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Guarneri N, Willig JJ, Willemsen V, Goverse A, Sterken MG, Nibbering P, Lozano Torres JL, Smant G. WOX11-mediated cell size control in Arabidopsis attenuates growth and fecundity of endoparasitic cyst nematodes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39276334 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Cyst nematodes establish permanent feeding structures called syncytia inside the host root vasculature, disrupting the flow of water and minerals. In response, plants form WOX11-mediated adventitious lateral roots at nematode infection sites. WOX11 adventitious lateral rooting modulates tolerance to nematode infections; however, whether this also benefits nematode parasitism remains unknown. Here, we report on bioassays using a 35S::WOX11-SRDX transcriptional repressor mutant to investigate whether WOX11 adventitious lateral rooting promotes syncytium development and thereby female growth and fecundity. Moreover, we chemically inhibited cellulose biosynthesis to verify if WOX11 directly modulates cell wall plasticity in syncytia. Finally, we performed histochemical analyses to test if WOX11 mediates syncytial cell wall plasticity via reactive oxygen species (ROS). Repression of WOX11-mediated transcription specifically enhanced the radial expansion of syncytial elements, increasing both syncytium size and female offspring. The enhanced syncytial hypertrophy observed in the 35S::WOX11-SRDX mutant could be phenocopied by chemical inhibition of cellulose biosynthesis and was associated with elevated levels of ROS at nematode infection sites. We, therefore, conclude that WOX11 restricts radial expansion of nematode-feeding structures and female growth and fecundity, likely by modulating ROS-mediated cell wall plasticity mechanisms. Remarkably, this novel role of WOX11 in plant cell size control is distinct from WOX11 adventitious lateral rooting underlying disease tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Guarneri
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708, PB, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap-Jan Willig
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708, PB, the Netherlands
| | - Viola Willemsen
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Cluster of Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708, PB, the Netherlands
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708, PB, the Netherlands
| | - Mark G Sterken
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708, PB, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter Nibbering
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708, PB, the Netherlands
| | - José L Lozano Torres
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708, PB, the Netherlands
| | - Geert Smant
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708, PB, the Netherlands
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2
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Renou J, Li D, Lu J, Zhang B, Gineau E, Ye Y, Shi J, Voxeur A, Akary E, Marmagne A, Gonneau M, Uyttewaal M, Höfte H, Zhao Y, Vernhettes S. A cellulose synthesis inhibitor affects cellulose synthase complex secretion and cortical microtubule dynamics. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 196:124-136. [PMID: 38833284 PMCID: PMC11376392 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
P4B (2-phenyl-1-[4-(6-(piperidin-1-yl) pyridazin-3-yl) piperazin-1-yl] butan-1-one) is a novel cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor (CBI) discovered in a screen for molecules to identify inhibitors of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedling growth. Growth and cellulose synthesis inhibition by P4B were greatly reduced in a novel mutant for the cellulose synthase catalytic subunit gene CESA3 (cesa3pbr1). Cross-tolerance to P4B was also observed for isoxaben-resistant (ixr) cesa3 mutants ixr1-1 and ixr1-2. P4B has an original mode of action as compared with most other CBIs. Indeed, short-term treatments with P4B did not affect the velocity of cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs) but led to a decrease in CSC density in the plasma membrane without affecting their accumulation in microtubule-associated compartments. This was observed in the wild type but not in a cesa3pbr1 background. This reduced density correlated with a reduced delivery rate of CSCs to the plasma membrane but also with changes in cortical microtubule dynamics and orientation. At longer timescales, however, the responses to P4B treatments resembled those to other CBIs, including the inhibition of CSC motility, reduced growth anisotropy, interference with the assembly of an extensible wall, pectin demethylesterification, and ectopic lignin and callose accumulation. Together, the data suggest that P4B either directly targets CESA3 or affects another cellular function related to CSC plasma membrane delivery and/or microtubule dynamics that is bypassed specifically by mutations in CESA3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Renou
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin for Plant Sciences (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Deqiang Li
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Juan Lu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Emilie Gineau
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin for Plant Sciences (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Yajin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jianmin Shi
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Aline Voxeur
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin for Plant Sciences (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Elodie Akary
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin for Plant Sciences (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Anne Marmagne
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin for Plant Sciences (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Martine Gonneau
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin for Plant Sciences (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Magalie Uyttewaal
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin for Plant Sciences (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Herman Höfte
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin for Plant Sciences (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Yang Zhao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan 650000, China
| | - Samantha Vernhettes
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin for Plant Sciences (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
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3
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Trozzi N. P4B: A novel probe to study cellulose synthesis and microtubule dynamics. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 196:12-13. [PMID: 38788768 PMCID: PMC11376394 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Trozzi
- Assistant Features Editor, Plant Physiology, American Society of Plant Biologists
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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Molina A, Jordá L, Torres MÁ, Martín-Dacal M, Berlanga DJ, Fernández-Calvo P, Gómez-Rubio E, Martín-Santamaría S. Plant cell wall-mediated disease resistance: Current understanding and future perspectives. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:699-724. [PMID: 38594902 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Beyond their function as structural barriers, plant cell walls are essential elements for the adaptation of plants to environmental conditions. Cell walls are dynamic structures whose composition and integrity can be altered in response to environmental challenges and developmental cues. These wall changes are perceived by plant sensors/receptors to trigger adaptative responses during development and upon stress perception. Plant cell wall damage caused by pathogen infection, wounding, or other stresses leads to the release of wall molecules, such as carbohydrates (glycans), that function as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). DAMPs are perceived by the extracellular ectodomains (ECDs) of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to activate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and disease resistance. Similarly, glycans released from the walls and extracellular layers of microorganisms interacting with plants are recognized as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by specific ECD-PRRs triggering PTI responses. The number of oligosaccharides DAMPs/MAMPs identified that are perceived by plants has increased in recent years. However, the structural mechanisms underlying glycan recognition by plant PRRs remain limited. Currently, this knowledge is mainly focused on receptors of the LysM-PRR family, which are involved in the perception of various molecules, such as chitooligosaccharides from fungi and lipo-chitooligosaccharides (i.e., Nod/MYC factors from bacteria and mycorrhiza, respectively) that trigger differential physiological responses. Nevertheless, additional families of plant PRRs have recently been implicated in oligosaccharide/polysaccharide recognition. These include receptor kinases (RKs) with leucine-rich repeat and Malectin domains in their ECDs (LRR-MAL RKs), Catharanthus roseus RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 1-LIKE group (CrRLK1L) with Malectin-like domains in their ECDs, as well as wall-associated kinases, lectin-RKs, and LRR-extensins. The characterization of structural basis of glycans recognition by these new plant receptors will shed light on their similarities with those of mammalians involved in glycan perception. The gained knowledge holds the potential to facilitate the development of sustainable, glycan-based crop protection solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lucía Jordá
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel Ángel Torres
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Martín-Dacal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego José Berlanga
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Fernández-Calvo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Elena Gómez-Rubio
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonsoles Martín-Santamaría
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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5
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Gurnani B, Natarajan R, Mohan M, Kaur K. Breaking-Down Barriers: Proposal of Using Cellulose Biosynthesis Inhibitors and Cellulase Enzyme as a Novel Treatment Modality for Vision Threatening Pythium Insidiosum Keratitis. Clin Ophthalmol 2024; 18:765-776. [PMID: 38495678 PMCID: PMC10941664 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s450665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Pythium insidiosum, an Oomycete, causes severe keratitis that endangers vision. Its clinical, morphological, and microbiological characteristics are often indistinguishable from those of fungal keratitis, earning it the moniker "parafungus". Distinctive clinical hallmarks that set it apart from other forms of keratitis include radial keratoneuritis, tentacles, marginal infiltration, and a propensity for rapid limbal spread. The therapeutic approach to Pythium keratitis (PK) has long been a subject of debate, and topical and systemic antifungals and antibacterials have been tried with limited success. Approximately 80% of these eyes undergo therapeutic keratoplasty to salvage the eye. Hence, there is a need to innovate for alternative and better medical therapy to safeguard these eyes. The resistance of Pythium to standard antifungal treatments can be attributed to the absence of ergosterol in its cell wall. Cell walls of plants and algae have cellulose as an essential constituent. Cellulose imparts strength and structure and acts as the "skeleton" of the plant. Fungal and animal cell walls typically lack cellulose. The cellular architecture of Pythium shares a similarity with plant and algal cells through the incorporation of cellulose within its cell wall structure. Inhibitors targeting cellulose biosynthesis (CBI), such as Indaziflam, Isoxaben, and Quinoxyphen, serve as critical tools for elucidating the pathways of cellulose synthesis. Furthermore, the enzymatic action of cellulase is instrumental for the extraction of proteins and DNA. To circumvent this issue, we hypothesize that CBI's and cellulase enzymes can act on the Pythium cell wall and may effectively treat PK. The available literature supporting the hypothesis and proof of concept has also been discussed. We have also discussed these drugs' molecular mechanism of action on the Pythium cell wall. We also aim to propose how these drugs can be procured and used as a potential medical management option for this devastating entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Gurnani
- Department of Cataract, Cornea and Refractive Surgery, ASG Eye Hospital, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342008, India
| | - Radhika Natarajan
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Sankara Nethralaya Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600006, India
| | - Madhuvanthi Mohan
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Sankara Nethralaya Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600006, India
| | - Kirandeep Kaur
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, ASG Eye Hospital, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342008, India
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6
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Amos BK, Pook V, Prates E, Stork J, Shah M, Jacobson DA, DeBolt S. Discovery and Characterization of Fluopipamine, a Putative Cellulose Synthase 1 Antagonist within Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:3171-3179. [PMID: 38291808 PMCID: PMC10870765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Herbicide-resistant weeds are increasingly a problem in crop fields when exposed to similar chemistry over time. To avoid future yield losses, identifying herbicidal chemistry needs to be accelerated. We screened 50,000 small molecules using a liquid-handling robot and light microscopy focusing on pre-emergent herbicides in the family of cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors. Through phenotypic, chemical, genetic, and in silico methods we uncovered 6-{[4-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]methyl}-N-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine (fluopipamine). Symptomologies support fluopipamine as a putative antagonist of cellulose synthase enzyme 1 (CESA1) from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Ectopic lignification, inhibition of etiolation, phenotypes including loss of anisotropic cellular expansion, swollen roots, and live cell imaging link fluopipamine to cellulose biosynthesis inhibition. Radiolabeled glucose incorporation of cellulose decreased in short-duration experiments when seedlings were incubated in fluopipamine. To elucidate the mechanism, ethylmethanesulfonate mutagenized M2 seedlings were screened for fluopipamine resistance. Two loci of genetic resistance were linked to CESA1. In silico docking of fluopipamine, quinoxyphen, and flupoxam against various CESA1 mutations suggests that an alternative binding site at the interface between CESA proteins is necessary to preserve cellulose polymerization in compound presence. These data uncovered potential fundamental mechanisms of cellulose biosynthesis in plants along with feasible leads for herbicidal uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kirtley Amos
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- N.C.
Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- Department
of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
| | - Victoria Pook
- Department
of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
| | - Erica Prates
- Biosciences
Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Center
for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jozsef Stork
- Department
of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
| | - Manesh Shah
- Biosciences
Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Center
for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Daniel A. Jacobson
- Biosciences
Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Center
for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Seth DeBolt
- Department
of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
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7
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Ogden M, Whitcomb SJ, Khan GA, Roessner U, Hoefgen R, Persson S. Cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor isoxaben causes nutrient-dependent and tissue-specific Arabidopsis phenotypes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:612-617. [PMID: 37823413 PMCID: PMC10828196 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ogden
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Sarah J Whitcomb
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
- Cereal Crops Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Ghazanfar Abbas Khan
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Ute Roessner
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia
| | - Rainer Hoefgen
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Staffan Persson
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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8
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Liu X, Ma Z, Tran TM, Rautengarten C, Cheng Y, Yang L, Ebert B, Persson S, Miao Y. Balanced callose and cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis quorum-sensing signaling and pattern-triggered immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:137-152. [PMID: 37647538 PMCID: PMC10756761 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall (CW) is one of the most important physical barriers that phytopathogens must conquer to invade their hosts. This barrier is a dynamic structure that responds to pathogen infection through a complex network of immune receptors, together with CW-synthesizing and CW-degrading enzymes. Callose deposition in the primary CW is a well-known physical response to pathogen infection. Notably, callose and cellulose biosynthesis share an initial substrate, UDP-glucose, which is the main load-bearing component of the CW. However, how these 2 critical biosynthetic processes are balanced during plant-pathogen interactions remains unclear. Here, using 2 different pathogen-derived molecules, bacterial flagellin (flg22) and the diffusible signal factor (DSF) produced by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, we show a negative correlation between cellulose and callose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). By quantifying the abundance of callose and cellulose under DSF or flg22 elicitation and characterizing the dynamics of the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of these 2 polymers, we show that the balance of these 2 CW components is mediated by the activity of a β-1,3-glucanase (BG2). Our data demonstrate balanced cellulose and callose biosynthesis during plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Zhiming Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Tuan Minh Tran
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- Department of Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Carsten Rautengarten
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44810, Germany
| | - Yingying Cheng
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Liang Yang
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Berit Ebert
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44810, Germany
| | - Staffan Persson
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences (PLEN), University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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9
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Huang L, Zhang W, Li X, Staiger CJ, Zhang C. Point mutations in the catalytic domain disrupt cellulose synthase (CESA6) vesicle trafficking and protein dynamics. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:2654-2677. [PMID: 37043544 PMCID: PMC10291031 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose, the main component of the plant cell wall, is synthesized by the multimeric cellulose synthase (CESA) complex (CSC). In plant cells, CSCs are assembled in the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi and transported through the endomembrane system to the plasma membrane (PM). However, how CESA catalytic activity or conserved motifs around the catalytic core influence vesicle trafficking or protein dynamics is not well understood. Here, we used yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-tagged AtCESA6 and created 18 mutants in key motifs of the catalytic domain to analyze how they affected seedling growth, cellulose biosynthesis, complex formation, and CSC dynamics and trafficking in Arabidopsis thaliana. Seedling growth and cellulose content were reduced by nearly all mutations. Moreover, mutations in most conserved motifs slowed CSC movement in the PM as well as delivery of CSCs to the PM. Interestingly, mutations in the DDG and QXXRW motifs affected YFP-CESA6 abundance in the Golgi. These mutations also perturbed post-Golgi trafficking of CSCs. The 18 mutations were divided into 2 groups based on their phenotypes; we propose that Group I mutations cause CSC trafficking defects, whereas Group II mutations, especially in the QXXRW motif, affect protein folding and/or CSC rosette formation. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the CESA6 catalytic domain is essential for cellulose biosynthesis as well as CSC formation, protein folding and dynamics, and vesicle trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Christopher J Staiger
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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10
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Wu SZ, Chaves AM, Li R, Roberts AW, Bezanilla M. Cellulose synthase-like D movement in the plasma membrane requires enzymatic activity. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202212117. [PMID: 37071416 PMCID: PMC10120407 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202212117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose Synthase-Like D (CSLD) proteins, important for tip growth and cell division, are known to generate β-1,4-glucan. However, whether they are propelled in the membrane as the glucan chains they produce assemble into microfibrils is unknown. To address this, we endogenously tagged all eight CSLDs in Physcomitrium patens and discovered that they all localize to the apex of tip-growing cells and to the cell plate during cytokinesis. Actin is required to target CSLD to cell tips concomitant with cell expansion, but not to cell plates, which depend on actin and CSLD for structural support. Like Cellulose Synthase (CESA), CSLD requires catalytic activity to move in the plasma membrane. We discovered that CSLD moves significantly faster, with shorter duration and less linear trajectories than CESA. In contrast to CESA, CSLD movement was insensitive to the cellulose synthesis inhibitor isoxaben, suggesting that CSLD and CESA function within different complexes possibly producing structurally distinct cellulose microfibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Zon Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Arielle M. Chaves
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Rongrong Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Alison W. Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
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11
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Oelmüller R, Tseng YH, Gandhi A. Signals and Their Perception for Remodelling, Adjustment and Repair of the Plant Cell Wall. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087417. [PMID: 37108585 PMCID: PMC10139151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The integrity of the cell wall is important for plant cells. Mechanical or chemical distortions, tension, pH changes in the apoplast, disturbance of the ion homeostasis, leakage of cell compounds into the apoplastic space or breakdown of cell wall polysaccharides activate cellular responses which often occur via plasma membrane-localized receptors. Breakdown products of the cell wall polysaccharides function as damage-associated molecular patterns and derive from cellulose (cello-oligomers), hemicelluloses (mainly xyloglucans and mixed-linkage glucans as well as glucuronoarabinoglucans in Poaceae) and pectins (oligogalacturonides). In addition, several types of channels participate in mechanosensing and convert physical into chemical signals. To establish a proper response, the cell has to integrate information about apoplastic alterations and disturbance of its wall with cell-internal programs which require modifications in the wall architecture due to growth, differentiation or cell division. We summarize recent progress in pattern recognition receptors for plant-derived oligosaccharides, with a focus on malectin domain-containing receptor kinases and their crosstalk with other perception systems and intracellular signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Oelmüller
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Yu-Heng Tseng
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Akanksha Gandhi
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
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12
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Liu C, Mentzelopoulou A, Muhammad A, Volkov A, Weijers D, Gutierrez-Beltran E, Moschou PN. An actin remodeling role for Arabidopsis processing bodies revealed by their proximity interactome. EMBO J 2023; 42:e111885. [PMID: 36741000 PMCID: PMC10152145 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular condensates can comprise membrane-less ribonucleoprotein assemblies with liquid-like properties. These cellular condensates influence various biological outcomes, but their liquidity hampers their isolation and characterization. Here, we investigated the composition of the condensates known as processing bodies (PBs) in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana through a proximity-biotinylation proteomics approach. Using in situ protein-protein interaction approaches, genetics and high-resolution dynamic imaging, we show that processing bodies comprise networks that interface with membranes. Surprisingly, the conserved component of PBs, DECAPPING PROTEIN 1 (DCP1), can localize to unique plasma membrane subdomains including cell edges and vertices. We characterized these plasma membrane interfaces and discovered a developmental module that can control cell shape. This module is regulated by DCP1, independently from its role in decapping, and the actin-nucleating SCAR-WAVE complex, whereby the DCP1-SCAR-WAVE interaction confines and enhances actin nucleation. This study reveals an unexpected function for a conserved condensate at unique membrane interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andriani Mentzelopoulou
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Amna Muhammad
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden.,University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Andriy Volkov
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Emilio Gutierrez-Beltran
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Panagiotis N Moschou
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
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13
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Casey C, Köcher T, Champion C, Jandrasits K, Mosiolek M, Bonnot C, Dolan L. Reduced coenzyme Q synthesis confers non-target site resistance to the herbicide thaxtomin A. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010423. [PMID: 36608112 PMCID: PMC9851558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Herbicide resistance in weeds is a growing threat to global crop production. Non-target site resistance is problematic because a single resistance allele can confer tolerance to many herbicides (cross resistance), and it is often a polygenic trait so it can be difficult to identify the molecular mechanisms involved. Most characterized molecular mechanisms of non-target site resistance are caused by gain-of-function mutations in genes from a few key gene families-the mechanisms of resistance caused by loss-of-function mutations remain unclear. In this study, we first show that the mechanism of non-target site resistance to the herbicide thaxtomin A conferred by loss-of-function of the gene PAM16 is conserved in Marchantia polymorpha, validating its use as a model species with which to study non-target site resistance. To identify mechanisms of non-target site resistance caused by loss-of-function mutations, we generated 107 UV-B mutagenized M. polymorpha spores and screened for resistance to the herbicide thaxtomin A. We isolated 13 thaxtomin A-resistant mutants and found that 3 mutants carried candidate resistance-conferring SNPs in the MpRTN4IP1L gene. Mprtn4ip1l mutants are defective in coenzyme Q biosynthesis and accumulate higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) than wild-type plants. Mutants are weakly resistant to thaxtomin A and cross resistant to isoxaben, suggesting that loss of MpRTN4IP1L function confers non-target site resistance. Mutants are also defective in thaxtomin A metabolism. We conclude that loss of MpRTN4IP1L function is a novel mechanism of non-target site herbicide resistance and propose that other mutations that increase ROS levels or decrease thaxtomin A metabolism could contribute to thaxtomin A resistance in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Casey
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Clément Champion
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Clémence Bonnot
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Dolan
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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14
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Menzyanova NG, Shishatskaya EI, Pyatina SA, Volova TG. Cytogenotoxic activity of herbicidal and fungicidal pesticides on Triticum aestivum root meristem. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:87602-87612. [PMID: 35818017 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21936-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of pesticides with various mechanisms of targeted activity were studied in a hydroponic culture of 2-day-old seedlings of Triticum aestivum. All studied pesticides (with the exception of metribuzin) exhibited dose-dependent phytotoxicity (inhibited the growth of the main root and reduced the yield of root biomass). All studied pesticides did not affect mitotic index in the root apex meristem but did affect the duration of some phases of mitosis. Herbicides increased, while fungicides, on the contrary, decreased the duration of the cytokinesis phase. All pesticides (1 μg/mL) exhibited genotoxic activity: in the root apex meristem the number of cells with mitotic abnormalities was significantly higher than in the control variant (7-14 times). The genotoxic activity of metribuzin and tebuconazole was 2 times lower than for tribenuron-methyl, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, epoxiconazole and azoxystrobin. The genotoxicity of the studied pesticides was combined: depending on the class of the pesticide, clastogenic or aneugenous effects dominated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ekaterina Igorevna Shishatskaya
- Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodnyi av., Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia.
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center 'Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS', 50/50 Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia.
| | | | - Tatiana Grigorievna Volova
- Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodnyi av., Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center 'Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS', 50/50 Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
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15
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Takagi M, Hotamori K, Naito K, Matsukawa S, Egusa M, Nishizawa Y, Kanno Y, Seo M, Ifuku S, Mine A, Kaminaka H. Chitin-induced systemic disease resistance in rice requires both OsCERK1 and OsCEBiP and is mediated via perturbation of cell-wall biogenesis in leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1064628. [PMID: 36518504 PMCID: PMC9742455 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1064628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is a well-known elicitor of disease resistance and its recognition by plants is crucial to perceive fungal infections. Chitin can induce both a local immune response and a systemic disease resistance when provided as a supplement in soils. Unlike local immune responses, it is poorly explored how chitin-induced systemic disease resistance is developed. In this study, we report the systemic induction of disease resistance against the fungal pathogen Bipolaris oryzae by chitin supplementation of soils in rice. The transcriptome analysis uncovered genes related to cell-wall biogenesis, cytokinin signaling, regulation of phosphorylation, and defence priming in the development of chitin-induced systemic response. Alterations of cell-wall composition were observed in leaves of rice plants grown in chitin-supplemented soils, and the disease resistance against B. oryzae was increased in rice leaves treated with a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor. The disruption of genes for lysin motif (LysM)-containing chitin receptors, OsCERK1 (Chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1) and OsCEBiP (Chitin elicitor-binding protein), compromised chitin-induced systemic disease resistance against B. oryzae and differential expression of chitin-induced genes found in wild-type rice plants. These findings suggest that chitin-induced systemic disease resistance in rice is caused by a perturbation of cell-wall biogenesis in leaves through long-distance signalling after local recognition of chitins by OsCERK1 and OsCEBiP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Takagi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kei Hotamori
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Keigo Naito
- Department of Agricultural Science, Graduate School of Sustainability Science, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Sumire Matsukawa
- Department of Agricultural Science, Graduate School of Sustainability Science, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Mayumi Egusa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yoko Nishizawa
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuri Kanno
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Seo
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ifuku
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Unused Bioresource Utilization Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Akira Mine
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Hironori Kaminaka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Unused Bioresource Utilization Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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16
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Baez LA, Tichá T, Hamann T. Cell wall integrity regulation across plant species. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:483-504. [PMID: 35674976 PMCID: PMC9213367 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01284-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are highly dynamic and chemically complex structures surrounding all plant cells. They provide structural support, protection from both abiotic and biotic stress as well as ensure containment of turgor. Recently evidence has accumulated that a dedicated mechanism exists in plants, which is monitoring the functional integrity of cell walls and initiates adaptive responses to maintain integrity in case it is impaired during growth, development or exposure to biotic and abiotic stress. The available evidence indicates that detection of impairment involves mechano-perception, while reactive oxygen species and phytohormone-based signaling processes play key roles in translating signals generated and regulating adaptive responses. More recently it has also become obvious that the mechanisms mediating cell wall integrity maintenance and pattern triggered immunity are interacting with each other to modulate the adaptive responses to biotic stress and cell wall integrity impairment. Here we will review initially our current knowledge regarding the mode of action of the maintenance mechanism, discuss mechanisms mediating responses to biotic stresses and highlight how both mechanisms may modulate adaptive responses. This first part will be focused on Arabidopsis thaliana since most of the relevant knowledge derives from this model organism. We will then proceed to provide perspective to what extent the relevant molecular mechanisms are conserved in other plant species and close by discussing current knowledge of the transcriptional machinery responsible for controlling the adaptive responses using selected examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alonso Baez
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tereza Tichá
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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17
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Deflandre B, Stulanovic N, Planckaert S, Anderssen S, Bonometti B, Karim L, Coppieters W, Devreese B, Rigali S. The virulome of Streptomyces scabiei in response to cello-oligosaccharide elicitors. Microb Genom 2022; 8. [PMID: 35040428 PMCID: PMC8914351 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of spots or lesions symptomatic of common scab on root and tuber crops is caused by few pathogenic Streptomyces with Streptomyces scabiei 87–22 as the model species. Thaxtomin phytotoxins are the primary virulence determinants, mainly acting by impairing cellulose synthesis, and their production in S. scabiei is in turn boosted by cello-oligosaccharides released from host plants. In this work we aimed to determine which molecules and which biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) of the specialized metabolism of S. scabiei 87–22 show a production and/or a transcriptional response to cello-oligosaccharides. Comparative metabolomic analyses revealed that molecules of the virulome of S. scabiei induced by cellobiose and cellotriose include (i) thaxtomin and concanamycin phytotoxins, (ii) desferrioxamines, scabichelin and turgichelin siderophores in order to acquire iron essential for housekeeping functions, (iii) ectoine for protection against osmotic shock once inside the host, and (iv) bottromycin and concanamycin antimicrobials possibly to prevent other microorganisms from colonizing the same niche. Importantly, both cello-oligosaccharides reduced the production of the spore germination inhibitors germicidins thereby giving the ‘green light’ to escape dormancy and trigger the onset of the pathogenic lifestyle. For most metabolites - either with induced or reduced production - cellotriose was revealed to be a slightly stronger elicitor compared to cellobiose, supporting an earlier hypothesis which suggested the trisaccharide was the real trigger for virulence released from the plant cell wall through the action of thaxtomins. Interestingly, except for thaxtomins, none of these BGCs’ expression seems to be under direct control of the cellulose utilization repressor CebR suggesting the existence of a yet unknown mechanism for switching on the virulome. Finally, a transcriptomic analysis revealed nine additional cryptic BGCs that have their expression awakened by cello-oligosaccharides, suggesting that other and yet to be discovered metabolites could be part of the virulome of S. scabiei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Deflandre
- InBioS-Centre for Protein Engineering, Institut de Chimie B6a, University of Liège, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nudzejma Stulanovic
- InBioS-Centre for Protein Engineering, Institut de Chimie B6a, University of Liège, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sören Planckaert
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sinaeda Anderssen
- InBioS-Centre for Protein Engineering, Institut de Chimie B6a, University of Liège, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Beatrice Bonometti
- InBioS-Centre for Protein Engineering, Institut de Chimie B6a, University of Liège, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Latifa Karim
- Genomics Platform, GIGA, University of Liège, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Wouter Coppieters
- Genomics Platform, GIGA, University of Liège, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bart Devreese
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Rigali
- InBioS-Centre for Protein Engineering, Institut de Chimie B6a, University of Liège, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
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18
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Larson RT, McFarlane HE. Small but Mighty: An Update on Small Molecule Plant Cellulose Biosynthesis Inhibitors. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1828-1838. [PMID: 34245306 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is one of the most abundant biopolymers on Earth. It provides mechanical support to growing plant cells and important raw materials for paper, textiles and biofuel feedstocks. Cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors (CBIs) are invaluable tools for studying cellulose biosynthesis and can be important herbicides for controlling weed growth. Here, we review CBIs with particular focus on the most widely used CBIs and recently discovered CBIs. We discuss the effects of these CBIs on plant growth and development and plant cell biology and summarize what is known about the mode of action of these different CBIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raegan T Larson
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
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19
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Georgiou A, Sieber S, Hsiao CC, Grayfer T, Gorenflos López JL, Gademann K, Eberl L, Bailly A. Leaf nodule endosymbiotic Burkholderia confer targeted allelopathy to their Psychotria hosts. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22465. [PMID: 34789815 PMCID: PMC8599487 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01867-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
After a century of investigations, the function of the obligate betaproteobacterial endosymbionts accommodated in leaf nodules of tropical Rubiaceae remained enigmatic. We report that the α-D-glucose analogue (+)-streptol, systemically supplied by mature Ca. Burkholderia kirkii nodules to their Psychotria hosts, exhibits potent and selective root growth inhibiting activity. We provide compelling evidence that (+)-streptol specifically affects meristematic root cells transitioning to anisotropic elongation by disrupting cell wall organization in a mechanism of action that is distinct from canonical cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors. We observed no inhibitory or cytotoxic effects on organisms other than seed plants, further suggesting (+)-streptol as a bona fide allelochemical. We propose that the suppression of growth of plant competitors is a major driver of the formation and maintenance of the Psychotria-Burkholderia association. In addition to potential agricultural applications as a herbicidal agent, (+)-streptol might also prove useful to dissect plant cell and organ growth processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antri Georgiou
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Sieber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chien-Chi Hsiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tatyana Grayfer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jacob L Gorenflos López
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karl Gademann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leo Eberl
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Aurélien Bailly
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland.
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20
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The Cell Wall Proteome of Craterostigma plantagineum Cell Cultures Habituated to Dichlobenil and Isoxaben. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092295. [PMID: 34571944 PMCID: PMC8468770 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The remarkable desiccation tolerance of the vegetative tissues in the resurrection species Craterostigma plantagineum (Hochst.) is favored by its unique cell wall folding mechanism that allows the ordered and reversible shrinking of the cells without damaging neither the cell wall nor the underlying plasma membrane. The ability to withstand extreme drought is also maintained in abscisic acid pre-treated calli, which can be cultured both on solid and in liquid culture media. Cell wall research has greatly advanced, thanks to the use of inhibitors affecting the biosynthesis of e.g., cellulose, since they allowed the identification of the compensatory mechanisms underlying habituation. Considering the innate cell wall plasticity of C. plantagineum, the goal of this investigation was to understand whether habituation to the cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors dichlobenil and isoxaben entailed or not identical mechanisms as known for non-resurrection species and to decipher the cell wall proteome of habituated cells. The results showed that exposure of C. plantagineum calli/cells triggered abnormal phenotypes, as reported in non-resurrection species. Additionally, the data demonstrated that it was possible to habituate Craterostigma cells to dichlobenil and isoxaben and that gene expression and protein abundance did not follow the same trend. Shotgun and gel-based proteomics revealed a common set of proteins induced upon habituation, but also identified candidates solely induced by habituation to one of the two inhibitors. Finally, it is hypothesized that alterations in auxin levels are responsible for the increased abundance of cell wall-related proteins upon habituation.
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21
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Daras G, Templalexis D, Avgeri F, Tsitsekian D, Karamanou K, Rigas S. Updating Insights into the Catalytic Domain Properties of Plant Cellulose synthase ( CesA) and Cellulose synthase-like ( Csl) Proteins. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144335. [PMID: 34299608 PMCID: PMC8306620 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The wall is the last frontier of a plant cell involved in modulating growth, development and defense against biotic stresses. Cellulose and additional polysaccharides of plant cell walls are the most abundant biopolymers on earth, having increased in economic value and thereby attracted significant interest in biotechnology. Cellulose biosynthesis constitutes a highly complicated process relying on the formation of cellulose synthase complexes. Cellulose synthase (CesA) and Cellulose synthase-like (Csl) genes encode enzymes that synthesize cellulose and most hemicellulosic polysaccharides. Arabidopsis and rice are invaluable genetic models and reliable representatives of land plants to comprehend cell wall synthesis. During the past two decades, enormous research progress has been made to understand the mechanisms of cellulose synthesis and construction of the plant cell wall. A plethora of cesa and csl mutants have been characterized, providing functional insights into individual protein isoforms. Recent structural studies have uncovered the mode of CesA assembly and the dynamics of cellulose production. Genetics and structural biology have generated new knowledge and have accelerated the pace of discovery in this field, ultimately opening perspectives towards cellulose synthesis manipulation. This review provides an overview of the major breakthroughs gathering previous and recent genetic and structural advancements, focusing on the function of CesA and Csl catalytic domain in plants.
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22
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Chaudhary A, Chen X, Leśniewska B, Boikine R, Gao J, Wolf S, Schneitz K. Cell wall damage attenuates root hair patterning and tissue morphogenesis mediated by the receptor kinase STRUBBELIG. Development 2021; 148:270854. [PMID: 34251020 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall remodeling is essential for the control of growth and development as well as the regulation of stress responses. However, the underlying cell wall monitoring mechanisms remain poorly understood. Regulation of root hair fate and flower development in Arabidopsis thaliana requires signaling mediated by the atypical receptor kinase STRUBBELIG (SUB). Furthermore, SUB is involved in cell wall integrity signaling and regulates the cellular response to reduced levels of cellulose, a central component of the cell wall. Here, we show that continuous exposure to sub-lethal doses of the cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor isoxaben results in altered root hair patterning and floral morphogenesis. Genetically impairing cellulose biosynthesis also results in root hair patterning defects. We further show that isoxaben exerts its developmental effects through the attenuation of SUB signaling. Our evidence indicates that downregulation of SUB is a multi-step process and involves changes in SUB complex architecture at the plasma membrane, enhanced removal of SUB from the cell surface, and downregulation of SUB transcript levels. The results provide molecular insight into how the cell wall regulates cell fate and tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajeet Chaudhary
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Xia Chen
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Barbara Leśniewska
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Rodion Boikine
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Jin Gao
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- Cell wall signaling group, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kay Schneitz
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Huang L, Li X, Zhang C. Endosidin20-1 is more potent than endosidin20 in inhibiting plant cellulose biosynthesis and molecular docking analysis of cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors on modeled cellulose synthase structure. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:1605-1624. [PMID: 33793980 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Endosidin20 (ES20) is a recently identified cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor (CBI) that targets the catalytic site of plant cellulose synthase (CESA). Here, we screened over 600 ES20 analogs and identified nine active analogs named ES20-1 to ES20-9. Among these, endosidin20-1 (ES20-1) had stronger inhibitory effects on plant growth and cellulose biosynthesis than ES20. At the biochemical level, we demonstrated that ES20-1, like ES20, directly interacts with CESA6. At the cellular level, this molecule, like ES20, induced the accumulation of cellulose synthase complexes at the Golgi apparatus and inhibited their secretion to the plasma membrane. Like ES20, ES20-1 likely targets the catalytic site of CESA. However, through molecular docking analysis using a modeled structure of full-length CESA6, we found that both ES20 and ES20-1 might have another target site at the transmembrane regions of CESA6. Besides ES20, other CBIs such as isoxaben, C17, and flupoxam are widely used tools to dissect the mechanism of cellulose biosynthesis and are also valuable resources for the development of herbicides. Here, based on mutant genetic analysis and molecular docking analysis, we have identified the potential target sites of these CBIs on a modeled CESA structure. Some bacteria also produce cellulose, and both ES20 and ES20-1 inhibited bacterial cellulose biosynthesis. Therefore, we conclude that ES20-1 is a more potent analog of ES20 that inhibits intrinsic cellulose biosynthesis in plants, and both ES20 and ES20-1 show an inhibitory effect on bacterial growth and cellulose synthesis, making them excellent tools for exploring the mechanisms of cellulose biosynthesis across kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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Allelign Ashagre H, Zaltzman D, Idan-Molakandov A, Romano H, Tzfadia O, Harpaz-Saad S. FASCICLIN-LIKE 18 Is a New Player Regulating Root Elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:645286. [PMID: 33897736 PMCID: PMC8058476 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.645286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The plasticity of root development represents a key trait that enables plants to adapt to diverse environmental cues. The pattern of cell wall deposition, alongside other parameters, affects the extent, and direction of root growth. In this study, we report that FASCICLIN-LIKE ARABINOGALACTAN PROTEIN 18 (FLA18) plays a role during root elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Using root-specific co-expression analysis, we identified FLA18 to be co-expressed with a sub-set of genes required for root elongation. FLA18 encodes for a putative extra-cellular arabinogalactan protein from the FLA-gene family. Two independent T-DNA insertion lines, named fla18-1 and fla18-2, display short and swollen lateral roots (LRs) when grown on sensitizing condition of high-sucrose containing medium. Unlike fla4/salt overly sensitive 5 (sos5), previously shown to display short and swollen primary root (PR) and LRs under these conditions, the PR of the fla18 mutants is slightly longer compared to the wild-type. Overexpression of the FLA18 CDS complemented the fla18 root phenotype. Genetic interaction between either of the fla18 alleles and sos5 reveals a more severe perturbation of anisotropic growth in both PR and LRs, as compared to the single mutants and the wild-type under restrictive conditions of high sucrose or high-salt containing medium. Additionally, under salt-stress conditions, fla18sos5 had a small, chlorotic shoot phenotype, that was not observed in any of the single mutants or the wild type. As previously shown for sos5, the fla18-1 and fla18-1sos5 root-elongation phenotype is suppressed by abscisic acid (ABA) and display hypersensitivity to the ABA synthesis inhibitor, Fluridon. Last, similar to other cell wall mutants, fla18 root elongation is hypersensitive to the cellulose synthase inhibitor, Isoxaben. Altogether, the presented data assign a new role for FLA18 in the regulation of root elongation. Future studies of the unique vs. redundant roles of FLA proteins during root elongation is anticipated to shed a new light on the regulation of root architecture during plant adaptation to different growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hewot Allelign Ashagre
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David Zaltzman
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Anat Idan-Molakandov
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hila Romano
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Oren Tzfadia
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Institute for Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Smadar Harpaz-Saad
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Huang L, Zhang C. The Mode of Action of Endosidin20 Differs from That of Other Cellulose Biosynthesis Inhibitors. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 61:2139-2152. [PMID: 33104193 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Endosidin20 (ES20) was recently identified as a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor (CBI) that targets the catalytic domain of CELLULOSE SYNTHASE 6 (CESA6) and thus inhibits the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we characterized the effects of ES20 on the growth of other plant species and found that ES20 is a broad-spectrum plant growth inhibitor. We tested the inhibitory effects of previously characterized CBIs (isoxaben, indaziflam and C17) on the growth of Arabidopsis cesa6 mutants that have reduced sensitivity to ES20. We found that most of these mutants are sensitive to isoxaben, indaziflam and C17, indicating that these tested CBIs have a different mode of action than ES20. ES20 also has a synergistic inhibitory effect on plant growth when jointly applied with other CBIs, further confirming that ES20 has a different mode of action than isoxaben, indaziflam and C17. We demonstrated that plants carrying two missense mutations conferring resistance to ES20 and isoxaben can tolerate the dual inhibitory effects of these CBIs when combined. ES20 inhibits Arabidopsis growth in growth medium and in soil following direct spraying. Therefore, our results pave the way for using ES20 as a broad-spectrum herbicide, and for the use of gene-editing technologies to produce ES20-resistant crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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26
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van de Meene A, McAloney L, Wilson SM, Zhou J, Zeng W, McMillan P, Bacic A, Doblin MS. Interactions between Cellulose and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans and Arabinoxylans in the Regenerating Wall of Suspension Culture Cells of the Ryegrass Lolium multiflorum. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010127. [PMID: 33440743 PMCID: PMC7828102 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cell walls (PCWs) form the outer barrier of cells that give the plant strength and directly interact with the environment and other cells in the plant. PCWs are composed of several polysaccharides, of which cellulose forms the main fibrillar network. Enmeshed between these fibrils of cellulose are non-cellulosic polysaccharides (NCPs), pectins, and proteins. This study investigates the sequence, timing, patterning, and architecture of cell wall polysaccharide regeneration in suspension culture cells (SCC) of the grass species Lolium multiflorum (Lolium). Confocal, superresolution, and electron microscopies were used in combination with cytochemical labeling to investigate polysaccharide deposition in SCC after protoplasting. Cellulose was the first polysaccharide observed, followed shortly thereafter by (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan, which is also known as mixed-linkage glucan (MLG), arabinoxylan (AX), and callose. Cellulose formed fibrils with AX and produced a filamentous-like network, whereas MLG formed punctate patches. Using colocalization analysis, cellulose and AX were shown to interact during early stages of wall generation, but this interaction reduced over time as the wall matured. AX and MLG interactions increased slightly over time, but cellulose and MLG were not seen to interact. Callose initially formed patches that were randomly positioned on the protoplast surface. There was no consistency in size or location over time. The architecture observed via superresolution microscopy showed similarities to the biophysical maps produced using atomic force microscopy and can give insight into the role of polysaccharides in PCWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison van de Meene
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.v.d.M.); (L.M.); (S.M.W.); (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (A.B.)
| | - Lauren McAloney
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.v.d.M.); (L.M.); (S.M.W.); (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (A.B.)
| | - Sarah M. Wilson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.v.d.M.); (L.M.); (S.M.W.); (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (A.B.)
| | - JiZhi Zhou
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.v.d.M.); (L.M.); (S.M.W.); (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (A.B.)
| | - Wei Zeng
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.v.d.M.); (L.M.); (S.M.W.); (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (A.B.)
- Sino-Australia Plant Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an 311300, China
| | - Paul McMillan
- Biological Optical Microscopy Platform, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.v.d.M.); (L.M.); (S.M.W.); (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (A.B.)
- Sino-Australia Plant Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an 311300, China
- Department of Animal, Plant & Soil Sciences, Latrobe Institute for Agriculture & Food (LIAF), Latrobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Monika S. Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.v.d.M.); (L.M.); (S.M.W.); (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (A.B.)
- Sino-Australia Plant Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an 311300, China
- Department of Animal, Plant & Soil Sciences, Latrobe Institute for Agriculture & Food (LIAF), Latrobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- Correspondence:
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27
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Alaguero-Cordovilla A, Gran-Gómez FJ, Jadczak P, Mhimdi M, Ibáñez S, Bres C, Just D, Rothan C, Pérez-Pérez JM. A quick protocol for the identification and characterization of early growth mutants in tomato. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 301:110673. [PMID: 33218638 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA) manipulation may improve water and nutrient capture by plants under normal and extreme climate conditions. With the aim of initiating the genetic dissection of RSA in tomato, we established a defined ontology that allowed the curated annotation of the observed phenotypes on 12 traits at four consecutive growth stages. In addition, we established a quick approach for the molecular identification of the mutations associated with the trait-of-interest by using a whole-genome sequencing approach that does not require the building of an additional mapping population. As a proof-of-concept, we screened 4543 seedlings from 300 tomato M3 lines (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Micro-Tom) generated by chemical mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate. We studied the growth and early development of both the root system (primary and lateral roots) and the aerial part of the seedlings as well as the wound-induced adventitious roots emerging from the hypocotyl. We identified 659 individuals (belonging to 203 M3 lines) whose early seedling and RSA phenotypes differed from those of their reference background. We confirmed the genetic segregation of the mutant phenotypes affecting primary root length, seedling viability and early RSA in 31 M4 families derived from 15 M3 lines selected in our screen. Finally, we identified a missense mutation in the SlCESA3 gene causing a seedling-lethal phenotype with short roots. Our results validated the experimental approach used for the identification of tomato mutants during early growth, which will allow the molecular identification of the genes involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paula Jadczak
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202, Elche, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Mariem Mhimdi
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202, Elche, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Sergio Ibáñez
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202, Elche, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Cécile Bres
- INRAE and University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
| | - Daniel Just
- INRAE and University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
| | - Christophe Rothan
- INRAE and University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
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28
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Wang L, Wang M, Fu Y, Huang P, Kong D, Niu G. Engineered biosynthesis of thaxtomin phytotoxins. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:1163-1171. [PMID: 32819175 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1807461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Herbicide-resistant weeds are a growing problem worldwide. Thaxtomin phytotoxins are a group of nitrated diketopiperazines produced by the potato common scab-causing pathogen Streptomyces scabies and other actinobacterial plant pathogens. They represent a unique class of microbial natural products with distinctive structural features and promising herbicidal activity. The biosynthesis of thaxtomins proceeds through multiple steps of unusual enzymatic reactions. Advances in understanding of thaxtomins biosynthetic machinery have provided the basis for precursor-directed biosynthesis, pathway refactoring, and one-pot biocombinatorial synthesis to generate thaxtomin analogues. We herein summarize recent findings on the biosynthesis of thaxtomins and highlight recent advances in the rational generation of novel thaxtomins for the development of potent herbicidal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linqi Wang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meiyan Wang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yudie Fu
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pengju Huang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dekun Kong
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoqing Niu
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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29
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Basu D, Haswell ES. The Mechanosensitive Ion Channel MSL10 Potentiates Responses to Cell Swelling in Arabidopsis Seedlings. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2716-2728.e6. [PMID: 32531281 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to respond to unanticipated increases in volume is a fundamental property of cells, essential for cellular integrity in the face of osmotic challenges. Plants must manage cell swelling during flooding, rehydration, and pathogen invasion-but little is known about the mechanisms by which this occurs. It has been proposed that plant cells could sense and respond to cell swelling through the action of mechanosensitive ion channels. Here, we characterize a new assay to study the effects of cell swelling on Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings and to test the contributions of the mechanosensitive ion channel MscS-like10 (MSL10). The assay incorporates both cell wall softening and hypo-osmotic treatment to induce cell swelling. We show that MSL10 is required for several previously demonstrated responses to hypo-osmotic shock, including a cytoplasmic calcium transient within the first few seconds, accumulation of ROS within the first 30 min, and increased transcript levels of mechano-inducible genes within 60 min. We also show that cell swelling induces programmed cell death within 3 h in a MSL10-dependent manner. Finally, we show that MSL10 is unable to potentiate cell swelling-induced death when phosphomimetic residues are introduced into its soluble N terminus. Thus, MSL10 functions as a phospho-regulated membrane-based sensor that connects the perception of cell swelling to a downstream signaling cascade and programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarati Basu
- NSF Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Haswell
- NSF Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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30
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Gigli-Bisceglia N, Engelsdorf T, Hamann T. Plant cell wall integrity maintenance in model plants and crop species-relevant cell wall components and underlying guiding principles. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2049-2077. [PMID: 31781810 PMCID: PMC7256069 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The walls surrounding the cells of all land-based plants provide mechanical support essential for growth and development as well as protection from adverse environmental conditions like biotic and abiotic stress. Composition and structure of plant cell walls can differ markedly between cell types, developmental stages and species. This implies that wall composition and structure are actively modified during biological processes and in response to specific functional requirements. Despite extensive research in the area, our understanding of the regulatory processes controlling active and adaptive modifications of cell wall composition and structure is still limited. One of these regulatory processes is the cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism, which monitors and maintains the functional integrity of the plant cell wall during development and interaction with environment. It is an important element in plant pathogen interaction and cell wall plasticity, which seems at least partially responsible for the limited success that targeted manipulation of cell wall metabolism has achieved so far. Here, we provide an overview of the cell wall polysaccharides forming the bulk of plant cell walls in both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants and the effects their impairment can have. We summarize our current knowledge regarding the cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism and discuss that it could be responsible for several of the mutant phenotypes observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Timo Engelsdorf
- Division of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Philipps University of Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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31
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Bacete L, Hamann T. The Role of Mechanoperception in Plant Cell Wall Integrity Maintenance. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E574. [PMID: 32369932 PMCID: PMC7285163 DOI: 10.3390/plants9050574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell walls surrounding all plant cells are highly dynamic structures, which change their composition and organization in response to chemical and physical stimuli originating both in the environment and in plants themselves. They are intricately involved in all interactions between plants and their environment while also providing adaptive structural support during plant growth and development. A key mechanism contributing to these adaptive changes is the cell wall integrity (CWI) maintenance mechanism. It monitors and maintains the functional integrity of cell walls by initiating adaptive changes in cellular and cell wall metabolism. Despite its importance, both our understanding of its mode of action and knowledge regarding the molecular components that form it are limited. Intriguingly, the available evidence implicates mechanosensing in the mechanism. Here, we provide an overview of the knowledge available regarding the molecular mechanisms involved in and discuss how mechanoperception and signal transduction may contribute to plant CWI maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
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Martínez-Rubio R, Centeno ML, García-Angulo P, Álvarez JM, Acebes JL, Encina A. The role of cell wall phenolics during the early remodelling of cellulose-deficient maize cells. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 170:112219. [PMID: 31794882 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The habituation of cultured cells to cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors such as dichlobenil (dichlorobenzonitrile, DCB) has proven a valuable tool to elucidate the mechanisms involved in plant cell wall structural plasticity. Our group has demonstrated that maize cells cope with DCB through a modified cell wall in which cellulose is replaced by a more extensive network of highly cross-linked feruloylated arabinoxylans. In order to gain further insight into the contribution of phenolics to the early remodelling of cellulose-deficient cell walls, a comparative HPLC-PAD analysis was carried out of hydroxycinnamates esterified into nascent and cell wall polysaccharides obtained from non-habituated (NH) and habituated to low DCB concentrations (1.5 μM; H) maize suspension-cultured cells. Incipient DCB-habituated cell walls showed significantly higher levels of esterified ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid throughout the culture cycle. In terms of cell wall fortification, ferulic acid is associated to arabinoxylan crosslinking whereas the increase of p-coumaric suggests an early lignification response. As expected, the level of hydroxycinnamates esterified into nascent polysaccharides was also higher in DCB-habituated cells indicating an overexpression of phenylpropanoid pathway. Due to their key role in cell wall strengthening, special attention was paid into the dimerization pattern of ferulic acid. A quantitative comparison of diferulate dehydrodimers (DFAs) between cell lines and cell compartments revealed that an extra dimerization took place in H cells when both nascent and mature cell wall polysaccharides were analysed. In addition, qualitative differences in the ferulic acid coupling pattern were detected in H cells, allowing us to suggest that 8-O-4'-DFA and 8-5'-DFA featured the ferulic acid dimerization when it occurred in the protoplasmic and cell wall fractions respectively. Both qualitative and quantitative differences in the phenolic profile between NH and H cells point to a regioselectivity in the ferulate dehydrodimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Martínez-Rubio
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, E-24071, León, Spain
| | - María Luz Centeno
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, E-24071, León, Spain
| | - Penélope García-Angulo
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, E-24071, León, Spain
| | - Jesús M Álvarez
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, E-24071, León, Spain
| | - José Luis Acebes
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, E-24071, León, Spain.
| | - Antonio Encina
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, E-24071, León, Spain
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Awwad F, Bertrand G, Grandbois M, Beaudoin N. Auxin protects Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension cultures from programmed cell death induced by the cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors thaxtomin A and isoxaben. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:512. [PMID: 31752698 PMCID: PMC6873746 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thaxtomin A (TA) is a natural cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor (CBI) synthesized by the potato common scab-causing pathogen Streptomyces scabies. Inhibition of cellulose synthesis by TA compromises cell wall organization and integrity, leading to the induction of an atypical program of cell death (PCD). These processes may facilitate S. scabies entry into plant tissues. To study the mechanisms that regulate the induction of cell death in response to inhibition of cellulose synthesis, we used Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension cultures treated with two structurally different CBIs, TA and the herbicide isoxaben (IXB). RESULTS The induction of cell death by TA and IXB was abrogated following pretreatment with the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and the natural auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The addition of auxin efflux inhibitors also inhibited the CBI-mediated induction of PCD. This effect may be due to intracellular accumulation of auxin. Auxin has a wide range of effects in plant cells, including a role in the control of cell wall composition and rigidity to facilitate cell elongation. Using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)-based force spectroscopy, we found that inhibition of cellulose synthesis by TA and IXB in suspension-cultured cells decreased cell wall stiffness to a level slightly different than that caused by auxin. However, the cell wall stiffness in cells pretreated with auxin prior to CBI treatment was equivalent to that of cells treated with auxin only. CONCLUSIONS Addition of auxin to Arabidopsis cell suspension cultures prevented the TA- and IXB-mediated induction of cell death. Cell survival was also stimulated by inhibition of polar auxin transport during CBI-treatment. Inhibition of cellulose synthesis perturbed cell wall mechanical properties of Arabidopsis cells. Auxin treatment alone or with CBI also decreased cell wall stiffness, showing that the mechanical properties of the cell wall perturbed by CBIs were not restored by auxin. However, since auxin's effects on the cell wall stiffness apparently overrode those induced by CBIs, we suggest that auxin may limit the impact of CBIs by restoring its own transport and/or by stabilizing the plasma membrane - cell wall - cytoskeleton continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Awwad
- Centre SÈVE, Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
- Present address: Groupe de Recherche en Biologie végétale, Département de chimie, biochimie et physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Guillaume Bertrand
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Département de pharmacologie et physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Michel Grandbois
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Département de pharmacologie et physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Nathalie Beaudoin
- Centre SÈVE, Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada.
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Engelsdorf T, Kjaer L, Gigli-Bisceglia N, Vaahtera L, Bauer S, Miedes E, Wormit A, James L, Chairam I, Molina A, Hamann T. Functional characterization of genes mediating cell wall metabolism and responses to plant cell wall integrity impairment. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:320. [PMID: 31319813 PMCID: PMC6637594 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1934-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant cell walls participate in all plant-environment interactions. Maintaining cell wall integrity (CWI) during these interactions is essential. This realization led to increased interest in CWI and resulted in knowledge regarding early perception and signalling mechanisms active during CWI maintenance. By contrast, knowledge regarding processes mediating changes in cell wall metabolism upon CWI impairment is very limited. RESULTS To identify genes involved and to investigate their contributions to the processes we selected 23 genes with altered expression in response to CWI impairment and characterized the impact of T-DNA insertions in these genes on cell wall composition using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Insertions in 14 genes led to cell wall phenotypes detectable by FTIR. A detailed analysis of four genes found that their altered expression upon CWI impairment is dependent on THE1 activity, a key component of CWI maintenance. Phenotypic characterizations of insertion lines suggest that the four genes are required for particular aspects of CWI maintenance, cell wall composition or resistance to Plectosphaerella cucumerina infection in adult plants. CONCLUSION Taken together, the results implicate the genes in responses to CWI impairment, cell wall metabolism and/or pathogen defence, thus identifying new molecular components and processes relevant for CWI maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Engelsdorf
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Present address: Division of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Philipps University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lars Kjaer
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, London, SW72AZ UK
- Present address: Sjælland erhvervsakademi, Breddahlsgade 1b, 4200 Slagelse, Zealand Denmark
| | - Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Present address: Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708PB The Netherlands
| | - Lauri Vaahtera
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stefan Bauer
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, 120A Energy Biosciences Building, 2151 Berkeley Way, MC 5230, Berkeley, CA 94720-5230 USA
- Present address: Zymergen, Inc, 5980 Horton St, Suite 105, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
| | - Eva Miedes
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo- UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexandra Wormit
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, London, SW72AZ UK
- Present address: RWTH Aachen, Institute for Biology I, Worringerweg 3, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lucinda James
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, London, SW72AZ UK
- Present address: ADAS, Battlegate Road, Boxworth, Cambridge, CB23 4NN UK
| | - Issariya Chairam
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, London, SW72AZ UK
- Present address: ADAS, Battlegate Road, Boxworth, Cambridge, CB23 4NN UK
- Present address: Department of Nuclear Safety and Security, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo- UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, London, SW72AZ UK
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Liu X, Li J, Zhao H, Liu B, Günther-Pomorski T, Chen S, Liesche J. Novel tool to quantify cell wall porosity relates wall structure to cell growth and drug uptake. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:1408-1421. [PMID: 30782779 PMCID: PMC6446840 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201810121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though cell walls have essential functions for bacteria, fungi, and plants, tools to investigate their dynamic structure in living cells have been missing. Here, it is shown that changes in the intensity of the plasma membrane dye FM4-64 in response to extracellular quenchers depend on the nano-scale porosity of cell walls. The correlation of quenching efficiency and cell wall porosity is supported by tests on various cell types, application of differently sized quenchers, and comparison of results with confocal, electron, and atomic force microscopy images. The quenching assay was used to investigate how changes in cell wall porosity affect the capability for extension growth in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana Results suggest that increased porosity is not a precondition but a result of cell extension, thereby providing new insight on the mechanism plant organ growth. Furthermore, it was shown that higher cell wall porosity can facilitate the action of antifungal drugs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, presumably by facilitating uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jiazhou Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Heyu Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Boyang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Thomas Günther-Pomorski
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Shaolin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Johannes Liesche
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China .,Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Chen HW, Persson S, Grebe M, McFarlane HE. Cellulose synthesis during cell plate assembly. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 164:17-26. [PMID: 29418000 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall surrounds and protects the cells. To divide, plant cells must synthesize a new cell wall to separate the two daughter cells. The cell plate is a transient polysaccharide-based compartment that grows between daughter cells and gives rise to the new cell wall. Cellulose constitutes a key component of the cell wall, and mutants with defects in cellulose synthesis commonly share phenotypes with cytokinesis-defective mutants. However, despite the importance of cellulose in the cell plate and the daughter cell wall, many open questions remain regarding the timing and regulation of cellulose synthesis during cell division. These questions represent a critical gap in our knowledge of cell plate assembly, cell division and growth. Here, we review what is known about cellulose synthesis at the cell plate and in the newly formed cross-wall and pose key questions about the molecular mechanisms that govern these processes. We further provide an outlook discussing outstanding questions and possible future directions for this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Wen Chen
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam D-14476, Germany
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Markus Grebe
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam D-14476, Germany
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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37
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Gigli-Bisceglia N, Hamann T. Outside-in control - does plant cell wall integrity regulate cell cycle progression? PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 164:82-94. [PMID: 29652097 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
During recent years it has become accepted that plant cell walls are not inert objects surrounding all plant cells but are instead highly dynamic, plastic structures. They are involved in a large number of cell biological processes and contribute actively to plant growth, development and interaction with environment. Therefore, it is not surprising that cellular processes can control plant cell wall integrity (CWI) while, simultaneously, CWI can influence cellular processes. In yeast and animal cells such a bidirectional relationship also exists between the yeast/animal extracellular matrices and the cell cycle. In yeast, the CWI maintenance mechanism and a dedicated plasma membrane integrity checkpoint are mediating this relationship. Recent research has yielded insights into the mechanism controlling plant cell wall metabolism during cytokinesis. However, the knowledge regarding putative regulatory pathways controlling adaptive modifications in plant cell cycle activity in response to changes in the state of the plant cell wall are not yet identified. In this review, we summarize similarities and differences in regulatory mechanisms coordinating extracellular matrices and cell cycle activity in animal and yeast cells, discuss the available evidence supporting the existence of such a mechanism in plants and suggest that the plant CWI maintenance mechanism might also control cell cycle activity in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
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38
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Engelsdorf T, Gigli-Bisceglia N, Veerabagu M, McKenna JF, Vaahtera L, Augstein F, Van der Does D, Zipfel C, Hamann T. The plant cell wall integrity maintenance and immune signaling systems cooperate to control stress responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/536/eaao3070. [PMID: 29945884 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aao3070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell walls surround all plant cells, and their composition and structure are modified in a tightly controlled, adaptive manner to meet sometimes opposing functional requirements during growth and development. The plant cell wall integrity (CWI) maintenance mechanism controls these functional modifications, as well as responses to cell wall damage (CWD). We investigated how the CWI system mediates responses to CWD in Arabidopsis thaliana CWD induced by cell wall-degrading enzymes or an inhibitor of cellulose biosynthesis elicited similar, turgor-sensitive stress responses. Phenotypic clustering with 27 genotypes identified a core group of receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and ion channels required for the activation of CWD responses. A genetic analysis showed that the RLK FEI2 and the plasma membrane-localized mechanosensitive Ca2+ channel MCA1 functioned downstream of the RLK THE1 in CWD perception. In contrast, pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) signaling components, including the receptors for plant elicitor peptides (AtPeps) PEPR1 and PEPR2, repressed responses to CWD. CWD induced the expression of PROPEP1 and PROPEP3, which encode the precursors of AtPep1 and AtPep3, and the release of PROPEP3 into the growth medium. Application of AtPep1 and AtPep3 repressed CWD-induced phytohormone accumulation in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that AtPep-mediated signaling suppresses CWD-induced defense responses controlled by the CWI mechanism. This suppression was alleviated when PTI signaling downstream of PEPR1 and PEPR2 was impaired. Defense responses controlled by the CWI maintenance mechanism might thus compensate to some extent for the loss of PTI signaling elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Engelsdorf
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Manikandan Veerabagu
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Joseph F McKenna
- Department of Biology, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ London, UK
| | - Lauri Vaahtera
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Frauke Augstein
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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Guerriero G, Berni R, Muñoz-Sanchez JA, Apone F, Abdel-Salam EM, Qahtan AA, Alatar AA, Cantini C, Cai G, Hausman JF, Siddiqui KS, Hernández-Sotomayor SMT, Faisal M. Production of Plant Secondary Metabolites: Examples, Tips and Suggestions for Biotechnologists. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E309. [PMID: 29925808 PMCID: PMC6027220 DOI: 10.3390/genes9060309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms and, in order to defend themselves against exogenous (a)biotic constraints, they synthesize an array of secondary metabolites which have important physiological and ecological effects. Plant secondary metabolites can be classified into four major classes: terpenoids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids and sulphur-containing compounds. These phytochemicals can be antimicrobial, act as attractants/repellents, or as deterrents against herbivores. The synthesis of such a rich variety of phytochemicals is also observed in undifferentiated plant cells under laboratory conditions and can be further induced with elicitors or by feeding precursors. In this review, we discuss the recent literature on the production of representatives of three plant secondary metabolite classes: artemisinin (a sesquiterpene), lignans (phenolic compounds) and caffeine (an alkaloid). Their respective production in well-known plants, i.e., Artemisia, Coffea arabica L., as well as neglected species, like the fibre-producing plant Urtica dioica L., will be surveyed. The production of artemisinin and caffeine in heterologous hosts will also be discussed. Additionally, metabolic engineering strategies to increase the bioactivity and stability of plant secondary metabolites will be surveyed, by focusing on glycosyltransferases (GTs). We end our review by proposing strategies to enhance the production of plant secondary metabolites in cell cultures by inducing cell wall modifications with chemicals/drugs, or with altered concentrations of the micronutrient boron and the quasi-essential element silicon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gea Guerriero
- Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Roberto Berni
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy.
- Trees and timber institute-National research council of Italy (CNR-IVALSA), via Aurelia 49, 58022 Follonica (GR), Italy.
| | - J Armando Muñoz-Sanchez
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 # 130 X 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán 97205, Mexico.
| | - Fabio Apone
- Arterra Biosciences srl/Vitalab srl, via B. Brin 69, 80142 Naples, Italy.
| | - Eslam M Abdel-Salam
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmad A Qahtan
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdulrahman A Alatar
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Claudio Cantini
- Trees and timber institute-National research council of Italy (CNR-IVALSA), via Aurelia 49, 58022 Follonica (GR), Italy.
| | - Giampiero Cai
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Khawar Sohail Siddiqui
- Life Sciences Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), 31261 Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
| | - S M Teresa Hernández-Sotomayor
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 # 130 X 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán 97205, Mexico.
| | - Mohammad Faisal
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Brabham C, Stork J, Barrett M, DeBolt S. Grass cell walls have a role in the inherent tolerance of grasses to the cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor isoxaben. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:878-884. [PMID: 29087620 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors (CBIs) are pre-emergence herbicides that inhibit anisotropic cell expansion resulting in a severely swollen and stunted growth phenotype. Resistance to group 21 CBIs, such as isoxaben, is conferred by missense mutations in CELLOSE SYNTHASE A (CesA) genes required for primary cell wall synthesis, concluding that this is their in vivo target. RESULTS Herein, we show that grasses exhibit tolerance to group 21 CBIs and explore the mechanism of tolerance to isoxaben in the grass Brachypodium distachyon (L.). Comparative genomics failed to identify synonymous point mutations that have been found to confer isoxaben resistance in the dicot Arabidopsis thaliana (L.). Brachypodium did not metabolize 14 C-isoxaben. We next explored the role of grass-specific non-cellulosic cell wall components, specifically the hemicellulose polysaccharide mix linkage glucans (MLG), as a potential tolerance mechanism by compensating for the loss of cellulose during cell elongation. A partial-transcriptional knockdown T-DNA insertion was found in a key MLG synthesis gene, Cellulose synthase-like F6 (CslF6) and this mutant was found to be 2.1 times more sensitive to isoxaben than wild-type plants. CONCLUSION These data suggest that the composition and compensatory response of grass cell walls may be a factor in conferring tolerance to group 21 CBIs. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Brabham
- Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jozsef Stork
- Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Michael Barrett
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Seth DeBolt
- Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Hernández-Altamirano JM, Largo-Gosens A, Martínez-Rubio R, Pereda D, Álvarez JM, Acebes JL, Encina A, García-Angulo P. Effect of ancymidol on cell wall metabolism in growing maize cells. PLANTA 2018; 247:987-999. [PMID: 29330614 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2840-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ancymidol inhibits the incorporation of cellulose into cell walls of maize cell cultures in a gibberellin-independent manner, impairing cell growth; the reduction in the cellulose content is compensated with xylans. Ancymidol is a plant growth retardant which impairs gibberellin biosynthesis. It has been reported to inhibit cellulose synthesis by tobacco cells, based on its cell-malforming effects. To ascertain the putative role of ancymidol as a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor, we conducted a biochemical study of its effect on cell growth and cell wall metabolism in maize cultured cells. Ancymidol concentrations ≤ 500 µM progressively reduced cell growth and induced globular cell shape without affecting cell viability. However, cell growth and viability were strongly reduced by ancymidol concentrations ≥ 1.5 mM. The I50 value for the effect of ancymidol on FW gain was 658 µM. A reversal of the inhibitory effects on cell growth was observed when 500 µM ancymidol-treated cultures were supplemented with 100 µM GA3. Ancymidol impaired the accumulation of cellulose in cell walls, as monitored by FTIR spectroscopy. Cells treated with 500 µM ancymidol showed a ~ 60% reduction in cellulose content, with no further change as the ancymidol concentration increased. Cellulose content was partially restored by 100 µM GA3. Radiolabeling experiments confirmed that ancymidol reduced the incorporation of [14C]glucose into α-cellulose and this reduction was not reverted by the simultaneous application of GA3. RT-PCR analysis indicated that the cellulose biosynthesis inhibition caused by ancymidol is not related to a downregulation of ZmCesA gene expression. Additionally, ancymidol treatment increased the incorporation of [3H]arabinose into a hemicellulose-enriched fraction, and up-regulated ZmIRX9 and ZmIRX10L gene expression, indicating an enhancement in the biosynthesis of arabinoxylans as a compensatory response to cellulose reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mabel Hernández-Altamirano
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Asier Largo-Gosens
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Andrés Bello, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Romina Martínez-Rubio
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Diego Pereda
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Jesús M Álvarez
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - José L Acebes
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain.
| | - Antonio Encina
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Penélope García-Angulo
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
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Bacete L, Mélida H, Miedes E, Molina A. Plant cell wall-mediated immunity: cell wall changes trigger disease resistance responses. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:614-636. [PMID: 29266460 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a repertoire of monitoring systems to sense plant morphogenesis and to face environmental changes and threats caused by different attackers. These systems integrate different signals into overreaching triggering pathways which coordinate developmental and defence-associated responses. The plant cell wall, a dynamic and complex structure surrounding every plant cell, has emerged recently as an essential component of plant monitoring systems, thus expanding its function as a passive defensive barrier. Plants have a dedicated mechanism for maintaining cell wall integrity (CWI) which comprises a diverse set of plasma membrane-resident sensors and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The PRRs perceive plant-derived ligands, such as peptides or wall glycans, known as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). These DAMPs function as 'danger' alert signals activating DAMP-triggered immunity (DTI), which shares signalling components and responses with the immune pathways triggered by non-self microbe-associated molecular patterns that mediate disease resistance. Alteration of CWI by impairment of the expression or activity of proteins involved in cell wall biosynthesis and/or remodelling, as occurs in some plant cell wall mutants, or by wall damage due to colonization by pathogens/pests, activates specific defensive and growth responses. Our current understanding of how these alterations of CWI are perceived by the wall monitoring systems is scarce and few plant sensors/PRRs and DAMPs have been characterized. The identification of these CWI sensors and PRR-DAMP pairs will help us to understand the immune functions of the wall monitoring system, and might allow the breeding of crop varieties and the design of agricultural strategies that would enhance crop disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bacete
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hugo Mélida
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Miedes
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Direct observation of the effects of cellulose synthesis inhibitors using live cell imaging of Cellulose Synthase (CESA) in Physcomitrella patens. Sci Rep 2018; 8:735. [PMID: 29335590 PMCID: PMC5768717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18994-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Results from live cell imaging of fluorescently tagged Cellulose Synthase (CESA) proteins in Cellulose Synthesis Complexes (CSCs) have enhanced our understanding of cellulose biosynthesis, including the mechanisms of action of cellulose synthesis inhibitors. However, this method has been applied only in Arabidopsis thaliana and Brachypodium distachyon thus far. Results from freeze fracture electron microscopy of protonemal filaments of the moss Funaria hygrometrica indicate that a cellulose synthesis inhibitor, 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB), fragments CSCs and clears them from the plasma membrane. This differs from Arabidopsis, in which DCB causes CSC accumulation in the plasma membrane and a different cellulose synthesis inhibitor, isoxaben, clears CSCs from the plasma membrane. In this study, live cell imaging of the moss Physcomitrella patens indicated that DCB and isoxaben have little effect on protonemal growth rates, and that only DCB causes tip rupture. Live cell imaging of mEGFP-PpCESA5 and mEGFP-PpCESA8 showed that DCB and isoxaben substantially reduced CSC movement, but had no measureable effect on CSC density in the plasma membrane. These results suggest that DCB and isoxaben have similar effects on CSC movement in P. patens and Arabidopsis, but have different effects on CSC intracellular trafficking, cell growth and cell integrity in these divergent plant lineages.
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Shim I, Law R, Kileeg Z, Stronghill P, Northey JGB, Strap JL, Bonetta DT. Alleles Causing Resistance to Isoxaben and Flupoxam Highlight the Significance of Transmembrane Domains for CESA Protein Function. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1152. [PMID: 30197649 PMCID: PMC6118223 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The cellulose synthase (CESA) proteins in Arabidopsis play an essential role in the production of cellulose in the cell walls. Herbicides such as isoxaben and flupoxam specifically target this production process and are prominent cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors (CBIs). Forward genetic screens in Arabidopsis revealed that mutations that can result in varying degrees of resistance to either isoxaben or flupoxam CBI can be attributed to single amino acid substitutions in primary wall CESAs. Missense mutations were almost exclusively present in the predicted transmembrane regions of CESA1, CESA3, and CESA6. Resistance to isoxaben was also conferred by modification to the catalytic residues of CESA3. This resulted in cellulose deficient phenotypes characterized by reduced crystallinity and dwarfism. However, mapping of mutations to the transmembrane regions also lead to growth phenotypes and altered cellulose crystallinity phenotypes. These results provide further genetic evidence supporting the involvement of CESA transmembrane regions in cellulose biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Shim
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Law
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Zachary Kileeg
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia Stronghill
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough Campus, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julian G. B. Northey
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Janice L. Strap
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dario T. Bonetta
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Dario T. Bonetta,
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Gigli-Bisceglia N, Engelsdorf T, Strnad M, Vaahtera L, Khan GA, Jamoune A, Alipanah L, Novák O, Persson S, Hejatko J, Hamann T. Cell wall integrity modulates Arabidopsis thaliana cell cycle gene expression in a cytokinin- and nitrate reductase-dependent manner. Development 2018; 145:dev.166678. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.166678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During plant growth and defense, cell cycle activity needs to be coordinated with cell wall integrity. Little is known about how coordination is achieved. Here we investigated coordination in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings by studying the impact of cell wall damage (CWD, caused by cellulose biosynthesis inhibition) on cytokinin homeostasis, cell cycle gene expression and shape in root tips. CWD inhibited cell cycle gene expression and increased transition zone cell width in an osmo-sensitive manner. These results were correlated with CWD-induced, osmo-sensitive changes in cytokinin homeostasis. Expression of CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE2 and 3 (CKX2, CKX3), encoding cytokinin-degrading enzymes was induced by CWD and reduced by osmoticum treatment. In nitrate reductase1 nitrate reductase2 (nia1 nia2) seedlings, neither CKX2 and CKX3 transcript levels were increased nor cell cycle gene expression repressed by CWD. Moreover, established CWD-induced responses like jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and lignin production, were also absent, implying a central role of NIA1- and NIA2-mediated processes in regulation of CWD responses. These results suggest that CWD enhances cytokinin degradation rates through a NIA1 and NIA2-mediated process, subsequently attenuating cell cycle gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Timo Engelsdorf
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lauri Vaahtera
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Amel Jamoune
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Leila Alipanah
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jan Hejatko
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Kuki H, Higaki T, Yokoyama R, Kuroha T, Shinohara N, Hasezawa S, Nishitani K. Quantitative confocal imaging method for analyzing cellulose dynamics during cell wall regeneration in Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts. PLANT DIRECT 2017; 1:e00021. [PMID: 31245675 PMCID: PMC6508514 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The network structure of cellulose fibrils provides mechanical properties to the primary cell wall, thereby determining the shapes and growth patterns of plant cells. Despite intensive studies, the construction process of the network structure in muro remains largely unknown, mainly due to the lack of a robust, straightforward technique to evaluate network configuration. Here, we developed a quantitative confocal imaging method for general use in the study of cell wall dynamics in protoplasts derived from Arabidopsis leaf mesophyll cells. Confocal imaging of regenerating cell walls in protoplasts stained with Calcofluor allowed us to visualize the cellulose network, comprising strings of bundled cellulosic fibrils. Using image analysis techniques, we measured several metrics including total length, which is a measure of the spread of the cellulose network. The total length increased during cell wall regeneration. In a proof-of-concept experiment using microtubule-modifying agents, oryzalin, an inhibitor of microtubule polymerization, inhibited the increase in total length and caused abnormal orientation of the network, as shown by the decrease in the average angle of the cellulose with respect to the cell long axis. Taxol, a microtubule stabilizer, stimulated the bundling of cellulose fibrils, as shown by the increase in skewness in the fluorescence intensity distribution of Calcofluor, and inhibited the increase in total length. These results demonstrate the validity of this method for quantitative imaging of the cellulose network, providing an opportunity to gain insight into the dynamic aspects of cell wall regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kuki
- Graduate School of Life SciencesTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Takumi Higaki
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and TechnologyKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | | | - Takeshi Kuroha
- Graduate School of Life SciencesTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Naoki Shinohara
- Graduate School of Life SciencesTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Seiichiro Hasezawa
- Department of Integrated BiosciencesGraduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of TokyoKashiwanoha KashiwaChibaJapan
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Sebastian DJ, Fleming MB, Patterson EL, Sebastian JR, Nissen SJ. Indaziflam: a new cellulose-biosynthesis-inhibiting herbicide provides long-term control of invasive winter annual grasses. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:2149-2162. [PMID: 28436172 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indaziflam is a cellulose-biosynthesis-inhibiting (CBI) herbicide that is a unique mode of action for resistance management and has broad spectrum activity at low application rates. This research further explores indaziflam's activity on monocotyledons and dicotyledons and evaluates indaziflam's potential for restoring non-crop sites infested with invasive winter annual grasses. RESULTS Treated Arabidopsis, downy brome, feral rye and kochia were all susceptible to indaziflam in a dose-dependent manner. We confirmed that indaziflam has increased activity on monocots (average GR50 = 231 pm and 0.38 g AI ha-1 ) at reduced concentrations compared with dicots (average GR50 = 512 pm and 0.87 g AI ha-1 ). Fluorescence microscopy confirmed common CBI symptomologies following indaziflam treatments, as well as aberrant root and cell morphology. Across five application timings, indaziflam treatments resulted in superior invasive winter annual grass control 2 years after treatment (from 84 ± 5.1% to 99 ± 0.5%) compared with imazapic (36% ± 1.2%). Indaziflam treatments significantly increased biomass and species richness of co-occurring species 2 years after treatment. CONCLUSION Indaziflam's increased activity on monocots could provide a new alternative management strategy for long-term control of multiple invasive winter annual grasses that invade >23 million ha of US rangeland. Indaziflam could potentially be used to eliminate the soil seed bank of these invasive grasses, reduce fine fuel accumulation and ultimately increase the competitiveness of perennial co-occuring species. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Sebastian
- Bioagricultural Science and Pest Management Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Margaret B Fleming
- Bioagricultural Science and Pest Management Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- USDA Agricultural Research Services, National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Eric L Patterson
- Bioagricultural Science and Pest Management Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - James R Sebastian
- Weed Specialist, Boulder County Parks and Open Space, Longmont, CO, USA
| | - Scott J Nissen
- Bioagricultural Science and Pest Management Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Tolmie F, Poulet A, McKenna J, Sassmann S, Graumann K, Deeks M, Runions J. The cell wall of Arabidopsis thaliana influences actin network dynamics. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4517-4527. [PMID: 28981774 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In plant cells, molecular connections link the cell wall-plasma membrane-actin cytoskeleton to form a continuum. It is hypothesized that the cell wall provides stable anchor points around which the actin cytoskeleton remodels. Here we use live cell imaging of fluorescently labelled marker proteins to quantify the organization and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton and to determine the impact of disrupting connections within the continuum. Labelling of the actin cytoskeleton with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-fimbrin actin-binding domain 2 (FABD2) resulted in a network composed of fine filaments and thicker bundles that appeared as a highly dynamic remodelling meshwork. This differed substantially from the GFP-Lifeact-labelled network that appeared much more sparse with thick bundles that underwent 'simple movement', in which the bundles slightly change position, but in such a manner that the structure of the network was not substantially altered during the time of observation. Label-dependent differences in actin network morphology and remodelling necessitated development of two new image analysis techniques. The first of these, 'pairwise image subtraction', was applied to measurement of the more rapidly remodelling actin network labelled with GFP-FABD2, while the second, 'cumulative fluorescence intensity', was used to measure bulk remodelling of the actin cytoskeleton when labelled with GFP-Lifeact. In each case, these analysis techniques show that the actin cytoskeleton has a decreased rate of bulk remodelling when the cell wall-plasma membrane-actin continuum is disrupted either by plasmolysis or with isoxaben, a drug that specifically inhibits cellulose deposition. Changes in the rate of actin remodelling also affect its functionality, as observed by alteration in Golgi body motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Tolmie
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Axel Poulet
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Joseph McKenna
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Stefan Sassmann
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Katja Graumann
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Michael Deeks
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - John Runions
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
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Sorek N, Turner S. From the nucleus to the apoplast: building the plant’s cell wall. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:445-7. [PMID: 27119140 PMCID: PMC4699472 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
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