1
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Laine AL, Tylianakis JM. The coevolutionary consequences of biodiversity change. Trends Ecol Evol 2024; 39:745-756. [PMID: 38705768 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Coevolutionary selection is a powerful process shaping species interactions and biodiversity. Anthropogenic global environmental change is reshaping planetary biodiversity, including by altering the structure and intensity of interspecific interactions. However, remarkably little is understood of how coevolutionary selection is changing in the process. Here, we outline three interrelated pathways - change in evolutionary potential, change in community composition, and shifts in interaction trait distributions - that are expected to redirect coevolutionary selection under biodiversity change. Assessing how both ecological and evolutionary rules governing species interactions are disrupted under anthropogenic global change is of paramount importance to understand the past, present, and future of Earth's biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Liisa Laine
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikinkaari 1 (PO Box 65), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jason M Tylianakis
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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2
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Abstract
Plant diseases are strongly influenced by host biodiversity, spatial structure, and abiotic conditions. All of these are undergoing rapid change, as the climate is warming, habitats are being lost, and nitrogen deposition is changing nutrient dynamics of ecosystems with ensuing consequences for biodiversity. Here, I review examples of plant-pathogen associations to demonstrate how our ability to understand, model and predict disease dynamics is becoming increasingly difficult, as both plant and pathogen populations and communities are undergoing extensive change. The extent of this change is influenced via both direct and combined effects of global change drivers, and especially the latter are still poorly understood. Change at one trophic level is expected to drive change also at the other, and hence feedback loops between plants and their pathogens are expected to drive changes in disease risk both through ecological as well as evolutionary mechanisms. Many of the examples discussed here demonstrate an increase in disease risk as a result of ongoing change, suggesting that unless we successfully mitigate global environmental change, plant disease is going to become an increasingly heavy burden on our societies with far-reaching consequences for food security and functioning of ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Liisa Laine
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, PO BOX 65 00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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3
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Klinerová T, Man M, Dostál P. Invasion tolerance varies along a topographic gradient irrespective of invader presence. OIKOS 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Klinerová
- Inst. of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic
| | - Matěj Man
- Inst. of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic
| | - Petr Dostál
- Inst. of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic
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4
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Castillo R, Wurdack M, Pauli T, Keller A, Feldhaar H, Polidori C, Niehuis O, Schmitt T. Evidence for a chemical arms race between cuckoo wasps of the genus Hedychrum and their distantly related host apoid wasps. BMC Ecol Evol 2022; 22:138. [PMID: 36443667 PMCID: PMC9703671 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-022-02093-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brood parasites can exert strong selection pressure on their hosts. Many brood parasites escape their detection by mimicking sensory cues of their hosts. However, there is little evidence whether or not the hosts are able to escape the parasites' mimicry by changing these cues. We addressed this question by analyzing cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles of Cerceris and Philanthus wasps and their brood parasites, cuckoo wasps mimicking the CHC profiles of their hosts. Some of these hosts use hydrocarbons to preserve their prey against fungal infestation and thus, they cannot significantly change their CHC composition in response to chemical mimicry by Hedychrum brood parasites. RESULTS We found that the CHC overlap between brood parasites and their hosts was lower in case of host wasps not preserving their prey than in case of prey-preserving host wasps, whose CHC evolution is constrained. Furthermore, the CHC profiles in non-preserving host wasps is more strongly diversified in females than in males, thus in the sex that is chemically mimicked by brood parasites. CONCLUSION Our results provide evidence for a chemical arms race between those hosts that are liberated from stabilizing selection on their chemical template and their parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Castillo
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mareike Wurdack
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Pauli
- grid.5963.9Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 153, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Keller
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XCellular and Organismic Networks, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Heike Feldhaar
- grid.7384.80000 0004 0467 6972Animal Population Ecology, Department of Animal Ecology I, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Carlo Polidori
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Oliver Niehuis
- grid.5963.9Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmitt
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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5
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Ameline C, Voegtli F, Andras J, Dexter E, Engelstädter J, Ebert D. Genetic slippage after sex maintains diversity for parasite resistance in a natural host population. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn0051. [PMID: 36399570 PMCID: PMC9674289 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although parasite-mediated selection is a major driver of host evolution, its influence on genetic variation for parasite resistance is not yet well understood. We monitored resistance in a large population of the planktonic crustacean Daphnia magna over 8 years, as it underwent yearly epidemics of the bacterial pathogen Pasteuria ramosa. We observed cyclic dynamics of resistance: Resistance increased throughout the epidemics, but susceptibility was restored each spring when hosts hatched from sexual resting stages. Host resting stages collected across the year showed that largely resistant host populations can produce susceptible sexual offspring. A genetic model of resistance developed for this host-parasite system, based on multiple loci and strong epistasis, is in partial agreement with our findings. Our results reveal that, despite strong selection for resistance in a natural host population, genetic slippage after sexual reproduction can be a strong factor for the maintenance of genetic diversity of host resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Ameline
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Voegtli
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jason Andras
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric Dexter
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan Engelstädter
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dieter Ebert
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
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6
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Gawecka KA, Pedraza F, Bascompte J. Effects of habitat destruction on coevolving metacommunities. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:2597-2610. [PMID: 36223432 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Habitat destruction is a growing threat to biodiversity and ecosystem services. The ecological consequences of habitat loss and fragmentation involve reductions in species abundance and even the extinction of species and their interactions. However, we do not yet understand how habitat loss alters the coevolutionary trajectories of the remaining species or how coevolution, in turn, affects their response to habitat loss. To investigate this, we develop a spatially explicit model which couples metacommunity and coevolutionary dynamics. We show that, by changing the size, composition and structure of local networks, habitat destruction increases the diversity of coevolutionary trajectories of mutualists across the landscape. Conversely, in antagonistic communities, some species increase while others reduce their spatial trait heterogeneity. Furthermore, we show that while coevolution dampens the negative effects of habitat destruction in mutualistic networks, its effects on the persistence of antagonistic communities tend to be smaller and less predictable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klementyna A Gawecka
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fernando Pedraza
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jordi Bascompte
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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May G, Shaw RG, Geyer CJ, Eck DJ. Do Interactions among Microbial Symbionts Cause Selection for Greater Pathogen Virulence? Am Nat 2022; 199:252-265. [DOI: 10.1086/717679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgiana May
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Ruth G. Shaw
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Charles J. Geyer
- School of Statistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Daniel J. Eck
- Department of Statistics, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois 61820
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8
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Ameline C, Bourgeois Y, Vögtli F, Savola E, Andras J, Engelstädter J, Ebert D. A Two-Locus System with Strong Epistasis Underlies Rapid Parasite-Mediated Evolution of Host Resistance. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:1512-1528. [PMID: 33258959 PMCID: PMC8042741 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites are a major evolutionary force, driving adaptive responses in host populations. Although the link between phenotypic response to parasite-mediated natural selection and the underlying genetic architecture often remains obscure, this link is crucial for understanding the evolution of resistance and predicting associated allele frequency changes in the population. To close this gap, we monitored the response to selection during epidemics of a virulent bacterial pathogen, Pasteuria ramosa, in a natural host population of Daphnia magna. Across two epidemics, we observed a strong increase in the proportion of resistant phenotypes as the epidemics progressed. Field and laboratory experiments confirmed that this increase in resistance was caused by selection from the local parasite. Using a genome-wide association study, we built a genetic model in which two genomic regions with dominance and epistasis control resistance polymorphism in the host. We verified this model by selfing host genotypes with different resistance phenotypes and scoring their F1 for segregation of resistance and associated genetic markers. Such epistatic effects with strong fitness consequences in host–parasite coevolution are believed to be crucial in the Red Queen model for the evolution of genetic recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Ameline
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yann Bourgeois
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Felix Vögtli
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eevi Savola
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Andras
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biological Sciences, Clapp Laboratory, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, USA
| | - Jan Engelstädter
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dieter Ebert
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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9
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Rodriguez MD, Doherty PF, Piaggio AJ, Huyvaert KP. Sex and nest type influence avian blood parasite prevalence in a high-elevation bird community. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:145. [PMID: 33685479 PMCID: PMC7938522 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04612-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of avian haemosporidian parasites and the factors influencing infection in the Colorado Rocky Mountains are largely unknown. With climate change expected to promote the expansion of vector and avian blood parasite distributions, baseline knowledge and continued monitoring of the prevalence and diversity of these parasites is needed. METHODS Using an occupancy modeling framework, we conducted a survey of haemosporidian parasite species infecting an avian community in the Colorado Rocky Mountains in order to estimate the prevalence and diversity of blood parasites and to investigate species-level and individual-level characteristics that may influence infection. RESULTS We estimated the prevalence and diversity of avian Haemosporidia across 24 bird species, detecting 39 parasite haplotypes. We found that open-cup nesters have higher Haemoproteus prevalence than cavity or ground nesters. Additionally, we found that male Ruby-crowned Kinglets, White-crowned Sparrows, and Wilson's Warblers have higher Haemoproteus prevalence compared to other host species. Plasmodium prevalence was relatively low (5%), consistent with the idea that competent vectors may be rare at high altitudes. CONCLUSIONS Our study presents baseline knowledge of haemosporidian parasite presence, prevalence, and diversity among avian species in the Colorado Rocky Mountains and adds to our knowledge of host-parasite relationships of blood parasites and their avian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina D Rodriguez
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
| | - Paul F Doherty
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Antoinette J Piaggio
- National Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Kathryn P Huyvaert
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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10
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Medina I, Kilner RM, Langmore NE. From micro- to macroevolution: brood parasitism as a driver of phenotypic diversity in birds. Curr Zool 2020; 66:515-526. [PMID: 33293930 PMCID: PMC7705515 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoaa033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental question in biology is how diversity evolves and why some clades are more diverse than others. Phenotypic diversity has often been shown to result from morphological adaptation to different habitats. The role of behavioral interactions as a driver of broadscale phenotypic diversity has received comparatively less attention. Behavioral interactions, however, are a key agent of natural selection. Antagonistic behavioral interactions with predators or with parasites can have significant fitness consequences, and hence act as strong evolutionary forces on the phenotype of species, ultimately generating diversity between species of both victims and exploiters. Avian obligate brood parasites lay their eggs in the nests of other species, their hosts, and this behavioral interaction between hosts and parasites is often considered one of the best examples of coevolution in the natural world. In this review, we use the coevolution between brood parasites and their hosts to illustrate the potential of behavioral interactions to drive evolution of phenotypic diversity at different taxonomic scales. We provide a bridge between behavioral ecology and macroevolution by describing how this interaction has increased avian phenotypic diversity not only in the brood parasitic clades but also in their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliana Medina
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Rebecca M Kilner
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Naomi E Langmore
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
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11
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Karasov TL, Shirsekar G, Schwab R, Weigel D. What natural variation can teach us about resistance durability. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 56:89-98. [PMID: 32535454 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Breeding a crop variety to be resistant to a pathogen usually takes years. This is problematic because pathogens, with short generation times and fluid genomes, adapt quickly to overcome resistance. The triumph of the pathogen is not inevitable, however, as there are numerous examples of durable resistance, particularly in wild plants. Which factors then contribute to such resistance stability over millennia? We review current knowledge of wild and agricultural pathosystems, detailing the importance of genetic, species and spatial heterogeneity in the prevention of pathogen outbreaks. We also highlight challenges associated with increasing resistance diversity in crops, both in light of pathogen (co-)evolution and breeding practices. Historically it has been difficult to incorporate heterogeneity into agriculture due to reduced efficiency in harvesting. Recent advances implementing computer vision and automation in agricultural production may improve our ability to harvest mixed genotype and mixed species plantings, thereby increasing resistance durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia L Karasov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gautam Shirsekar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rebecca Schwab
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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12
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Ferris C, Wright R, Brockhurst MA, Best A. The evolution of host resistance and parasite infectivity is highest in seasonal resource environments that oscillate at intermediate amplitudes. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200787. [PMID: 32453992 PMCID: PMC7287369 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal environments vary in their amplitude of oscillation but the effects of this temporal heterogeneity for host-parasite coevolution are poorly understood. Here, we combined mathematical modelling and experimental evolution of a coevolving bacteria-phage interaction to show that the intensity of host-parasite coevolution peaked in environments that oscillate in their resource supply with intermediate amplitude. Our experimentally parameterized mathematical model explains that this pattern is primarily driven by the ecological effects of resource oscillations on host growth rates. Our findings suggest that in host-parasite systems where the host's but not the parasite's population growth dynamics are subject to seasonal forcing, the intensity of coevolution will peak at intermediate amplitudes but be constrained at extreme amplitudes of environmental oscillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Ferris
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, 226 Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK
| | - Rosanna Wright
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Michael A. Brockhurst
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Alex Best
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, 226 Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK
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13
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Howells EJ, Bauman AG, Vaughan GO, Hume BCC, Voolstra CR, Burt JA. Corals in the hottest reefs in the world exhibit symbiont fidelity not flexibility. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:899-911. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Howells
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology New York University Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions and School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW Australia
| | - Andrew G. Bauman
- Experimental Marine Ecology Laboratory Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore City Singapore
| | - Grace O. Vaughan
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology New York University Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Benjamin C. C. Hume
- Red Sea Research Center Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal Saudi Arabia
| | - Christian R. Voolstra
- Red Sea Research Center Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
| | - John A. Burt
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology New York University Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
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14
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Caldera EJ, Chevrette MG, McDonald BR, Currie CR. Local Adaptation of Bacterial Symbionts within a Geographic Mosaic of Antibiotic Coevolution. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e01580-19. [PMID: 31676475 PMCID: PMC6881802 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01580-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The geographic mosaic theory of coevolution (GMC) posits that coevolutionary dynamics go beyond local coevolution and are comprised of the following three components: geographic selection mosaics, coevolutionary hot spots, and trait remixing. It is unclear whether the GMC applies to bacteria, as horizontal gene transfer and cosmopolitan dispersal may violate theoretical assumptions. Here, we test key GMC predictions in an antibiotic-producing bacterial symbiont (genus Pseudonocardia) that protects the crops of neotropical fungus-farming ants (Apterostigma dentigerum) from a specialized pathogen (genus Escovopsis). We found that Pseudonocardia antibiotic inhibition of common Escovopsis pathogens was elevated in A. dentigerum colonies from Panama compared to those from Costa Rica. Furthermore, a Panama Canal Zone population of Pseudonocardia on Barro Colorado Island (BCI) was locally adapted, whereas two neighboring populations were not, consistent with a GMC-predicted selection mosaic and a hot spot of adaptation surrounded by areas of maladaptation. Maladaptation was shaped by incongruent Pseudonocardia-Escovopsis population genetic structure, whereas local adaptation was facilitated by geographic isolation on BCI after the flooding of the Panama Canal. Genomic assessments of antibiotic potential of 29 Pseudonocardia strains identified diverse and unique biosynthetic gene clusters in BCI strains despite low genetic diversity in the core genome. The strength of antibiotic inhibition was not correlated with the presence/absence of individual biosynthetic gene clusters or with parasite location. Rather, biosynthetic gene clusters have undergone selective sweeps, suggesting that the trait remixing dynamics conferring the long-term maintenance of antibiotic potency rely on evolutionary genetic changes within already-present biosynthetic gene clusters and not simply on the horizontal acquisition of novel genetic elements or pathways.IMPORTANCE Recently, coevolutionary theory in macroorganisms has been advanced by the geographic mosaic theory of coevolution (GMC), which considers how geography and local adaptation shape coevolutionary dynamics. Here, we test GMC in an ancient symbiosis in which the ant Apterostigma dentigerum cultivates fungi in an agricultural system analogous to human farming. The cultivars are parasitized by the fungus Escovopsis The ants maintain symbiotic actinobacteria with antibiotic properties that help combat Escovopsis infection. This antibiotic symbiosis has persisted for tens of millions of years, raising the question of how antibiotic potency is maintained over these time scales. Our study tests the GMC in a bacterial defensive symbiosis and in a multipartite symbiosis framework. Our results show that this multipartite symbiotic system conforms to the GMC and demonstrate that this theory is applicable in both microbes and indirect symbiont-symbiont interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Caldera
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Marc G Chevrette
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Bradon R McDonald
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Cameron R Currie
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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15
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Kahnt B, Hattingh WN, Theodorou P, Wieseke N, Kuhlmann M, Glennon KL, Niet T, Paxton R, Cron GV. Should I stay or should I go? Pollinator shifts rather than cospeciation dominate the evolutionary history of South African
Rediviva
bees and their
Diascia
host plants. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:4118-4133. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Kahnt
- General Zoology Institute of Biology Martin‐Luther‐University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Wesley N. Hattingh
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Braamfontein South Africa
| | - Panagiotis Theodorou
- General Zoology Institute of Biology Martin‐Luther‐University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Nicolas Wieseke
- Institute for Informatics University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Michael Kuhlmann
- Zoological Museum Kiel University Kiel Germany
- Department of Life Sciences Natural History Museum London UK
| | - Kelsey L. Glennon
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Braamfontein South Africa
| | - Timotheüs Niet
- School of Life Sciences Centre for Functional Biodiversity University of Kwazulu‐Natal Pietermaritzburg South Africa
| | - Robert Paxton
- General Zoology Institute of Biology Martin‐Luther‐University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Glynis V. Cron
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Braamfontein South Africa
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16
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Scanlan JG, Hall AR, Scanlan PD. Impact of bile salts on coevolutionary dynamics between the gut bacterium Escherichia coli and its lytic phage PP01. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 73:425-432. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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17
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Ferris C, Best A. The effect of temporal fluctuations on the evolution of host tolerance to parasitism. Theor Popul Biol 2019; 130:182-190. [PMID: 31415775 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There are many mechanisms that hosts can evolve to defend against parasites, two of which are resistance and tolerance. These defences often have different evolutionary behaviours, and it is important to consider how each individual mechanism may respond to changes in environment. In particular, host defence through tolerance is predicted to be unlikely to lead to variation, despite many observations of diversity in both animal and plant systems. Hence understanding the drivers of diversity in host defence and parasite virulence is vital for predicting future evolutionary changes in infectious disease dynamics. It has been suggested that heterogeneous environments might generally promote diversity, but the effect of temporal fluctuations has received little attention theoretically or empirically, and there has been no examination of how temporal fluctuations affects the evolution of host tolerance. In this study, we use a mathematical model to investigate the evolution of host tolerance in a temporally fluctuating environment. We show that investment in tolerance increases in more variable environments, giving qualitatively different evolutionary behaviours when compared to resistance. Once seasonality is introduced evolutionary branching though tolerance can occur and create diversity within the population, although potentially only temporarily. This branching behaviour arises due to the emergence of a negative feedback with the maximum infected density on a cycle, which is strongest when the infected population is large. This work reinforces the qualitative differences between tolerance and resistance evolution, but also provides theoretical evidence for the theory that heterogeneous environments promote host-parasite diversity, hence constant environment assumptions may omit important evolutionary outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Ferris
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK.
| | - Alex Best
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
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18
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Fernandes LD, Lemos-Costa P, Guimarães PR, Thompson JN, de Aguiar MAM. Coevolution Creates Complex Mosaics across Large Landscapes. Am Nat 2019; 194:217-229. [PMID: 31318284 DOI: 10.1086/704157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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19
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Briolat ES, Burdfield‐Steel ER, Paul SC, Rönkä KH, Seymoure BM, Stankowich T, Stuckert AMM. Diversity in warning coloration: selective paradox or the norm? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:388-414. [PMID: 30152037 PMCID: PMC6446817 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Aposematic theory has historically predicted that predators should select for warning signals to converge on a single form, as a result of frequency-dependent learning. However, widespread variation in warning signals is observed across closely related species, populations and, most problematically for evolutionary biologists, among individuals in the same population. Recent research has yielded an increased awareness of this diversity, challenging the paradigm of signal monomorphy in aposematic animals. Here we provide a comprehensive synthesis of these disparate lines of investigation, identifying within them three broad classes of explanation for variation in aposematic warning signals: genetic mechanisms, differences among predators and predator behaviour, and alternative selection pressures upon the signal. The mechanisms producing warning coloration are also important. Detailed studies of the genetic basis of warning signals in some species, most notably Heliconius butterflies, are beginning to shed light on the genetic architecture facilitating or limiting key processes such as the evolution and maintenance of polymorphisms, hybridisation, and speciation. Work on predator behaviour is changing our perception of the predator community as a single homogenous selective agent, emphasising the dynamic nature of predator-prey interactions. Predator variability in a range of factors (e.g. perceptual abilities, tolerance to chemical defences, and individual motivation), suggests that the role of predators is more complicated than previously appreciated. With complex selection regimes at work, polytypisms and polymorphisms may even occur in Müllerian mimicry systems. Meanwhile, phenotypes are often multifunctional, and thus subject to additional biotic and abiotic selection pressures. Some of these selective pressures, primarily sexual selection and thermoregulation, have received considerable attention, while others, such as disease risk and parental effects, offer promising avenues to explore. As well as reviewing the existing evidence from both empirical studies and theoretical modelling, we highlight hypotheses that could benefit from further investigation in aposematic species. Finally by collating known instances of variation in warning signals, we provide a valuable resource for understanding the taxonomic spread of diversity in aposematic signalling and with which to direct future research. A greater appreciation of the extent of variation in aposematic species, and of the selective pressures and constraints which contribute to this once-paradoxical phenomenon, yields a new perspective for the field of aposematic signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle S. Briolat
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, College of Life & Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterPenryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FEU.K.
| | - Emily R. Burdfield‐Steel
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskylä, 40014Finland
| | - Sarah C. Paul
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, College of Life & Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterPenryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FEU.K.
- Department of Chemical EcologyBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstraße 25, 33615, BielefeldGermany
| | - Katja H. Rönkä
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskylä, 40014Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinki, 00014Finland
| | - Brett M. Seymoure
- Department of BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO 80525U.S.A.
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO 80525U.S.A.
| | - Theodore Stankowich
- Department of Biological SciencesCalifornia State UniversityLong BeachCA 90840U.S.A.
| | - Adam M. M. Stuckert
- Department of BiologyEast Carolina University1000 E Fifth St, GreenvilleNC 27858U.S.A.
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20
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Calf OW, Huber H, Peters JL, Weinhold A, Poeschl Y, van Dam NM. Gastropods and Insects Prefer Different Solanum dulcamara Chemotypes. J Chem Ecol 2019; 45:146-161. [PMID: 29961916 PMCID: PMC6469604 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-0979-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Solanum dulcamara (Bittersweet nightshade) shows significant intraspecific variation in glycoalkaloid (GA) composition and concentration. We previously showed that constitutive differences in overall GA levels are correlated with feeding preference of the grey field slug (GFS; Deroceras reticulatum). One particularly preferred accession, ZD11, contained low GA levels, but high levels of previously unknown structurally related uronic acid conjugated compounds (UACs). Here we test whether different slug species as well as insect herbivores show similar feeding preferences among six S. dulcamara accessions with different GA chemotypes. In addition, we investigate whether slug feeding can lead to induced changes in the chemical composition and affect later arriving herbivores. A leaf disc assay using greenhouse-grown plants showed that three slug species similarly preferred accessions with low GA levels. Untargeted metabolomic analyses showed that previous slug feeding consistently increased the levels of N-caffeoyl-putrescine and a structurally related metabolite, but not the levels of GAs and UACs. Slug-induced responses only affected slug preference in one accession. A common garden experiment using the same six accessions revealed that ZD11 received the highest natural gastropod feeding damage, but suffered the lowest damage by specialist flea beetles. The latter preferred to feed on accessions with high GA levels. Our study indicates that different selection pressures imposed by generalist gastropods and specialist insects may explain part of the observed chemical diversity in S. dulcamara.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onno W Calf
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Heidrun Huber
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Janny L Peters
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander Weinhold
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yvonne Poeschl
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 1, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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21
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Eisen KE, Geber MA. Ecological sorting and character displacement contribute to the structure of communities of Clarkia species. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:1440-1458. [PMID: 30099807 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite long-standing interest in the evolutionary ecology of plants that share pollinators, few studies have explored how these interactions may affect communities during both community assembly (ecological sorting) and through ongoing, in situ evolution (character displacement), and how the effects of these interactions may change with community context. To determine if communities display patterns consistent with ecological sorting, we assessed the frequency of co-occurrence of four species of Clarkia in the southern Sierra foothills (Kern County, CA, USA). To investigate potential character displacement, we measured pollination-related traits on plants grown in a greenhouse common garden from seed collected in communities with one, two or four Clarkia species. Among the four species of Clarkia in this region, the two species that are often found in multi-species communities also co-occur with one another more frequently than expected under a null model. This pattern is consistent with ecological sorting, although further investigation is needed to determine the role of pollinators in shaping community assembly. Patterns of trait variation in a common garden suggest that these two species have diverged in floral traits and converged in flowering time where they co-occur, which is consistent with character displacement. Trait variation across community types also suggests that the process and outcome of character displacement may vary with community context. Because community context appears to affect both the direction and magnitude of character displacement, change in more species-rich communities may not be predictable from patterns of change in simpler communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Eisen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Monica A Geber
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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22
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Calf OW, Huber H, Peters JL, Weinhold A, van Dam NM. Glycoalkaloid composition explains variation in slug resistance in Solanum dulcamara. Oecologia 2018; 187:495-506. [PMID: 29383505 PMCID: PMC5997107 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In natural environments, plants have to deal with a wide range of different herbivores whose communities vary in time and space. It is believed that the chemical diversity within plant species has mainly arisen from selection pressures exerted by herbivores. So far, the effects of chemical diversity on plant resistance have mostly been assessed for arthropod herbivores. However, also gastropods, such as slugs, can cause extensive damage to plants. Here we investigate to what extent individual Solanum dulcamara plants differ in their resistance to slug herbivory and whether this variation can be explained by differences in secondary metabolites. We performed a series of preference assays using the grey field slug (Deroceras reticulatum) and S. dulcamara accessions from eight geographically distinct populations from the Netherlands. Significant and consistent variation in slug preference was found for individual accessions within and among populations. Metabolomic analyses showed that variation in steroidal glycoalkaloids (GAs) correlated with slug preference; accessions with high GA levels were consistently less damaged by slugs. One, strongly preferred, accession with particularly low GA levels contained high levels of structurally related steroidal compounds. These were conjugated with uronic acid instead of the glycoside moieties common for Solanum GAs. Our results illustrate how intraspecific variation in steroidal glycoside profiles affects resistance to slug feeding. This suggests that also slugs should be considered as important drivers in the co-evolution between plants and herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onno W Calf
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Heidrun Huber
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Janny L Peters
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Weinhold
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743, Jena, Germany
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23
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Smith JD, Gill SA, Baker KM, Vonhof MJ. Prevalence and diversity of avian Haemosporida infecting songbirds in southwest Michigan. Parasitol Res 2017; 117:471-489. [PMID: 29282527 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5724-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Avian blood parasites from the genera Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, and Leucocytozoon (Haemosporida) affect hosts in numerous ways. They influence species interactions, host behavior, reproductive success, and cause pathology and mortality in birds. The Great Lakes region of North America has extensive aquatic and wetland habitat and supports a diverse vector community. Here we describe the community of bird-infecting Haemosporida in southwest Michigan and their host associations by measuring parasite prevalence, diversity, and host breadth across a diverse community of avian hosts. Over 700 songbirds of 55 species were screened for Haemosporida infection across southwest Michigan, including 11 species that were targeted for larger sample sizes. In total, 71 parasite lineages infected over 40% of birds. Of these, 42 were novel, yet richness estimates suggest that approximately half of the actual parasite diversity in the host community was observed despite intensive sampling of multiple host species. Parasite prevalence varied among parasite genera (7-24%) and target host species (0-85%), and parasite diversity was consistently high across most target species. Host breadth varied widely across the most prevalent parasite lineages, and we detected around 60% of host species richness for these parasite lineages. We report many new lineages and novel host-parasite associations, but substantial parasite diversity remains undiscovered in the Midwest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie D Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
| | - Sharon A Gill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
| | - Kathleen M Baker
- Department of Geography, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA.,W.E. Upjohn Center for the Study of Geographical Change, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
| | - Maarten J Vonhof
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA. .,Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA.
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24
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Assis RDAB, Polloni LC, Patané JSL, Thakur S, Felestrino ÉB, Diaz-Caballero J, Digiampietri LA, Goulart LR, Almeida NF, Nascimento R, Dandekar AM, Zaini PA, Setubal JC, Guttman DS, Moreira LM. Identification and analysis of seven effector protein families with different adaptive and evolutionary histories in plant-associated members of the Xanthomonadaceae. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16133. [PMID: 29170530 PMCID: PMC5700972 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16325-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Xanthomonadaceae family consists of species of non-pathogenic and pathogenic γ-proteobacteria that infect different hosts, including humans and plants. In this study, we performed a comparative analysis using 69 fully sequenced genomes belonging to this family, with a focus on identifying proteins enriched in phytopathogens that could explain the lifestyle and the ability to infect plants. Using a computational approach, we identified seven phytopathogen-enriched protein families putatively secreted by type II secretory system: PheA (CM-sec), LipA/LesA, VirK, and four families involved in N-glycan degradation, NixE, NixF, NixL, and FucA1. In silico and phylogenetic analyses of these protein families revealed they all have orthologs in other phytopathogenic or symbiotic bacteria, and are involved in the modulation and evasion of the immune system. As a proof of concept, we performed a biochemical characterization of LipA from Xac306 and verified that the mutant strain lost most of its lipase and esterase activities and displayed reduced virulence in citrus. Since this study includes closely related organisms with distinct lifestyles and highlights proteins directly related to adaptation inside plant tissues, novel approaches might use these proteins as biotechnological targets for disease control, and contribute to our understanding of the coevolution of plant-associated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata de A B Assis
- Center of Research in Biological Science, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | | | - José S L Patané
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Shalabh Thakur
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Érica B Felestrino
- Center of Research in Biological Science, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Julio Diaz-Caballero
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | | | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Nalvo F Almeida
- School of Computing, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, MS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Nascimento
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Abhaya M Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Paulo A Zaini
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.,Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - João C Setubal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - David S Guttman
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada.,Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Leandro Marcio Moreira
- Center of Research in Biological Science, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil. .,Department of Biological Science, Institute of Exact and Biological Science, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
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25
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Wininger K, Rank N. Evolutionary dynamics of interactions between plants and their enemies: comparison of herbivorous insects and pathogens. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1408:46-60. [PMID: 29125186 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants colonized land over 400 million years ago. Shortly thereafter, organisms began to consume terrestrial plant tissue as a nutritional resource. Most plant enemies are plant pathogens or herbivores, and they impose natural selection for plants to evolve defenses. These traits generate selection pressures on enemies. Coevolution between terrestrial plants and their enemies is an important element of the evolutionary history of both groups. However, coevolutionary studies of plant-pathogen interactions have tended to focus on different research topics than plant-herbivore interactions. Specifically, studies of plant-pathogen interactions often adopt a "gene-for-gene" conceptual framework. In contrast, studies of plants and herbivores often investigate escalation or elaboration of plant defense and herbivore adaptations to overcome it. The main exceptions to the general pattern are studies that focus on small, sessile herbivores that share many features with plant pathogens, studies that incorporate both herbivores and pathogens into a single investigation, and studies that test aspects of Thompson's geographic mosaic theory for coevolution. We discuss the implications of these findings for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Wininger
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California
| | - Nathan Rank
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California
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26
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Rouchet R, Smith C, Liu H, Methling C, Douda K, Yu D, Tang Q, Reichard M. Avoidance of host resistance in the oviposition-site preferences of rose bitterling. Evol Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-017-9907-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Lemos-Costa P, Martins AB, Thompson JN, de Aguiar MAM. Gene flow and metacommunity arrangement affects coevolutionary dynamics at the mutualism-antagonism interface. J R Soc Interface 2017; 14:rsif.2016.0989. [PMID: 28566509 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecific interactions are affected by community context and, as a consequence, show spatial variation in magnitude and sign. The selective forces imposed by interactions at the mutualism-antagonism interface are a consequence of the traits involved and their matching between species. If mutualistic and antagonistic communities are linked by gene flow, coevolution between a pair of interacting species is influenced by how selection varies in space. Here we investigate the effects of metacommunity arrangement, i.e. patterns of connection between communities and the number of communities, on the coevolutionary dynamics between two species for which the sign and magnitude of the interaction varies across the landscape. We quantify coevolutionary outcome as an index that can be decomposed into the contribution of intraspecific genetic diversity and interspecific interaction. We show that polymorphisms and mismatches are an expected outcome, which is influenced by spatial structure, interaction strength and the degree of gene flow. The index describes how variation is distributed within and between species, and provides information on the directionality of the mismatches and polymorphisms. Finally, we argue that depending on metacommunity arrangement, some communities have disproportionate roles in maintaining genetic diversity, with implications for the coevolution of interacting species in a fragmented landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Lemos-Costa
- Programa de pós-graduação em Ecologia-Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Unicamp, 13083-865, Campinas/SP, Brazil
| | - Ayana B Martins
- Instituto de Física 'Gleb Wataghin', Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Unicamp, 13083-859, Campinas/SP, Brazil.,Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Center of Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - John N Thompson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Marcus A M de Aguiar
- Instituto de Física 'Gleb Wataghin', Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Unicamp, 13083-859, Campinas/SP, Brazil
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28
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Bankers L, Fields P, McElroy KE, Boore JL, Logsdon JM, Neiman M. Genomic evidence for population-specific responses to co-evolving parasites in a New Zealand freshwater snail. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:3663-3675. [PMID: 28429458 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Reciprocal co-evolving interactions between hosts and parasites are a primary source of strong selection that can promote rapid and often population- or genotype-specific evolutionary change. These host-parasite interactions are also a major source of disease. Despite their importance, very little is known about the genomic basis of co-evolving host-parasite interactions in natural populations, especially in animals. Here, we use gene expression and sequence evolution approaches to take critical steps towards characterizing the genomic basis of interactions between the freshwater snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum and its co-evolving sterilizing trematode parasite, Microphallus sp., a textbook example of natural coevolution. We found that Microphallus-infected P. antipodarum exhibit systematic downregulation of genes relative to uninfected P. antipodarum. The specific genes involved in parasite response differ markedly across lakes, consistent with a scenario where population-level co-evolution is leading to population-specific host-parasite interactions and evolutionary trajectories. We also used an FST -based approach to identify a set of loci that represent promising candidates for targets of parasite-mediated selection across lakes as well as within each lake population. These results constitute the first genomic evidence for population-specific responses to co-evolving infection in the P. antipodarum-Microphallus interaction and provide new insights into the genomic basis of co-evolutionary interactions in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bankers
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Peter Fields
- Zoologisches Institut, Universität Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kyle E McElroy
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Boore
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - John M Logsdon
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Maurine Neiman
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Thompson JN, Schwind C, Friberg M. Diversification of Trait Combinations in Coevolving Plant and Insect Lineages. Am Nat 2017; 190:171-184. [PMID: 28731801 DOI: 10.1086/692164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Closely related species often have similar traits and sometimes interact with the same species. A crucial problem in evolutionary ecology is therefore to understand how coevolving species diverge when they interact with a set of closely related species from another lineage rather than with a single species. We evaluated geographic differences in the floral morphology of all woodland star plant species (Lithophragma, Saxifragaceae) that are pollinated by Greya (Prodoxidae) moths. Flowers of each woodland star species differed depending on whether plants interact locally with one, two, or no pollinating moth species. Plants of one species grown in six different environments showed few differences in floral traits, suggesting that the geographic differences are not due significantly to trait plasticity. Greya moth populations also showed significant geographic divergence in morphology, depending on the local host and on whether the moth species co-occurred locally. Divergence in the plants and the moths involved shifts in combinations of partially correlated traits, rather than any one trait. The results indicate that the geographic mosaic of coevolution can be amplified as coevolving lineages diversify into separate species and come together in different combinations in different ecosystems.
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Bento G, Routtu J, Fields PD, Bourgeois Y, Du Pasquier L, Ebert D. The genetic basis of resistance and matching-allele interactions of a host-parasite system: The Daphnia magna-Pasteuria ramosa model. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006596. [PMID: 28222092 PMCID: PMC5340410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative frequency-dependent selection (NFDS) is an evolutionary mechanism suggested to govern host-parasite coevolution and the maintenance of genetic diversity at host resistance loci, such as the vertebrate MHC and R-genes in plants. Matching-allele interactions of hosts and parasites that prevent the emergence of host and parasite genotypes that are universally resistant and infective are a genetic mechanism predicted to underpin NFDS. The underlying genetics of matching-allele interactions are unknown even in host-parasite systems with empirical support for coevolution by NFDS, as is the case for the planktonic crustacean Daphnia magna and the bacterial pathogen Pasteuria ramosa. We fine-map one locus associated with D. magna resistance to P. ramosa and genetically characterize two haplotypes of the Pasteuria resistance (PR-) locus using de novo genome and transcriptome sequencing. Sequence comparison of PR-locus haplotypes finds dramatic structural polymorphisms between PR-locus haplotypes including a large portion of each haplotype being composed of non-homologous sequences resulting in haplotypes differing in size by 66 kb. The high divergence of PR-locus haplotypes suggest a history of multiple, diverse and repeated instances of structural mutation events and restricted recombination. Annotation of the haplotypes reveals striking differences in gene content. In particular, a group of glycosyltransferase genes that is present in the susceptible but absent in the resistant haplotype. Moreover, in natural populations, we find that the PR-locus polymorphism is associated with variation in resistance to different P. ramosa genotypes, pointing to the PR-locus polymorphism as being responsible for the matching-allele interactions that have been previously described for this system. Our results conclusively identify a genetic basis for the matching-allele interaction observed in a coevolving host-parasite system and provide a first insight into its molecular basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Bento
- Basel University, Zoological Institute, Vesalgasse 1, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Jarkko Routtu
- Basel University, Zoological Institute, Vesalgasse 1, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter D. Fields
- Basel University, Zoological Institute, Vesalgasse 1, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yann Bourgeois
- Basel University, Zoological Institute, Vesalgasse 1, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Louis Du Pasquier
- Basel University, Zoological Institute, Vesalgasse 1, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dieter Ebert
- Basel University, Zoological Institute, Vesalgasse 1, Basel, Switzerland
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Parratt SR, Numminen E, Laine AL. Infectious Disease Dynamics in Heterogeneous Landscapes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-121415-032321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases dynamics are affected by both spatial and temporal heterogeneity in their environments. Our ability to quantify and predict how this heterogeneity impacts risks of infection and disease emergence is the key to successful disease prevention efforts. Here, we review the literature on infectious diseases from human, agricultural, and wildlife ecosystems to describe the rapid ecological and evolutionary responses in pathogens to environmental heterogeneity, with expected impacts on their epidemiology. To date, the underlying network structures through which disease transmission proceeds have been notoriously difficult to quantify because of this variation. We show that with recent advances in statistical methods and genomic approaches, it is now more feasible than ever to trace disease transmission networks, the molecular underpinning of infection, and the environmental variation relevant to disease dynamics. We end by identifying major new opportunities and challenges in understanding disease dynamics in an ever-changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R. Parratt
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;, ,
| | - Elina Numminen
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;, ,
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;, ,
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Abstract
We consider a host-parasite model for a population of cells that can be of two types, A or B, and exhibits unilateral reproduction: while a B-cell always splits into two cells of the same type, the two daughter cells of an A-cell can be of any type. The random mechanism that describes how parasites within a cell multiply and are then shared into the daughter cells is allowed to depend on the hosting mother cell as well as its daughter cells. Focusing on the subpopulation of A-cells and its parasites, our model differs from the single-type model recently studied by Bansaye (2008) in that the sharing mechanism may be biased towards one of the two types. Our main results are concerned with the nonextinctive case and provide information on the behavior, as n → ∞, of the number of A-parasites in generation n and the relative proportion of A- and B-cells in this generation which host a given number of parasites. As in Bansaye (2008), proofs will make use of a so-called random cell line which, when conditioned to be of type A, behaves like a branching process in a random environment.
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A Host-Parasite Model for a Two-Type Cell Population. ADV APPL PROBAB 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/s0001867800006558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We consider a host-parasite model for a population of cells that can be of two types, A or B, and exhibits unilateral reproduction: while a B-cell always splits into two cells of the same type, the two daughter cells of an A-cell can be of any type. The random mechanism that describes how parasites within a cell multiply and are then shared into the daughter cells is allowed to depend on the hosting mother cell as well as its daughter cells. Focusing on the subpopulation of A-cells and its parasites, our model differs from the single-type model recently studied by Bansaye (2008) in that the sharing mechanism may be biased towards one of the two types. Our main results are concerned with the nonextinctive case and provide information on the behavior, as n → ∞, of the number of A-parasites in generation n and the relative proportion of A- and B-cells in this generation which host a given number of parasites. As in Bansaye (2008), proofs will make use of a so-called random cell line which, when conditioned to be of type A, behaves like a branching process in a random environment.
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Miller SE, Metcalf D, Schluter D. Intraguild predation leads to genetically based character shifts in the threespine stickleback. Evolution 2015; 69:3194-203. [PMID: 26527484 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intraguild predation is a common ecological interaction that occurs when a species preys upon another species with which it competes. The interaction is potentially a mechanism of divergence between intraguild prey (IG-prey) populations, but it is unknown if cases of character shifts in IG-prey are an environmental or evolutionary response. We investigated the genetic basis and inducibility of character shifts in threespine stickleback from lakes with and without prickly sculpin, a benthic intraguild predator (IG-predator). Wild populations of stickleback sympatric with sculpin repeatedly show greater defensive armor and water column height preference. We laboratory-raised stickleback from lakes with and without sculpin, as well as marine stickleback, and found that differences between populations in armor, body shape, and behavior persisted in a common garden. Within the common garden, we raised stickleback half-families from multiple populations in the presence and absence of sculpin. Although the presence of sculpin induced trait changes in the marine stickleback, we did not observe an induced response in the freshwater stickleback. Behavioral and morphological trait differences between freshwater populations thus have a genetic basis and suggest an evolutionary response to intraguild predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Miller
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Daniel Metcalf
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dolph Schluter
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Qin Q, Cheng S, Zhang Q, Li L, Shi Y. Biomimicry of parasitic behavior in a coevolutionary particle swarm optimization algorithm for global optimization. Appl Soft Comput 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.asoc.2015.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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36
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Hersh E, Madjidian JA, Andersson S, Strandh M, Armbruster WS, Lankinen Å. Sexual antagonism in the pistil varies among populations of a hermaphroditic mixed-mating plant. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:1321-34. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Hersh
- Biodiversity; Department of Biology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - J. A. Madjidian
- Biodiversity; Department of Biology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - S. Andersson
- Biodiversity; Department of Biology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - M. Strandh
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Plant Protection Biology; Alnarp Sweden
| | - W. S. Armbruster
- School of Biological Science; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
- Institute of Arctic Biology; University of Alaska; Fairbanks AK USA
- Department of Biology; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Å. Lankinen
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Plant Protection Biology; Alnarp Sweden
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37
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Nygren J, Shad N, Kvarnheden A, Westerbergh A. Variation in susceptibility to Wheat dwarf virus among wild and domesticated wheat. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121580. [PMID: 25837893 PMCID: PMC4383415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the variation in plant response in host-pathogen interactions between wild (Aegilops spp., Triticum spp.) and domesticated wheat (Triticum spp.) and Wheat dwarf virus (WDV). The distribution of WDV and its wild host species overlaps in Western Asia in the Fertile Crescent, suggesting a coevolutionary relationship. Bread wheat originates from a natural hybridization between wild emmer wheat (carrying the A and B genomes) and the wild D genome donor Aegilops tauschii, followed by polyploidization and domestication. We studied whether the strong selection during these evolutionary processes, leading to genetic bottlenecks, may have resulted in a loss of resistance in domesticated wheat. In addition, we investigated whether putative fluctuations in intensity of selection imposed on the host-pathogen interactions have resulted in a variation in susceptibility to WDV. To test our hypotheses we evaluated eighteen wild and domesticated wheat taxa, directly or indirectly involved in wheat evolution, for traits associated with WDV disease such as leaf chlorosis, different growth traits and WDV content. The plants were exposed to viruliferous leafhoppers (Psammotettix alienus) in a greenhouse trial and evaluated at two time points. We found three different plant response patterns: i) continuous reduction in growth over time, ii) weak response at an early stage of plant development but a much stronger response at a later stage, and iii) remission of symptoms over time. Variation in susceptibility may be explained by differences in the intensity of natural selection, shaping the coevolutionary interaction between WDV and the wild relatives. However, genetic bottlenecks during wheat evolution have not had a strong impact on WDV resistance. Further, this study indicates that the variation in susceptibility may be associated with the genome type and that the ancestor Ae. tauschii may be useful as genetic resource for the improvement of WDV resistance in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Nygren
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Centre for Plant Biology in Uppsala, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nadeem Shad
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Centre for Plant Biology in Uppsala, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Kvarnheden
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Centre for Plant Biology in Uppsala, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Westerbergh
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Centre for Plant Biology in Uppsala, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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38
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Olsson-Pons S, Clark NJ, Ishtiaq F, Clegg SM. Differences in host species relationships and biogeographic influences produce contrasting patterns of prevalence, community composition and genetic structure in two genera of avian malaria parasites in southern Melanesia. J Anim Ecol 2015; 84:985-98. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Olsson-Pons
- Environmental Futures Research Institute and School of Environment; Griffith University; Gold Coast Campus Gold Coast Qld 4222 Australia
| | - Nicholas J. Clark
- Environmental Futures Research Institute and School of Environment; Griffith University; Gold Coast Campus Gold Coast Qld 4222 Australia
- Natural Environments Program; Queensland Museum; PO Box 3300 South Brisbane Qld 4101 Australia
| | - Farah Ishtiaq
- Centre for Ecological Sciences; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore Karnataka 560012 India
| | - Sonya M. Clegg
- Environmental Futures Research Institute and School of Environment; Griffith University; Gold Coast Campus Gold Coast Qld 4222 Australia
- Edward Grey Institute; Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PS UK
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39
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Penczykowski RM, Walker E, Soubeyrand S, Laine AL. Linking winter conditions to regional disease dynamics in a wild plant-pathogen metapopulation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:1142-1152. [PMID: 25382661 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens are considered to drive ecological and evolutionary dynamics of plant populations, but we lack data measuring the population-level consequences of infection in wild plant-pathogen interactions. Moreover, while it is often assumed that offseason environmental conditions drive seasonal declines in pathogen population size, little is known about how offseason environmental conditions impact the survival of pathogen resting stages, and how critical the offseason is for the next season's epidemic. The fungal pathogen Podosphaera plantaginis persists as a dynamic metapopulation in the large network of Plantago lanceolata host populations. Here, we analyze long-term data to measure the spatial synchrony of epidemics and consequences of infection for over 4000 host populations. Using a theoretical model, we study whether large-scale environmental change could synchronize disease occurrence across the metapopulation. During 2001-2013 exposure to freezing decreased, while pathogen extinction-colonization-persistence rates became more synchronized. Simulations of a theoretical model suggest that increasingly favorable winter conditions for pathogen survival could drive such synchronization. Our data also show that infection decreases host population growth. These results confirm that mild winter conditions increase pathogen overwintering success and thus increase disease prevalence across the metapopulation. Further, we conclude that the pathogen can drive host population growth in the Plantago-Podosphaera system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Penczykowski
- Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, (Viikinkaari 1), Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Emily Walker
- INRA, UR546 Biostatistics and Spatial Processes, 84914, Avignon, France
| | - Samuel Soubeyrand
- INRA, UR546 Biostatistics and Spatial Processes, 84914, Avignon, France
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, (Viikinkaari 1), Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
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40
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Laine AL, Burdon JJ, Nemri A, Thrall PH. Host ecotype generates evolutionary and epidemiological divergence across a pathogen metapopulation. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:rspb.2014.0522. [PMID: 24870042 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent and speed at which pathogens adapt to host resistance varies considerably. This presents a challenge for predicting when--and where--pathogen evolution may occur. While gene flow and spatially heterogeneous environments are recognized to be critical for the evolutionary potential of pathogen populations, we lack an understanding of how the two jointly shape coevolutionary trajectories between hosts and pathogens. The rust pathogen Melampsora lini infects two ecotypes of its host plant Linum marginale that occur in close proximity yet in distinct populations and habitats. In this study, we found that within-population epidemics were different between the two habitats. We then tested for pathogen local adaptation at host population and ecotype level in a reciprocal inoculation study. Even after controlling for the effect of spatial structure on infection outcome, we found strong evidence of pathogen adaptation at the host ecotype level. Moreover, sequence analysis of two pathogen infectivity loci revealed strong genetic differentiation by host ecotype but not by distance. Hence, environmental variation can be a key determinant of pathogen population genetic structure and coevolutionary dynamics and can generate strong asymmetry in infection risks through space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Liisa Laine
- Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Jeremy J Burdon
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Adnane Nemri
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Peter H Thrall
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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Abstract
Repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) sequences are a ubiquitous feature of bacterial genomes. Recent work shows that REPs are remnants of a larger mobile genetic element termed a REPIN. REPINs consists of two REP sequences in inverted orientation separated by a spacer region and are thought to be non-autonomous mobile genetic elements that exploit the transposase encoded by REP-Associated tYrosine Transposases (RAYTs). Complimentarity between the two ends of the REPIN suggests that the element forms hairpin structures in single stranded DNA or RNA. In addition to REPINs, other more complex arrangements of REPs have been identified in bacterial genomes, including the genome of the model organism Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25. Here, we summarize existing knowledge and present new data concerning REPIN diversity. We also consider factors affecting the evolution of REPIN diversity, the ease with which REPINs might be co-opted by host genomes and the consequences of REPIN activity for the structure of bacterial genomes.
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42
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Kemen E. Microbe-microbe interactions determine oomycete and fungal host colonization. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 20:75-81. [PMID: 24845577 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Microbial organisms sharing habitats aim for maximum fitness that they can only reach by collaboration. Developing stable networks within communities are crucial and can be achieved by exchanging common goods and genes that benefit the community. Only recently was it shown that horizontal gene transfer is not only common between prokaryotes but also into eukaryotic organisms such as fungi and oomycetes benefiting communal stability. Eukaryotic plant symbionts and pathogens coevolve with the plant microbiome and can acquire the ability to communicate or even collaborate, facilitating communal host colonization. Understanding communal infection will lead to a mechanistic understanding in how new hosts can be colonized under natural conditions and how we can counteract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Kemen
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, Cologne 50829, Germany.
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43
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Castillo G, Cruz LL, Tapia-López R, Olmedo-Vicente E, Carmona D, Anaya-Lang AL, Fornoni J, Andraca-Gómez G, Valverde PL, Núñez-Farfán J. Selection mosaic exerted by specialist and generalist herbivores on chemical and physical defense of Datura stramonium. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102478. [PMID: 25051169 PMCID: PMC4106780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Selection exerted by herbivores is a major force driving the evolution of plant defensive characters such as leaf trichomes or secondary metabolites. However, plant defense expression is highly variable among populations and identifying the sources of this variation remains a major challenge. Plant populations are often distributed across broad geographic ranges and are exposed to different herbivore communities, ranging from generalists (that feed on diverse plant species) to specialists (that feed on a restricted group of plants). We studied eight populations of the plant Datura stramonium usually eaten by specialist or generalist herbivores, in order to examine whether the pattern of phenotypic selection on secondary compounds (atropine and scopolamine) and a physical defense (trichome density) can explain geographic variation in these traits. Following co-evolutionary theory, we evaluated whether a more derived alkaloid (scopolamine) confers higher fitness benefits than its precursor (atropine), and whether this effect differs between specialist and generalist herbivores. Our results showed consistent directional selection in almost all populations and herbivores to reduce the concentration of atropine. The most derived alkaloid (scopolamine) was favored in only one of the populations, which is dominated by a generalist herbivore. In general, the patterns of selection support the existence of a selection mosaic and accounts for the positive correlation observed between atropine concentration and plant damage by herbivores recorded in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Castillo
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Laura L. Cruz
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Rosalinda Tapia-López
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Eika Olmedo-Vicente
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Diego Carmona
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Ana Luisa Anaya-Lang
- Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Juan Fornoni
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Guadalupe Andraca-Gómez
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Pedro L. Valverde
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, México City, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Juan Núñez-Farfán
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, México
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Bose J, Schulte RD. Testing GxG interactions between coinfecting microbial parasite genotypes within hosts. Front Genet 2014; 5:124. [PMID: 24860594 PMCID: PMC4030146 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-parasite interactions represent one of the strongest selection pressures in nature. They are often governed by genotype-specific (GxG) interactions resulting in host genotypes that differ in resistance and parasite genotypes that differ in virulence depending on the antagonist's genotype. Another type of GxG interactions, which is often neglected but which certainly influences host-parasite interactions, are those between coinfecting parasite genotypes. Mechanistically, within-host parasite interactions may range from competition for limited host resources to cooperation for more efficient host exploitation. The exact type of interaction, i.e., whether competitive or cooperative, is known to affect life-history traits such as virulence. However, the latter has been shown for chosen genotype combinations only, not considering whether the specific genotype combination per se may influence the interaction (i.e., GxG interactions). Here, we want to test for the presence of GxG interactions between coinfections of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis infecting the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans by combining two non-pathogenic and five pathogenic strains in all possible ways. Furthermore, we evaluate whether the type of interaction, reflected by the direction of virulence change of multiple compared to single infections, is genotype-specific. Generally, we found no indication for GxG interactions between non-pathogenic and pathogenic bacterial strains, indicating that virulence of pathogenic strains is equally affected by both non-pathogenic strains. Specific genotype combinations, however, differ in the strength of virulence change, indicating that the interaction type between coinfecting parasite strains and thus the virulence mechanism is specific for different genotype combinations. Such interactions are expected to influence host-parasite interactions and to have strong implications for coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca D. Schulte
- Department of Behavioral Biology, University of OsnabrueckOsnabrueck, Germany
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45
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Rouchet R, Vorburger C. EXPERIMENTAL EVOLUTION OF PARASITOID INFECTIVITY ON SYMBIONT-PROTECTED HOSTS LEADS TO THE EMERGENCE OF GENOTYPE SPECIFICITY. Evolution 2014; 68:1607-16. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Rouchet
- Institute of Integrative Biology; ETH Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
- EAWAG; Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Christoph Vorburger
- Institute of Integrative Biology; ETH Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
- EAWAG; Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Dübendorf Switzerland
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Schweitzer JA, Juric I, van de Voorde TFJ, Clay K, van der Putten WH, Bailey JK. Are there evolutionary consequences of plant-soil feedbacks along soil gradients? Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Schweitzer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee 37996 USA
| | - Ivan Juric
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee 37996 USA
| | - Tess F. J. van de Voorde
- Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology; Wageningen University and Research Centres; 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Keith Clay
- Department of Biology; Indiana University; Bloomington Indiana 47405 USA
| | - Wim H. van der Putten
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); 6700 AB Wageningen The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Nematology; Wageningen University and Research Centre; 6700 ES Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Joseph K. Bailey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee 37996 USA
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Testing for coevolutionary diversification: linking pattern with process. Trends Ecol Evol 2013; 29:82-9. [PMID: 24314843 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Coevolutionary diversification is cited as a major mechanism driving the evolution of diversity, particularly in plants and insects. However, tests of coevolutionary diversification have focused on elucidating macroevolutionary patterns rather than the processes giving rise to such patterns. Hence, there is weak evidence that coevolution promotes diversification. This is in part due to a lack of understanding about the mechanisms by which coevolution can cause speciation and the difficulty of integrating results across micro- and macroevolutionary scales. In this review, we highlight potential mechanisms of coevolutionary diversification, outline approaches to examine this process across temporal scales, and propose a set of minimal requirements for demonstrating coevolutionary diversification. Our aim is to stimulate research that tests more rigorously for coevolutionary diversification.
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Sieber M, Robb M, Forde SE, Gudelj I. Dispersal network structure and infection mechanism shape diversity in a coevolutionary bacteria-phage system. ISME JOURNAL 2013; 8:504-514. [PMID: 24088626 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2013.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Resource availability, dispersal and infection genetics all have the potential to fundamentally alter the coevolutionary dynamics of bacteria-bacteriophage interactions. However, it remains unclear how these factors synergise to shape diversity within bacterial populations. We used a combination of laboratory experiments and mathematical modeling to test how the structure of a dispersal network affects host phenotypic diversity in a coevolving bacteria-phage system in communities of differential resource input. Unidirectional dispersal of bacteria and phage from high to low resources consistently increased host diversity compared with a no dispersal regime. Bidirectional dispersal, on the other hand, led to a marked decrease in host diversity. Our mathematical model predicted these opposing outcomes when we incorporated modified gene-for-gene infection genetics. To further test how host diversity depended on the genetic underpinnings of the bacteria-phage interaction, we expanded our mathematical model to include different infection mechanisms. We found that the direction of dispersal had very little impact on bacterial diversity when the bacteria-phage interaction was mediated by matching alleles, gene-for-gene or related infection mechanisms. Our experimental and theoretical results demonstrate that the effects of dispersal on diversity in coevolving host-parasite systems depend on an intricate interplay of the structure of the underlying dispersal network and the specifics of the host-parasite interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Robb
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Samantha E Forde
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
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Bailey JK, Genung MA, Ware I, Gorman C, Van Nuland ME, Long H, Schweitzer JA. Indirect genetic effects: an evolutionary mechanism linking feedbacks, genotypic diversity and coadaptation in a climate change context. Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K. Bailey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Tennessee; 569 Dabney Hall Knoxville TN 37996-0001 USA
| | - Mark A. Genung
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Tennessee; 569 Dabney Hall Knoxville TN 37996-0001 USA
| | - Ian Ware
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Tennessee; 569 Dabney Hall Knoxville TN 37996-0001 USA
| | - Courtney Gorman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Tennessee; 569 Dabney Hall Knoxville TN 37996-0001 USA
| | - Michael E. Van Nuland
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Tennessee; 569 Dabney Hall Knoxville TN 37996-0001 USA
| | - Hannah Long
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Tennessee; 569 Dabney Hall Knoxville TN 37996-0001 USA
| | - Jennifer A. Schweitzer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Tennessee; 569 Dabney Hall Knoxville TN 37996-0001 USA
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Tack AJM, Horns F, Laine AL. The impact of spatial scale and habitat configuration on patterns of trait variation and local adaptation in a wild plant parasite. Evolution 2013; 68:176-89. [PMID: 24372603 PMCID: PMC3916884 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Theory indicates that spatial scale and habitat configuration are fundamental for coevolutionary dynamics and how diversity is maintained in host-pathogen interactions. Yet, we lack empirical data to translate the theory to natural host-parasite systems. In this study, we conduct a multiscale cross-inoculation study using the specialist wild plant pathogen Podosphaera plantaginis on its host plant Plantago lanceolata. We apply the same sampling scheme to a region with highly fragmented (Åland) and continuous (Saaremaa) host populations. Although theory predicts higher parasite virulence in continuous regions, we did not detect differences in traits conferring virulence among the regions. Patterns of adaptation were highly scale dependent. We detected parasite maladaptation among regions, and among populations separated by intermediate distances (6.0-40.0 km) within the fragmented region. In contrast, parasite performance did not vary significantly according to host origin in the continuous landscape. For both regions, differentiation among populations was much larger for genetic variation than for phenotypic variation, indicating balancing selection maintaining phenotypic variation within populations. Our findings illustrate the critical role of spatial scale and habitat configuration in driving host-parasite coevolution. The absence of more aggressive strains in the continuous landscape, in contrast to theoretical predictions, has major implications for long-term decision making in conservation, agriculture, and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayco J M Tack
- Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.
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