultural University, College of Horticulture, Nanjing, 210095 PR China
| | - Yaxian Zhuge
- Nanjing Agricultural University, College of Horticulture, Nanjing, 210095 PR China
| | - Xicheng Wang
- Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014 China
| | - Zhongjie Liu
- Nanjing Agricultural University, College of Horticulture, Nanjing, 210095 PR China
| | - Haifeng Jia
- Nanjing Agricultural University, College of Horticulture, Nanjing, 210095 PR China
| | - Chen Wang
- Nanjing Agricultural University, College of Horticulture, Nanjing, 210095 PR China
| | - Jinggui Fang
- Nanjing Agricultural University, College of Horticulture, Nanjing, 210095 PR China
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Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of extensin genes in tomato. Genomics 2020; 112:4348-4360. [PMID: 32712296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Extensins (EXTs) are major protein components in plant cell walls that play crucial roles in higher plants. The function of EXTs has been reported in several plants but is limited in tomato, especially in fruit ripening. In this study, we identified 83 EXTs in tomato, and divided them into seven groups. The gene intron-exon structure and protein-motif composition of SlEXTs were similar within each group but different among groups. SlEXT genes showed different expression patterns in roots, leaves, flowers and fruits, and some SlEXT gene expressions in flowers could be regulated by treatments of auxin, gibberellic acid and jasmonic acid. In particular, SlSEXT8 had higher and increased expression during tomato fruit ripening, and its expression could be induced by ethylene, suggesting SlSEXT8 may be involved in tomato fruit softening. The result provides insights into the function of EXTs, and will facilitate to further study EXT roles in tomato fruit ripening.
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Cucumber Fruit Size and Shape Variations Explored from the Aspects of Morphology, Histology, and Endogenous Hormones. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060772. [PMID: 32575654 PMCID: PMC7356835 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fruit size and shape are important qualities and yield traits in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), but the factors that influence fruit size and shape remain to be explored. In this study, we investigated the dynamic changes of fruit size and shape from the aspects of morphology, cellular levels and endogenous hormones for nine typical cucumber inbred lines. The results show that fruit length had a strong positive correlation to the cell number in the longitudinal section of fruit throughout the four stages of 0, 6, 12, and 30 DAA (days after anthesis). However, the significant negative correlations were found between fruit length and the fruit cell size at 12 and 30 DAA. Furthermore, fruit diameter was positively correlated to the cell number in the cross section at all the investigated fruit growth stages. The indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content showed significant positive correlations to the fruit length at all fruit growth stages of −6, −3, 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 DAA, but IAA content and fruit diameter showed significant negative correlations for all the stages except for at −6 DAA. The trans-zeatin riboside (tZR), zeatin (ZT), gibberellic acid (GA3) and jasmonic acid (JA) content had a positive or negative correlation with fruit length or diameter only at certain stages. Neither fruit length nor diameter had significant correlations to abscisic acid (ABA) content. These results indicate that variations in fruit size and shape of different cucumber inbred lines mainly result from the differences in fruit cell number and endogenous IAA content. The present work is the first to propose cucumber fruit size and shape changes from the combined aspects of morphology, cellular levels, and endogenous hormones.
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