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Huang X, Liu L, Qiang X, Meng Y, Li Z, Huang F. Integrated Multi-Omics Analysis to Reveal the Molecular Mechanisms of Inflorescence Elongation in Medicago sativa. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6497. [PMID: 38928203 PMCID: PMC11203646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The morphological architecture of inflorescence influences seed production. The regulatory mechanisms underlying alfalfa (Medicago sativa) inflorescence elongation remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of the transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome of two extreme materials at three developmental stages to explore the mechanisms underlying inflorescence elongation in alfalfa. We observed the developmental processes of long and short inflorescences and found that the elongation capacity of alfalfa with long inflorescence was stronger than that of alfalfa with short inflorescences. Furthermore, integrative analysis of the transcriptome and proteome indicated that the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway was closely correlated with the structural formation of the inflorescence. Additionally, we identified key genes and proteins associated with lignin biosynthesis based on the differential expressed genes and proteins (DEGs and DEPs) involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Moreover, targeted hormone metabolome analysis revealed that IAA, GA, and CK play an important role in the peduncle elongation of alfalfa inflorescences. Based on omics analysis, we detected key genes and proteins related to plant hormone biosynthesis and signal transduction. From the WGCNA and WPCNA results, we furthermore screened 28 candidate genes and six key proteins that were correlated with lignin biosynthesis, plant hormone biosynthesis, and signaling pathways. In addition, 19 crucial transcription factors were discovered using correlation analysis that might play a role in regulating candidate genes. This study provides insight into the molecular mechanism of inflorescence elongation in alfalfa and establishes a theoretical foundation for improving alfalfa seed production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lei Liu
- Institute of Grassland Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 100081, China; (X.H.); (Y.M.); (Z.L.); (F.H.)
| | - Xiaojing Qiang
- Institute of Grassland Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 100081, China; (X.H.); (Y.M.); (Z.L.); (F.H.)
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Zhang W, Li J, Dong Y, Huang Y, Qi Y, Bai H, Li H, Shi L. Genome-wide identification and expression of BAHD acyltransferase gene family shed novel insights into the regulation of linalyl acetate and lavandulyl acetate in lavender. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 292:154143. [PMID: 38064887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The BAHD acyltransferase superfamily has a variety of biological functions, especially in catalyzing the synthesis of ester compounds and improving plant stress resistance. Linalyl acetate and lavandulyl acetate, the most important volatile esters in lavender, are generated by LaBAHDs. However, the systematic identification, expression characteristics of LaBAHD genes and their correlations with ester formation remain elusive. Here, 166 LaBAHD genes were identified from the lavender genome. Based on detailed phylogenetic analysis, the LaBAHD family genes were divided into five groups, among which the LaBAHDs involved in volatile ester biosynthesis belong to the IIIa and Va clades. Whole-genome duplications (WGDs) and tandem duplications (TDs) jointly drive the expansion of LaBAHD superfamily. The promoter regions of LaBAHDs contained a variety of stress- and hormone-related motifs, as well as binding sites with five types of transcription factors (TFs). Then, linalyl acetate- and lavandulyl acetate-regulated coexpression modules were established and some candidate TFs that may function in inducing ester formation were identified. Based on the correlation analysis between the ester contents and expression profiles of BAHD genes in different tissues, five candidate genes were screened for further examination. Drought, salt and MeJA treatments increased the accumulation of linalyl acetate and lavandulyl acetate, and induced the expression of LaBAHDs. Our results indicated that LaBAHD57, LaBAHD63, LaBAHD104, LaBAHD105 and LaBAHD119 are crucial candidate genes involved in linalyl acetate and lavandulyl acetate biosynthesis. Our findings offer a theoretical foundation for further studying the specific biological functions of LaBAHD family and improving the quality of lavender essential oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 00093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Jingrui Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 00093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Yanmei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 00093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Yeqin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 00093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Yue Qi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 00093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Hongtong Bai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 00093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 00093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Lei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 00093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China.
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Henning PM, Roalson EH, Mir W, McCubbin AG, Shore JS. Annotation of the Turnera subulata (Passifloraceae) Draft Genome Reveals the S-Locus Evolved after the Divergence of Turneroideae from Passifloroideae in a Stepwise Manner. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:286. [PMID: 36679000 PMCID: PMC9862265 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A majority of Turnera species (Passifloraceae) exhibit distyly, a reproductive system involving both self-incompatibility and reciprocal herkogamy. This system differs from self-incompatibility in Passiflora species. The genetic basis of distyly in Turnera is a supergene, restricted to the S-morph, and containing three S-genes. How supergenes and distyly evolved in Turnera, and the other Angiosperm families exhibiting distyly remain largely unknown. Unraveling the evolutionary origins in Turnera requires the generation of genomic resources and extensive phylogenetic analyses. Here, we present the annotated draft genome of the S-morph of distylous Turnera subulata. Our annotation allowed for phylogenetic analyses of the three S-genes' families across 56 plant species ranging from non-seed plants to eudicots. In addition to the phylogenetic analysis, we identified the three S-genes' closest paralogs in two species of Passiflora. Our analyses suggest that the S-locus evolved after the divergence of Passiflora and Turnera. Finally, to provide insights into the neofunctionalization of the S-genes, we compared expression patterns of the S-genes with close paralogs in Arabidopsis and Populus trichocarpa. The annotation of the T. subulata genome will provide a useful resource for future comparative work. Additionally, this work has provided insights into the convergent nature of distyly and the origin of supergenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige M. Henning
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
- Center for Genomic Science Innovation, University of Wisconsin Madison, 425 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706-1577, USA
| | - Eric H. Roalson
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
| | - Wali Mir
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Andrew G. McCubbin
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
| | - Joel S. Shore
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
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4
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Nano-technology platforms to increase the antibacterial drug suitability of essential oils: A drug prospective assessment. OPENNANO 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onano.2022.100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Aktar S, Bai P, Wang L, Xun H, Zhang R, Wu L, He M, Cheng H, Wang L, Wei K. Identification of a BAHD Acyltransferase Gene Involved in Plant Growth and Secondary Metabolism in Tea Plants. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11192483. [PMID: 36235354 PMCID: PMC9572432 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Plant acyl-CoA dominated acyltransferases (named BAHD) comprise a large appointed protein superfamily and play varied roles in plant secondary metabolism like synthesis of modified anthocyanins, flavonoids, volatile esters, etc. Tea (Camellia sinensis) is an important non-alcoholic medicinal and fragrancy plant synthesizing different secondary metabolites, including flavonoids. In the tea (C.A sinensis) cultivar Longjing 43 (LJ43), eight samples were performed into three groups for transcriptome analysis under three biological replications. Among the BAHD acyltransferase genes in tea cultivars, the expression of TEA031065 was highest in buds and young leaves following the RNA sequencing data, which was coincident with the tissue rich in catechins and other flavonoids. We then transformed this gene into wild-type Arabidopsis as an over-expression (OX) line 1 and line 2 in ½ MS media to verify its function. In the wild types (WT), the primary root length, number of secondary roots, and total root weight were significantly higher at 24%, 15%, and 53.92%, respectively, compared to the transgenic lines (OX1 and OX2). By contrast, the leaves displayed larger rosettes (21.58%), with higher total leaf weight (32.64%) in the transgenic lines than in the wild type (WT). This result is consistent with DCR mutant At5g23940 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, anthocyanin content in transgenic lines was also increased (21.65%) as compared to WT. According to the RNA sequencing data, a total of 22 growth regulatory genes and 31 structural genes with TFs (transcription factors) that are correlative with plant growth and anthocyanin accumulation were identified to be differentially expressed in the transgenic lines. It was found that some key genes involved in IAA (Auxin) and GA (Gibberellin) biosynthesis were downregulated in the transgenic lines, which might be correlated with the phenotype changes in roots. Moreover, the upregulation of plant growth regulation genes, such as UGT73C4 (zeatin), ARR15, GH3.5, ETR2, ERS2, APH4, and SAG113 might be responsible for massive leaf growth. In addition, transgenic lines shown high anthocyanin accumulation due to the upregulation of the (1) 3AT1 and (3) GSTF, particularly, GSTF12 genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. However, the TFs such as, CCoAMT, bHLH, WRKY, CYP, and other MYBs were also significantly upregulated in transgenic lines, which increased the content of anthocyanins in A. thaliana seedlings. In conclusion, a BAHD acyltransferase (TEA031065) was identified, which might play a vital role in tea growth and secondary metabolites regulation. This study increases our knowledge concerning the combined functionality of the tea BAHD acyltransferase gene (TEA031065).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Aktar
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Peixian Bai
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Liubin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Hanshuo Xun
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Liyun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Mengdi He
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (K.W.); Tel.:+86-571-86650575 (L.W.); +86-13656637415 (K.W.)
| | - Kang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (K.W.); Tel.:+86-571-86650575 (L.W.); +86-13656637415 (K.W.)
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Guo C, Li J, Li M, Xu X, Chen Y, Chu J, Yao X. Regulation Mechanism of Exogenous Brassinolide on Bulbil Formation and Development in Pinellia ternata. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:809769. [PMID: 35069668 PMCID: PMC8766408 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.809769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The bulbil is the propagative organ of the P. ternata, which has a great effect on the yield of P. ternata. It is well known that plant hormones play important roles in bulbil formation and development. However, there is not clear about brassinolide (BR) regulation on bulbil formation and development. In this study, we revealed the effects of BR and BR biosynthesis inhibitors (propiconazole, Pcz) application on the histological observation, starch and sucrose metabolism, photosynthesis pathway, and hormone signaling pathway of P. ternata. The results showed that BR treatment reduced starch catabolism to maltodextrin and maltose in bulbil by decreasing BAM and ISA genes expression and increased cellulose catabolism to D-glucose in bulbil by enhancing edg and BGL genes expression. BR treatment enhanced the photosynthetic pigment content and potential maximum photosynthetic capacity and improved the photoprotection ability of P. ternata by increasing the dissipation of excess light energy to heat, thus reduced the photodamage in the PSII center. BR treatment increased the GA and BR content in bulbil of P. ternata, and decreased the ABA content in bulbil of P. ternata. Pcz treatment increased the level of GA, SL, ABA, and IAA in bulbil of P. ternata. BR regulated the signal transduction of BR, IAA, and ABA to regulate the formation and development of bulbil in P. ternata. These results provide molecular insight into BR regulation on bulbil formation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Jigang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Minghui Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Xihang Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Jianzhou Chu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaoqin Yao
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
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Kumar G, Kumar P, Kapoor R, Lore JS, Bhatia D, Kumar A. Characterization of evolutionarily distinct rice BAHD-Acyltransferases provides insight into their plausible role in rice susceptibility to Rhizoctonia solani. THE PLANT GENOME 2021; 14:e20140. [PMID: 34498798 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce diverse secondary metabolites in response to different environmental cues including pathogens. The modification of secondary metabolites, including acylation, modulates their biological activity, stability, transport, and localization. A plant-specific BAHD-acyltransferase (BAHD-AT) gene family members catalyze the acylation of secondary metabolites. Here we characterized the rice (Oryza sativa L.) BAHD-ATs at the genome-wide level and endeavor to define their plausible role in the tolerance against Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA. We identified a total of 85 rice OsBAHD-AT genes and classified them into five canonical clades based on their phylogenetic relationship with characterized BAHD-ATs from other plant species. The time-course RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of OsBAHD-AT genes and qualitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) validation showed higher expression in sheath blight susceptible rice genotype. Furthermore, the DNA methylation analysis revealed higher hypomethylation of OsBAHD-AT genes that corresponds to their higher expression in susceptible rice genotype, indicating epigenetic regulation of OsBAHD-AT genes in response to R. solani AG1-IA inoculation. The results shown here indicate that BAHD-ATs may have a negative role in rice tolerance against R. solani AG1-IA possibly mediated through the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway. Altogether, the present analysis suggests the putative functions of several OsBAHD-AT genes, which will provide a blueprint for their functional characterization and to understand the rice-R. solani AG1-IA interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulshan Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India
| | - Ritu Kapoor
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Jagjeet Singh Lore
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141 004, India
| | - Dharminder Bhatia
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141 004, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
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Pistil Mating Type and Morphology Are Mediated by the Brassinosteroid Inactivating Activity of the S-Locus Gene BAHD in Heterostylous Turnera Species. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910603. [PMID: 34638969 PMCID: PMC8509066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterostyly is a breeding system that promotes outbreeding through a combination of morphological and physiological floral traits. In Turnera these traits are governed by a single, hemizygous S-locus containing just three genes. We report that the S-locus gene, BAHD, is mutated and encodes a severely truncated protein in a self-compatible long homostyle species. Further, a self-compatible long homostyle mutant possesses a T. krapovickasii BAHD allele with a point mutation in a highly conserved domain of BAHD acyl transferases. Wild type and mutant TkBAHD alleles were expressed in Arabidopsis to assay for brassinosteroid (BR) inactivating activity. The wild type but not mutant allele caused dwarfism, consistent with the wild type possessing, but the mutant allele having lost, BR inactivating activity. To investigate whether BRs act directly in self-incompatibility, BRs were added to in vitro pollen cultures of the two mating types. A small morph specific stimulatory effect on pollen tube growth was found with 5 µM brassinolide, but no genotype specific inhibition was observed. These results suggest that BAHD acts pleiotropically to mediate pistil length and physiological mating type through BR inactivation, and that in regard to self-incompatibility, BR acts by differentially regulating gene expression in pistils, rather than directly on pollen.
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Chmur M, Bajguz A. Brassinolide Enhances the Level of Brassinosteroids, Protein, Pigments, and Monosaccharides in Wolffia arrhiza Treated with Brassinazole. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10071311. [PMID: 34203420 PMCID: PMC8309140 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Brassinolide (BL) represents brassinosteroids (BRs)-a group of phytohormones that are essential for plant growth and development. Brassinazole (Brz) is as a synthetic inhibitor of BRs' biosynthesis. In the present study, the responses of Wolffia arrhiza to the treatment with BL, Brz, and the combination of BL with Brz were analyzed. The analysis of BRs and Brz was performed using LC-MS/MS. The photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls, carotenes, and xanthophylls) levels were determined using HPLC, but protein and monosaccharides level using spectrophotometric methods. The obtained results indicated that BL and Brz influence W. arrhiza cultures in a concentration-dependent manner. The most stimulatory effects on the growth, level of BRs (BL, 24-epibrassinolide, 28-homobrassinolide, 28-norbrassinolide, catasterone, castasterone, 24-epicastasterone, typhasterol, and 6-deoxytyphasterol), and the content of pigments, protein, and monosaccharides, were observed in plants treated with 0.1 µM BL. Whereas the application of 1 µM and 10 µM Brz caused a significant decrease in duckweed weight and level of targeted compounds. Application of BL caused the mitigation of the Brz inhibitory effect and enhanced the BR level in duckweed treated with Brz. The level of BRs was reported for the first time in duckweed treated with BL and/or Brz.
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Bai Y, Fernández-Calvo P, Ritter A, Huang AC, Morales-Herrera S, Bicalho KU, Karady M, Pauwels L, Buyst D, Njo M, Ljung K, Martins JC, Vanneste S, Beeckman T, Osbourn A, Goossens A, Pollier J. Modulation of Arabidopsis root growth by specialized triterpenes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:228-243. [PMID: 33616937 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots are specialized belowground organs that spatiotemporally shape their development in function of varying soil conditions. This root plasticity relies on intricate molecular networks driven by phytohormones, such as auxin and jasmonate (JA). Loss-of-function of the NOVEL INTERACTOR OF JAZ (NINJA), a core component of the JA signaling pathway, leads to enhanced triterpene biosynthesis, in particular of the thalianol gene cluster, in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. We have investigated the biological role of thalianol and its derivatives by focusing on Thalianol Synthase (THAS) and Thalianol Acyltransferase 2 (THAA2), two thalianol cluster genes that are upregulated in the roots of ninja mutant plants. THAS and THAA2 activity was investigated in yeast, and metabolite and phenotype profiling of thas and thaa2 loss-of-function plants was carried out. THAA2 was shown to be responsible for the acetylation of thalianol and its derivatives, both in yeast and in planta. In addition, THAS and THAA2 activity was shown to modulate root development. Our results indicate that the thalianol pathway is not only controlled by phytohormonal cues, but also may modulate phytohormonal action itself, thereby affecting root development and interaction with the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuechen Bai
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Patricia Fernández-Calvo
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Andrés Ritter
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Ancheng C Huang
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich,, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Stefania Morales-Herrera
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- VIB Center for Microbiology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Keylla U Bicalho
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Michal Karady
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Laurens Pauwels
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Dieter Buyst
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Maria Njo
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Karen Ljung
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
| | - José C Martins
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, 21985, Korea
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Anne Osbourn
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich,, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Jacob Pollier
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
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11
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Xu Y, Tie W, Yan Y, Xu B, Liu J, Li M, Yang J, Zeng J, Hu W, Jin Z. Identification and expression of the BAHD family during development, ripening, and stress response in banana. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:1127-1138. [PMID: 33492573 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-06132-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The BAHD family is involved in different biological roles in plants, including secondary metabolite synthesis, improving abiotic/biotic stress resistance, and influencing fruit quality. However, the knowledge about BAHD in banana, an important fruit crop, is limited. In this study, 46 banana BAHD genes (MaBAHDs) were identified and divided into four groups according to phylogenetic analysis. Most of the MaBAHD genes in the same group presented similar conserved motifs and genetic structures. MaBAHD genes have similar expression patterns in two banana varieties, and more genes showed high expressions in the roots. The comprehensive MaBAHD gene expression patterns obtained from two varieties of banana showed valuable information regarding their participation in fruit development, ripening, and response to abiotic/biotic stresses, suggesting that they play key roles in these processes. The systematic analysis of MaBAHD genes offered basic insight for further gene functional assays and potential applications in genetically improving banana cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Weiwei Tie
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Biyu Xu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Juhua Liu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Meiying Li
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Jinghao Yang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Jian Zeng
- Henry Fok School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China.
| | - Wei Hu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Jin
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China.
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12
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Matzke CM, Shore JS, Neff MM, McCubbin AG. The Turnera Style S-Locus Gene TsBAHD Possesses Brassinosteroid-Inactivating Activity When Expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111566. [PMID: 33202834 PMCID: PMC7697239 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heterostyly distinct hermaphroditic floral morphs enforce outbreeding. Morphs differ structurally, promote cross-pollination, and physiologically block self-fertilization. In Turnera the self-incompatibility (S)-locus controlling heterostyly possesses three genes specific to short-styled morph genomes. Only one gene, TsBAHD, is expressed in pistils and this has been hypothesized to possess brassinosteroid (BR)-inactivating activity. We tested this hypothesis using heterologous expression in Arabidopsis thaliana as a bioassay, thereby assessing growth phenotype, and the impacts on the expression of endogenous genes involved in BR homeostasis and seedling photomorphogenesis. Transgenic A. thaliana expressing TsBAHD displayed phenotypes typical of BR-deficient mutants, with phenotype severity dependent on TsBAHD expression level. BAS1, which encodes an enzyme involved in BR inactivation, was downregulated in TsBAHD-expressing lines. CPD and DWF, which encode enzymes involved in BR biosynthesis, were upregulated. Hypocotyl growth of TsBAHD dwarfs responded to application of brassinolide in light and dark in a manner typical of plants over-expressing genes encoding BR-inactivating activity. These results provide empirical support for the hypothesis that TsBAHD possesses BR-inactivating activity. Further this suggests that style length in Turnera is controlled by the same mechanism (BR inactivation) as that reported for Primula, but using a different class of enzyme. This reveals interesting convergent evolution in a biochemical mechanism to regulate floral form in heterostyly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M. Matzke
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA;
| | - Joel S. Shore
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J1P3, Canada;
| | - Michael M. Neff
- Department of Crops and Soils, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
| | - Andrew G. McCubbin
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA;
- Correspondence:
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13
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Gan S, Rozhon W, Varga E, Unterholzner SJ, Berthiller F, Poppenberger B. The BAHD Acyltransferase BIA1 Uses Acetyl-CoA for Catabolic Inactivation of Brassinosteroids. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:23-26. [PMID: 32611786 PMCID: PMC7479910 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Previous research complemented with results on BIA1 enzymatic activities shows that the enzyme regulates brassinosteroid homeostasis via mono- and diacetylation of castasterone
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufu Gan
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, Technische Universität München School for Life Sciences Weihenstephan, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Wilfried Rozhon
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, Technische Universität München School for Life Sciences Weihenstephan, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln 3430, Austria
| | - Simon Josef Unterholzner
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, Technische Universität München School for Life Sciences Weihenstephan, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln 3430, Austria
| | - Brigitte Poppenberger
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, Technische Universität München School for Life Sciences Weihenstephan, D-85354 Freising, Germany
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14
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Henning PM, Shore JS, McCubbin AG. Transcriptome and Network Analyses of Heterostyly in Turnera subulata Provide Mechanistic Insights: Are S-Loci a Red-Light for Pistil Elongation? PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060713. [PMID: 32503265 PMCID: PMC7356734 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heterostyly employs distinct hermaphroditic floral morphs to enforce outbreeding. Morphs differ structurally in stigma/anther positioning, promoting cross-pollination, and physiologically blocking self-fertilization. Heterostyly is controlled by a self-incompatibility (S)-locus of a small number of linked S-genes specific to short-styled morph genomes. Turnera possesses three S-genes, namely TsBAHD (controlling pistil characters), TsYUC6, and TsSPH1 (controlling stamen characters). Here, we compare pistil and stamen transcriptomes of floral morphs of T. subulata to investigate hypothesized S-gene function(s) and whether hormonal differences might contribute to physiological incompatibility. We then use network analyses to identify genetic networks underpinning heterostyly. We found a depletion of brassinosteroid-regulated genes in short styled (S)-morph pistils, consistent with hypothesized brassinosteroid-inactivating activity of TsBAHD. In S-morph anthers, auxin-regulated genes were enriched, consistent with hypothesized auxin biosynthesis activity of TsYUC6. Evidence was found for auxin elevation and brassinosteroid reduction in both pistils and stamens of S- relative to long styled (L)-morph flowers, consistent with reciprocal hormonal differences contributing to physiological incompatibility. Additional hormone pathways were also affected, however, suggesting S-gene activities intersect with a signaling hub. Interestingly, distinct S-genes controlling pistil length, from three species with independently evolved heterostyly, potentially intersect with phytochrome interacting factor (PIF) network hubs which mediate red/far-red light signaling. We propose that modification of the activities of PIF hubs by the S-locus could be a common theme in the evolution of heterostyly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige M. Henning
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA;
| | - Joel S. Shore
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J1P3, Canada;
| | - Andrew G. McCubbin
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA;
- Correspondence:
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15
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Peng H, Neff MM. CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 and ATAF2 differentially suppress cytochrome P450-mediated brassinosteroid inactivation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:970-985. [PMID: 31639820 PMCID: PMC6977193 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a group of steroid hormones regulating plant growth and development. Since BRs do not undergo transport among plant tissues, their metabolism is tightly regulated by transcription factors (TFs) and feedback loops. BAS1 (CYP734A1, formerly CYP72B1) and SOB7 (CYP72C1) are two BR-inactivating cytochrome P450s identified in Arabidopsis thaliana. We previously found that a TF ATAF2 (ANAC081) suppresses BAS1 and SOB7 expression by binding to the Evening Element (EE) and CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1)-binding site (CBS) on their promoters. Both the EE and CBS are known binding targets of the circadian regulatory protein CCA1. Here, we confirm that CCA1 binds the EE and CBS motifs on BAS1 and SOB7 promoters, respectively. Elevated accumulations of BAS1 and SOB7 transcripts in the CCA1 null mutant cca1-1 indicate that CCA1 is a repressor of their expression. When compared with either cca1-1 or the ATAF2 null mutant ataf2-2, the cca1-1 ataf2-2 double mutant shows higher SOB7 transcript accumulations and a stronger BR-insensitive phenotype of hypocotyl elongation in white light. CCA1 interacts with ATAF2 at both DNA-protein and protein-protein levels. ATAF2, BAS1, and SOB7 are all circadian regulated with distinct expression patterns. These results demonstrate that CCA1 and ATAF2 differentially suppress BAS1- and SOB7-mediated BR inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Peng
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Michael M Neff
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Correspondence:
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16
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Wei Z, Li J. Regulation of Brassinosteroid Homeostasis in Higher Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:583622. [PMID: 33133120 PMCID: PMC7550685 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.583622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are known as one of the major classes of phytohormones essential for various processes during normal plant growth, development, and adaptations to biotic and abiotic stresses. Significant progress has been achieved on revealing mechanisms regulating BR biosynthesis, catabolism, and signaling in many crops and in model plant Arabidopsis. It is known that BRs control plant growth and development in a dosage-dependent manner. Maintenance of BR homeostasis is therefore critical for optimal functions of BRs. In this review, updated discoveries on mechanisms controlling BR homeostasis in higher plants in response to internal and external cues are discussed.
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17
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Rozhon W, Akter S, Fernandez A, Poppenberger B. Inhibitors of Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis and Signal Transduction. Molecules 2019; 24:E4372. [PMID: 31795392 PMCID: PMC6930552 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical inhibitors are invaluable tools for investigating protein function in reverse genetic approaches. Their application bears many advantages over mutant generation and characterization. Inhibitors can overcome functional redundancy, their application is not limited to species for which tools of molecular genetics are available and they can be applied to specific tissues or developmental stages, making them highly convenient for addressing biological questions. The use of inhibitors has helped to elucidate hormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways and here we review compounds that were developed for the plant hormones brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are steroids that have strong growth-promoting capacities, are crucial for all stages of plant development and participate in adaptive growth processes and stress response reactions. In the last two decades, impressive progress has been made in BR inhibitor development and application, which has been instrumental for studying BR modes of activity and identifying and characterizing key players. Both, inhibitors that target biosynthesis, such as brassinazole, and inhibitors that target signaling, such as bikinin, exist and in a comprehensive overview we summarize knowledge and methodology that enabled their design and key findings of their use. In addition, the potential of BR inhibitors for commercial application in plant production is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Rozhon
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | | | | | - Brigitte Poppenberger
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
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18
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Shore JS, Hamam HJ, Chafe PDJ, Labonne JDJ, Henning PM, McCubbin AG. The long and short of the S-locus in Turnera (Passifloraceae). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:1316-1329. [PMID: 31144315 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Distyly is an intriguing floral adaptation that increases pollen transfer precision and restricts inbreeding. It has been a model system in evolutionary biology since Darwin. Although the S-locus determines the long- and short-styled morphs, the genes were unknown in Turnera. We have now identified these genes. We used deletion mapping to identify, and then sequence, BAC clones and genome scaffolds to construct S/s haplotypes. We investigated candidate gene expression, hemizygosity, and used mutants, to explore gene function. The s-haplotype possessed 21 genes collinear with a region of chromosome 7 of grape. The S-haplotype possessed three additional genes and two inversions. TsSPH1 was expressed in filaments and anthers, TsYUC6 in anthers and TsBAHD in pistils. Long-homostyle mutants did not possess TsBAHD and a short-homostyle mutant did not express TsSPH1. Three hemizygous genes appear to determine S-morph characteristics in T. subulata. Hemizygosity is common to all distylous species investigated, yet the genes differ. The pistil candidate gene, TsBAHD, differs from that of Primula, but both may inactivate brassinosteroids causing short styles. TsYUC6 is involved in auxin synthesis and likely determines pollen characteristics. TsSPH1 is likely involved in filament elongation. We propose an incompatibility mechanism involving TsYUC6 and TsBAHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel S Shore
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Hasan J Hamam
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Paul D J Chafe
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Jonathan D J Labonne
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Paige M Henning
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
| | - Andrew G McCubbin
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
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19
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Zhang Z, Xu L. Arabidopsis BRASSINOSTEROID INACTIVATOR2 is a typical BAHD acyltransferase involved in brassinosteroid homeostasis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1925-1941. [PMID: 29462426 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant-specific steroidal hormones; BR homeostasis is crucial for various aspects of plant growth and development. However, to date, the BR inactivation process has not been thoroughly elucidated. In this study, we identified and characterized a novel BAHD family acyltransferase gene, BRASSINOSTEROID INACTIVATOR2 (BIA2), involved in BR inactivation. BIA2-overexpressing (OE-BIA2) plants displayed typical BR-deficient phenotypes, which were rescued by exogenous BR treatment. Real-time qRT-PCR and transcriptome analyses showed that expression levels of virtually all of the BR biosynthetic genes were increased, whereas the expression of many BR inactivation genes was reduced in OE-BIA2 plants. Root inhibition assays showed that the root growth of OE-BIA2 plants was inhibited. We obtained plants with an intermediate phenotype by crossing the OE-BIA2 plants with BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1)-overexpressing plants. The null BIA2 mutants had longer hypocotyls in the dark. BIA2 was predominantly expressed in roots, and its expression was induced by 24-epibrassinolide or dark treatment, but it exhibited a differential expression pattern compared with its homologue, BIA1. Furthermore, genetic transformation with point-mutant and deleted-BIA2 constructs confirmed that the HXXXD motif is essential for the function of BIA2. Taken together, these findings indicate that BIA2 is a typical BAHD acyltransferase that is involved in BR homeostasis and may inactivate bioactive BRs by esterification, particularly in roots and hypocotyls under dark conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liping Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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20
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Han YJ, Kim YS, Hwang OJ, Roh J, Ganguly K, Kim SK, Hwang I, Kim JI. Overexpression of Arabidopsis thaliana brassinosteroid-related acyltransferase 1 gene induces brassinosteroid-deficient phenotypes in creeping bentgrass. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187378. [PMID: 29084267 PMCID: PMC5662239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are naturally occurring steroidal hormones that play diverse roles in various processes during plant growth and development. Thus, genetic manipulation of endogenous BR levels might offer a way of improving the agronomic traits of crops, including plant architecture and stress tolerance. In this study, we produced transgenic creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) overexpressing a BR-inactivating enzyme, Arabidopsis thaliana BR-related acyltransferase 1 (AtBAT1), which is known to catalyze the conversion of BR intermediates to inactive acylated conjugates. After putative transgenic plants were selected using herbicide resistance assay, genomic integration of the AtBAT1 gene was confirmed by genomic PCR and Southern blot analysis, and transgene expression was validated by northern blot analysis. The transgenic creeping bentgrass plants exhibited BR-deficient phenotypes, including reduced plant height with shortened internodes (i.e., semi-dwarf), reduced leaf growth rates with short, wide, and thick architecture, high chlorophyll contents, decreased numbers of vascular bundles, and large lamina joint bending angles (i.e., erect leaves). Subsequent analyses showed that the transgenic plants had significantly reduced amounts of endogenous BR intermediates, including typhasterol, 6-deoxocastasterone, and castasterone. Moreover, the AtBAT1 transgenic plants displayed drought tolerance as well as delayed senescence. Therefore, the results of the present study demonstrate that overexpression of an Arabidopsis BR-inactivating enzyme can reduce the endogenous levels of BRs in creeping bentgrass resulting in BR-deficient phenotypes, indicating that the AtBAT1 gene from a dicot plant is also functional in the monocot crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jeong Han
- Department of Biotechnology and Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Soon Kim
- Department of Biotechnology and Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Jin Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology and Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeehee Roh
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Keya Ganguly
- Department of Biotechnology and Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Ki Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ildoo Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology Research Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Il Kim
- Department of Biotechnology and Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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21
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Miao Q, Deng P, Saha S, Jenkins JN, Hsu CY, Abdurakhmonov IY, Buriev ZT, Pepper A, Ma DP. Transcriptome Analysis of Ten-DPA Fiber in an Upland Cotton (<i>Gossypium hirsutum</i>) Line with Improved Fiber Traits from Phytochrome A1 RNAi Plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2017.810172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Wang R, Liu X, Liang S, Ge Q, Li Y, Shao J, Qi Y, An L, Yu F. A subgroup of MATE transporter genes regulates hypocotyl cell elongation in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:6327-43. [PMID: 26160579 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The growth of higher plants is under complex regulation to ensure the elaboration of developmental programmes under a changing environment. To dissect these regulatory circuits, we carried out genetic screens for Arabidopsis abnormal shoot (abs) mutants with altered shoot development. Here, we report the isolation of two dominant mutants, abs3-1D and abs4-1D, through activation tagging. Both mutants showed a 'bushy' loss of apical dominance phenotype. ABS3 and ABS4 code for two closely related putative Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion (MATE) family of efflux transporters, respectively. ABS3 and ABS4, as well as two related MATE genes, ABS3-Like1 (ABS3L1) and ABS3L2, showed diverse tissue expression profiles but their gene products all localized to the late endosome/prevacuole (LE/PVC) compartment. The over-expression of these four genes individually led to the inhibition of hypocotyl cell elongation in the light. On the other hand, the quadruple knockout mutant (mateq) showed the opposite phenotype of an enhanced hypocotyl cell elongation in the light. Hypocotyl cell elongation and de-etiolation processes in the dark were also affected by the mutations of these genes. Exogenously applied sucrose attenuated the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation caused by abs3-1D and abs4-1D in the dark, and enhanced the hypocotyl elongation of mateq under prolonged dark treatment. We determined that ABS3 genetically interacts with the photoreceptor gene PHYTOCHROME B (PHYB). Our results demonstrate that ABS3 and related MATE family transporters are potential negative regulators of hypocotyl cell elongation and support a functional link between the endomembrane system, particularly the LE/PVC, and the regulation of plant cell elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiayan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qing Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuanfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jingxia Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yafei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lijun An
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Kim MK, Jang MS, Youn JH, Son SH, Lee JE, Kim TW, Kim SK. Occurrence of phosphorylated castasterone in Arabidopsis thaliana and Lycopersicum esculentum. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 153:58-67. [PMID: 24939035 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An in vitro enzyme assay using radioisotope-labeled (3) H-castasterone ((3) H-CS) or (32) P-ATP showed that CS can be phosphorylated by ATP in Arabidopsis and tomato plants. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis using non-isotope-labeled CS and ATP revealed that the phosphorylation of CS occurs at the side chain, most likely at the C-23 hydroxyl. The polar fractions than free brassinosteroids (BRs) obtained from extracts of Arabidopsis and tomato showed almost no BRs activity in a rice lamina inclination bioassay. However, the fractions showed increased bioactivity after treatment with wheat germ acidic phosphatase (WGAP). Additionally, CS was identified from the hydrolysate by WGAP using GC-MS analysis in both plants. In contrast, the polar fractions obtained from BR-deficient mutants, Arabidopsis cyp85a2 and tomato d(x) , did not show an increase in biological activity with WGAP treatment, and no free BRs, including CS, were detected in the hydrolysate. This suggests that CS phosphate is a naturally occurring biologically inactive conjugate that is generated when CS is normally synthesized in Arabidopsis and tomato plants. Taken together, these results suggest that phosphorylation of CS is an important conjugation process for the maintenance of the homeostatic level of an active BR and thus the regulation of the growth and development of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyun Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
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An R, Liu X, Wang R, Wu H, Liang S, Shao J, Qi Y, An L, Yu F. The over-expression of two transcription factors, ABS5/bHLH30 and ABS7/MYB101, leads to upwardly curly leaves. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107637. [PMID: 25268707 PMCID: PMC4182325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper leaf development is essential for plant growth and development, and leaf morphogenesis is under the control of intricate networks of genetic and environmental cues. We are interested in dissecting these regulatory circuits genetically and report here the isolation of two Arabidopsis dominant mutants, abnormal shoot5-1D (abs5-1D) and abs7-1D identified through activation tagging screens. Both abs5-1D and abs7-1D display an intriguing upwardly curly leaf phenotype. Molecular cloning showed that the elevated expression of a bHLH transcription factor ABS5/T5L1/bHLH30 or a MYB transcription factor ABS7/MYB101 is the cause for the abnormal leaf phenotypes found in abs5-1D or abs7-1D, respectively. Protoplast transient expression assays confirmed that both ABS5/T5L1 and ABS7/MYB101 are targeted to the nucleus. Interestingly, the expression domains of auxin response reporter DR5::GUS were abnormal in leaves of abs5-1D and ABS5/T5L1 over-expression lines. Moreover, cotyledon venation analysis showed that more areoles and free-ending veins are formed in abs5-1D. We found that the epidermis-specific expressions of ABS5/T5L1 or ABS7/MYB101 driven by the Arabidopsis Meristem Layer 1 promoter (PAtML1) were sufficient to recapitulate the curly leaf phenotype of abs5-1D or abs7-1D. In addition, PAtML1::ABS5 lines exhibited similar changes in DR5::GUS expression patterns as those found in 35S-driven ABS5/T5L1 over-expression lines. Our work demonstrated that enhanced expressions of two transcription factors, ABS5/T5L1 and ABS7/MYB101, are able to alter leaf lamina development and reinforce the notion that leaf epidermis plays critical roles in regulating plant organ morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui An
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiayan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Haicui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxia Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun An
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Larbat R, Paris C, Le Bot J, Adamowicz S. Phenolic characterization and variability in leaves, stems and roots of Micro-Tom and patio tomatoes, in response to nitrogen limitation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 224:62-73. [PMID: 24908507 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Phenolics are implicated in the defence strategies of many plant species rendering their concentration increase of putative practical interest in the field of crop protection. Little attention has been given to the nature, concentration and distribution of phenolics within vegetative organs of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum. L) as compared to fruits. In this study, we extensively characterized the phenolics in leaves, stems and roots of nine tomato cultivars using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS(n)) and assessed the impact of low nitrogen (LN) availability on their accumulation. Thirty-one phenolics from the four sub-classes, hydroxycinnamoyl esters, flavonoids, anthocyanins and phenolamides were identified, five of which had not previously been reported in these tomato organs. A higher diversity and concentration of phenolics was found in leaves than in stems and roots. The qualitative distribution of these compounds between plant organs was similar for the nine cultivars with the exception of Micro-Tom because of its significantly higher phenolic concentrations in leaves and stems as compared to roots. With few exceptions, the influence of the LN treatment on the three organs of all cultivars was to increase the concentrations of hydroxycinnamoyl esters, flavonoids and anthocyanins and to decrease those of phenolamides. This impact of LN was greater in roots than in leaves and stems. Nitrogen nutrition thus appears as a means of modulating the concentration and composition of organ phenolics and their distribution within the whole plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Larbat
- INRA UMR 1121 "Agronomie & Environnement" Nancy-Colmar, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandoeuvre Cedex, France; Université de Lorraine UMR 1121 "Agronomie & Environnement" Nancy-Colmar, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandoeuvre Cedex, France.
| | - Cédric Paris
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Biomolécules, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandoeuvre Cedex, France.
| | - Jacques Le Bot
- INRA, UR 1115 PSH (Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles), F-84000 Avignon, France.
| | - Stéphane Adamowicz
- INRA, UR 1115 PSH (Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles), F-84000 Avignon, France.
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Fàbregas N, Caño-Delgado AI. Turning on the microscope turret: a new view for the study of brassinosteroid signaling in plant development. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 151:172-83. [PMID: 24547704 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroid (BR) hormones are essential for plant growth and development. In Arabidopsis, the general understanding of BR signaling has been greatly attained by genetic and biochemical approaches that led to the identification of central BR signaling components, from the BRI1 receptor at the plasma membrane to downstream acting BR-regulated BRZ1 and BES1 transcription factors in the nuclei. Recently, an emerging trend is being established to further advance our understanding of the BR signaling pathway in plant development. Scientists have turned on the microscope lens turret to revisit the pleiotropic phenotypes of the BR mutants at a higher magnification, uncovering novel and specific cellular defects in the plant. In-depth phenotypic analysis in combination with the search for cell-specific signaling components that are responsible for those particular defects in the mutants are leading to: (1) definition of novel roles for BRs in vascular development, (2) unraveling BR function in cell division through quantitative analysis of Arabidopsis root growth, (3) establishment of a molecular connection between known patterning and BR-signaling components in organ boundary and stomata development and (4) development of novel strategies toward the identification of BR signaling components with spatiotemporal resolution. In this review, we highlight the importance of these emerging studies to investigate the spatiotemporal control of BR pathways in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Fàbregas
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
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Lu G, Wang X, Liu J, Yu K, Gao Y, Liu H, Wang C, Wang W, Wang G, Liu M, Mao G, Li B, Qin J, Xia M, Zhou J, Liu J, Jiang S, Mo H, Cui J, Nagasawa N, Sivasankar S, Albertsen MC, Sakai H, Mazur BJ, Lassner MW, Broglie RM. Application of T-DNA activation tagging to identify glutamate receptor-like genes that enhance drought tolerance in plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:617-31. [PMID: 24682459 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1586-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A high-quality rice activation tagging population has been developed and screened for drought-tolerant lines using various water stress assays. One drought-tolerant line activated two rice glutamate receptor-like genes. Transgenic overexpression of the rice glutamate receptor-like genes conferred drought tolerance to rice and Arabidopsis. Rice (Oryza sativa) is a multi-billion dollar crop grown in more than one hundred countries, as well as a useful functional genetic tool for trait discovery. We have developed a population of more than 200,000 activation-tagged rice lines for use in forward genetic screens to identify genes that improve drought tolerance and other traits that improve yield and agronomic productivity. The population has an expected coverage of more than 90 % of rice genes. About 80 % of the lines have a single T-DNA insertion locus and this molecular feature simplifies gene identification. One of the lines identified in our screens, AH01486, exhibits improved drought tolerance. The AH01486 T-DNA locus is located in a region with two glutamate receptor-like genes. Constitutive overexpression of either glutamate receptor-like gene significantly enhances the drought tolerance of rice and Arabidopsis, thus revealing a novel function of this important gene family in plant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihua Lu
- Beijing Kaituo DNA Biotech Research Center, Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102206, China,
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Vriet C, Russinova E, Reuzeau C. From squalene to brassinolide: the steroid metabolic and signaling pathways across the plant kingdom. MOLECULAR PLANT 2013; 6:1738-57. [PMID: 23761349 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The plant steroid hormones, brassinosteroids (BRs), and their precursors, phytosterols, play major roles in plant growth, development, and stress tolerance. Here, we review the impressive progress made during recent years in elucidating the components of the sterol and BR metabolic and signaling pathways, and in understanding their mechanism of action in both model plants and crops, such as Arabidopsis and rice. We also discuss emerging insights into the regulations of these pathways, their interactions with other hormonal pathways and multiple environmental signals, and the putative nature of sterols as signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Vriet
- CropDesign NV, a BASF Plant Science Company, 9052 Gent, Belgium
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Hao J, Yin Y, Fei SZ. Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:1017-30. [PMID: 23568410 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1438-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. In this review, we provide an update on the latest progress in characterizing the BR signaling network and discuss its interactions with other hormone pathways in determining yield component traits and in regulating stress responses.
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Zhu W, Wang H, Fujioka S, Zhou T, Tian H, Tian W, Wang X. Homeostasis of brassinosteroids regulated by DRL1, a putative acyltransferase in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2013. [PMID: 23204503 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sss144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) play essential roles in regulating various aspects of plant growth and development and in responding to diverse environmental cues, and their metabolism is an important way to regulate their homeostasis in plants. Here, we identified a dominant mutant, dwarf and round leaf-1 (drl1-D), which exhibits weak BR-deficient or BR-insensitive mutant phenotypes, including short and round leaves, prolonged senescence, dwarfed shape, and altered expression levels of the BR-responsive genes. Hypocotyl length and root inhibition assays suggest that the drl1-D mutant responds to BRs normally, but has decreased BR signaling outputs. The endogenous levels of several BRs, including typhasterol (TY), 6-deoxotyphasterol (6-deoxoTY), and 6-deoxocastasterone (6-deoxoCS), are significantly lower in the drl1-D mutant than in the wild-type. The DRL1 gene encodes an acyltransferase and is widely expressed in leaves, roots, flowers, and siliques. Plants without DRL1 and its homologs are larger with an enhanced BR signaling. The expression of DRL1 was induced by eBL and inhibited by ABA. DRL1 is involved in the BR metabolism likely by catalyzing the BR conjugation through esterification, which plays important roles in regulating the BR homeostasis and responding to abiotic stresses in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjiao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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Abstract
Transcriptional regulations are involved in many aspects of plant development and are mainly achieved through the actions of transcription factors (TF). To investigate the mechanisms of plant development, we carried out genetic screens for mutants with abnormal shoot development. Taking an activation tagging approach, we isolated a gain-of-function mutant abs2-1D (abnormal shoot 2-1D). abs2-1D showed pleiotropic growth defects at both the vegetative and reproductive developmental stages. We cloned ABS2 and it encodes a RAV sub-family of plant B3 type of transcriptional factors. Phylogenetic analysis showed that ABS2 was closely related to NGATHA (NGA) genes that are involved in flower development and was previously named NGATHA-Like 1 (NGAL1). NGAL1 was expressed mainly in the root and the filament of the stamen in flower tissues and sub-cellular localization assay revealed that NGAL1 accumulated in the nucleus. Interestingly, over-expression of NGAL1 driven by the constitutive 35S promoter led to transgenic plants with conspicuous flower defects, particularly a loss-of-petal phenotype. A loss-of-function ngal1-1 mutant did not show obvious phenotype, suggesting the existence of redundant activities and also the utility of gain-of-function genetic screens. Our results show that the over-expression of NGAL1 is capable of altering flower petal development, as well as shoot development.
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