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Li P, Chen Y, Yang R, Sun Z, Ge Q, Xiao X, Yang S, Li Y, Liu Q, Zhang A, Xing B, Wu B, Du X, Liu X, Tang B, Gong J, Lu Q, Shi Y, Yuan Y, Peng R, Shang H. Co-Expression Network Analysis and Introgressive Gene Identification for Fiber Length and Strength Reveal Transcriptional Differences in 15 Cotton Chromosome Substitution Segment Lines and Their Upland and Sea Island Parents. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2308. [PMID: 39204744 PMCID: PMC11359254 DOI: 10.3390/plants13162308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Fiber length (FL) and strength (FS) are the core indicators for evaluating cotton fiber quality. The corresponding stages of fiber elongation and secondary wall thickening are of great significance in determining FL and FS formation, respectively. QTL mapping and high-throughput sequencing technology have been applied to dissect the molecular mechanism of fiber development. In this study, 15 cotton chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) with significant differences in FL and FS, together with their recurrent parental Gossypium hirsutum line CCRI45 and donor parent G. barbadense line Hai1, were chosen to conduct RNA-seq on developing fiber samples at 10 days post anthesis (DPA) and 20 DPA. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained via pairwise comparisons among all 24 samples (each one with three biological repeats). A total of 969 DEGs related to FL-high, 1285 DEGs to FS-high, and 997 DEGs to FQ-high were identified. The functional enrichment analyses of them indicated that the GO terms of cell wall structure and ROS, carbohydrate, and phenylpropanoid metabolism were significantly enriched, while the GO terms of glucose and polysaccharide biosynthesis, and brassinosteroid and glycosylphosphatidylinositol metabolism could make great contributions to FL and FS formation, respectively. Weighted gene co-expressed network analyses (WGCNA) were separately conducted for analyzing FL and FS traits, and their corresponding hub DEGs were screened in significantly correlated expression modules, such as EXPA8, XTH, and HMA in the fiber elongation and WRKY, TDT, and RAC-like 2 during secondary wall thickening. An integrated analysis of these hub DEGs with previous QTL identification results successfully identified a total of 33 candidate introgressive DEGs with non-synonymous mutations between the Gh and Gb species. A common DEG encoding receptor-like protein kinase 1 was reported to likely participate in fiber secondary cell thickening regulation by brassionsteroid signaling. Such valuable information was conducive to enlightening the developing mechanism of cotton fiber and also provided an abundant gene pool for further molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengtao Li
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, China; (P.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, China; (P.L.); (Y.C.)
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (R.Y.); (Z.S.); (Q.G.)
| | - Rui Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (R.Y.); (Z.S.); (Q.G.)
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Seventh Division Agricultural Research Institute, Kuitun 833200, China
| | - Zhihao Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (R.Y.); (Z.S.); (Q.G.)
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qun Ge
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (R.Y.); (Z.S.); (Q.G.)
| | - Xianghui Xiao
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, China; (P.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Shuhan Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, China; (P.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yanfang Li
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, China; (P.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Qiankun Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, China; (P.L.); (Y.C.)
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (R.Y.); (Z.S.); (Q.G.)
| | - Aiming Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, China; (P.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Baoguang Xing
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, China; (P.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Bei Wu
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, China; (P.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xue Du
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, China; (P.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, China; (P.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Baomeng Tang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, China; (P.L.); (Y.C.)
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (R.Y.); (Z.S.); (Q.G.)
| | - Juwu Gong
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (R.Y.); (Z.S.); (Q.G.)
| | - Quanwei Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (R.Y.); (Z.S.); (Q.G.)
| | - Yuzhen Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (R.Y.); (Z.S.); (Q.G.)
| | - Youlu Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (R.Y.); (Z.S.); (Q.G.)
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Agricultural Technology Popularization Center of Kashgar, Kashgar 844000, China
| | - Renhai Peng
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, China; (P.L.); (Y.C.)
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Haihong Shang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Danso B, Ackah M, Jin X, Ayittey DM, Amoako FK, Zhao W. Genome-Wide Analysis of the Xyloglucan Endotransglucosylase/Hydrolase ( XTH) Gene Family: Expression Pattern during Magnesium Stress Treatment in the Mulberry Plant ( Morus alba L.) Leaves. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:902. [PMID: 38592929 PMCID: PMC10975095 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Mulberry (Morus alba L.), a significant fruit tree crop, requires magnesium (Mg) for its optimal growth and productivity. Nonetheless, our understanding of the molecular basis underlying magnesium stress tolerance in mulberry plants remains unexplored. In our previous study, we identified several differential candidate genes associated with Mg homeostasis via transcriptome analysis, including the xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) gene family. The XTH gene family is crucial for plant cell wall reconstruction and stress responses. These genes have been identified and thoroughly investigated in various plant species. However, there is no research pertaining to XTH genes within the M. alba plant. This research systematically examined the M. alba XTH (MaXTH) gene family at the genomic level using a bioinformatic approach. In total, 22 MaXTH genes were discovered and contained the Glyco_hydro_16 and XET_C conserved domains. The MaXTHs were categorized into five distinct groups by their phylogenetic relationships. The gene structure possesses four exons and three introns. Furthermore, the MaXTH gene promoter analysis reveals a plethora of cis-regulatory elements, mainly stress responsiveness, phytohormone responsiveness, and growth and development. GO analysis indicated that MaXTHs encode proteins that exhibit xyloglucan xyloglucosyl transferase and hydrolase activities in addition to cell wall biogenesis as well as xyloglucan and carbohydrate metabolic processes. Moreover, a synteny analysis unveiled an evolutionary relationship between the XTH genes in M. alba and those in three other species: A. thaliana, P. trichocarpa, and Zea mays. Expression profiles from RNA-Seq data displayed distinct expression patterns of XTH genes in M. alba leaf tissue during Mg treatments. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis confirmed the expression of the MaXTH genes in Mg stress response. Overall, this research enhances our understanding of the characteristics of MaXTH gene family members and lays the foundation for future functional genomic study in M. alba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blessing Danso
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (B.D.)
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Michael Ackah
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (B.D.)
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (B.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Derek M. Ayittey
- School of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201308, China
| | - Frank Kwarteng Amoako
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Kiel University, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Weiguo Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (B.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
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Arshad W, Steinbrecher T, Wilhelmsson PK, Fernandez-Pozo N, Pérez M, Mérai Z, Rensing SA, Chandler JO, Leubner-Metzger G. Aethionema arabicum dimorphic seed trait resetting during transition to seedlings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1358312. [PMID: 38525145 PMCID: PMC10957558 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1358312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The transition from germinating seeds to emerging seedlings is one of the most vulnerable plant life cycle stages. Heteromorphic diaspores (seed and fruit dispersal units) are an adaptive bet-hedging strategy to cope with spatiotemporally variable environments. While the roles and mechanisms of seedling traits have been studied in monomorphic species, which produce one type of diaspore, very little is known about seedlings in heteromorphic species. Using the dimorphic diaspore model Aethionema arabicum (Brassicaceae), we identified contrasting mechanisms in the germination responses to different temperatures of the mucilaginous seeds (M+ seed morphs), the dispersed indehiscent fruits (IND fruit morphs), and the bare non-mucilaginous M- seeds obtained from IND fruits by pericarp (fruit coat) removal. What follows the completion of germination is the pre-emergence seedling growth phase, which we investigated by comparative growth assays of early seedlings derived from the M+ seeds, bare M- seeds, and IND fruits. The dimorphic seedlings derived from M+ and M- seeds did not differ in their responses to ambient temperature and water potential. The phenotype of seedlings derived from IND fruits differed in that they had bent hypocotyls and their shoot and root growth was slower, but the biomechanical hypocotyl properties of 15-day-old seedlings did not differ between seedlings derived from germinated M+ seeds, M- seeds, or IND fruits. Comparison of the transcriptomes of the natural dimorphic diaspores, M+ seeds and IND fruits, identified 2,682 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during late germination. During the subsequent 3 days of seedling pre-emergence growth, the number of DEGs was reduced 10-fold to 277 root DEGs and 16-fold to 164 shoot DEGs. Among the DEGs in early seedlings were hormonal regulators, in particular for auxin, ethylene, and gibberellins. Furthermore, DEGs were identified for water and ion transporters, nitrate transporter and assimilation enzymes, and cell wall remodeling protein genes encoding enzymes targeting xyloglucan and pectin. We conclude that the transcriptomes of seedlings derived from the dimorphic diaspores, M+ seeds and IND fruits, undergo transcriptional resetting during the post-germination pre-emergence growth transition phase from germinated diaspores to growing seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waheed Arshad
- Seed Biology and Technology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Tina Steinbrecher
- Seed Biology and Technology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Noe Fernandez-Pozo
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department Plant Breeding and Physiology, Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture “La Mayora” (IHSM-CSIC-UMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez
- Seed Biology and Technology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Zsuzsanna Mérai
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan A. Rensing
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jake O. Chandler
- Seed Biology and Technology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Gerhard Leubner-Metzger
- Seed Biology and Technology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czechia
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Pozhvanov G, Suslov D. Sucrose and Mannans Affect Arabidopsis Shoot Gravitropism at the Cell Wall Level. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:209. [PMID: 38256762 PMCID: PMC10819476 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Gravitropism is the plant organ bending in response to gravity. Gravitropism, phototropism and sufficient mechanical strength define the optimal position of young shoots for photosynthesis. Etiolated wild-type Arabidopsis seedlings grown horizontally in the presence of sucrose had a lot more upright hypocotyls than seedlings grown without sucrose. We studied the mechanism of this effect at the level of cell wall biomechanics and biochemistry. Sucrose strengthened the bases of hypocotyls and decreased the content of mannans in their cell walls. As sucrose is known to increase the gravitropic bending of hypocotyls, and mannans have recently been shown to interfere with this process, we examined if the effect of sucrose on shoot gravitropism could be partially mediated by mannans. We compared cell wall biomechanics and metabolomics of hypocotyls at the early steps of gravitropic bending in Col-0 plants grown with sucrose and mannan-deficient mutant seedlings. Sucrose and mannans affected gravitropic bending via different mechanisms. Sucrose exerted its effect through cell wall-loosening proteins, while mannans changed the walls' viscoelasticity. Our data highlight the complexity of shoot gravitropism control at the cell wall level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Pozhvanov
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- Laboratory of Analytical Phytochemistry, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Botany and Ecology, Herzen State Pedagogical University, 191186 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry Suslov
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
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Gao Y, Wang L, Li D, Qi D, Fang F, Luo Y, Zhang H, Zhang S. Genome-wide characterization of the xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase family genes and their response to plant hormone in sugar beet. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108239. [PMID: 38113720 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs) play a crucial role in plant growth and development. However, their functional response to phytohormone in sugar beet still remains obscure. In this study, we identified 30 putative BvXTH genes in the sugar beet genome. Phylogenetic and evolutionary relationship analysis revealed that they were clustered into three groups and have gone through eight tandem duplication events under purifying selection. Gene structure and motif composition analysis demonstrated that they were highly conserved and all contained one conserved glycoside hydrolase family 16 domain (Glyco_hydro_16) and one xyloglucan endotransglycosylase C-terminus (XET_C) domain. Transcriptional expression analysis exhibited that all BvXTHs were ubiquitously expressed in leaves, root hairs and tuberous roots, and most of them were up-regulated by brassinolide (BR), jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA3). Further mutant complementary experiment demonstrated that expression of BvXTH17 rescued the retarded growth phenotype of xth22, an Arabidopsis knock out mutant of AtXTH22. The findings in our work provide fundamental information on the structure and evolutionary relationship of the XTH family genes in sugar beet, and reveal the potential function of BvXTH17 in plant growth and hormone response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachao Gao
- Sugar Beet Physiological Research Institute, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.
| | - Limin Wang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264025, China.
| | - Dong Li
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264025, China
| | - Dazhuang Qi
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264025, China.
| | - Fengyan Fang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264025, China.
| | - Yuankai Luo
- Sugar Beet Physiological Research Institute, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264025, China.
| | - Shaoying Zhang
- Sugar Beet Physiological Research Institute, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.
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Jareczek JJ, Grover CE, Hu G, Xiong X, Arick Ii MA, Peterson DG, Wendel JF. Domestication over Speciation in Allopolyploid Cotton Species: A Stronger Transcriptomic Pull. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1301. [PMID: 37372480 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cotton has been domesticated independently four times for its fiber, but the genomic targets of selection during each domestication event are mostly unknown. Comparative analysis of the transcriptome during cotton fiber development in wild and cultivated materials holds promise for revealing how independent domestications led to the superficially similar modern cotton fiber phenotype in upland (G. hirsutum) and Pima (G. barbadense) cotton cultivars. Here we examined the fiber transcriptomes of both wild and domesticated G. hirsutum and G. barbadense to compare the effects of speciation versus domestication, performing differential gene expression analysis and coexpression network analysis at four developmental timepoints (5, 10, 15, or 20 days after flowering) spanning primary and secondary wall synthesis. These analyses revealed extensive differential expression between species, timepoints, domestication states, and particularly the intersection of domestication and species. Differential expression was higher when comparing domesticated accessions of the two species than between the wild, indicating that domestication had a greater impact on the transcriptome than speciation. Network analysis showed significant interspecific differences in coexpression network topology, module membership, and connectivity. Despite these differences, some modules or module functions were subject to parallel domestication in both species. Taken together, these results indicate that independent domestication led G. hirsutum and G. barbadense down unique pathways but that it also leveraged similar modules of coexpression to arrive at similar domesticated phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef J Jareczek
- Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA
- Biology Department, Bellarmine University, Louisville, KY 40205, USA
| | - Corrinne E Grover
- Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Guanjing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Xianpeng Xiong
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Mark A Arick Ii
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing & Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Daniel G Peterson
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing & Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Jonathan F Wendel
- Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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Shen F, Hu C, Huang X, Wu R, Luo S, Xu C, Zhang H, Wang X, Zhao J. Characterization of the genetic and regulatory networks associated with sugar and acid metabolism in apples via an integrated strategy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1066592. [PMID: 36466245 PMCID: PMC9712955 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1066592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although sugars and acids have a substantial influence on the taste of apple fruits, the genetic and regulatory networks underlying their metabolism in fruit remain insufficiently determined. To fully decipher the genetic basis of the accumulation of sugars and acids in apple fruits, we adopted an integrated strategy that included time-course RNA-seq, QTL mapping, and whole-genome sequencing to examine two typical cultivars ('HanFu' and 'Huahong') characterized by distinctive flavors. Whole-genome sequencing revealed substantial genetic variation between the two cultivars, thereby providing an indication of the genetic basis of the distinct phenotypes. Constructed co-expression networks yielded information regarding the intra-relationships among the accumulation of different types of metabolites, and also revealed key regulatory nodes associated with the accumulation of sugars and acids, including the genes MdEF2, MdPILS5, and MdGUN8. Additionally, on the basis of QTL mapping using a high-density genetic map, we identified a series of QTLs and functional genes underlying vital traits, including sugar and acid contents. Collectively, our methodology and observations will provide an important reference for further studies focusing on the flavor of apples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Shen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyang Hu
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Key Lab of Chinese Jujube, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shanxi, China
| | - Xin Huang
- College of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Ruigang Wu
- College of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Shuzhen Luo
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Key Lab of Chinese Jujube, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shanxi, China
| | - Chengnan Xu
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Key Lab of Chinese Jujube, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shanxi, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Key Lab of Chinese Jujube, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shanxi, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - Jirong Zhao
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Key Lab of Chinese Jujube, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shanxi, China
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8
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Miao R, Russinova E, Rodriguez PL. Tripartite hormonal regulation of plasma membrane H +-ATPase activity. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:588-600. [PMID: 35034860 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme activity of the plasma membrane (PM) proton pump, well known as arabidopsis PM H+-ATPase (AHA) in the model plant arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), is controlled by phosphorylation. Three different classes of phytohormones, brassinosteroids (BRs), abscisic acid (ABA), and auxin regulate plant growth and responses to environmental stimuli, at least in part by modulating the activity of the pump through phosphorylation of the penultimate Thr residue in its carboxyl terminus. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding this tripartite hormonal AHA regulation and highlight mechanisms of activation and deactivation, as well as the significance of hormonal crosstalk. Understanding the complexity of PM H+-ATPase regulation in plants might provide new strategies for sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Miao
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pedro L Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, ES-46022, Valencia, Spain.
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Ishida K, Yokoyama R. Reconsidering the function of the xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase family. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2022; 135:145-156. [PMID: 35000024 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01361-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess an outer cell layer called the cell wall. This matrix comprises various molecules, such as polysaccharides and proteins, and serves a wide array of physiologically important functions. This structure is not static but rather flexible in response to the environment. One of the factors responsible for this plasticity is the xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) family, which cleaves and reconnects xyloglucan molecules. Since xyloglucan molecules have been hypothesised to tether cellulose microfibrils forming the main load-bearing network in the primary cell wall, XTHs have been thought to play a central role in cell wall loosening for plant cell expansion. However, multiple lines of recent evidence have questioned this classic model. Nevertheless, reverse genetic analyses have proven the biological importance of XTHs; therefore, a major challenge at present is to reconsider the role of XTHs in planta. Recent advances in analytical techniques have allowed for gathering rich information on the structure of the primary cell wall. Thus, the integration of accumulated knowledge in current XTH studies may offer a turning point for unveiling the precise functions of XTHs. In the present review, we redefine the biological function of the XTH family based on the recent architectural model of the cell wall. We highlight three key findings regarding this enzyme family: (1) XTHs are not strictly required for cell wall loosening during plant cell expansion but play vital roles in response to specific biotic or abiotic stresses; (2) in addition to their transglycosylase activity, the hydrolase activity of XTHs is involved in physiological benefits; and (3) XTHs can recognise a wide range of polysaccharides other than xyloglucans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konan Ishida
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QE, UK
| | - Ryusuke Yokoyama
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.
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10
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Stanley AE, Menkir A, Ifie B, Paterne AA, Unachukwu NN, Meseka S, Mengesha WA, Bossey B, Kwadwo O, Tongoona PB, Oladejo O, Sneller C, Gedil M. Association analysis for resistance to Striga hermonthica in diverse tropical maize inbred lines. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24193. [PMID: 34921181 PMCID: PMC8683441 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Striga hermonthica is a widespread, destructive parasitic plant that causes substantial yield loss to maize productivity in sub-Saharan Africa. Under severe Striga infestation, yield losses can range from 60 to 100% resulting in abandonment of farmers’ lands. Diverse methods have been proposed for Striga management; however, host plant resistance is considered the most effective and affordable to small-scale famers. Thus, conducting a genome-wide association study to identify quantitative trait nucleotides controlling S. hermonthica resistance and mining of relevant candidate genes will expedite the improvement of Striga resistance breeding through marker-assisted breeding. For this study, 150 diverse maize inbred lines were evaluated under Striga infested and non-infested conditions for two years and genotyped using the genotyping-by-sequencing platform. Heritability estimates of Striga damage ratings, emerged Striga plants and grain yield, hereafter referred to as Striga resistance-related traits, were high under Striga infested condition. The mixed linear model (MLM) identified thirty SNPs associated with the three Striga resistance-related traits based on the multi-locus approaches (mrMLM, FASTmrMLM, FASTmrEMMA and pLARmEB). These SNPs explained up to 14% of the total phenotypic variation. Under non-infested condition, four SNPs were associated with grain yield, and these SNPs explained up to 17% of the total phenotypic variation. Gene annotation of significant SNPs identified candidate genes (Leucine-rich repeats, putative disease resistance protein and VQ proteins) with functions related to plant growth, development, and defense mechanisms. The marker-effect prediction was able to identify alleles responsible for predicting high yield and low Striga damage rating in the breeding panel. This study provides valuable insight for marker validation and deployment for Striga resistance breeding in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Stanley
- West Africa Centre for Crop Improvement, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.,International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - A Menkir
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - B Ifie
- West Africa Centre for Crop Improvement, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - A A Paterne
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - N N Unachukwu
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - S Meseka
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - W A Mengesha
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - B Bossey
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - O Kwadwo
- West Africa Centre for Crop Improvement, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - P B Tongoona
- West Africa Centre for Crop Improvement, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - O Oladejo
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - C Sneller
- Ohio Agriculture Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - M Gedil
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
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11
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Seven M, Derman ÜC, Harvey AJ. Enzymatic characterization of ancestral/group-IV clade xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase enzymes reveals broad substrate specificities. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:1660-1673. [PMID: 33825243 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) enzymes play important roles in cell wall remodelling. Although previous studies have shown a pathway of evolution for XTH genes from bacterial licheninases, through plant endoglucanases (EG16), the order of development within the phylogenetic clades of true XTHs is yet to be elucidated. In addition, recent studies have revealed interesting and potentially useful patterns of transglycosylation beyond the standard xyloglucan-xyloglucan donor/acceptor substrate activities. To study evolutionary relationships and to search for enzymes with useful broad substrate specificities, genes from the 'ancestral' XTH clade of two monocots, Brachypodium distachyon and Triticum aestivum, and two eudicots, Arabidopsis thaliana and Populus tremula, were investigated. Specific activities of the heterologously produced enzymes showed remarkably broad substrate specificities. All the enzymes studied had high activity with the cellulose analogue HEC (hydroxyethyl cellulose) as well as with mixed-link β-glucan as donor substrates, when compared with the standard xyloglucan. Even more surprising was the wide range of acceptor substrates that these enzymes were able to catalyse reactions with, opening a broad range of possible roles for these enzymes, both within plants and in industrial, pharmaceutical and medical fields. Genome screening and expression analyses unexpectedly revealed that genes from this clade were found only in angiosperm genomes and were predominantly or solely expressed in reproductive tissues. We therefore posit that this phylogenetic group is significantly different and should be renamed as the group-IV clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Seven
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, 34755, Turkey
| | - Ü Cem Derman
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, 34755, Turkey
| | - Andrew J Harvey
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, 34755, Turkey
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12
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Xiong T, Zhang S, Kang Z, Zhang T, Li S. Dose-Dependent Physiological and Transcriptomic Responses of Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) to Copper Oxide Nanoparticles-Insights into the Phytotoxicity Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3688. [PMID: 33916236 PMCID: PMC8036535 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the complex mechanisms involved in plant response to nanoparticles (NPs) is indispensable in assessing the environmental impact of nano-pollutants. Plant leaves can directly intercept or absorb NPs deposited on their surface; however, the toxicity mechanisms of NPs to plant leaves are unclear. In this study, lettuce leaves were exposed to copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs, 0, 100, and 1000 mg/L) for 15 days, then physiological tests and transcriptomic analyses were conducted to evaluate the negative impacts of CuO-NPs. Both physiological and transcriptomic results demonstrated that CuO-NPs adversely affected plant growth, photosynthesis, and enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and antioxidant system activity. The comparative transcriptome analysis showed that 2270 and 4264 genes were differentially expressed upon exposure to 100 and 1000 mg/L CuO-NPs. Gene expression analysis suggested the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family, heavy metal-associated isoprenylated plant proteins (HIPPs), endocytosis, and other metal ion binding proteins or channels play significant roles in CuO-NP accumulation by plant leaves. Furthermore, the variation in antioxidant enzyme transcript levels (POD1, MDAR4, APX2, FSDs), flavonoid content, cell wall structure and components, and hormone (auxin) could be essential in regulating CuO-NPs-induced stress. These findings could help understand the toxicity mechanisms of metal NPs on crops, especially NPs resulting from foliar exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shaoshan Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (T.X.); (S.Z.); (Z.K.); (T.Z.)
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13
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Herburger K, Franková L, Pičmanová M, Xin A, Meulewaeter F, Hudson A, Fry SC. Defining natural factors that stimulate and inhibit cellulose:xyloglucan hetero-transglucosylation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:1549-1565. [PMID: 33314395 PMCID: PMC8611796 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Certain transglucanases can covalently graft cellulose and mixed-linkage β-glucan (MLG) as donor substrates onto xyloglucan as acceptor substrate and thus exhibit cellulose:xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (CXE) and MLG:xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (MXE) activities in vivo and in vitro. However, missing information on factors that stimulate or inhibit these hetero-transglucosylation reactions limits our insight into their biological functions. To explore factors that influence hetero-transglucosylation, we studied Equisetum fluviatile hetero-trans-β-glucanase (EfHTG), which exhibits both CXE and MXE activity, exceeding its xyloglucan:xyloglucan homo-transglucosylation (XET) activity. Enzyme assays employed radiolabelled and fluorescently labelled oligomeric acceptor substrates, and were conducted in vitro and in cell walls (in situ). With whole denatured Equisetum cell walls as donor substrate, exogenous EfHTG (extracted from Equisetum or produced in Pichia) exhibited all three activities (CXE, MXE, XET) in competition with each other. Acting on pure cellulose as donor substrate, the CXE action of Pichia-produced EfHTG was up to approximately 300% increased by addition of methanol-boiled Equisetum extracts; there was no similar effect when the same enzyme acted on soluble donors (MLG or xyloglucan). The methanol-stable factor is proposed to be expansin-like, a suggestion supported by observations of pH dependence. Screening numerous low-molecular-weight compounds for hetero-transglucanase inhibition showed that cellobiose was highly effective, inhibiting the abundant endogenous CXE and MXE (but not XET) action in Equisetum internodes. Furthermore, cellobiose retarded Equisetum stem elongation, potentially owing to its effect on hetero-transglucosylation reactions. This work provides insight and tools to further study the role of cellulose hetero-transglucosylation in planta by identifying factors that govern this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Herburger
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall GroupInstitute of Molecular Plant SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3BFUK
- Present address:
Section for Plant GlycobiologyDepartment of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg1871Denmark
| | - Lenka Franková
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall GroupInstitute of Molecular Plant SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3BFUK
| | - Martina Pičmanová
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall GroupInstitute of Molecular Plant SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3BFUK
| | - Anzhou Xin
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall GroupInstitute of Molecular Plant SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3BFUK
| | - Frank Meulewaeter
- BBCC Innovation Center Gent – Trait ResearchBASFGent (Zwijnaarde)9052Belgium
| | - Andrew Hudson
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall GroupInstitute of Molecular Plant SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3BFUK
| | - Stephen C. Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall GroupInstitute of Molecular Plant SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3BFUK
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14
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Takahashi D, Johnson KL, Hao P, Tuong T, Erban A, Sampathkumar A, Bacic A, Livingston DP, Kopka J, Kuroha T, Yokoyama R, Nishitani K, Zuther E, Hincha DK. Cell wall modification by the xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase XTH19 influences freezing tolerance after cold and sub-zero acclimation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:915-930. [PMID: 33190295 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Freezing triggers extracellular ice formation leading to cell dehydration and deformation during a freeze-thaw cycle. Many plant species increase their freezing tolerance during exposure to low, non-freezing temperatures, a process termed cold acclimation. In addition, exposure to mild freezing temperatures after cold acclimation evokes a further increase in freezing tolerance (sub-zero acclimation). Previous transcriptome and proteome analyses indicate that cell wall remodelling may be particularly important for sub-zero acclimation. In the present study, we used a combination of immunohistochemical, chemical and spectroscopic analyses to characterize the cell walls of Arabidopsis thaliana and characterized a mutant in the XTH19 gene, encoding a xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH). The mutant showed reduced freezing tolerance after both cold and sub-zero acclimation, compared to the Col-0 wild type, which was associated with differences in cell wall composition and structure. Most strikingly, immunohistochemistry in combination with 3D reconstruction of centres of rosette indicated that epitopes of the xyloglucan-specific antibody LM25 were highly abundant in the vasculature of Col-0 plants after sub-zero acclimation but absent in the XTH19 mutant. Taken together, our data shed new light on the potential roles of cell wall remodelling for the increased freezing tolerance observed after low temperature acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takahashi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
- Graduate School of Science & Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama City, Saitama
| | - Kim L Johnson
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Sino-Australian Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Hao
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Sino-Australian Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tan Tuong
- USDA and Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexander Erban
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Arun Sampathkumar
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Antony Bacic
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Sino-Australian Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - David P Livingston
- USDA and Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Takeshi Kuroha
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Division of Applied Genetics, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Yokoyama
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nishitani
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Hiratsuka, Japan
| | - Ellen Zuther
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Dirk K Hincha
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
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15
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Holloway T, Steinbrecher T, Pérez M, Seville A, Stock D, Nakabayashi K, Leubner-Metzger G. Coleorhiza-enforced seed dormancy: a novel mechanism to control germination in grasses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:2179-2191. [PMID: 32970853 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
How the biophysical properties of overlaying tissues control growth, such as the embryonic root (radicle) during seed germination, is a fundamental question. In eudicot seeds the endosperm surrounding the radicle confers coat dormancy and controls germination responses through modulation of its cell wall mechanical properties. Far less is known for grass caryopses that differ in tissue morphology. Here we report that the coleorhiza, a sheath-like organ that surrounds the radicle in grass embryos, performs the same role in the grass weed Avena fatua (common wild oat). We combined innovative biomechanical techniques, tissue ablation, microscopy, tissue-specific gene and enzyme activity expression with the analysis of hormones and oligosaccharides. The combined experimental work demonstrates that in grass caryopses the coleorhiza indeed controls germination for which we provide direct biomechanical evidence. We show that the coleorhiza becomes reinforced during dormancy maintenance and weakened during germination. Xyloglucan endotransglycosylases/hydrolases may have a role in coleorhiza reinforcement through cell wall remodelling to confer coat dormancy. The control of germination by coleorhiza-enforced dormancy in grasses is an example of the convergent evolution of mechanical restraint by overlaying tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Holloway
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Warfield, Bracknell,, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Tina Steinbrecher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Marta Pérez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Anne Seville
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Warfield, Bracknell,, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - David Stock
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Warfield, Bracknell,, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Kazumi Nakabayashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Gerhard Leubner-Metzger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
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16
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Stratilová B, Kozmon S, Stratilová E, Hrmova M. Plant Xyloglucan Xyloglucosyl Transferases and the Cell Wall Structure: Subtle but Significant. Molecules 2020; 25:E5619. [PMID: 33260399 PMCID: PMC7729885 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant xyloglucan xyloglucosyl transferases or xyloglucan endo-transglycosylases (XET; EC 2.4.1.207) catalogued in the glycoside hydrolase family 16 constitute cell wall-modifying enzymes that play a fundamental role in the cell wall expansion and re-modelling. Over the past thirty years, it has been established that XET enzymes catalyse homo-transglycosylation reactions with xyloglucan (XG)-derived substrates and hetero-transglycosylation reactions with neutral and charged donor and acceptor substrates other than XG-derived. This broad specificity in XET isoforms is credited to a high degree of structural and catalytic plasticity that has evolved ubiquitously in algal, moss, fern, basic Angiosperm, monocot, and eudicot enzymes. These XET isoforms constitute gene families that are differentially expressed in tissues in time- and space-dependent manners during plant growth and development, and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Here, we discuss the current state of knowledge of broad specific plant XET enzymes and how their inherently carbohydrate-based transglycosylation reactions tightly link with structural diversity that underlies the complexity of plant cell walls and their mechanics. Based on this knowledge, we conclude that multi- or poly-specific XET enzymes are widespread in plants to allow for modifications of the cell wall structure in muro, a feature that implements the multifaceted roles in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Stratilová
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.S.); (S.K.); (E.S.)
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Comenius University, Mlynská Dolina, SK-84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stanislav Kozmon
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.S.); (S.K.); (E.S.)
| | - Eva Stratilová
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.S.); (S.K.); (E.S.)
| | - Maria Hrmova
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an 223300, China
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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17
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Tang Q, Xu Y, Deng C, Cheng C, Dai Z, Yang Z, Chen X, Liu C, Su J. Differential Proteomic Analysis to Identify Proteins Associated with Apomeiosis in Boehmeria tricuspis (Hance) Makino Using an iTRAQ-Based Strategy. J Proteome Res 2020; 20:661-669. [PMID: 33107743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Numerous candidate genes related to apomixis have been identified through transcriptomics; however, the molecular mechanism underlying apomixis remains unclear. Elucidation of the underlying mechanisms is essential to expand its application in crop breeding. Therefore, here, we employed the isobaric tags for a relative and absolute quantification labeling technology to investigate the protein expression in Boehmeria tricuspis generated through different reproductive modes at the functional megaspore stage. We identified 40 differential abundance proteins associated with apomeiosis, most of which were involved in "response to stress". Functional analysis suggested that lower levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a role in inducing the development of apomeiosis. Proteins related to ROS regulation, cell wall modifications, and stability under heat stress play a crucial role in the development of diplosporic apomeiosis. Our results give evidence to the insight that stress can induce a switch from apomixis to sexuality by ROS content, and an increased composition of stress tolerance as well as secondary metabolites can buffer ROS effects. Precise coordination of these proteins involved in inter-related regulatory control mechanisms may act together in the transition from the sexual to apomixis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Tang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205 Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Processing of Bast Fiber, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changsha 410205 Hunan, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205 Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Processing of Bast Fiber, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changsha 410205 Hunan, China
| | - Canhui Deng
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205 Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Processing of Bast Fiber, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changsha 410205 Hunan, China
| | - Chaohua Cheng
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205 Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Processing of Bast Fiber, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changsha 410205 Hunan, China
| | - Zhigang Dai
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205 Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Processing of Bast Fiber, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changsha 410205 Hunan, China
| | - Zemao Yang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205 Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Processing of Bast Fiber, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changsha 410205 Hunan, China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205 Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Processing of Bast Fiber, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changsha 410205 Hunan, China
| | - Chan Liu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205 Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Processing of Bast Fiber, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changsha 410205 Hunan, China
| | - Jianguang Su
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205 Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Processing of Bast Fiber, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changsha 410205 Hunan, China
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18
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Herburger K, Franková L, Sanhueza D, Roig-Sanchez S, Meulewaeter F, Hudson A, Thomson A, Laromaine A, Budtova T, Fry SC. Enzymically attaching oligosaccharide-linked 'cargoes' to cellulose and other commercial polysaccharides via stable covalent bonds. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:4359-4369. [PMID: 32918959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The Equisetum enzyme hetero-trans-β-glucanase (HTG) covalently grafts native plant cellulose (donor-substrate) to xyloglucan (acceptor-substrate), potentially offering a novel 'green' method of cellulose functionalisation. However, the range of cellulosic and non-cellulosic donor substrates that can be utilised by HTG is unknown, limiting our insight into its biotechnological potential. Here we show that HTG binds all celluloses tested (papers, tissues, hydrogels, bacterial cellulose) to radioactively- or fluorescently-labelled xyloglucan-heptasaccharide (XXXGol; acceptor-substrate). Glycol-chitin, glycol-chitosan and chitosan also acted as donor substrates but less effectively than cellulose. Cellulose-XXXGol conjugates were formed throughout the volume of a block of hydrogel, demonstrating penetration. Plant-derived celluloses (cellulose Iβ) became more effective donor-substrates after 'mercerisation' in ≥3 M NaOH; the opposite was true for bacterial cellulose Iα. Cellulose-XXXGol bonds resisted boiling 6 M NaOH, demonstrating strong glycosidic bonding. In conclusion, HTG stably grafts native and processed celluloses to xyloglucan-oligosaccharides, which may carry valuable 'cargoes', exemplified by sulphorhodamine. We thus demonstrate HTG's biotechnological potential to modify various cellulose-based substrates such as textiles, pulps, papers, packaging, sanitary products and hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Herburger
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom.
| | - Lenka Franková
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - Dayan Sanhueza
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - Soledad Roig-Sanchez
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia E-08193, Spain
| | - Frank Meulewaeter
- BASF, BBCC Innovation Center Gent - Trait Research, 9052 Gent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium
| | - Andrew Hudson
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - Axel Thomson
- Edinburgh Innovations, The University of Edinburgh, Murchison House, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Laromaine
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia E-08193, Spain
| | - Tatiana Budtova
- MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, CEMEF - Center for Materials Forming, UMR CNRS 7635, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
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Holland C, Simmons TJ, Meulewaeter F, Hudson A, Fry SC. Three highly acidic Equisetum XTHs differ from hetero-trans-β-glucanase in donor substrate specificity and are predominantly xyloglucan homo-transglucosylases. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 251:153210. [PMID: 32544741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Transglycanases are enzymes that remodel the primary cell wall in plants, potentially loosening and/or strengthening it. Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET; EC 2.4.1.207), ubiquitous in land plants, is a homo-transglucanase activity (donor, xyloglucan; acceptor, xyloglucan) exhibited by XTH (xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase) proteins. By contrast, hetero-trans-β-glucanase (HTG) is the only known enzyme that is preferentially a hetero-transglucanase. Its two main hetero-transglucanase activities are MLG : xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (MXE) and cellulose : xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (CXE). HTG is highly acidic and found only in the evolutionarily isolated genus of fern-allies, Equisetum. We now report genes for three new highly acidic HTG-related XTHs in E. fluviatile (EfXTH-A, EfXTH-H and EfXTH-I). We expressed them heterologously in Pichia and tested the encoded proteins' enzymic activities to determine whether their acidity and/or their Equisetum-specific sequences might confer high hetero-transglucanase activity. Untransformed Pichia was found to secrete MLG-degrading enzyme(s), which had to be removed for reliable MXE assays. All three acidic EfXTHs exhibited very predominantly XET activity, although low but measurable hetero-transglucanase activities (MXE and CXE) were also detected in EfXTH-H and EfXTH-I. We conclude that the extremely high hetero-transglucanase activities of Equisetum HTG are not emulated by similarly acidic Equisetum XTHs that share up to 55.5% sequence identity with HTG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Holland
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Thomas J Simmons
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Frank Meulewaeter
- BASF Innovation Center Gent- Trait Research, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Andrew Hudson
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK.
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20
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Silva-Sanzana C, Estevez JM, Blanco-Herrera F. Influence of cell wall polymers and their modifying enzymes during plant-aphid interactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3854-3864. [PMID: 31828324 PMCID: PMC7316967 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Aphids are a major issue for commercial crops. These pests drain phloem nutrients and transmit ~50% of the known insect-borne viral diseases. During aphid feeding, trophic structures called stylets advance toward the phloem intercellularly, disrupting cell wall polymers. It is thought that cell wall-modifying enzymes (CWMEs) present in aphid saliva facilitate stylet penetration through this intercellular polymer network. Additionally, different studies have demonstrated that host settling preference, feeding behavior, and colony performance of aphids are influenced by modulating the CWME expression levels in host plants. CWMEs have been described as critical defensive elements for plants, but also as a key virulence factor for plant pathogens. However, whether CWMEs are elements of the plant defense mechanisms or the aphid infestation process remains unclear. Therefore, in order to better consider the function of CWMEs and cell wall-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) during plant-aphid interactions, the present review integrates different hypotheses, perspectives, and experimental evidence in the field of plant-aphid interactions and discusses similarities to other well-characterized models such as the fungi-plant pathosystems from the host and the attacker perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Silva-Sanzana
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - José M Estevez
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisca Blanco-Herrera
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (IBio), Santiago, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES),Chile
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21
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Schwarz B, Bauer P. FIT, a regulatory hub for iron deficiency and stress signaling in roots, and FIT-dependent and -independent gene signatures. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:1694-1705. [PMID: 31922570 PMCID: PMC7067300 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is vital for plant growth. Plants balance the beneficial and toxic effects of this micronutrient, and tightly control Fe uptake and allocation. Here, we review the role of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor FIT (FER-LIKE FE DEFICIENCY-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR) in Fe acquisition. FIT is not only essential, it is also a central regulatory hub in root cells to steer and adjust the rate of Fe uptake by the root in a changing environment. FIT regulates a subset of root Fe deficiency (-Fe) response genes. Based on a combination of co-expression network and FIT-dependent transcriptome analyses, we defined a set of FIT-dependent and FIT-independent gene expression signatures and co-expression clusters that encode specific functions in Fe regulation and Fe homeostasis. These gene signatures serve as markers to integrate novel regulatory factors and signals into the -Fe response cascade. FIT forms a complex with bHLH subgroup Ib transcription factors. Furthermore, it interacts with key regulators from different signaling pathways that either activate or inhibit FIT function to adjust Fe acquisition to growth and environmental constraints. Co-expression clusters and FIT protein interactions suggest a connection of -Fe with ABA responses and root cell elongation processes that can be explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Schwarz
- Institute of Botany, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Petra Bauer
- Institute of Botany, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Correspondence:
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22
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Witasari LD, Huang F, Hoffmann T, Rozhon W, Fry SC, Schwab W. Higher expression of the strawberry xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase genes FvXTH9 and FvXTH6 accelerates fruit ripening. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:1237-1253. [PMID: 31454115 PMCID: PMC8653885 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Fruit softening in Fragaria (strawberry) is proposed to be associated with the modification of cell wall components such as xyloglucan by the action of cell wall-modifying enzymes. This study focuses on the in vitro and in vivo characterization of two recombinant xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs) from Fragaria vesca, FvXTH9 and FvXTH6. Mining of the publicly available F. vesca genome sequence yielded 28 putative XTH genes. FvXTH9 showed the highest expression level of all FvXTHs in a fruit transcriptome data set and was selected with the closely related FvXTH6 for further analysis. To investigate their role in fruit ripening in more detail, the coding sequences of FvXTH9 and FvXTH6 were cloned into the vector pYES2 and expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FvXTH9 and FvXTH6 displayed xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET) activity towards various acceptor substrates using xyloglucan as the donor substrate. Interestingly, FvXTH9 showed activity of mixed-linkage glucan:xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (MXE) and cellulose:xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (CXE). The optimum pH of both FvXTH9 and FvXTH6 was 6.5. The prediction of subcellular localization suggested localization to the secretory pathway, which was confirmed by localization studies in Nicotiana tabacum. Overexpression showed that Fragaria × ananassa fruits infiltrated with FvXTH9 and FvXTH6 ripened faster and showed decreased firmness compared with the empty vector control pBI121. Thus FvXTH9 and also FvXTH6 might promote strawberry fruit ripening by the modification of cell wall components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia D. Witasari
- Biotechnology of Natural ProductsTechnische Universität MünchenLiesel‐Beckmann‐Str. 185354FreisingGermany
- Department of Food and Agricultural Product TechnologyFaculty of Agricultural TechnologyUniversitas Gadjah MadaJl. Flora No. 1 – BulaksumurYogyakartaIndonesia
| | - Fong‐Chin Huang
- Biotechnology of Natural ProductsTechnische Universität MünchenLiesel‐Beckmann‐Str. 185354FreisingGermany
| | - Thomas Hoffmann
- Biotechnology of Natural ProductsTechnische Universität MünchenLiesel‐Beckmann‐Str. 185354FreisingGermany
| | - Wilfried Rozhon
- Biotechnology of Horticultural CropsTUM School of Life Sciences WeihenstephanTechnische Universität MünchenLiesel‐Beckmann‐Str. 185354FreisingGermany
| | - Stephen C. Fry
- Edinburgh Cell Wall GroupInstitute of Molecular Plant SciencesThe University of EdinburghDaniel Rutherford BuildingThe King's BuildingsEdinburghEH9 3BFUK
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- Biotechnology of Natural ProductsTechnische Universität MünchenLiesel‐Beckmann‐Str. 185354FreisingGermany
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23
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Jiang Y, Li Y, Lu C, Tang Y, Jiang X, Gai Y. Isolation and characterization of Populus xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) involved in osmotic stress responses. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 155:1277-1287. [PMID: 31730960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) belongs to the GH16 subfamily of the glycoside hydrolases of carbohydrate active enzymes and plays an important role in the structure and function of plant cell walls. In this study, 11 members of the XTH gene family were cloned from Populus tomentosa. A bioinformatics analysis revealed that 11 PtoXTHs could be classified into three groups, where PtoXTH27 and PtoXTH34 were most likely to exhibit XTH activity. Biochemical analyses of purified PtoXTHs demonstrated that PtoXTH27 and PtoXTH34 had detectable xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET) activity, while the others did not exhibit XET or XEH activity. Moreover, enzymatic assays revealed that the optimum reaction temperature of both PtoXTH27 and PtoXTH34 was 37 °C, while their optimum pH values differed, such that PtoXTH27 was 6.0 and PtoXTH34 was 5.0. Enzyme kinetic parameters indicated that PtoXTH34 had higher affinity for the receptor substrate, XXXG, implying that PtoXTH34 and PtoXTH27 in plants have different substrate structure specificity. Finally, heterologous expression of XTH significantly increased intracellular total sugar content and osmotolerance of yeast cells, indicating that PtoXTH27 and PtoXTH34 are potentially involved in osmotic stress responses. These results clearly demonstrate the enzymatic characteristics and putative role of XTH in osmotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jiang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Yuhua Li
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Chen Lu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Yanni Tang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Xiangning Jiang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China; The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Ying Gai
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China; The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing 100083, P.R. China.
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24
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Proteomic Analysis of Rapeseed Root Response to Waterlogging Stress. PLANTS 2018; 7:plants7030071. [PMID: 30205432 PMCID: PMC6160990 DOI: 10.3390/plants7030071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The overall health of a plant is constantly affected by the changing and hostile environment. Due to climate change and the farming pattern of rice (Oryza sativa) and rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), stress from waterlogging poses a serious threat to productivity assurance and the yield of rapeseed in China's Yangtze River basin. In order to improve our understanding of the complex mechanisms behind waterlogging stress and identify waterlogging-responsive proteins, we firstly conducted iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification)-based quantitative proteomic analysis of rapeseed roots under waterlogging treatments, for both a tolerant cultivar ZS9 and sensitive cultivar GH01. A total of 7736 proteins were identified by iTRAQ, of which several hundred showed different expression levels, including 233, 365, and 326 after waterlogging stress for 4H, 8H, and 12H in ZS9, respectively, and 143, 175, and 374 after waterlogging stress for 4H, 8H, and 12H in GH01, respectively. For proteins repeatedly identified at different time points, gene ontology (GO) cluster analysis suggested that the responsive proteins of the two cultivars were both enriched in the biological process of DNA-dependent transcription and the oxidation⁻reduction process, and response to various stress and hormone stimulus, while different distribution frequencies in the two cultivars was investigated. Moreover, overlap proteins with similar or opposite tendencies of fold change between ZS9 and GH01 were observed and clustered based on the different expression ratios, suggesting the two genotype cultivars exhibited diversiform molecular mechanisms or regulation pathways in their waterlogging stress response. The following qRT-PCR (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction) results verified the candidate proteins at transcription levels, which were prepared for further research. In conclusion, proteins detected in this study might perform different functions in waterlogging responses and would provide information conducive to better understanding adaptive mechanisms under environmental stresses.
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25
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Schoenaers S, Balcerowicz D, Breen G, Hill K, Zdanio M, Mouille G, Holman TJ, Oh J, Wilson MH, Nikonorova N, Vu LD, De Smet I, Swarup R, De Vos WH, Pintelon I, Adriaensen D, Grierson C, Bennett MJ, Vissenberg K. The Auxin-Regulated CrRLK1L Kinase ERULUS Controls Cell Wall Composition during Root Hair Tip Growth. Curr Biol 2018; 28:722-732.e6. [PMID: 29478854 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs facilitate a plant's ability to acquire soil anchorage and nutrients. Root hair growth is regulated by the plant hormone auxin and dependent on localized synthesis, secretion, and modification of the root hair tip cell wall. However, the exact cell wall regulators in root hairs controlled by auxin have yet to be determined. In this study, we describe the characterization of ERULUS (ERU), an auxin-induced Arabidopsis receptor-like kinase, whose expression is directly regulated by ARF7 and ARF19 transcription factors. ERU belongs to the Catharanthus roseus RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 1-LIKE (CrRLK1L) subfamily of putative cell wall sensor proteins. Imaging of a fluorescent fusion protein revealed that ERU is localized to the apical root hair plasma membrane. ERU regulates cell wall composition in root hairs and modulates pectin dynamics through negative control of pectin methylesterase (PME) activity. Mutant eru (-/-) root hairs accumulate de-esterified homogalacturonan and exhibit aberrant pectin Ca2+-binding site oscillations and increased PME activity. Up to 80% of the eru root hair phenotype is rescued by pharmacological supplementation with a PME-inhibiting catechin extract. ERU transcription is altered in specific cell wall-related root hair mutants, suggesting that it is a target for feedback regulation. Loss of ERU alters the phosphorylation status of FERONIA and H+-ATPases 1/2, regulators of apoplastic pH. Furthermore, H+-ATPases 1/2 and ERU are differentially phosphorylated in response to auxin. We conclude that ERULUS is a key auxin-controlled regulator of cell wall composition and pectin dynamics during root hair tip growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastjen Schoenaers
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Daria Balcerowicz
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gordon Breen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK
| | - Kristine Hill
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Malgorzata Zdanio
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Grégory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA/AgroParisTech, ERL3559 CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, Route de St Cyr, 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Tara J Holman
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Jaesung Oh
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Michael H Wilson
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Natalia Nikonorova
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lam Dai Vu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ive De Smet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ranjan Swarup
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Winnok H De Vos
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Cell Systems Group, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Ghent, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isabel Pintelon
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Dirk Adriaensen
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Claire Grierson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; Plant Biochemistry & Biotechnology Lab, Department of Agriculture, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Stavromenos PC 71410, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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26
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Barnes WJ, Anderson CT. Release, Recycle, Rebuild: Cell-Wall Remodeling, Autodegradation, and Sugar Salvage for New Wall Biosynthesis during Plant Development. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:31-46. [PMID: 28859907 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls contain elaborate polysaccharide networks and regulate plant growth, development, mechanics, cell-cell communication and adhesion, and defense. Despite conferring rigidity to support plant structures, the cell wall is a dynamic extracellular matrix that is modified, reorganized, and degraded to tightly control its properties during growth and development. Far from being a terminal carbon sink, many wall polymers can be degraded and recycled by plant cells, either via direct re-incorporation by transglycosylation or via internalization and metabolic salvage of wall-derived sugars to produce new precursors for wall synthesis. However, the physiological and metabolic contributions of wall recycling to plant growth and development are largely undefined. In this review, we discuss long-standing and recent evidence supporting the occurrence of cell-wall recycling in plants, make predictions regarding the developmental processes to which wall recycling might contribute, and identify outstanding questions and emerging experimental tools that might be used to address these questions and enhance our understanding of this poorly characterized aspect of wall dynamics and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Barnes
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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27
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Videcoq P, Barbacci A, Assor C, Magnenet V, Arnould O, Le Gall S, Lahaye M. Examining the contribution of cell wall polysaccharides to the mechanical properties of apple parenchyma tissue using exogenous enzymes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5137-5146. [PMID: 29036637 PMCID: PMC5853499 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The viscoelastic mechanical properties of water-rich plant tissues are fundamental for many aspects of organ physiology and plant functioning. These properties are determined partly by the water in cellular vacuole and partly by the mechanical properties of the cell wall, the latter varying according to the composition and organization of its polysaccharides. In this study, relationships between the viscoelastic properties of apple cortex parenchyma tissue and cell wall pectin, hemicelluloses, and cellulose structures were studied by infusing the tissue with selected sets of purified enzymes in a controlled osmoticum. The results showed that tissue elasticity and viscosity were related, and controlled to variable extents by all the targeted polysaccharides. Among them, pectic homogalacturonan domains, crystalline cellulose, and fucosylated xyloglucan were revealed as being of prime importance in determining the viscoelastic mechanical properties of apple cortex tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Videcoq
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions et Assemblages, Nantes, France
| | - Adelin Barbacci
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions et Assemblages, Nantes, France
- Correspondence: or
| | - Carole Assor
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions et Assemblages, Nantes, France
- Université de Montpellier, LMGC, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Magnenet
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7357 Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Ingénieur, de l’Informatique et de l’Imagerie (ICube), CNRS, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Sophie Le Gall
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions et Assemblages, Nantes, France
| | - Marc Lahaye
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions et Assemblages, Nantes, France
- Correspondence: or
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28
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Jin Y, Fan X, Li X, Zhang Z, Sun L, Fu Z, Lavoie M, Pan X, Qian H. Distinct physiological and molecular responses in Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to aluminum oxide nanoparticles and ionic aluminum. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 228:517-527. [PMID: 28576325 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nano-aluminium oxide (nAl2O3) is one of the most widely used nanomaterials. However, nAl2O3 toxicity mechanisms and potential beneficial effects on terrestrial plant physiology remain poorly understood. Such knowledge is essential for the development of robust nAl2O3 risk assessment. In this study, we studied the influence of a 10-d exposure to a total selected concentration of 98 μM nAl2O3 or to the equivalent molar concentration of ionic Al (AlCl3) (196 μM) on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana on the physiology (e.g., growth and photosynthesis, membrane damage) and the transcriptome using a high throughput state-of-the-art technology, RNA-seq. We found no evidence of nAl2O3 toxicity on photosynthesis, growth and lipid peroxidation. Rather the nAl2O3 treatment stimulated root weight and length by 48% and 39%, respectively as well as photosynthesis opening up the door to the use of nAl2O3 in biotechnology and nano agriculture. Transcriptomic analyses indicate that the beneficial effect of nAl2O3 was related to an increase in the transcription of several genes involved in root growth as well as in root nutrient uptake (e.g., up-regulation of the root hair-specific gene family and root development genes, POLARIS protein). By contrast, the ionic Al treatment decreased shoot and root weight of Arabidopsis thaliana by 57.01% and 45.15%, respectively. This toxic effect was coupled to a range of response at the gene transcription level including increase transcription of antioxidant-related genes and transcription of genes involved in plant defense response to pathogens. This work provides an integrated understanding at the molecular and physiological level of the effects of nAl2O3 and ionic Al in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujian Jin
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Xiaoji Fan
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Xingxing Li
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Zhenyan Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Liwei Sun
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Michel Lavoie
- Quebec-Ocean and Takuvik Joint International Research Unit, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Xiangliang Pan
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Haifeng Qian
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Bioremediation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, PR China.
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29
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Shinohara N, Sunagawa N, Tamura S, Yokoyama R, Ueda M, Igarashi K, Nishitani K. The plant cell-wall enzyme AtXTH3 catalyses covalent cross-linking between cellulose and cello-oligosaccharide. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46099. [PMID: 28443615 PMCID: PMC5405413 DOI: 10.1038/srep46099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is an economically important material, but routes of its industrial processing have not been fully explored. The plant cell wall - the major source of cellulose - harbours enzymes of the xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) family. This class of enzymes is unique in that it is capable of elongating polysaccharide chains without the requirement for activated nucleotide sugars (e.g., UDP-glucose) and in seamlessly splitting and reconnecting chains of xyloglucan, a naturally occurring soluble analogue of cellulose. Here, we show that a recombinant version of AtXTH3, a thus far uncharacterized member of the Arabidopsis XTH family, catalysed the transglycosylation between cellulose and cello-oligosaccharide, between cellulose and xyloglucan-oligosaccharide, and between xyloglucan and xyloglucan-oligosaccharide, with the highest reaction rate observed for the latter reaction. In addition, this enzyme formed cellulose-like insoluble material from a soluble cello-oligosaccharide in the absence of additional substrates. This newly found activity (designated "cellulose endotransglucosylase," or CET) can potentially be involved in the formation of covalent linkages between cellulose microfibrils in the plant cell wall. It can also comprise a new route of industrial cellulose functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Shinohara
- Plant Cell Wall Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Naoki Sunagawa
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Satoru Tamura
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Yokoyama
- Plant Cell Wall Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Minoru Ueda
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kiyohiko Igarashi
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.,VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, Tietotie 2, Espoo FI-02044, Finland
| | - Kazuhiko Nishitani
- Plant Cell Wall Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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McGregor N, Yin V, Tung CC, Van Petegem F, Brumer H. Crystallographic insight into the evolutionary origins of xyloglucan endotransglycosylases and endohydrolases. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:651-670. [PMID: 27859885 PMCID: PMC5315667 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) gene family encodes enzymes of central importance to plant cell wall remodeling. The evolutionary history of plant XTH gene products is incompletely understood vis-à-vis the larger body of bacterial endoglycanases in Glycoside Hydrolase Family 16 (GH16). To provide molecular insight into this issue, high-resolution X-ray crystal structures and detailed enzyme kinetics of an extant transitional plant endoglucanase (EG) were determined. Functionally intermediate between plant XTH gene products and bacterial licheninases of GH16, Vitis vinifera EG16 (VvEG16) effectively catalyzes the hydrolysis of the backbones of two dominant plant cell wall matrix glycans, xyloglucan (XyG) and β(1,3)/β(1,4)-mixed-linkage glucan (MLG). Crystallographic complexes with extended oligosaccharide substrates reveal the structural basis for the accommodation of both unbranched, mixed-linked (MLG) and highly decorated, linear (XyG) polysaccharide chains in a broad, extended active-site cleft. Structural comparison with representative bacterial licheninases, a xyloglucan endotranglycosylase (XET), and a xyloglucan endohydrolase (XEH) outline the functional ramifications of key sequence deletions and insertions across the phylogenetic landscape of GH16. Although the biological role(s) of EG16 orthologs remains to be fully resolved, the present biochemical and tertiary structural characterization provides key insight into plant cell wall enzyme evolution, which will continue to inform genomic analyses and functional studies across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas McGregor
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia,
2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia,
2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Victor Yin
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia,
2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia,
2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Ching-Chieh Tung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British
Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Filip Van Petegem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British
Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Harry Brumer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia,
2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia,
2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British
Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270
University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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31
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Gupta S, Yadav BS, Raj U, Freilich S, Varadwaj PK. Transcriptomic Analysis of Soil Grown T. aestivum cv. Root to Reveal the Changes in Expression of Genes in Response to Multiple Nutrients Deficiency. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1025. [PMID: 28690617 PMCID: PMC5479913 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Deficiency of necessary macronutrients, i.e., Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Sulfate (S) in the soil leads to a reduction in plant growth and yield, which is a result of changes in expression level of various genes. This study was performed to identify the differentially expressed genes and its associated metabolic pathways occurred in soil grown wheat root samples excavated from the control and treated fields. To identify the difference in gene expression levels due to deficiency of the said nutrients, a transcriptomic, meta-analysis was performed on array expression profile data. A set of 435 statistically significant probes encoding 398 Nutrient Deficiency Response Genes (NRGs) responding at-least one nutrients deficiency (ND) were identified. Out of them 55 NRGs were found to response to minimum two ND. Singular Enrichment Analysis (SEA) predicts ontological based classifications and functional analysis of NRGs in different cellular/molecular pathways involved in root development and growth. Functional annotation and reaction mechanism of differentially expressed genes, proteins/enzymes in the different metabolic pathway through MapMan analysis were explored. Further the meta-analysis was performed to revels the active involvement each NRGs in distinct tissues and their comparative potential expression analysis in different stress conditions. The study results in exploring the role of major acting candidate genes such as Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase, Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase, Peroxides, Glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase proenzyme, Dehydrin family proteins, Transcription factors, Membrane Proteins, Metal binding proteins, Photosystem proteins, Transporter and Transferase associated in different metabolic pathways. Finally, the differences of transcriptional responses in the soil-grown root of T. aestivum cv. and in-vitro grown model plants under nutrients deficiency were summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Bioinformatics, Indian Institute of Information TechnologyAllahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Brijesh S. Yadav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
| | - Utkarsh Raj
- Department of Bioinformatics, Indian Institute of Information TechnologyAllahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Shiri Freilich
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research OrganizationRamat Yishay, Israel
| | - Pritish K. Varadwaj
- Department of Bioinformatics, Indian Institute of Information TechnologyAllahabad, Allahabad, India
- *Correspondence: Pritish K. Varadwaj
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32
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Dheilly E, Gall SL, Guillou MC, Renou JP, Bonnin E, Orsel M, Lahaye M. Cell wall dynamics during apple development and storage involves hemicellulose modifications and related expressed genes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:201. [PMID: 27630120 PMCID: PMC5024441 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0887-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit quality depends on a series of biochemical events that modify appearance, flavour and texture throughout fruit development and ripening. Cell wall polysaccharide remodelling largely contributes to the elaboration of fleshy fruit texture. Although several genes and enzymes involved in cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis and modifications are known, their coordinated activity in these processes is yet to be discovered. RESULTS Combined transcriptomic and biochemical analyses allowed the identification of putative enzymes and related annotated members of gene families involved in cell wall polysaccharide composition and structural changes during apple fruit growth and ripening. The early development genes were mainly related to cell wall biosynthesis and degradation with a particular target on hemicelluloses. Fine structural evolutions of galactoglucomannan were strongly correlated with mannan synthase, glucanase (GH9) and β-galactosidase gene expression. In contrast, fewer genes related to pectin metabolism and cell expansion (expansin genes) were observed in ripening fruit combined with expected changes in cell wall polysaccharide composition. CONCLUSIONS Hemicelluloses undergo major structural changes particularly during early fruit development. The high number of early expressed β-galactosidase genes questions their function on galactosylated structures during fruit development and storage. Their activity and cell wall substrate remains to be identified. Moreover, new insights into the potential role of peroxidases and transporters, along with cell wall metabolism open the way to further studies on concomitant mechanisms involved in cell wall assembly/disassembly during fruit development and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Dheilly
- INRA UR 1268 Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Sophie Le Gall
- INRA UR 1268 Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Marie-Charlotte Guillou
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Renou
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Estelle Bonnin
- INRA UR 1268 Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Mathilde Orsel
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Marc Lahaye
- INRA UR 1268 Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France
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33
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Suslov D, Ivakov A, Boron AK, Vissenberg K. In vitro cell wall extensibility controls age-related changes in the growth rate of etiolated Arabidopsis hypocotyls. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2015; 42:1068-1079. [PMID: 32480746 DOI: 10.1071/fp15190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell growth is controlled by cell wall extensibility, which is currently estimated indirectly by various microtensile and nano/microindentation techniques. Their outputs differ in the accuracy of growth rate and in vivo extensibility prediction. Using the creep method we critically tested several metrics (creep rate, creep rate×stress-1, in vitro cell wall extensibility (ϕ) and in vitro cell wall yield threshold (y)) for their ability to predict growth rates of etiolated Arabidopsis thaliana (L. Heynh.) hypocotyls. We developed novel approaches for ϕ and y determination and statistical analysis based on creep measurements under single loads coupled with wall stress calculation. The best indicator of growth rate was ϕ because the 3-fold developmental decrease in the growth rate of 4- vs 3-day-old hypocotyls was accompanied by a 3-fold decrease in ϕ determined at pH 5. Although the acid-induced expansin-mediated creep of cell walls resulted exclusively from increasing ϕ values, the decrease in ϕ between 3- and 4-day-old hypocotyls was not mediated by a decrease in expansin abundance. We give practical recommendations on the most efficient use of creep rate, creep rate×stress-1, ϕ and y in different experimental situations and provide scripts for their automated calculations and statistical comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Suslov
- Biology Department, Plant Growth and Development, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Alexander Ivakov
- Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia
| | - Agnieszka K Boron
- Biology Department, Plant Growth and Development, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Biology Department, Plant Growth and Development, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
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34
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Simmons TJ, Mohler KE, Holland C, Goubet F, Franková L, Houston DR, Hudson AD, Meulewaeter F, Fry SC. Hetero-trans-β-glucanase, an enzyme unique to Equisetum plants, functionalizes cellulose. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 83:753-69. [PMID: 26185964 PMCID: PMC4950035 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls are metabolically active components of plant cells. They contain diverse enzymes, including transglycanases (endotransglycosylases), enzymes that 'cut and paste' certain structural polysaccharide molecules and thus potentially remodel the wall during growth and development. Known transglycanase activities modify several cell-wall polysaccharides (xyloglucan, mannans, mixed-linkage β-glucan and xylans); however, no transglycanases were known to act on cellulose, the principal polysaccharide of biomass. We now report the discovery and characterization of hetero-trans-β-glucanase (HTG), a transglycanase that targets cellulose, in horsetails (Equisetum spp., an early-diverging genus of monilophytes). HTG is also remarkable in predominantly catalysing hetero-transglycosylation: its preferred donor substrates (cellulose or mixed-linkage β-glucan) differ qualitatively from its acceptor substrate (xyloglucan). HTG thus generates stable cellulose-xyloglucan and mixed-linkage β-glucan-xyloglucan covalent bonds, and may therefore strengthen ageing Equisetum tissues by inter-linking different structural polysaccharides of the cell wall. 3D modelling suggests that only three key amino acid substitutions (Trp → Pro, Gly → Ser and Arg → Leu) are responsible for the evolution of HTG's unique specificity from the better-known xyloglucan-acting homo-transglycanases (xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases; XTH). Among land plants, HTG appears to be confined to Equisetum, but its target polysaccharides are widespread, potentially offering opportunities for enhancing crop mechanical properties, such as wind resistance. In addition, by linking cellulose to xyloglucan fragments previously tagged with compounds such as dyes or indicators, HTG may be useful biotechnologically for manufacturing stably functionalized celluloses, thereby potentially offering a commercially valuable 'green' technology for industrially manipulating biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Simmons
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Kyle E Mohler
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Claire Holland
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Florence Goubet
- Bayer CropScience NV, Innovation Center, Technologiepark 38, 9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Lenka Franková
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Douglas R Houston
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR, UK
| | - Andrew D Hudson
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Frank Meulewaeter
- Bayer CropScience NV, Innovation Center, Technologiepark 38, 9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
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35
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Sato EM, Hijazi H, Bennett MJ, Vissenberg K, Swarup R. New insights into root gravitropic signalling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:2155-65. [PMID: 25547917 PMCID: PMC4986716 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
An important feature of plants is the ability to adapt their growth towards or away from external stimuli such as light, water, temperature, and gravity. These responsive plant growth movements are called tropisms and they contribute to the plant's survival and reproduction. Roots modulate their growth towards gravity to exploit the soil for water and nutrient uptake, and to provide anchorage. The physiological process of root gravitropism comprises gravity perception, signal transmission, growth response, and the re-establishment of normal growth. Gravity perception is best explained by the starch-statolith hypothesis that states that dense starch-filled amyloplasts or statoliths within columella cells sediment in the direction of gravity, resulting in the generation of a signal that causes asymmetric growth. Though little is known about the gravity receptor(s), the role of auxin linking gravity sensing to the response is well established. Auxin influx and efflux carriers facilitate creation of a differential auxin gradient between the upper and lower side of gravistimulated roots. This asymmetric auxin gradient causes differential growth responses in the graviresponding tissue of the elongation zone, leading to root curvature. Cell biological and mathematical modelling approaches suggest that the root gravitropic response begins within minutes of a gravity stimulus, triggering genomic and non-genomic responses. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of root gravitropism in Arabidopsis thaliana and identifies current challenges and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethel Mendocilla Sato
- University of Antwerp, Biology Department, Plant Growth and Development, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Hussein Hijazi
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- University of Antwerp, Biology Department, Plant Growth and Development, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Ranjan Swarup
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
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Shi YZ, Zhu XF, Miller JG, Gregson T, Zheng SJ, Fry SC. Distinct catalytic capacities of two aluminium-repressed Arabidopsis thaliana xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases, XTH15 and XTH31, heterologously produced in Pichia. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 112:160-169. [PMID: 25446234 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan plays an important structural role in primary cell walls, possibly tethering adjacent microfibrils and restraining cell expansion. There is therefore considerable interest in understanding the role of xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs), which are encoded in Arabidopsis by a 33-member gene family. We compared the key catalytic properties of two very different Arabidopsis XTHs (heterologously produced in Pichia), both of which are aluminium-repressed. Reductively tritiated oligosaccharides of xyloglucan were used as model acceptor substrates. Untransformed Pichia produced no xyloglucan-acting enzymes; therefore purification of the XTHs was unnecessary. XTH15, a classical group-I/II XTH, had high XET and undetectable XEH activity in vitro; its XET Km values were 31 μM XXXGol (acceptor substrate) and 2.9 mg/ml xyloglucan (donor substrate). In contrast, XTH31, a group-III-A XTH, showed predominant XEH activity and only slight XET activity in vitro; its XET Km was 86μM XXXGol (acceptor), indicating a low affinity of this predominantly hydrolytic protein for a transglycosylation acceptor substrate. The Km of XTH31's XEH activity was 1.6 mg/ml xyloglucan. For both proteins, the preferred XET acceptor substrate, among five cellotetraitol-based oligosaccharides tested, was XXXGol. XTH31's XET activity was strongly compromised when the second Xyl residue was galactosylated. XTH15's XET activity, in contrast, tolerated substitution at the second Xyl residue. The two enzymes also showed different pH preferences, XTH31 exhibiting an unusually low pH optimum and XTH15 an unusually broad optimum. XTH31's hydrolase activity increased almost linearly with decreasing pH in the apoplastic range, 6.2-4.5, consistent with a possible role in 'acid growth'. In conclusion, these two Al(3+)-repressed XTHs differ, in several important enzymic features, from other members of the Arabidopsis XTH family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhi Shi
- College of Environment and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK; Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Xiao Fang Zhu
- College of Environment and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Janice G Miller
- Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
| | - Timothy Gregson
- Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
| | - Shao Jian Zheng
- College of Environment and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Stephen C Fry
- Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK.
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37
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Wilson MH, Holman TJ, Sørensen I, Cancho-Sanchez E, Wells DM, Swarup R, Knox JP, Willats WGT, Ubeda-Tomás S, Holdsworth M, Bennett MJ, Vissenberg K, Hodgman TC. Multi-omics analysis identifies genes mediating the extension of cell walls in the Arabidopsis thaliana root elongation zone. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:10. [PMID: 25750913 PMCID: PMC4335395 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant cell wall composition is important for regulating growth rates, especially in roots. However, neither analyses of cell wall composition nor transcriptomes on their own can comprehensively reveal which genes and processes are mediating growth and cell elongation rates. This study reveals the benefits of carrying out multiple analyses in combination. Sections of roots from five anatomically and functionally defined zones in Arabidopsis thaliana were prepared and divided into three biological replicates. We used glycan microarrays and antibodies to identify the major classes of glycans and glycoproteins present in the cell walls of these sections, and identified the expected decrease in pectin and increase in xylan from the meristematic zone (MS), through the rapid and late elongation zones (REZ, LEZ) to the maturation zone and the rest of the root, including the emerging lateral roots. Other compositional changes included extensin and xyloglucan levels peaking in the REZ and increasing levels of arabinogalactan-proteins (AGP) epitopes from the MS to the LEZ, which remained high through the subsequent mature zones. Immuno-staining using the same antibodies identified the tissue and (sub)cellular localization of many epitopes. Extensins were localized in epidermal and cortex cell walls, while AGP glycans were specific to different tissues from root-hair cells to the stele. The transcriptome analysis found several gene families peaking in the REZ. These included a large family of peroxidases (which produce the reactive oxygen species (ROS) needed for cell expansion), and three xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase/hydrolase genes (XTH17, XTH18, and XTH19). The significance of the latter may be related to a role in breaking and re-joining xyloglucan cross-bridges between cellulose microfibrils, a process which is required for wall expansion. Knockdowns of these XTHs resulted in shorter root lengths, confirming a role of the corresponding proteins in root extension growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Wilson
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
| | - Tara J. Holman
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
| | - Iben Sørensen
- Plant Glycobiology Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ester Cancho-Sanchez
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
| | - Darren M. Wells
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
| | - Ranjan Swarup
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
| | - J. Paul Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of LeedsLeeds, UK
| | - William G. T. Willats
- Plant Glycobiology Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susana Ubeda-Tomás
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
| | - Michael Holdsworth
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
| | - Malcolm J. Bennett
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Laboratory of Plant Growth and Development, Department of Biology, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - T. Charlie Hodgman
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
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Wilson MH, Holman TJ, Sørensen I, Cancho-Sanchez E, Wells DM, Swarup R, Knox JP, Willats WGT, Ubeda-Tomás S, Holdsworth M, Bennett MJ, Vissenberg K, Hodgman TC. Multi-omics analysis identifies genes mediating the extension of cell walls in the Arabidopsis thaliana root elongation zone. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015. [PMID: 25750913 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00010/abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant cell wall composition is important for regulating growth rates, especially in roots. However, neither analyses of cell wall composition nor transcriptomes on their own can comprehensively reveal which genes and processes are mediating growth and cell elongation rates. This study reveals the benefits of carrying out multiple analyses in combination. Sections of roots from five anatomically and functionally defined zones in Arabidopsis thaliana were prepared and divided into three biological replicates. We used glycan microarrays and antibodies to identify the major classes of glycans and glycoproteins present in the cell walls of these sections, and identified the expected decrease in pectin and increase in xylan from the meristematic zone (MS), through the rapid and late elongation zones (REZ, LEZ) to the maturation zone and the rest of the root, including the emerging lateral roots. Other compositional changes included extensin and xyloglucan levels peaking in the REZ and increasing levels of arabinogalactan-proteins (AGP) epitopes from the MS to the LEZ, which remained high through the subsequent mature zones. Immuno-staining using the same antibodies identified the tissue and (sub)cellular localization of many epitopes. Extensins were localized in epidermal and cortex cell walls, while AGP glycans were specific to different tissues from root-hair cells to the stele. The transcriptome analysis found several gene families peaking in the REZ. These included a large family of peroxidases (which produce the reactive oxygen species (ROS) needed for cell expansion), and three xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase/hydrolase genes (XTH17, XTH18, and XTH19). The significance of the latter may be related to a role in breaking and re-joining xyloglucan cross-bridges between cellulose microfibrils, a process which is required for wall expansion. Knockdowns of these XTHs resulted in shorter root lengths, confirming a role of the corresponding proteins in root extension growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Wilson
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Tara J Holman
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Iben Sørensen
- Plant Glycobiology Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ester Cancho-Sanchez
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Darren M Wells
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Ranjan Swarup
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - J Paul Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds Leeds, UK
| | - William G T Willats
- Plant Glycobiology Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susana Ubeda-Tomás
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Michael Holdsworth
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Laboratory of Plant Growth and Development, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp Antwerp, Belgium
| | - T Charlie Hodgman
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
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Boron AK, Van Loock B, Suslov D, Markakis MN, Verbelen JP, Vissenberg K. Over-expression of AtEXLA2 alters etiolated arabidopsis hypocotyl growth. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:67-80. [PMID: 25492062 PMCID: PMC4284114 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plant stature and shape are largely determined by cell elongation, a process that is strongly controlled at the level of the cell wall. This is associated with the presence of many cell wall proteins implicated in the elongation process. Several proteins and enzyme families have been suggested to be involved in the controlled weakening of the cell wall, and these include xyloglucan endotransglucosylases/hydrolases (XTHs), yieldins, lipid transfer proteins and expansins. Although expansins have been the subject of much research, the role and involvement of expansin-like genes/proteins remain mostly unclear. This study investigates the expression and function of AtEXLA2 (At4g38400), a member of the expansin-like A (EXLA) family in arabidposis, and considers its possible role in cell wall metabolism and growth. METHODS Transgenic plants of Arabidopsis thaliana were grown, and lines over-expressing AtEXLA2 were identified. Plants were grown in the dark, on media containing growth hormones or precursors, or were gravistimulated. Hypocotyls were studied using transmission electron microscopy and extensiometry. Histochemical GUS (β-glucuronidase) stainings were performed. KEY RESULTS AtEXLA2 is one of the three EXLA members in arabidopsis. The protein lacks the typical domain responsible for expansin activity, but contains a presumed cellulose-interacting domain. Using promoter::GUS lines, the expression of AtEXLA2 was seen in germinating seedlings, hypocotyls, lateral root cap cells, columella cells and the central cylinder basally to the elongation zone of the root, and during different stages of lateral root development. Furthermore, promoter activity was detected in petioles, veins of leaves and filaments, and also in the peduncle of the flowers and in a zone just beneath the papillae. Over-expression of AtEXLA2 resulted in an increase of >10 % in the length of dark-grown hypocotyls and in slightly thicker walls in non-rapidly elongating etiolated hypocotyl cells. Biomechanical analysis by creep tests showed that AtEXLA2 over-expression may decrease the wall strength in arabidopsis hypocotyls. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that AtEXLA2 may function as a positive regulator of cell elongation in the dark-grown hypocotyl of arabidopsis by possible interference with cellulose metabolism, deposition or its organization.
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MESH Headings
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/growth & development
- Arabidopsis/metabolism
- Arabidopsis/ultrastructure
- Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics
- Arabidopsis Proteins/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Cell Wall/metabolism
- Cell Wall/ultrastructure
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/growth & development
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Karolina Boron
- Biology Department, Plant Growth and Development, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium and Saint-Petersburg State University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Bram Van Loock
- Biology Department, Plant Growth and Development, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium and Saint-Petersburg State University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry Suslov
- Biology Department, Plant Growth and Development, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium and Saint-Petersburg State University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia Biology Department, Plant Growth and Development, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium and Saint-Petersburg State University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marios Nektarios Markakis
- Biology Department, Plant Growth and Development, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium and Saint-Petersburg State University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jean-Pierre Verbelen
- Biology Department, Plant Growth and Development, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium and Saint-Petersburg State University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Biology Department, Plant Growth and Development, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium and Saint-Petersburg State University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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Comparative proteomic analysis of labellum and inner lateral petals in Cymbidium ensifolium flowers. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:19877-97. [PMID: 25365177 PMCID: PMC4264144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151119877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The labellum in orchids shares homology with the inner lateral petals of the flower. The labellum is a modified petal and often distinguished from other petals and sepals due to its large size and irregular shape. Herein, we combined two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight/time of flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) approaches to identify the differentially expressed proteome between labellum and inner lateral petal in one of Orchid species (C. ensifolium). A total of 30 protein spots were identified, which showed more than a two-fold significant difference (p < 0.05) in their expression. Compared with C. ensifolium transcriptome (sequenced in house), 21 proteins matched the translated nucleotide. The proteins identified were classified into 48 categories according to gene ontology (GO). Additionally, these proteins were involved in 18 pathways and 9 possible protein-protein interactions. Serine carboxypeptidase and beta-glucosidase were involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway, which could regulate biosynthesis of floral scent components. Malate dehydrogenase (maeB) and triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) in carbon fixation pathway could regulate the energy metabolism. Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XET/XTH) could promote cell wall formation and aid the petal’s morphogenesis. The identification of such differentially expressed proteins provides new targets for future studies; these will assess the proteins’ physiological roles and significance in labellum and inner lateral petals.
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41
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Lahaye M, Falourd X, Quemener B, Devaux MF, Audergon JM. Histological and cell wall polysaccharide chemical variability among apricot varieties. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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42
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Shi H, Ye T, Zhong B, Liu X, Jin R, Chan Z. AtHAP5A modulates freezing stress resistance in Arabidopsis through binding to CCAAT motif of AtXTH21. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:554-567. [PMID: 24739069 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Several eukaryotic Heme-associated proteins (HAPs) have been reported to bind specifically to DNA fragments containing CCAAT-box; however, the physiological functions and direct targets of these HAP proteins in plants remain unclear. In this study, we showed that AtHAP5A as a transcription factor interacted with CCAAT motif in vivo, and AtXTH21, one direct target of AtHAP5A, was involved in freezing stress resistance. The AtHAP5A overexpressing plants were more tolerant, whereas the loss-of-function mutant of AtHAP5A was more sensitive to freezing stress than wild-type plants. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay demonstrated that AtHAP5A could bind to five fragments that contained CCAAT motifs in the AtXTH21 promoter. Similarly, the AtXTH21 overexpressing plants exhibited improved freezing resistance, while xth21 knockdown mutants displayed decreased freezing resistance. Notably, the modulated freezing resistance of AtHAP5A overexpressing plants and knockout mutant could be reversed by the xth21 mutant and AtXTH21 overexpressing plants, respectively, indicating that AtHAP5A might act upstream of AtXTH21 in freezing stress. Additionally, modulation of AtHAP5A and AtXTH21 expression had the same effects on abscisic acid (ABA) sensitivity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism. Taken together, these results demonstrated that AtHAP5A modulates freezing stress resistance in Arabidopsis through binding to the CCAAT motif of AtXTH21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Tiantian Ye
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Bao Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Rui Jin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Zhulong Chan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Paque S, Mouille G, Grandont L, Alabadí D, Gaertner C, Goyallon A, Muller P, Primard-Brisset C, Sormani R, Blázquez MA, Perrot-Rechenmann C. AUXIN BINDING PROTEIN1 links cell wall remodeling, auxin signaling, and cell expansion in arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:280-95. [PMID: 24424095 PMCID: PMC3963575 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.120048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell expansion is an increase in cell size and thus plays an essential role in plant growth and development. Phytohormones and the primary plant cell wall play major roles in the complex process of cell expansion. In shoot tissues, cell expansion requires the auxin receptor AUXIN BINDING PROTEIN1 (ABP1), but the mechanism by which ABP1 affects expansion remains unknown. We analyzed the effect of functional inactivation of ABP1 on transcriptomic changes in dark-grown hypocotyls and investigated the consequences of gene expression on cell wall composition and cell expansion. Molecular and genetic evidence indicates that ABP1 affects the expression of a broad range of cell wall-related genes, especially cell wall remodeling genes, mainly via an SCF(TIR/AFB)-dependent pathway. ABP1 also functions in the modulation of hemicellulose xyloglucan structure. Furthermore, fucosidase-mediated defucosylation of xyloglucan, but not biosynthesis of nonfucosylated xyloglucan, rescued dark-grown hypocotyl lengthening of ABP1 knockdown seedlings. In muro remodeling of xyloglucan side chains via an ABP1-dependent pathway appears to be of critical importance for temporal and spatial control of cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Paque
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, UPR2355, CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Grégory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Laurie Grandont
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, UPR2355, CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - David Alabadí
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Planta, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universitat Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Cyril Gaertner
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Arnaud Goyallon
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Muller
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, UPR2355, CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Primard-Brisset
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, UPR2355, CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Rodnay Sormani
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Miguel A. Blázquez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Planta, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universitat Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Catherine Perrot-Rechenmann
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, UPR2355, CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
- Address correspondence to
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Jacques E, Verbelen JP, Vissenberg K. Review on shape formation in epidermal pavement cells of the Arabidopsis leaf. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 41:914-921. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1071/fp13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal pavement cells appear with a fascinating irregular wavy shape in the Arabidopsis thaliana leaf. This review addresses the questions of why this particular shape is produced during leaf development and how this is accomplished. To answer the first question most probably waviness offers some biomechanical benefits over other organisations. Different positions of lobe-formation are therefore explored and discussed. At the moment, however, no hard evidence that favours any one morphology is available. The latter question comprises the biomechanical accomplishment of shape and refers to the cell wall and cytoskeletal involvement herein. A current model for pavement cell development is discussed but remaining questions and pitfalls are put forward. Moreover, an overview of the genetic and biochemical regulatory pathways that are described up to date in the literature is presented.
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45
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Huang WN, Liu HK, Zhang HH, Chen Z, Guo YD, Kang YF. Ethylene-induced changes in lignification and cell wall-degrading enzymes in the roots of mungbean (Vigna radiata) sprouts. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 73:412-9. [PMID: 24239576 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
As an important regulator, ethylene inhibits root growth and development in plants. To determine the mechanism of ethylene on root elongation growth and lateral root formation, ethylene-induced lignification and cell wall-degrading enzymes in the roots of mungbean sprouts were tested. We initially observed that primary root elongation and lateral root numbers were inhibited, while lignin content was enhanced by ethephon (ETH). Cell wall remolding proteins, polygalacturonase (PG) and carboxymethyl cellulose (Cx) activities were reduced, but α-expansins and xyloglucan endotransglucosylases/hydrolases (XTH) were enhanced by ETH. The promotion in lignin production was correlated with changes in activities of key lignin biosynthesis enzymes and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content. These actions induced by ETH were altered via treatment with an ethylene perception antagonist (Ag+). We subsequently demonstrated that the role of endogenous ethylene in regulating root elongation growth and lateral root formation were correlated with lignification and cell wall-degrading enzymes, respectively. These results suggested that the ethylene-regulated inhibition of primary root elongation growth was caused by an increase in lignification that reinforced the cell wall and shortened root length, and the suppression of lateral root formation was linked to activities of PG, Cx, α-expansins and XTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Na Huang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
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46
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Franková L, Fry SC. Biochemistry and physiological roles of enzymes that 'cut and paste' plant cell-wall polysaccharides. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:3519-50. [PMID: 23956409 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell-wall matrix is equipped with more than 20 glycosylhydrolase activities, including both glycosidases and glycanases (exo- and endo-hydrolases, respectively), which between them are in principle capable of hydrolysing most of the major glycosidic bonds in wall polysaccharides. Some of these enzymes also participate in the 'cutting and pasting' (transglycosylation) of sugar residues-enzyme activities known as transglycosidases and transglycanases. Their action and biological functions differ from those of the UDP-dependent glycosyltransferases (polysaccharide synthases) that catalyse irreversible glycosyl transfer. Based on the nature of the substrates, two types of reaction can be distinguished: homo-transglycosylation (occurring between chemically similar polymers) and hetero-transglycosylation (between chemically different polymers). This review focuses on plant cell-wall-localized glycosylhydrolases and the transglycosylase activities exhibited by some of these enzymes and considers the physiological need for wall polysaccharide modification in vivo. It describes the mechanism of transglycosylase action and the classification and phylogenetic variation of the enzymes. It discusses the modulation of their expression in plants at the transcriptional and translational levels, and methods for their detection. It also critically evaluates the evidence that the enzyme proteins under consideration exhibit their predicted activity in vitro and their predicted action in vivo. Finally, this review suggests that wall-localized glycosylhydrolases with transglycosidase and transglycanase abilities are widespread in plants and play important roles in the mechanism and control of plant cell expansion, differentiation, maturation, and wall repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Franková
- Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
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Pogorelko G, Lionetti V, Bellincampi D, Zabotina O. Cell wall integrity: targeted post-synthetic modifications to reveal its role in plant growth and defense against pathogens. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e25435. [PMID: 23857352 PMCID: PMC4002593 DOI: 10.4161/psb.25435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall, a dynamic network of polysaccharides and glycoproteins of significant compositional and structural complexity, functions in plant growth, development and stress responses. In recent years, the existence of plant cell wall integrity (CWI) maintenance mechanisms has been demonstrated, but little is known about the signaling pathways involved, or their components. Examination of key mutants has shed light on the relationships between cell wall remodeling and plant cell responses, indicating a central role for the regulatory network that monitors and controls cell wall performance and integrity. In this review, we present a short overview of cell wall composition and discuss post-synthetic cell wall modification as a valuable approach for studying CWI perception and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady Pogorelko
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry; Biophysics and Molecular Biology; Iowa State University; Ames, IA USA
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Dipartmento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin,” Sapienza Università di Roma; Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Bellincampi
- Dipartmento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin,” Sapienza Università di Roma; Rome, Italy
| | - Olga Zabotina
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry; Biophysics and Molecular Biology; Iowa State University; Ames, IA USA
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Liu B, Butenko MA, Shi CL, Bolivar JL, Winge P, Stenvik GE, Vie AK, Leslie ME, Brembu T, Kristiansen W, Bones AM, Patterson SE, Liljegren SJ, Aalen RB. NEVERSHED and INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION are differentially required for cell expansion and cell separation during floral organ abscission in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:5345-57. [PMID: 23963677 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Miedes E, Suslov D, Vandenbussche F, Kenobi K, Ivakov A, Van Der Straeten D, Lorences EP, Mellerowicz EJ, Verbelen JP, Vissenberg K. Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) overexpression affects growth and cell wall mechanics in etiolated Arabidopsis hypocotyls. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:2481-97. [PMID: 23585673 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Growth and biomechanics of etiolated hypocotyls from Arabidopsis thaliana lines overexpressing xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase AtXTH18, AtXTH19, AtXTH20, and PttXET16-34 were studied. Overexpression of AtXTH18, AtXTH19, and AtXTH20 stimulated growth of hypocotyls, while PttXET16-34 overexpression did not show this effect. In vitro extension of frozen/thawed hypocotyls measured by a constant-load extensiometer started from a high-amplitude initial deformation followed by a slow time-dependent creep. Creep of growing XTH-overexpressing (OE) hypocotyls was more linear in time compared with the wild type at pH 5.0, reflecting their higher potential for long-term extension. XTH-OE plants deposited 65-84% more cell wall material per hypocotyl cross-sectional area than wild-type plants. As a result, their wall stress under each external load was lower than in the wild-type. Growing XTH-OE hypocotyls had higher values of initial deformation·stress(-1) compared with the wild type. Plotting creep rates for each line under different loads against the respective wall stress values gave straight lines. Their slopes and intercepts with the abscissa correspond to ϕ (in vitro cell wall extensibility) and y (in vitro cell wall yield threshold) values characterizing cell wall material properties. The wall material in XTH-OE lines was more pliant than in the wild type due to lower y values. In contrast, the acid-induced wall extension in vitro resulted from increasing ϕ values. Thus, three factors contributed to the XTH-OE-stimulated growth in Arabidopsis hypocotyls: their more linear creep, higher values of initial deformation·stress(-1), and lower y values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Miedes
- Department of Biology, Plant Growth and Development, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
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Hall H, Ellis B. Transcriptional programming during cell wall maturation in the expanding Arabidopsis stem. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:14. [PMID: 23350960 PMCID: PMC3635874 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant cell walls are complex dynamic structures that play a vital role in coordinating the directional growth of plant tissues. The rapid elongation of the inflorescence stem in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana is accompanied by radical changes in cell wall structure and chemistry, but analysis of the underlying mechanisms and identification of the genes that are involved has been hampered by difficulties in accurately sampling discrete developmental states along the developing stem. RESULTS By creating stem growth kinematic profiles for individual expanding Arabidopsis stems we have been able to harvest and pool developmentally-matched tissue samples, and to use these for comparative analysis of global transcript profiles at four distinct phases of stem growth: the period of elongation rate increase, the point of maximum growth rate, the point of stem growth cessation and the fully matured stem. The resulting profiles identify numerous genes whose expression is affected as the stem tissues pass through these defined growth transitions, including both novel loci and genes identified in earlier studies. Of particular note is the preponderance of highly active genes associated with secondary cell wall deposition in the region of stem growth cessation, and of genes associated with defence and stress responses in the fully mature stem. CONCLUSIONS The use of growth kinematic profiling to create tissue samples that are accurately positioned along the expansion growth continuum of Arabidopsis inflorescence stems establishes a new standard for transcript profiling analyses of such tissues. The resulting expression profiles identify a substantial number of genes whose expression is correlated for the first time with rapid cell wall extension and subsequent fortification, and thus provide an important new resource for plant biologists interested in gene discovery related to plant biomass accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardy Hall
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Currently: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
| | - Brian Ellis
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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