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Wyatt AL, Pardoe HS, Cleal CJ, Sánchez Vilas J. Rapid morphological change in UK populations of Impatiens glandulifera. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19275. [PMID: 39164340 PMCID: PMC11335755 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69710-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The highly invasive Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam) is one of the most prolific and widespread invasive plants in the British Isles. Introduced in the early nineteenth century, it has now been reported in almost every vice county across the UK and is a fierce competitor that has adverse effects on the local community structure. Despite the negative impacts that invaders like I. glandulifera have on local communities, there have been very few studies which address the morphological changes that invasive plant populations have undergone since their initial introduction. This is the first study of its kind to investigate the morphological changes that have occurred in I. glandulifera. 315 herbarium specimens dating from 1865 to 2017 were used to measure changes in morphological traits such as leaf size, flower length and stomatal characteristics. We found that since 1865, there has been a significant reduction in overall leaf size, a significant reduction in stomatal density and a significant increase in the overall flower length. These results highlight the importance of monitoring the evolutionary change in prolific alien species over the course of their invasion, providing useful insights into changes in competitive ability which may prove useful in managing dispersal and providing options for potential management.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Wyatt
- Geobiology and Geochemistry Division, Cardiff School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - H S Pardoe
- Department of Natural Sciences, Amgueddfa Cymru - Museum Wales, Cathays Park, Cardiff, CF10 3NP, UK
| | - C J Cleal
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
- Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional (Área de Ecoloxía), Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, c/ Lope Gómez de Marzoa s/n, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J Sánchez Vilas
- Organisms and Environment Division, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
- Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional (Área de Ecoloxía), Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, c/ Lope Gómez de Marzoa s/n, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Csorba C, Rodić N, Antonielli L, Sessitsch A, Vlachou A, Ahmad M, Compant S, Puschenreiter M, Molin EM, Assimopoulou AN, Brader G. Soil pH, developmental stages and geographical origin differently influence the root metabolomic diversity and root-related microbial diversity of Echium vulgare from native habitats. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1369754. [PMID: 38984162 PMCID: PMC11232435 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1369754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Improved understanding of the complex interaction between plant metabolism, environmental conditions and the plant-associated microbiome requires an interdisciplinary approach: Our hypothesis in our multiomics study posited that several environmental and biotic factors have modulating effects on the microbiome and metabolome of the roots of wild Echium vulgare plants. Furthermore, we postulated reciprocal interactions between the root metabolome and microbiome. We investigated the metabolic content, the genetic variability, and the prokaryotic microbiome in the root systems of wild E. vulgare plants at rosette and flowering stages across six distinct locations. We incorporated the assessment of soil microbiomes and the measurement of selected soil chemical composition factors. Two distinct genetic clusters were determined based on microsatellite analysis without a consistent alignment with the geographical proximity between the locations. The microbial diversity of both the roots of E. vulgare and the surrounding bulk soil exhibited significant divergence across locations, varying soil pH characteristics, and within the identified plant genetic clusters. Notably, acidophilic bacteria were characteristic inhabitants of both soil and roots under acidic soil conditions, emphasizing the close interconnectedness between these compartments. The metabolome of E. vulgare significantly differed between root samples from different developmental stages, geographical locations, and soil pH levels. The developmental stage was the dominant driver of metabolome changes, with significantly higher concentrations of sugars, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, and some of their precursors in rosette stage plant roots. Our study featured the complex dynamics between soil pH, plant development, geographical locations, plant genetics, plant metabolome and microbiome, shedding light on existing knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Csorba
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health & Bioresources, Bioresources Unit, Tulln, Austria
| | - Nebojša Rodić
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Natural Products Research Centre of Excellence (NatPro-AUTh), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Livio Antonielli
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health & Bioresources, Bioresources Unit, Tulln, Austria
| | - Angela Sessitsch
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health & Bioresources, Bioresources Unit, Tulln, Austria
| | - Angeliki Vlachou
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Natural Products Research Centre of Excellence (NatPro-AUTh), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Muhammad Ahmad
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health & Bioresources, Bioresources Unit, Tulln, Austria
- Department of Forest Growth, Silviculture and Genetics, Austrian Research Centre for Forests (BFW), Vienna, Austria
| | - Stéphane Compant
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health & Bioresources, Bioresources Unit, Tulln, Austria
| | - Markus Puschenreiter
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva M. Molin
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health & Bioresources, Bioresources Unit, Tulln, Austria
| | - Andreana N. Assimopoulou
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Natural Products Research Centre of Excellence (NatPro-AUTh), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Günter Brader
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health & Bioresources, Bioresources Unit, Tulln, Austria
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Singh AA, Ghosh A, Agrawal M, Agrawal SB. Secondary metabolites responses of plants exposed to ozone: an update. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:88281-88312. [PMID: 37440135 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a secondary pollutant that causes oxidative stress in plants due to the generation of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS). Phenylpropanoid metabolism is induced as a usual response to stress in plants, and induction of key enzyme activities and accumulation of secondary metabolites occur, upon O3 exposure to provide resistance or tolerance. The phenylpropanoid, isoprenoid, and alkaloid pathways are the major secondary metabolic pathways from which plant defense metabolites emerge. Chronic exposure to O3 significantly accelerates the direction of carbon flows toward secondary metabolic pathways, resulting in a resource shift in favor of the synthesis of secondary products. Furthermore, since different cellular compartments have different levels of ROS sensitivity and metabolite sets, intracellular compartmentation of secondary antioxidative metabolites may play a role in O3-induced ROS detoxification. Plants' responses to resource partitioning often result in a trade-off between growth and defense under O3 stress. These metabolic adjustments help the plants to cope with the stress as well as for achieving new homeostasis. In this review, we discuss secondary metabolic pathways in response to O3 in plant species including crops, trees, and medicinal plants; and how the presence of this stressor affects their role as ROS scavengers and structural defense. Furthermore, we discussed how O3 affects key physiological traits in plants, foliar chemistry, and volatile emission, which affects plant-plant competition (allelopathy), and plant-insect interactions, along with an emphasis on soil dynamics, which affect the composition of soil communities via changing root exudation, litter decomposition, and other related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Abha Singh
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, -226007, Lucknow, India
| | - Annesha Ghosh
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Madhoolika Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Yan Y, Wei X, Qiu B, Wang G, Zhou B, Zhang M, Liu Y, Li S, Gao B, Li M. Exploring pharmaphylogeny from multiple perspectives: a case study on Lithospermeae. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7636. [PMID: 37169837 PMCID: PMC10175555 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34830-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lithospermeae Dumort., a tribe under the subfamily Boraginoidae, is a perennial herb containing approximately 470 species under 26 genera, primarily distributed in temperate and tropical regions. To gain a deeper understanding of the medicinal plants of Lithospermeae and better protect and develop plant medicinal resources, the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and traditional use of Lithospermeae with medicinal value were analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out based on the internal transcribed spacer sequence. Through spatial analysis and the species distribution model, the spatial distribution pattern of Lithospermeae medicinal plants was analyzed. Meanwhile, the relevant targets and pathways involved in the pharmacological effects of commonly used medicinal plants were predicted using network pharmacology to further explore the genetic origin of Lithospermeae and enrich the pharmaphylogeny of medicinal plants. In this study, the chemical composition, traditional efficacy, and modern pharmacological activity of Lithospermeae were collected for the first time and analyzed in combination with the geographical distribution model, molecular phylogeny, and network pharmacology. Based on our findings, the pharmaphylogeny of Lithospermeae was preliminarily discussed, providing the scientific basis for basic research regarding Lithospermeae. Concurrently, this study explored the relationship between the development of the regional medicinal plant industry and the protection of biodiversity. Furthermore, our findings provide direction and theoretical guidance for the study of the phylogenetic relationships in medicinal plants and the development of Lithospermeae medicinal plant resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, 014040, China
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Inner Mongolia Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, 010000, China
| | - Xinxin Wei
- Department College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010000, China
| | - Bin Qiu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Guoping Wang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica and Ethnic Materia Medica, Xinjiang Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Ethnical Materia, Xinjiang, 830000, China
| | - Baochang Zhou
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010000, China
| | - Mingxu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, 014040, China
| | - Yibo Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010000, China
| | - Siqi Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, 014040, China
| | - Bowen Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, 014040, China
| | - Minhui Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, 014040, China.
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Inner Mongolia Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, 010000, China.
- Department College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010000, China.
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010000, China.
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5
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Suttiyut T, Benzinger SW, McCoy RM, Widhalm JR. Strategies to study the metabolic origins of specialized plant metabolites: The specialized 1,4-naphthoquinones. Methods Enzymol 2023; 680:217-246. [PMID: 36710012 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of specialized plant metabolites is that they are produced using precursors from central metabolism. Therefore, in addition to identifying and characterizing the pathway genes and enzymes involved in synthesizing a specialized compound, it is critical to study its metabolic origins. Identifying what primary metabolic pathways supply precursors to specialized metabolism and how primary metabolism has diversified to sustain fluxes to specialized metabolite pathways is imperative to optimizing synthetic biology strategies for producing high-value plant natural products in crops and microbial systems. Improved understanding of the metabolic origins of specialized plant metabolites has also revealed instances of recurrent evolution of the same compound, or nearly identical compounds, with similar ecological functions, thereby expanding knowledge about the factors driving the chemical diversity in the plant kingdom. In this chapter, we describe detailed methods for performing tracer studies, chemical inhibitor experiments, and reverse genetics. We use examples from investigations of the metabolic origins of specialized plant 1,4-naphthoquinones (1,4-NQs). The plant 1,4-NQs provide an excellent case study for illustrating the importance of investigating the metabolic origins of specialized metabolites. Over half a century of research by many groups has revealed that the pathways to synthesize plant 1,4-NQs are the result of multiple events of convergent evolution across several disparate plant lineages and that plant 1,4-NQ pathways are supported by extraordinary events of metabolic innovation and by various primary metabolic sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiti Suttiyut
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Scott W Benzinger
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Rachel M McCoy
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Joshua R Widhalm
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
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Ghazagh F, Bagherieh-Najjar MB, Nezamdoost T. Unraveling the interaction of copper, cadmium, calcium, and nitrate on phenolics, flavonoids, and shikonin contents of Onosma dichroantha calli by statistical modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:43804-43816. [PMID: 36662436 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25187-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Increased anthropogenic activities have led to the accumulation of certain minerals to ecotoxic levels in the environment, which could influence the secondary metabolism of plants. Shikonin, an exudate from the roots of Onosma dichroantha, is a secondary metabolite involved in plant defense and invasion success; however, the interactive effects of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), calcium (Ca), and nitrate (NO3) in shikonin biosynthesis and accumulation are not known. Here, the individual, curvilinear, and pairwise effects of these elements on shikonin biosynthesis in callus culture of O. dichroantha have been investigated by means of a statistical modeling approach and multivariate regression analyses. Although the main effects of the examined minerals seemed to be suppressive, their combined interactions could enhance callus growth and secondary metabolism of O. dichroantha. Accordingly, maximum values were recorded for the callus growth index (6.85 at 23.25 μM Cu, 70 mM NO3, 1 mM Ca, 27.50 μM Cd), total phenolics (24.83 mg gallic acid equivalent at 9.75 μM Cu, 70 mM NO3, 1 mM Ca, 62.50 μM Cd), total flavonoids (6.12 mg quercetin equivalent at 30 μM Cu, 80 mM NO3, 1.5 mM Ca, 45 μM Cd), and shikonin (24.33 μg g-1 FW at 9.75 μM Cu, 70 mM NO3, 2 mM Ca, 27.5 μM Cd). Overall, these data show that increasing concentrations of the examined minerals in culture medium can markedly influence the secondary metabolism of O. dichroantha cells and suggest that a comparable phenomenon may exist in a wider range of medicinal plants, grown on polluted environments, which may affect their invasive capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ghazagh
- Department of Biology, Golestan University, Shahid Beheshti Ave, Gorgan, Golestan, Iran
| | | | - Tahereh Nezamdoost
- Department of Biology, Golestan University, Shahid Beheshti Ave, Gorgan, Golestan, Iran
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Bautista-Sopelana LM, Bolívar P, Gómez-Muñoz MT, Martínez-Díaz RA, Andrés MF, Alonso JC, Bravo C, González-Coloma A. Bioactivity of plants eaten by wild birds against laboratory models of parasites and pathogens. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1027201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are not only used as energy and nutrient resources for herbivores. Plants can be ingested because of their activity against host parasites and other pathogens. This so-called medicinal role of plants is well reported in ethnopharmacology and under-reported in wild animals. More studies on wild animals are needed because any plant in the world contains bioactive compounds, and probably all plants, no matter how toxic they are, experience herbivory. For example, we tested the activity of extracts and essential oils from Papaver rhoeas and Echium plantagineum against a selection of laboratory pathogens because Great bustards Otis tarda preferred these plants during the mating season, with male fecal droppings showing a higher frequency of P. rhoeas particles than the fecal droppings of females. We hypothesized that P. rhoeas could be helpful for males in the mating season if any part of this plant harbors bioactivity against parasites and other pathogens. Males’ immune system is weakened during the mating season because of their investment in secondary sexual characters and sexual display. As a first exploration of the bioactivity of these plants, we evaluated extracts of both plants against a sample of laboratory models, including a flagellated protozoon (Trichomonas gallinae), a nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) and a fungus (Aspergillus niger). Non-polar and polar extracts of the aerial parts of P. rhoeas, especially the extracts of flowers and capsules, and the extracts of leaves and flowers of E. plantagineum showed activity against nematodes and trichomonads. The bioactivity of plants against parasites could explain the foraging behavior of stressed animals. The chemical communication underpinning the capacity of fauna to recognize those plants is far less known.
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Ahmad M, Varela Alonso A, Koletti AE, Rodić N, Reichelt M, Rödel P, Assimopoulou AN, Paun O, Declerck S, Schneider C, Molin EM. Dynamics of alkannin/shikonin biosynthesis in response to jasmonate and salicylic acid in Lithospermum officinale. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17093. [PMID: 36224205 PMCID: PMC9554848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21322-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkannin/shikonin and their derivatives are specialised metabolites of high pharmaceutical and ecological importance exclusively produced in the periderm of members of the plant family Boraginaceae. Previous studies have shown that their biosynthesis is induced in response to methyl jasmonate but not salicylic acid, two phytohormones that play important roles in plant defence. However, mechanistic understanding of induction and non-induction remains largely unknown. In the present study, we generated the first comprehensive transcriptomic dataset and metabolite profiles of Lithospermum officinale plants treated with methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid to shed light on the underlying mechanisms. Our results highlight the diverse biological processes activated by both phytohormones and reveal the important regulatory role of the mevalonate pathway in alkannin/shikonin biosynthesis in L. officinale. Furthermore, by modelling a coexpression network, we uncovered structural and novel regulatory candidate genes connected to alkannin/shikonin biosynthesis. Besides providing new mechanistic insights into alkannin/shikonin biosynthesis, the generated methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid elicited expression profiles together with the coexpression networks serve as important functional genomic resources for the scientific community aiming at deepening the understanding of alkannin/shikonin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ahmad
- grid.4332.60000 0000 9799 7097Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Tulln, Austria ,grid.10420.370000 0001 2286 1424Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alicia Varela Alonso
- grid.506382.aInstitut für Pflanzenkultur GmbH & Co. KG., Schnega, Germany ,grid.7942.80000 0001 2294 713XEarth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Antigoni E. Koletti
- grid.4793.90000000109457005Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Center of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Natural Products Research Centre of Excellence (NatPro-AUTh), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | - Nebojša Rodić
- grid.4793.90000000109457005Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Center of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Natural Products Research Centre of Excellence (NatPro-AUTh), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | - Michael Reichelt
- grid.418160.a0000 0004 0491 7131Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Philipp Rödel
- grid.506382.aInstitut für Pflanzenkultur GmbH & Co. KG., Schnega, Germany
| | - Andreana N. Assimopoulou
- grid.4793.90000000109457005Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Center of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Natural Products Research Centre of Excellence (NatPro-AUTh), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | - Ovidiu Paun
- grid.10420.370000 0001 2286 1424Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stéphane Declerck
- grid.7942.80000 0001 2294 713XEarth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Carolin Schneider
- grid.506382.aInstitut für Pflanzenkultur GmbH & Co. KG., Schnega, Germany
| | - Eva M. Molin
- grid.4332.60000 0000 9799 7097Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Tulln, Austria
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Li J, Lin S, Ma H, Wang Y, He H, Fang C. Spatial-Temporal Distribution of Allelopathic Rice Roots in Paddy Soil and Its Impact on Weed-Suppressive Activity at the Seedling Stages. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:940218. [PMID: 35865295 PMCID: PMC9294529 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.940218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allelochemicals secreted by allelopathic rice roots are transmitted to the receptor rhizosphere through the soil medium to inhibit the growth of the surrounding weeds. This research aimed to explore the relationships between the spatial-temporal distribution of rice roots in soil and weed-suppression ability at its seedling stage. RESULTS This study first examined the root distribution of three rice cultivars in paddy soil in both vertical and horizontal directions at 3-6 leaf stage. Then, an experiment using rice-barnyardgrass mixed culture was conducted to analyze the allelopathic potential and allelochemical content secreted by rice roots in different lateral soil layers. The results showed that allelopathic rice had a smaller root diameter and larger root length density, root surface area density, and root dry weight density than those of non-allelopathic rice, in the top 5 cm at 5- and 6-leaf stages. In particular, there were significant differences in root distribution at the horizontal distance of 6-12 cm. Besides, allelopathic rice significantly inhibited the above-ground growth of barnyardgrass co-cultured at 12 cm lateral distance in situ, and the content of benzoic acid derivatives in allelopathic rice in a 6-12 cm soil circle was higher than that observed at 0-6 cm distance. Moreover, correlation analysis confirmed that the distribution of roots in the horizontal distance was significantly correlated with weed inhibition effect and allelochemical content. CONCLUSION These results implied that spatial distribution of allelopathic rice roots in paddy soil, particularly at the lateral distance, appears to have important impact on its weed-suppressive activity at the seedling stage, suggesting that modifying root distribution in soil may be a novel method to strengthen the ability of rice seedlings to resist paddy weeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shunxian Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huayan Ma
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Haibin He
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Changxun Fang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Wang W, Jin J, Xu H, Shi Y, Boersch M, Yin Y. Comparative analysis of the main medicinal substances and applications of Echium vulgare L. and Echium plantagineum L.: A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 285:114894. [PMID: 34871767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Echium vulgare L. and Echium plantagineum L. originated in the Mediterranean, and were later domesticated in Africa, America, Asia, Europe and Oceania, where they were widely used to treat many diseases including cough, urinary tract infection, fever, inflammation and muscle strain. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this review is to provide scientific literature on the traditional uses, bioactive chemical components and pharmacological activities of two species of Echium, and to critically analyze the information provided, so as to understand the current work on these two species and explore the possible prospect of this plant in pharmaceutical research. METHODS Systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to Prisma guidelines, and the related literatures searched on Google Academic, Science Direct, Baidu Scholars and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) up to June 2021 were reviewed. The key words used are: Echium, E.vulgare, E.plantagineum, plant components, chemical components, pharmacological activities, pharmaceutical products and applications. Thereafter all eligible studies are analyzed and summarized in this review. The selection of manuscripts is based on the following inclusion criteria: the article has years of research or publication, is published in English, Portuguese or Spanish and Chinese, and there are keywords in the title, abstract, keywords or full text of the article. For the selection of manuscripts, first, select articles according to titles, then summarize them, and finally, analyze the full text of the publication. Elimination criteria: 1. Duplicate reports; 2. There are research design defects and poor quality; 3. Incomplete data and unclear ending effect; 4. The statistical method is wrong and cannot be corrected. RESULTS The pharmacological characteristics of E.vulgare and E.plantagineum can basically support their traditional use, but the medicinal substances contained in them are quite different in composition and content, and the development and application of corresponding products are also different. CONCLUSIONS At present, there is little clinical data about drugs related to the two species, and more research is needed in the future, especially human experiments and clinical trials, to evaluate the cellular and molecular mechanisms based on pharmacological, biological activity and safety studies, and to provide more powerful scientific basis for their traditional medicinal properties. In addition, the further application and development of the medicinal products of E.vulgare and E.plantagineum still need to be precise and identified, so as to give full play to their medicinal potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Wang
- Agricultural College of Jilin Agricultural University, No.2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, Jilin Province, 130118, China.
| | - Ju Jin
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, 4222, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Huifeng Xu
- Agricultural College of Jilin Agricultural University, No.2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, Jilin Province, 130118, China.
| | - Yanling Shi
- Agricultural College of Jilin Agricultural University, No.2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, Jilin Province, 130118, China.
| | - Mark Boersch
- Gold Coast Private Hospital, 15 Hill Street, Southport, Queensland, 4215, Australia.
| | - Yuhe Yin
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun University of Technology, No.7186 Weixing Road, Changchun City, Jilin Province, 130022, China.
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11
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McCoy RM, Widhalm JR, McNickle GG. Allelopathy as an evolutionary game. PLANT DIRECT 2022; 6:e382. [PMID: 35169675 PMCID: PMC8832168 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In plants, most competition is resource competition, where one plant simply preempts the resources away from its neighbors. Interference competition, as the name implies, is a form of direct interference to prevent resource access. Interference competition is common among animals that can physically fight, but in plants, one of the main mechanisms of interference competition is allelopathy. Allelopathic plants release cytotoxic chemicals into the environment which can increase their ability to compete with surrounding organisms for limited resources. The circumstances and conditions favoring the development and maintenance of allelochemicals, however, are not well understood. Particularly, despite the obvious benefits of allelopathy, current data suggest it seems to have only rarely evolved. To gain insight into the cost and benefit of allelopathy, we have developed a 2 × 2 matrix game to model the interaction between plants that produce allelochemicals and plants that do not. Production of an allelochemical introduces novel cost associated with both synthesis and detoxifying a toxic chemical but may also convey a competitive advantage. A plant that does not produce an allelochemical will suffer the cost of encountering one. Our model predicts three cases in which the evolutionarily stable strategies are different. In the first, the nonallelopathic plant is a stronger competitor, and not producing allelochemicals is the evolutionarily stable strategy. In the second, the allelopathic plant is the better competitor, and production of allelochemicals is the more beneficial strategy. In the last case, neither is the evolutionarily stable strategy. Instead, there are alternating stable states, depending on whether the allelopathic or nonallelopathic plant arrived first. The generated model reveals circumstances leading to the evolution of allelochemicals and sheds light on utilizing allelochemicals as part of weed management strategies. In particular, the wide region of alternative stable states in most parameterizations, combined with the fact that the absence of allelopathy is likely the ancestral state, provides an elegant answer to the question of why allelopathy seems to rarely evolve despite its obvious benefits. Allelopathic plants can indeed outcompete nonallelopathic plants, but this benefit is simply not great enough to allow them to go to fixation and spread through the population. Thus, most populations would remain purely nonallelopathic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. McCoy
- Purdue Center for Plant BiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape ArchitecturePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Joshua R. Widhalm
- Purdue Center for Plant BiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape ArchitecturePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Gordon G. McNickle
- Purdue Center for Plant BiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
- Department of Botany and Plant PathologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
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12
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Suttiyut T, Auber RP, Ghaste M, Kane CN, McAdam SAM, Wisecaver JH, Widhalm JR. Integrative analysis of the shikonin metabolic network identifies new gene connections and reveals evolutionary insight into shikonin biosynthesis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab087. [PMID: 35048120 PMCID: PMC8969065 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plant specialized 1,4-naphthoquinones present a remarkable case of convergent evolution. Species across multiple discrete orders of vascular plants produce diverse 1,4-naphthoquinones via one of several pathways using different metabolic precursors. Evolution of these pathways was preceded by events of metabolic innovation and many appear to share connections with biosynthesis of photosynthetic or respiratory quinones. Here, we sought to shed light on the metabolic connections linking shikonin biosynthesis with its precursor pathways and on the origins of shiknoin metabolic genes. Downregulation of Lithospermum erythrorhizon geranyl diphosphate synthase (LeGPPS), recently shown to have been recruited from a cytoplasmic farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS), resulted in reduced shikonin production and a decrease in expression of mevalonic acid and phenylpropanoid pathway genes. Next, we used LeGPPS and other known shikonin pathway genes to build a coexpression network model for identifying new gene connections to shikonin metabolism. Integrative in silico analyses of network genes revealed candidates for biochemical steps in the shikonin pathway arising from Boraginales-specific gene family expansion. Multiple genes in the shikonin coexpression network were also discovered to have originated from duplication of ubiquinone pathway genes. Taken together, our study provides evidence for transcriptional crosstalk between shikonin biosynthesis and its precursor pathways, identifies several shikonin pathway gene candidates and their evolutionary histories, and establishes additional evolutionary links between shikonin and ubiquinone metabolism. Moreover, we demonstrate that global coexpression analysis using limited transcriptomic data obtained from targeted experiments is effective for identifying gene connections within a defined metabolic network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiti Suttiyut
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Robert P Auber
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Manoj Ghaste
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Cade N Kane
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Jennifer H Wisecaver
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Joshua R Widhalm
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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13
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Fazal A, Yang M, Wen Z, Ali F, Ren R, Hao C, Chen X, Fu J, Wang X, Jie W, Yin T, Lu G, Qi J, Yang Y. Differential microbial assemblages associated with shikonin-producing Borage species in two distinct soil types. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10788. [PMID: 34031500 PMCID: PMC8144371 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90251-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Shikonin and its derivatives are the main components of traditional Chinese medicine, Zicao. The pharmacological potential of shikonin and its derivatives have been extensively studied. Yet, less is known about the microbial assemblages associated with shikonin producing Borage plants. We studied microbial profiles of two Borage species, Echium plantagineum (EP) and Lithospermum erythrorhizon (LE), to identify the dynamics of microbial colonization pattern within three rhizo-compatments and two distinct soil types. Results of α and β-diversity via PacBio sequencing revealed significantly higher microbial richness and diversity in the natural soil along with a decreasing microbial gradient across rhizosphere to endosphere. Our results displayed genotype and soil type-dependent fine-tuning of microbial profiles. The host plant was found to exert effects on the physical and chemical properties of soil, resulting in reproducibly different micro-biota. Analysis of differentially abundant microbial OTUs displayed Planctomycetes and Bacteroidetes to be specifically enriched in EP and LE rhizosphere while endosphere was mostly prevailed by Cyanobacteria. Network analysis to unfold co-existing microbial species displayed different types of positive and negative interactions within different communities. The data provided here will help to identify microbes associated with different rhizo-compartments of potential host plants. In the future, this might be helpful for manipulating the keystone microbes for ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya Fazal
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Minkai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongling Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Farman Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyu Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangyan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Wencai Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongming Yin
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Guihua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China.
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, No.111 Changjiang West Road, Huaian, 223300, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinliang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yonghua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Nardi P, Laanbroek HJ, Nicol GW, Renella G, Cardinale M, Pietramellara G, Weckwerth W, Trinchera A, Ghatak A, Nannipieri P. Biological nitrification inhibition in the rhizosphere: determining interactions and impact on microbially mediated processes and potential applications. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 44:874-908. [PMID: 32785584 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrification is the microbial conversion of reduced forms of nitrogen (N) to nitrate (NO3-), and in fertilized soils it can lead to substantial N losses via NO3- leaching or nitrous oxide (N2O) production. To limit such problems, synthetic nitrification inhibitors have been applied but their performance differs between soils. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the occurrence of biological nitrification inhibition (BNI), a natural phenomenon according to which certain plants can inhibit nitrification through the release of active compounds in root exudates. Here, we synthesize the current state of research but also unravel knowledge gaps in the field. The nitrification process is discussed considering recent discoveries in genomics, biochemistry and ecology of nitrifiers. Secondly, we focus on the 'where' and 'how' of BNI. The N transformations and their interconnections as they occur in, and are affected by, the rhizosphere, are also discussed. The NH4+ and NO3- retention pathways alternative to BNI are reviewed as well. We also provide hypotheses on how plant compounds with putative BNI ability can reach their targets inside the cell and inhibit ammonia oxidation. Finally, we discuss a set of techniques that can be successfully applied to solve unresearched questions in BNI studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierfrancesco Nardi
- Consiglio per la ricerca e l'analisi dell'economia agraria - Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA-AA), Via della Navicella 2-4, Rome 00184, Italy
| | - Hendrikus J Laanbroek
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Graeme W Nicol
- Laboratoire Ampère, École Centrale de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Ecully, 69134, France
| | - Giancarlo Renella
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cardinale
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies - DiSTeBA, University of Salento, Centro Ecotekne - via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giacomo Pietramellara
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Firenze, P.le delle Cascine 28, Firenze 50144, Italy
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Molecular Systems Biology (MOSYS), Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna, 1090, Austria; Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Alessandra Trinchera
- Consiglio per la ricerca e l'analisi dell'economia agraria - Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA-AA), Via della Navicella 2-4, Rome 00184, Italy
| | - Arindam Ghatak
- Molecular Systems Biology (MOSYS), Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Paolo Nannipieri
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Firenze, P.le delle Cascine 28, Firenze 50144, Italy
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15
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Fu JY, Zhao H, Bao JX, Wen ZL, Fang RJ, Fazal A, Yang MK, Liu B, Yin TM, Pang YJ, Lu GH, Qi JL, Yang YH. Establishment of the hairy root culture of Echium plantagineum L. and its shikonin production. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:429. [PMID: 32968614 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02419-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Echium plantagineum L. (Boraginaceae) is an invasive species in Australia and contains medicinal shikonins in its roots. In this study, the hairy root lines of E. plantagineum were established using Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain ATCC15834 and confirmed by the amplification of the rolB gene. Results showed significant difference in shikonin production between the hairy root lines in the 1/2B5 and M9 media. The biomass of the lines in the 1/2B5 medium was fivefold of that in the M9 medium. However, the components of detected shikonins were similar in these two liquid media. By contrast, different accumulation profiles appeared in the hairy root lines. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of nine possible related compounds, including shikonins, and acetylshikonin was the most abundant shikonin derivative. The content of acetylshikonin in the 1/2B5 medium (36.25 mg/L on average) was twofold of that in the M9 medium. Our results showed that the hairy root cultures of E. plantagineum can be used in enhancing the production of potential pharmaceutical compounds, such as acetylshikonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Yan Fu
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Jia-Xin Bao
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Zhong-Ling Wen
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Rong-Jun Fang
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Aliya Fazal
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Min-Kai Yang
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Bao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024 China
| | - Tong-Ming Yin
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Yan-Jun Pang
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Gui-Hua Lu
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300 China
| | - Jin-Liang Qi
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Yong-Hua Yang
- Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
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16
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Jin J, Boersch M, Nagarajan A, Davey AK, Zunk M. Antioxidant Properties and Reported Ethnomedicinal Use of the Genus Echium (Boraginaceae). Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E722. [PMID: 32784832 PMCID: PMC7466025 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Echium L. from the Boraginaceae family consists of 67 recognised species. The genus is widely distributed in the Mediterranean, having been documented in the traditional medicine of the area since 300 B.C. Current pharmacological studies have validated early ethnomedicinal properties showing that Echium spp. possesses antioxidant, analgesic, anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral effects. Nevertheless, only limited papers report specifically on the phytochemistry of this genus. Furthermore, the potential of utilising extracts from Echium species as natural antioxidant preparations has been significantly neglected. For the first time, this review comprehensively describes and discusses the presence of recorded Echium species with ethnomedicinal uses, their antioxidative properties in vitro and in vivo when available, and major phytochemical components recognised as potent antioxidants, as well as the possibilities and opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Jin
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, 4222 Queensland, Australia; (J.J.); (A.N.); (M.B.); (A.K.D.)
- Quality Use of Medicines Network, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, 4222 Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, 4222 Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark Boersch
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, 4222 Queensland, Australia; (J.J.); (A.N.); (M.B.); (A.K.D.)
| | - Akshaya Nagarajan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, 4222 Queensland, Australia; (J.J.); (A.N.); (M.B.); (A.K.D.)
| | - Andrew K. Davey
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, 4222 Queensland, Australia; (J.J.); (A.N.); (M.B.); (A.K.D.)
- Quality Use of Medicines Network, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, 4222 Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew Zunk
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, 4222 Queensland, Australia; (J.J.); (A.N.); (M.B.); (A.K.D.)
- Quality Use of Medicines Network, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, 4222 Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, 4222 Queensland, Australia
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Zhang B, Weston LA, Li M, Zhu X, Weston PA, Feng F, Zhang B, Zhang L, Gu L, Zhang Z. Rehmannia glutinosa Replant Issues: Root Exudate-Rhizobiome Interactions Clearly Influence Replant Success. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1413. [PMID: 32714307 PMCID: PMC7344158 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of medicinal tubers of Rehmannia glutinosa is severely hindered by replanting issues. However, a mechanistic understanding of the plant-soil factors associated with replant problems is currently limited. Thus, we aimed to identify the R. glutinosa root exudates, evaluate their potential phytotoxicity and profile the interactions between the plant and its associated rhizobiome. Stereomicroscopy and liquid chromatography coupled to a quadrupole/time of flight mass spectrometer were used to monitor and identify secreted metabolites, respectively. Seedling bioassays were used to evaluate the phytotoxicity of R. glutinosa root exudates. Two complimentary experiments were performed to investigate allelochemical fate in rhizosphere soil and profile the associated microbiota. Root specific microbes were further isolated from R. glutinosa rhizosphere. Impacts of isolated strains were evaluated by co-cultivation on plate and on seedlings in tissue culture, with a focus on their pathogenicity. Interactions between key R. glutinosa root exudates and isolated rhizobiomes were investigated to understand the potential for plant-soil feedbacks. Quantification and phytotoxic analysis of metabolites released from R. glutinosa indicated catalpol was the most abundant and bioactive metabolite in root exudates. Subsequent microbial profiling in soil containing accumulated and ecologically significant levels of catalpol identified several taxa (e.g., Agromyces, Lysobacter, Pseudomonas, Fusarium) that were specifically shifted. Isolation of R. glutinosa rhizobiomes obtained several root specific strains. A significant antagonistic effect between strain Rh7 (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and two pathogenic strains Rf1 (Fusarium oxysporum) and Rf2 (Fusarium solani) was observed. Notably, the growth of strain Rh7 and catalpol concentration showed a hormesis-like effect. Field investigation further indicated catalpol was increasingly accumulated in the rhizosphere of replanted R. glutinosa, suggesting that interactions of biocontrol agents and pathogens are likely regulated by the presence of bioactive root exudates and in turn impact the rhizo-ecological process. In summary, this research successfully monitored the release of R. glutinosa root exudates, identified several abundant bioactive R. glutinosa secreted metabolites, profiled associated root specific microbes, and investigated the plant-soil feedbacks potentially regulated by catalpol and associated rhizobiomes. Our findings provide new perspectives toward an enhanced understanding R. glutinosa replant problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Leslie A Weston
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Mingjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaocheng Zhu
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul A Weston
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Fajie Feng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | | | - Liuji Zhang
- Henan Province Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Gu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhongyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Toxic Potential and Metabolic Profiling of Two Australian Biotypes of the Invasive Plant Parthenium Weed ( Parthenium hysterophorus L.). Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12070447. [PMID: 32664345 PMCID: PMC7404986 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is an invasive plant species in around 50 countries and a 'Weed of National Significance' in Australia. This study investigated the relative toxicity of the leaf, shoot and root extracts of two geographically separate and morphologically distinct biotypes of parthenium weed in Queensland, Australia. Parthenium weed exhibited higher phytotoxic, cytotoxic and photocytotoxic activity in leaf tissue extracts in contrast to shoot and root. The germination and seedling growth of a dicot species (garden cress) were inhibited more than those of a monocot species (annual ryegrass) using a phytotoxicity bioassay. The cytotoxicity of leaf extracts was assessed in a mouse fibroblast cell suspension assay and increased under high ultraviolet A(UV-A) radiation. A major secondary metabolite, parthenin, was found in abundance in leaf extracts and was positively correlated with cytotoxicity but not with photocytotoxicity or phytotoxicity. Ambrosin and chlorogenic acid were also detected and were positively correlated with germination inhibition and the inhibition of radicle elongation, respectively. In addition, other currently unidentified compounds in the leaf extracts were positively correlated with phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity and photocytotoxicity with two to three molecules strongly correlated in each case. Both parthenium weed biotypes investigated did not differ with respect to their relative toxicity, despite their reported differences in invasive potential in the field. This suggests that secondary chemistry plays a limited role in their invasion success.
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19
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Auber RP, Suttiyut T, McCoy RM, Ghaste M, Crook JW, Pendleton AL, Widhalm JR, Wisecaver JH. Hybrid de novo genome assembly of red gromwell ( Lithospermum erythrorhizon) reveals evolutionary insight into shikonin biosynthesis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:82. [PMID: 32528694 PMCID: PMC7261806 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0301-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lithospermum erythrorhizon (red gromwell; zicao) is a medicinal and economically valuable plant belonging to the Boraginaceae family. Roots from L. erythrorhizon have been used for centuries based on the antiviral and wound-healing properties produced from the bioactive compound shikonin and its derivatives. More recently, shikonin, its enantiomer alkannin, and several other shikonin/alkannin derivatives have collectively emerged as valuable natural colorants and as novel drug scaffolds. Despite several transcriptomes and proteomes having been generated from L. erythrorhizon, a reference genome is still unavailable. This has limited investigations into elucidating the shikonin/alkannin pathway and understanding its evolutionary and ecological significance. In this study, we obtained a de novo genome assembly for L. erythrorhizon using a combination of Oxford Nanopore long-read and Illumina short-read sequencing technologies. The resulting genome is ∼367.41 Mb long, with a contig N50 size of 314.31 kb and 27,720 predicted protein-coding genes. Using the L. erythrorhizon genome, we identified several additional p-hydroxybenzoate:geranyltransferase (PGT) homologs and provide insight into their evolutionary history. Phylogenetic analysis of prenyltransferases suggests that PGTs originated in a common ancestor of modern shikonin/alkannin-producing Boraginaceous species, likely from a retrotransposition-derived duplication event of an ancestral prenyltransferase gene. Furthermore, knocking down expression of LePGT1 in L. erythrorhizon hairy root lines revealed that LePGT1 is predominantly responsible for shikonin production early in culture establishment. Taken together, the reference genome reported in this study and the provided analysis on the evolutionary origin of shikonin/alkannin biosynthesis will guide elucidation of the remainder of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P. Auber
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Thiti Suttiyut
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Rachel M. McCoy
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Manoj Ghaste
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Joseph W. Crook
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Amanda L. Pendleton
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Joshua R. Widhalm
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Jennifer H. Wisecaver
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
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20
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Tang CY, Li S, Wang YT, Wang X. Comparative genome/transcriptome analysis probes Boraginales' phylogenetic position, WGDs in Boraginales, and key enzyme genes in the alkannin/shikonin core pathway. Mol Ecol Resour 2019; 20:228-241. [PMID: 31625679 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Boraginales (the forget-me-not order) is a core group within the lamiids clade. However, until now, no genome from Boraginales has been reported, and published transcriptomes are also rare. Here, we report the first Boraginales species de novo genome (i.e. Echium plantagineum genome) and seven other Boraginales species transcriptomes to probe three issues: (i) Boraginales' phylogenetic position within the lamiids clade; (ii) potential whole genome duplications (WGDs) in Boraginales; and (iii) candidate key enzyme genes in the alkannin/shikonin core pathway. The results showed that: (i) Boraginales was most probably closer to the Solanales/Gentianales clade than the Lamiales clade, at least based on the single-copy orthologous genes from genome/transcriptome data; (ii) after the gamma (γ) event, Boraginaceae (classified into the Boraginales I clade) probably underwent at least two rounds of WGD, whereas Heliotropiaceae and Ehretiaceae (classified into the Boraginales II clade) probably underwent only one round of WGD; and (iii) several candidate key enzyme genes in the alkannin/shikonin core pathway were inferred, e.g. genes corresponding to geranyl cyclase, naphthol hydroxylase and O-acyl transferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yi Tang
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Song Li
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing, China
| | | | - Xi Wang
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing, China
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Zhu X, Gopurenko D, Serrano M, Spencer MA, Pieterse PJ, Skoneczny D, Lepschi BJ, Reigosa MJ, Gurr GM, Callaway RM, Weston LA. Genetic evidence for plural introduction pathways of the invasive weed Paterson's curse (Echium plantagineum L.) to southern Australia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222696. [PMID: 31536564 PMCID: PMC6752891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Paterson’s curse (Echium plantagineum L. (Boraginaceae)), is an herbaceous annual native to Western Europe and northwest Africa. It has been recorded in Australia since the 1800’s and is now a major weed in pastures and rangelands, but its introduction history is poorly understood. An understanding of its invasion pathway and subsequent genetic structure is critical to the successful introduction of biological control agents and for provision of informed decisions for plant biosecurity efforts. We sampled E. plantagineum in its native (Iberian Peninsula), non-native (UK) and invaded ranges (Australia and South Africa) and analysed three chloroplast gene regions. Considerable genetic diversity was found among E. plantagineum in Australia, suggesting a complex introduction history. Fourteen haplotypes were identified globally, 10 of which were co-present in Australia and South Africa, indicating South Africa as an important source population, likely through contamination of traded goods or livestock. Haplotype 4 was most abundant in Australia (43%), and in historical and contemporary UK populations (80%), but scarce elsewhere (< 17%), suggesting that ornamental and/or other introductions from genetically impoverished UK sources were also important. Collectively, genetic evidence and historical records indicate E. plantagineum in southern Australia exists as an admixture that is likely derived from introduced source populations in both the UK and South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocheng Zhu
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - David Gopurenko
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - Miguel Serrano
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mark A. Spencer
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Petrus J. Pieterse
- Department of Agronomy, Stellenbosch University, Private bag X1, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Dominik Skoneczny
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Brendan J. Lepschi
- Australian National Herbarium, Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, Canberra, Australia
| | - Manuel J. Reigosa
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Geoff M. Gurr
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - Ragan M. Callaway
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Leslie A. Weston
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
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Skoneczny D, Zhu X, Weston PA, Gurr GM, Callaway RM, Weston LA. Production of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and shikonins in Echium plantagineum L. in response to various plant stressors. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:2530-2541. [PMID: 31267648 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echium plantagineum, a native of Europe and Africa, is a noxious invasive weed in Australia forming monocultural stands in pastures and rangelands. It produces a complex mixture of bioactive secondary metabolites, including toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), that protect the plant from insect and livestock herbivory and naphthoquinones (NQs), which suppress competition from weeds, insects and pathogens, and also influence invasion success. However, the extent to which allelochemical production is impacted by environmental factors, thereby influencing plant defense against pests, remains unclear. RESULTS Following plant stress induced by drought, herbivory and high temperature, extracts of E. plantagineum shoots and roots were subjected to metabolic profiling by UPLC-MS-DAD- QToF mass spectrometry. Abundance of NQs, especially deoxyshikonin, shikonin and dimethylacrylshikonin, rapidly increased in roots exposed to elevated temperatures. Water withholding initially increased NQ abundance, but prolonged drought resulted in reduced total PAs and NQs. Intraspecific competition elevated the production of NQs, whereas simulated herbivory had no initial effect on NQs. Following herbivory, the abundance of the PA 3'-O-acetylechimidine-N-oxide in seedling shoots was increased. CONCLUSIONS Differential accumulation of defense metabolites by E. plantagineum following exposure to various stressors suggested stress-dependent biosynthetic regulation, particularly with respect to NQ production, which was rapidly induced following drought, intraspecific competition and high temperature treatment, thereby positively impacting resistance or defense against herbivores, weeds and pathogens. We propose that trade-offs between above- and below-ground metabolism in E. plantagineum may facilitate allelochemical production in response to stress, rendering plants with an enhanced ability to defend against other neighboring plants, insects and microbes, with allelochemical production further facilitated by catabolic recycling following lengthier exposure to stress. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Skoneczny
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xiaocheng Zhu
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul A Weston
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoff M Gurr
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ragan M Callaway
- Division of Biological Science, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Leslie A Weston
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
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23
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Li J, Lin S, Zhang Q, Zhang Q, Hu W, He H. Fine-root traits of allelopathic rice at the seedling stage and their relationship with allelopathic potential. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7006. [PMID: 31223525 PMCID: PMC6570997 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Allelopathic rice releases allelochemicals through its root systems, thereby exerting a negative effect on paddy weeds. This research aimed to evaluate the relationship between fine-root traits and the rice allelopathic potential at the seedling stage. Methods Two allelopathic rice cultivars, ‘PI312777’ and ‘Taichung Native1,’ and one non-allelopathic rice cultivar, ‘Lemont,’ were grown to the 3–6 leaf stage in a hydroponic system. Their fine roots were collected for morphological trait (root length, root surface area, root volume, and root tips number) in smaller diameter cutoffs and proliferative trait (root biomass) analysis. Their root-exudates were used for quantitative analysis of phenolic acids contents and an evaluation of allelopathic potential. Correlation analysis was also used to assess whether any linear relationships existed. Results Our results showed that allelopathic rice cultivars had significantly higher fine-root length having diameters <0.2 mm, more root tips number, and greater root biomass, coupled with higher allelopathic potential and phenolic acid contents of their root exudates, comparing with non-allelopathic rice cultivar. These fine-root traits were significantly-positively correlated to allelopathic inhibition and total phenolic contents in rice root-exudates. However, there were not significant correlations among the rice allelopathic potential and total phenolic acid contents of rice root-exudates with the root length, root surface area, and root volume of fine root in diameter >0.2 mm. Discussion Our results implied that fine-root traits appears to be important in understanding rice allelopathy at the seedling stage. The high allelopathic potential of rice cultivars might be attributed to their higher length of fine roots <0.2 mm in diameter and more number of root tips of fine root, which could accumulate and release more allelochemicals to solutions, thereby resulting in high inhibition on target plants. The mechanisms regulating this process need to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shunxian Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Qingxu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wenwen Hu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Haibin He
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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24
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Weidenhamer JD, Montgomery TM, Cipollini DF, Weston PA, Mohney BK. Plant Density and Rhizosphere Chemistry: Does Marigold Root Exudate Composition Respond to Intra- and Interspecific Competition? J Chem Ecol 2019; 45:525-533. [PMID: 31134522 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of techniques to non-destructively monitor allelochemical dynamics in soil using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microtubing (silicone tubing microextraction, or STME) provides a means to test important ecological hypotheses regarding the roles of these compounds in plant-plant interactions. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of intra- and interspecific competition on the exudation of thiophenes by marigolds (Tagetes patula L.). Marigolds were grown at a density of 1, 3 and 5 plants in pots (8.75 × 8.75 cm) containing two STME samplers. An additional treatment included one marigold surrounded by four velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti L.) plants. Marigold roots released two primary thiophenes, 3-buten-1-ynyl)-2,2'-bithienyl and α-terthienyl, which are readily absorbed by silicone microtubing. Thiophene exudation was monitored over the period 15-36 days after planting, at 2-5 day intervals. At the end of the study, root and soil samples were also analyzed for thiophene content. Thiophene production per plant increased over time, and thiophene release was strongly correlated with plant size. These results indicate that thiophene release in this study was passively controlled by resource availability. However, poor growth of velvetleaf plants competing with marigold suggests that thiophenes negatively influenced velvetleaf growth. This study, then, provides indirect evidence that thiophene exudation is insensitive to neighbor identity but differentially effective in inhibiting the growth of heterospecific neighbors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Weidenhamer
- Department of Chemistry, Geology & Physics, Ashland University, Ashland, OH, 44805, USA.
| | - Tricia M Montgomery
- Department of Chemistry, Geology & Physics, Ashland University, Ashland, OH, 44805, USA
| | - Donald F Cipollini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Paul A Weston
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
| | - Brian K Mohney
- Department of Chemistry, Geology & Physics, Ashland University, Ashland, OH, 44805, USA
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25
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Rathore N, Thakur D, Chawla A. Seasonal variations coupled with elevation gradient drives significant changes in eco-physiological and biogeochemical traits of a high altitude evergreen broadleaf shrub, Rhododendron anthopogon. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 132:708-719. [PMID: 30150110 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Higher elevations and, early as well as late phase of growing season are expected to be more stressful for plants in high altitudes. The present study was carried out on Rhododendron anthopogon D. Don, an evergreen shrub of Himalaya to understand variation in eco-physiological and biogeochemical traits due to combined effect of elevation gradient and growing season. We conducted our study at Rohtang, India (32°22'04″ N 77°15'17″ E) and undertook random sampling of leaves at four elevations (3200 m, 3600 m, 4000 m and 4250 m), and three time periods (late June, early August and late September) during growing season. We assessed 12 eco-physiological and biogeochemical variables and analysed results through ANOVA and multivariate analysis. It was found that leaf relative water content, nitrogen percentage (N%), carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio), total chlorophyll, malondialdehyde equivalents and proline content varied along two gradients (factors) with their interaction being statistically significant. Variance partitioning analysis of studied traits revealed that both factors contribute significantly, with 'season' component ranging between 55.75 % and 94.03 % for most of the parameters, whereas, 'elevation' component contributed more for leaf area, N% and C/N ratio (48.08 %-75.03 %). Our results suggest that eco-physiology of R. anthopogon is significantly influenced by interaction of seasonal variations coupled with elevation gradient. The study highlights the importance of examining both seasonal and elevational gradients in understanding plant adaptation strategies. Overall, our findings revealed that plasticity in eco-physiological and biogeochemical traits underline the wide distribution of R. anthopogon in the high altitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Rathore
- High Altitude Biology Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR), Palampur, H.P, 176061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR), Palampur, H.P, 176061, India
| | - Dinesh Thakur
- High Altitude Biology Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR), Palampur, H.P, 176061, India
| | - Amit Chawla
- High Altitude Biology Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR), Palampur, H.P, 176061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR), Palampur, H.P, 176061, India.
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26
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Liu J, Xie M, Li X, Jin H, Yang X, Yan Z, Su A, Qin B. Main Allelochemicals from the Rhizosphere Soil of Saussurea lappa (Decne.) Sch. Bip. and Their Effects on Plants' Antioxidase Systems. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102506. [PMID: 30274332 PMCID: PMC6222321 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Allelochemicals are the media of allelopathy and form the chemical bases of plant-environment interactions. To determine true allelochemicals and their autotoxic effects, seven compounds were isolated and identified from in-situ sampled rhizosphere soil of cultivated Saussurea lappa. Of these; costunolide (2), dehydrocostus lactone (3) and scopoletin (4) showed significant inhibition on seedling growth in a concentration-dependent manner. Detection and observation demonstrated that the antioxidase system was found to be affected by these chemicals, resulting in the accumulation of ROS and membrane damage. To investigate their release ways, the compounds were traced back and volumes quantified in rhizosphere soil and plant tissues. This work made clear the chemical bases and their physiological effects on the plants. These chemicals were found to be the secondary metabolites of the plants and included in the rhizosphere soil. The findings identified a potential pathway of plant-plant interactions, which provided theoretical basis to overcoming replanting problems. This research was also useful for exploring ecological effects of allelochemicals in green agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingkun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Min Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiuzhuang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Hui Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Anxiang Su
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture (ICAMA), Beijing 100125, China.
| | - Bo Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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27
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El-Rokh AR, Negm A, El-Shamy M, El-Gindy M, Abdel-Mogib M. Sucrose diester of aryldihydronaphthalene-type lignans from Echium angustifolium Mill. and their antitumor activity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 149:155-160. [PMID: 29518629 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Four previously undescribed sucrose diester of aryldihydronaphthalene-type lignans, named echiumins A-D, were isolated from the butanol fraction of Echium angustifolium Mill, in addition to a known compound, trigonotin A, which is reported for the first time from the title plant. The structures of isolated compounds were elucidated using spectroscopic methods such as HRESIMS and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The isolated compounds displayed strong to weak antitumor activity against HepG2 and MCF7 cancer cell lines, with echiumins A and D showed the most potent activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ramadan El-Rokh
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Cairo, 12618, Egypt.
| | - Amr Negm
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Maha El-Shamy
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Gindy
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Cairo, 12618, Egypt
| | - Mamdouh Abdel-Mogib
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
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Durán AG, Gutiérrez MT, Rial C, Torres A, Varela RM, Valdivia MM, Molinillo JMG, Skoneczny D, Weston LA, Macías FA. Bioactivity and quantitative analysis of isohexenylnaphthazarins in root periderm of two Echium spp.: E. plantagineum and E. gaditanum. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017. [PMID: 28633108 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Isohexenylnaphthazarins are commonly found in the root periderm of several Boraginaceous plants and are known for their broad range of biological activities. The work described herein concerns the biological activity of compounds from the roots of Echium plantagineum L. and Echium gaditanum Boiss (Boraginaceae) collected from field sites in southern Spain and Australia. Bioactivity was assessed using etiolated wheat coleoptile bioassay and in vitro growth inhibitory activity in HeLa and IGROV-1 cells. The quantification of four isohexenylnaphthazarins (shikonin/alkannin, deoxyshikonin/deoxyalkannin, acetylshikonin/acetylalkannin and dimethylacrylshikonin/dimethylacrylalkannin) was performed by LC-MS/MS using juglone as internal standard. Correlation coefficient values for the activities and concentrations of these four analytes were in the linear range and were greater than 0.99. Acetylshikonin/acetylalkannin and dimethylacrylshikonin/dimethylacrylalkannin were present in the highest concentrations in extracts of both species. The results reveal that greatest overall inhibition was observed in both bioassays with E. gaditanum extracts. Strong correlations between time of collection, sampling location and bioactivity were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G Durán
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/ República Saharaui, 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - M Teresa Gutiérrez
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/ República Saharaui, 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Carlos Rial
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/ República Saharaui, 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Ascensión Torres
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/ República Saharaui, 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Rosa M Varela
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/ República Saharaui, 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Manuel M Valdivia
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui, 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - José M G Molinillo
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/ República Saharaui, 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Dominik Skoneczny
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
| | - Leslie A Weston
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
| | - Francisco A Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/ República Saharaui, 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain.
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Wu FY, Tang CY, Guo YM, Bian ZW, Fu JY, Lu GH, Qi JL, Pang YJ, Yang YH. Transcriptome analysis explores genes related to shikonin biosynthesis in Lithospermeae plants and provides insights into Boraginales' evolutionary history. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4477. [PMID: 28667265 PMCID: PMC5493674 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04750-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Shikonin and its derivatives extracted from Lithospermeae plants' red roots have current applications in food and pharmaceutical industries. Previous studies have cloned some genes related to shikonin biosynthesis. However, most genes related to shikonin biosynthesis remain unclear, because the lack of the genome/transcriptome of the Lithospermeae plants. Therefore, in order to provide a new understanding of shikonin biosynthesis, we obtained transcriptome data and unigenes expression profiles in three shikonin-producing Lithospermeae plants, i.e., Lithospermum erythrorhizon, Arnebia euchroma and Echium plantagineum. As a result, two unigenes (i.e., G10H and 12OPR) that are involved in "shikonin downstream biosynthesis" and "methyl jasmonate biosynthesis" were deemed to relate to shikonin biosynthesis in this study. Furthermore, we conducted a Lamiids phylogenetic model and identified orthologous unigenes under positive selection in above three Lithospermeae plants. The results indicated Boraginales was more relative to Solanales/Gentianales than to Lamiales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Yao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Cheng-Yi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Yu-Min Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhuo-Wu Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jiang-Yan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Gui-Hua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jin-Liang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yan-Jun Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Yong-Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU-NJFU Joint Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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Massalha H, Korenblum E, Tholl D, Aharoni A. Small molecules below-ground: the role of specialized metabolites in the rhizosphere. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:788-807. [PMID: 28333395 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Soil communities are diverse taxonomically and functionally. This ecosystem experiences highly complex networks of interactions, but may also present functionally independent entities. Plant roots, a metabolically active hotspot in the soil, take an essential part in below-ground interactions. While plants are known to release an extremely high portion of the fixated carbon to the soil, less information is known about the composition and role of C-containing compounds in the rhizosphere, in particular those involved in chemical communication. Specialized metabolites (or secondary metabolites) produced by plants and their associated microbes have a critical role in various biological activities that modulate the behavior of neighboring organisms. Thus, elucidating the chemical composition and function of specialized metabolites in the rhizosphere is a key element in understanding interactions in this below-ground environment. Here, we review key classes of specialized metabolites that occur as mostly non-volatile compounds in root exudates or are emitted as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The role of these metabolites in below-ground interactions and response to nutrient deficiency, as well as their tissue and cell type-specific biosynthesis and release are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Massalha
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Elisa Korenblum
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Dorothea Tholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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An endophytic fungus, Gibberella moniliformis from Lawsonia inermis L. produces lawsone, an orange-red pigment. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2017; 110:853-862. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-017-0858-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Skoneczny D, Weston PA, Zhu X, Gurr GM, Callaway RM, Barrow RA, Weston LA. Metabolic Profiling and Identification of Shikonins in Root Periderm of Two Invasive Echium spp. Weeds in Australia. Molecules 2017; 22:E330. [PMID: 28230806 PMCID: PMC6155885 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic profiling can be successfully implemented to analyse a living system's response to environmental conditions by providing critical information on an organism's physiological state at a particular point in time and allowing for both quantitative and qualitative assessment of a specific subset(s) of key metabolites. Shikonins are highly reactive chemicals that affect various cell signalling pathways and possess antifungal, antibacterial and allelopathic activity. Based on previous bioassay results, bioactive shikonins, are likely to play important roles in the regulation of rhizosphere interactions with neighbouring plants, microbes and herbivores. An effective platform allowing for rapid identification and accurate profiling of numerous structurally similar, difficult-to-separate bioactive isohexenylnaphthazarins (shikonins) was developed using UHPLC Q-TOF MS. Root periderm tissues of the invasive Australian weeds Echium plantagineum and its congener E. vulgare were extracted overnight in ethanol for shikonin profiling. Shikonin production was evaluated at seedling, rosette and flowering stages. Five populations of each species were compared for qualitative and quantitative differences in shikonin formation. Each species showed little populational variation in qualitative shikonin production; however, shikonin was considerably low in one population of E. plantagineum from Western New South Wales. Seedlings of all populations produced the bioactive metabolite acetylshikonin and production was upregulated over time. Mature plants of both species produced significantly higher total levels of shikonins and isovalerylshikonin > dimethylacrylshikonin > shikonin > acetylshikonin in mature E. plantagineum. Although qualitative metabolic profiles in both Echium spp. were nearly identical, shikonin abundance in mature plant periderm was approximately 2.5 times higher in perennial E. vulgare extracts in comparison to those of the annual E. plantagineum. These findings contribute to our understanding of the biosynthesis of shikonins in roots of two related invasive plants and their expression in relation to plant phenological stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Skoneczny
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
| | - Paul A Weston
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
| | - Xiaocheng Zhu
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
| | - Geoff M Gurr
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Ragan M Callaway
- Division of Biological Science, University of Montana, 32 Campus Dr, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
| | - Russel A Barrow
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Leslie A Weston
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
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Ecology and genetics affect relative invasion success of two Echium species in southern Australia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42792. [PMID: 28211478 PMCID: PMC5314367 DOI: 10.1038/srep42792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Echium plantagineum and E. vulgare are congeneric exotics first introduced to Australia in the early 1800 s. There, E. plantagineum is now highly invasive, whereas E. vulgare has a limited distribution. Studies were conducted to evaluate distribution, ecology, genetics and secondary chemistry to shed light on factors associated with their respective invasive success. When sampled across geographically diverse locales, E. plantagineum was widespread and exhibited a small genome size (1 C = 0.34 pg), an annual life cycle, and greater genetic diversity as assessed by DNA sequence analysis. It was found frequently in areas with temperature extremes and low rainfall. In contrast, E. vulgare exhibited a larger genome size (1 C = 0.43 pg), a perennial lifecycle, less chloroplast genetic diversity, and occurred in areas with lower temperatures and higher rainfall. Twelve chloroplast haplotypes of E. plantagineum were evident and incidence aligned well with reported historical introduction events. In contrast, E. vulgare exhibited two haplotypes and was found only sporadically at higher elevations. Echium plantagineum possessed significantly higher levels of numerous pyrrolizidine alkaloids involved in plant defence. We conclude that elevated genetic diversity, tolerance to environmental stress and capacity for producing defensive secondary metabolites have contributed to the successful invasion of E. plantagineum in Australia.
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Shaik RS, Zhu X, Clements DR, Weston LA. Understanding invasion history and predicting invasive niches using genetic sequencing technology in Australia: case studies from Cucurbitaceae and Boraginaceae. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cow030. [PMID: 27766152 PMCID: PMC5069847 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Part of the challenge in dealing with invasive plant species is that they seldom represent a uniform, static entity. Often, an accurate understanding of the history of plant introduction and knowledge of the real levels of genetic diversity present in species and populations of importance is lacking. Currently, the role of genetic diversity in promoting the successful establishment of invasive plants is not well defined. Genetic profiling of invasive plants should enhance our understanding of the dynamics of colonization in the invaded range. Recent advances in DNA sequencing technology have greatly facilitated the rapid and complete assessment of plant population genetics. Here, we apply our current understanding of the genetics and ecophysiology of plant invasions to recent work on Australian plant invaders from the Cucurbitaceae and Boraginaceae. The Cucurbitaceae study showed that both prickly paddy melon (Cucumis myriocarpus) and camel melon (Citrullus lanatus) were represented by only a single genotype in Australia, implying that each was probably introduced as a single introduction event. In contrast, a third invasive melon, Citrullus colocynthis, possessed a moderate level of genetic diversity in Australia and was potentially introduced to the continent at least twice. The Boraginaceae study demonstrated the value of comparing two similar congeneric species; one, Echium plantagineum, is highly invasive and genetically diverse, whereas the other, Echium vulgare, exhibits less genetic diversity and occupies a more limited ecological niche. Sequence analysis provided precise identification of invasive plant species, as well as information on genetic diversity and phylogeographic history. Improved sequencing technologies will continue to allow greater resolution of genetic relationships among invasive plant populations, thereby potentially improving our ability to predict the impact of these relationships upon future spread and better manage invaders possessing potentially diverse biotypes and exhibiting diverse breeding systems, life histories and invasion histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razia S. Shaik
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Xiaocheng Zhu
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - David R. Clements
- Department of Biology, Trinity Western University, Langley, BC, CanadaV2Y 1Y1
| | - Leslie A. Weston
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
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From inspiration to impact: delivering value from global root research. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3601-3603. [PMCID: PMC4896363 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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Widhalm JR, Rhodes D. Biosynthesis and molecular actions of specialized 1,4-naphthoquinone natural products produced by horticultural plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2016; 3:16046. [PMID: 27688890 PMCID: PMC5030760 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2016.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The 1,4-naphthoquinones (1,4-NQs) are a diverse group of natural products found in every kingdom of life. Plants, including many horticultural species, collectively synthesize hundreds of specialized 1,4-NQs with ecological roles in plant-plant (allelopathy), plant-insect and plant-microbe interactions. Numerous horticultural plants producing 1,4-NQs have also served as sources of traditional medicines for hundreds of years. As a result, horticultural species have been at the forefront of many basic studies conducted to understand the metabolism and function of specialized plant 1,4-NQs. Several 1,4-NQ natural products derived from horticultural plants have also emerged as promising scaffolds for developing new drugs. In this review, the current understanding of the core metabolic pathways leading to plant 1,4-NQs is provided with additional emphasis on downstream natural products originating from horticultural species. An overview on the biochemical mechanisms of action, both from an ecological and pharmacological perspective, of 1,4-NQs derived from horticultural plants is also provided. In addition, future directions for improving basic knowledge about plant 1,4-NQ metabolism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Widhalm
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2010, USA
- ()
| | - David Rhodes
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2010, USA
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