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Tian Z, Zhao M, Wang J, Yang Q, Ma Y, Yang X, Ma L, Qi Y, Li J, Quinet M, Shi B, Meng Y. Exogenous melatonin improves germination rate in buckwheat under high temperature stress by regulating seed physiological and biochemical characteristics. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17136. [PMID: 38590707 PMCID: PMC11000643 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The germinations of three common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) varieties and two Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) varieties seeds are known to be affected by high temperature. However, little is known about the physiological mechanism affecting germination and the effect of melatonin (MT) on buckwheat seed germination under high temperature. This work studied the effects of exogenous MT on buckwheat seed germination under high temperature. MT was sprayed. The parameters, including growth, and physiological factors, were examined. The results showed that exogenous MT significantly increased the germination rate (GR), germination potential (GP), radicle length (RL), and fresh weight (FW) of these buckwheat seeds under high-temperature stress and enhanced the content of osmotic adjustment substances and enzyme activity. Comprehensive analysis revealed that under high-temperature stress during germination, antioxidant enzymes play a predominant role, while osmotic adjustment substances work synergistically to reduce the extent of damage to the membrane structure, serving as the primary key indicators for studying high-temperature resistance. Consequently, our results showed that MT had a positive protective effect on buckwheat seeds exposed to high temperature stress, providing a theoretical basis for improving the ability to adapt to high temperature environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemiao Tian
- Hebei Agricultrual University, Baoding, China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Crop Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyu Zhao
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Crop Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junzhen Wang
- Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xichang, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Hebei Agricultrual University, Baoding, China
| | - Yini Ma
- Hebei Agricultrual University, Baoding, China
| | - Xinlei Yang
- Hebei Agricultrual University, Baoding, China
| | - Luping Ma
- Hebei Agricultrual University, Baoding, China
| | - Yongzhi Qi
- Hebei Agricultrual University, Baoding, China
| | - Jinbo Li
- Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | - Muriel Quinet
- Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | - Yu Meng
- Hebei Agricultrual University, Baoding, China
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Li F, Ye H, Wang Y, Zhou J, Zhang G, Liu X, Lu X, Wang F, Chen Q, Chen G, Xiao Y, Tang W, Deng H. Transcriptomic Profiling of Two Rice Thermo-Sensitive Genic Male Sterile Lines with Contrasting Seed Storability after Artificial Accelerated Aging Treatment. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:945. [PMID: 38611475 PMCID: PMC11013862 DOI: 10.3390/plants13070945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Seed storability has a significant impact on seed vitality and is a crucial genetic factor in maintaining seed value during storage. In this study, RNA sequencing was used to analyze the seed transcriptomes of two rice thermo-sensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) lines, S1146S (storage-tolerant) and SD26S (storage-susceptible), with 0 and 7 days of artificial accelerated aging treatment. In total, 2658 and 1523 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in S1146S and SD26S, respectively. Among these DEGs, 729 (G1) exhibited similar regulation patterns in both lines, while 1924 DEGs (G2) were specific to S1146S, 789 DEGs (G3) were specific to SD26S, and 5 DEGs (G4) were specific to contrary differential expression levels. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that "translation", "ribosome", "oxidative phosphorylation", "ATP-dependent activity", "intracellular protein transport", and "regulation of DNA-templated transcription" were significantly enriched during seed aging. Several genes, like Os01g0971400, Os01g0937200, Os03g0276500, Os05g0328632, and Os07g0214300, associated with seed storability were identified in G4. Core genes Os03g0100100 (OsPMEI12), Os03g0320900 (V2), Os02g0494000, Os02g0152800, and Os03g0710500 (OsBiP2) were identified in protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. Seed vitality genes, MKKK62 (Os01g0699600), OsFbx352 (Os10g0127900), FSE6 (Os05g0540000), and RAmy3E (Os08g0473600), related to seed storability were identified. Overall, these results provide novel perspectives for studying the molecular response and related genes of different-storability rice TGMS lines under artificial aging conditions. They also provide new ideas for studying the storability of hybrid rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (G.Z.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (F.W.); (Q.C.); (G.C.); (Y.X.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rice and Rapeseed Breeding for Disease Resistance, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Hongbing Ye
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (G.Z.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (F.W.); (Q.C.); (G.C.); (Y.X.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rice and Rapeseed Breeding for Disease Resistance, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yingfeng Wang
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (G.Z.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (F.W.); (Q.C.); (G.C.); (Y.X.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rice and Rapeseed Breeding for Disease Resistance, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jieqiang Zhou
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (G.Z.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (F.W.); (Q.C.); (G.C.); (Y.X.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rice and Rapeseed Breeding for Disease Resistance, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Guilian Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (G.Z.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (F.W.); (Q.C.); (G.C.); (Y.X.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rice and Rapeseed Breeding for Disease Resistance, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiong Liu
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (G.Z.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (F.W.); (Q.C.); (G.C.); (Y.X.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rice and Rapeseed Breeding for Disease Resistance, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xuedan Lu
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (G.Z.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (F.W.); (Q.C.); (G.C.); (Y.X.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rice and Rapeseed Breeding for Disease Resistance, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Feng Wang
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (G.Z.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (F.W.); (Q.C.); (G.C.); (Y.X.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rice and Rapeseed Breeding for Disease Resistance, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Qiuhong Chen
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (G.Z.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (F.W.); (Q.C.); (G.C.); (Y.X.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rice and Rapeseed Breeding for Disease Resistance, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Guihua Chen
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (G.Z.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (F.W.); (Q.C.); (G.C.); (Y.X.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rice and Rapeseed Breeding for Disease Resistance, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yunhua Xiao
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (G.Z.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (F.W.); (Q.C.); (G.C.); (Y.X.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rice and Rapeseed Breeding for Disease Resistance, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Wenbang Tang
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (G.Z.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (F.W.); (Q.C.); (G.C.); (Y.X.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rice and Rapeseed Breeding for Disease Resistance, Changsha 410128, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Huabing Deng
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (G.Z.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (F.W.); (Q.C.); (G.C.); (Y.X.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rice and Rapeseed Breeding for Disease Resistance, Changsha 410128, China
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Zheng Q, Teng Z, Zhang J, Ye N. ABA Inhibits Rice Seed Aging by Reducing H 2O 2 Accumulation in the Radicle of Seeds. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:809. [PMID: 38592812 PMCID: PMC10976155 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The seed, a critical organ in higher plants, serves as a primary determinant of agricultural productivity, with its quality directly influencing crop yield. Improper storage conditions can diminish seed vigor, adversely affecting seed germination and seedling establishment. Therefore, understanding the seed-aging process and exploring strategies to enhance seed-aging resistance are paramount. In this study, we observed that seed aging during storage leads to a decline in seed vigor and can coincide with the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the radicle, resulting in compromised or uneven germination and asynchronous seedling emergence. We identified the abscisic acid (ABA) catabolism gene, abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase 2 (OsABA8ox2), as significantly induced by aging treatment. Interestingly, transgenic seeds overexpressing OsABA8ox2 exhibited reduced seed vigor, while gene knockout enhanced seed vigor, suggesting its role as a negative regulator. Similarly, seeds pretreated with ABA or diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI, an H2O2 inhibitor) showed increased resistance to aging, with more robust early seedling establishment. Both OsABA8ox2 mutant seeds and seeds pretreated with ABA or DPI displayed lower H2O2 content during aging treatment. Overall, our findings indicate that ABA mitigates rice seed aging by reducing H2O2 accumulation in the radicle. This study offers valuable germplasm resources and presents a novel approach to enhancing seed resistance against aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zheng
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Q.Z.); (Z.T.)
| | - Zhenning Teng
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Q.Z.); (Z.T.)
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin 999077, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin 999077, Hong Kong
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Nenghui Ye
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Q.Z.); (Z.T.)
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
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Lv T, Li J, Zhou L, Zhou T, Pritchard HW, Ren C, Chen J, Yan J, Pei J. Aging-Induced Reduction in Safflower Seed Germination via Impaired Energy Metabolism and Genetic Integrity Is Partially Restored by Sucrose and DA-6 Treatment. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:659. [PMID: 38475505 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Seed storage underpins global agriculture and the seed trade and revealing the mechanisms of seed aging is essential for enhancing seed longevity management. Safflower is a multipurpose oil crop, rich in unsaturated fatty acids that are at high risk of peroxidation as a contributory factor to seed aging. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for safflower seed viability loss are not yet elucidated. We used controlled deterioration (CDT) conditions of 60% relative humidity and 50 °C to reduce germination in freshly harvested safflower seeds and analyzed aged seeds using biochemical and molecular techniques. While seed malondialdehyde (MDA) and fatty acid content increased significantly during CDT, catalase activity and soluble sugar content decreased. KEGG analysis of gene function and qPCR validation indicated that aging severely impaired several key functional and biosynthetic pathways including glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism, antioxidant activity, and DNA replication and repair. Furthermore, exogenous sucrose and diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate (DA-6) treatment partially promoted germination in aged seeds, further demonstrating the vital role of impaired sugar and fatty acid metabolism during the aging and recovery processes. We concluded that energy metabolism and genetic integrity are impaired during aging, which contributes to the loss of seed vigor. Such energy metabolic pathways as glycolysis, fatty acid degradation, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) are impaired, especially fatty acids produced by the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols during aging, as they are not efficiently converted to sucrose via the glyoxylate cycle to provide energy supply for safflower seed germination and seedling growth. At the same time, the reduced capacity for nucleotide synthesis capacity and the deterioration of DNA repair ability further aggravate the damage to DNA, reducing seed vitality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Lanyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Hugh W Pritchard
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Heilongtan, Kunming 650201, China
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath RH17 6TN, West Sussex, UK
| | - Chaoxiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jie Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jin Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
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Pirredda M, Fañanás-Pueyo I, Oñate-Sánchez L, Mira S. Seed Longevity and Ageing: A Review on Physiological and Genetic Factors with an Emphasis on Hormonal Regulation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:41. [PMID: 38202349 PMCID: PMC10780731 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Upon storage, seeds inevitably age and lose their viability over time, which determines their longevity. Longevity correlates with successful seed germination and enhancing this trait is of fundamental importance for long-term seed storage (germplasm conservation) and crop improvement. Seed longevity is governed by a complex interplay between genetic factors and environmental conditions experienced during seed development and after-ripening that will shape seed physiology. Several factors have been associated with seed ageing such as oxidative stress responses, DNA repair enzymes, and composition of seed layers. Phytohormones, mainly abscisic acid, auxins, and gibberellins, have also emerged as prominent endogenous regulators of seed longevity, and their study has provided new regulators of longevity. Gaining a thorough understanding of how hormonal signalling genes and pathways are integrated with downstream mechanisms related to seed longevity is essential for formulating strategies aimed at preserving seed quality and viability. A relevant aspect related to research in seed longevity is the existence of significant differences between results depending on the seed equilibrium relative humidity conditions used to study seed ageing. Hence, this review delves into the genetic, environmental and experimental factors affecting seed ageing and longevity, with a particular focus on their hormonal regulation. We also provide gene network models underlying hormone signalling aimed to help visualize their integration into seed longevity and ageing. We believe that the format used to present the information bolsters its value as a resource to support seed longevity research for seed conservation and crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Pirredda
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Iris Fañanás-Pueyo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Luis Oñate-Sánchez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Sara Mira
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
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Trusiak M, Plitta-Michalak BP, Michalak M. Choosing the Right Path for the Successful Storage of Seeds. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:72. [PMID: 36616200 PMCID: PMC9823941 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Seeds are the most commonly used source of storage material to preserve the genetic diversity of plants. However, prior to the deposition of seeds in gene banks, several questions need to be addressed. Here, we illustrate the scheme that can be used to ensure that the most optimal conditions are identified to enable the long-term storage of seeds. The main questions that need to be answered pertain to the production of viable seeds by plants, the availability of proper protocols for dormancy alleviation and germination, seed tolerance to desiccation and cold storage at -20 °C. Finally, it is very important to fully understand the capability or lack thereof for seeds or their explants to tolerate cryogenic conditions. The proper storage regimes for orthodox, intermediate and recalcitrant seeds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Trusiak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, M. Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-721 Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | - Marcin Michalak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, M. Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-721 Olsztyn, Poland
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Ramtekey V, Cherukuri S, Kumar S, V. SK, Sheoran S, K. UB, K. BN, Kumar S, Singh AN, Singh HV. Seed Longevity in Legumes: Deeper Insights Into Mechanisms and Molecular Perspectives. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:918206. [PMID: 35968115 PMCID: PMC9364935 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.918206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable agricultural production largely depends upon the viability and longevity of high-quality seeds during storage. Legumes are considered as rich source of dietary protein that helps to ensure nutritional security, but associated with poor seed longevity that hinders their performance and productivity in farmer's fields. Seed longevity is the key determinant to assure proper seed plant value and crop yield. Thus, maintenance of seed longevity during storage is of prime concern and a pre-requisite for enhancing crop productivity of legumes. Seed longevity is significantly correlated with other seed quality parameters such as germination, vigor, viability and seed coat permeability that affect crop growth and development, consequently distressing crop yield. Therefore, information on genetic basis and regulatory networks associated with seed longevity, as well as molecular dissection of traits linked to longevity could help in developing crop varieties with good storability. Keeping this in view, the present review focuses towards highlighting the molecular basis of seed longevity, with special emphasis on candidate genes and proteins associated with seed longevity and their interplay with other quality parameters. Further, an attempt was made to provide information on 3D structures of various genetic loci (genes/proteins) associated to seed longevity that could facilitate in understanding the interactions taking place within the seed at molecular level. This review compiles and provides information on genetic and genomic approaches for the identification of molecular pathways and key players involved in the maintenance of seed longevity in legumes, in a holistic manner. Finally, a hypothetical fast-forward breeding pipeline has been provided, that could assist the breeders to successfully develop varieties with improved seed longevity in legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sunil Kumar
- Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute-IASRI, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Seema Sheoran
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Station, Karnal, India
| | - Udaya Bhaskar K.
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Seed Science, Regional Station, Bengaluru, India
| | - Bhojaraja Naik K.
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Seed Science, Regional Station, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Seed Science, Mau, India
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8
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Wang T, Chang Y, Zhao K, Dong Q, Yang J. Maize RNA 3'-terminal phosphate cyclase-like protein promotes 18S pre-rRNA cleavage and is important for kernel development. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1957-1979. [PMID: 35167702 PMCID: PMC9048941 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant ribosomes contain four specialized ribonucleic acids, the 5S, 5.8S, 18S, and 25S ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs). Maturation of the latter three rRNAs requires cooperative processing of a single transcript by several endonucleases and exonucleases at specific sites. In maize (Zea mays), the exact nucleases and components required for rRNA processing remain poorly understood. Here, we characterized a conserved RNA 3'-terminal phosphate cyclase (RCL)-like protein, RCL1, that functions in 18S rRNA maturation. RCL1 is highly expressed in the embryo and endosperm during early seed development. Loss of RCL1 function resulted in lethality due to aborted embryo cell differentiation. We also observed pleiotropic defects in the rcl1 endosperm, including abnormal basal transfer cell layer growth and aleurone cell identity, and reduced storage reserve accumulation. The rcl1 seeds had lower levels of mature 18S rRNA and the related precursors were altered in abundance compared with wild type. Analysis of transcript levels and protein accumulation in rcl1 revealed that the observed lower levels of zein and starch synthesis enzymes mainly resulted from effects at the transcriptional and translational levels, respectively. These results demonstrate that RCL1-mediated 18S pre-rRNA processing is essential for ribosome function and messenger RNA translation during maize seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, The National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yumei Chang
- School of Life Sciences, The National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, The National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Qing Dong
- Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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9
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Huang Y, Mei G, Fu X, Wang Y, Ruan X, Cao D. Ultrasonic Waves Regulate Antioxidant Defense and Gluconeogenesis to Improve Germination From Naturally Aged Soybean Seeds. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:833858. [PMID: 35419018 PMCID: PMC8996252 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.833858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soybean seeds contain substantial triacylglycerols and fatty acids that are prone to oxidation during storage, contributing to the dramatic deterioration of seed vigor. This study reports an ultrasonic waves treatment (UWT), which is a physical method capable of promoting the germination ability of the aged soybean seeds by regulating the antioxidant defense and gluconeogenesis. Germination test revealed that UWT significantly increased the germination rate and seedlings' establishment of the soybean seeds stored for 12 months, although insignificantly impacting the vigor of fresh (stored for 1 month) and short-term stored (for 6 months) seeds. Further biochemical analysis revealed that UWT decreased the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), O2⋅-, and malondialdehyde contents in the aged soybean seeds during early germination. Consistently, UWT prominently elevated the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, and also the corresponding gene expressions. Besides, the soluble sugar content of UWT was significantly higher than that of the untreated aged seeds. Analysis of enzyme activity showed UWT significantly upregulated the activities of several key enzymes in gluconeogenesis and the transcription levels of corresponding genes. Moreover, UWT enhanced the invertase activity within aged seeds, which was responsible for catalyzing sucrose hydrolysis for forming glucose and fructose. In summary, UWT improved germination and seedlings establishment of aged soybean seeds by regulating antioxidant defense and gluconeogenesis. This study expands the application of ultrasonication in agricultural production and further clarifies the physiological and molecular mechanisms of the aged seed germination, aiming to provide theoretical and practical guidance for seed quality and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Huang
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gaofu Mei
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xujun Fu
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Ruan
- Zhejiang Nongke Seed Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongdong Cao
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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10
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Li W, Niu Y, Zheng Y, Wang Z. Advances in the Understanding of Reactive Oxygen Species-Dependent Regulation on Seed Dormancy, Germination, and Deterioration in Crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:826809. [PMID: 35283906 PMCID: PMC8905223 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.826809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an essential role in the regulation of seed dormancy, germination, and deterioration in plants. The low level of ROS as signaling particles promotes dormancy release and triggers seed germination. Excessive ROS accumulation causes seed deterioration during seed storage. Maintaining ROS homeostasis plays a central role in the regulation of seed dormancy, germination, and deterioration in crops. This study highlights the current advances in the regulation of ROS homeostasis in dry and hydrated seeds of crops. The research progress in the crosstalk between ROS and hormones involved in the regulation of seed dormancy and germination in crops is mainly summarized. The current understandings of ROS-induced seed deterioration are reviewed. These understandings of ROS-dependent regulation on seed dormancy, germination, and deterioration contribute to the improvement of seed quality of crops in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Li
- The Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongzhi Niu
- Yuxi Zhongyan Tobacco Seed Co., Ltd., Yuxi, China
| | - Yunye Zheng
- Yuxi Zhongyan Tobacco Seed Co., Ltd., Yuxi, China
| | - Zhoufei Wang
- The Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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11
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The Seed and the Metabolism Regulation. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020168. [PMID: 35205035 PMCID: PMC8869448 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Seeds are the reproductive units of higher plants. They have a significant place in agriculture and plant diversity maintenance. Because they are dehydrated, they can remain viable in the environment for centuries. This review explores the dry seed as a metabolically inactive organism, but well organized to protect its components and enter intensive repair to restore metabolic activities upon imbibition for the completion of germination. Metabolism regulation is also critical for the most important seed traits, dormancy, and ageing recovery capacity. Abstract The seed represents a critical stage in the life cycle of flowering plants. It corresponds to a dry structure carrying the plant embryo in dormant or quiescent state. Orthodox seeds possess a very low water content, preventing biochemical reactions, especially respiration. If the desiccation of living organisms leads to a loss of homeostasis, structure, and metabolism, the seeds go through it successfully thanks to their structure, cellular organization, and growth regulation. Seeds set up a certain number of sophisticated molecules to protect valuable macromolecules or organelles from dehydration/rehydration cycles. Moreover, dormancy takes place in a coordinated process with environmental cues in order to ensure embryo development at the most appropriate conditions for the establishment of the new plant. Moreover, repair processes are programmed to be ready to operate to maximize germination success and seed longevity. This review focuses on the physiology of the seed as related to hydration forces, respiration, and biochemical reactions in the transition from thermodynamically undefined dry state to self-sustained living system. Such processes are of importance for basic knowledge of the regulation of metabolism of living organisms, but also for the control of germination in the context of climate change due to global warming.
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12
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Wang R, Wu F, Xie X, Yang C. Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping of Seed Vigor in Soybean under -20 °C Storage and Accelerated Aging Conditions via RAD Sequencing. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:1977-1996. [PMID: 34889905 PMCID: PMC8928945 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43030136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its fast deterioration, soybean (Glycine max L.) has an inherently poor seed vigor. Vigor loss occurring during storage is one of the main obstacles to soybean production in the tropics. To analyze the genetic background of seed vigor, soybean seeds of a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the cross between Zhonghuang24 (ZH24, low vigor cultivar) and Huaxia3hao (HX3, vigorous cultivar) were utilized to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) underlying the seed vigor under -20 °C conservation and accelerated aging conditions. According to the linkage analysis, multiple seed vigor-related QTLs were identified under both -20 °C and accelerated aging storage. Two major QTLs and eight QTL hotspots localized on chromosomes 3, 6, 9, 11, 15, 16, 17, and 19 were detected that were associated with seed vigor across two storage conditions. The indicators of seed vigor did not correlate well between the two aging treatments, and no common QTLs were detected in RIL populations stored in two conditions. These results indicated that deterioration under accelerated aging conditions was not reflective of natural aging at -20 °C. Additionally, we suggest 15 promising candidate genes that could possibly determine the seed vigor in soybeans, which would help explore the mechanisms responsible for maintaining high seed vigor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfan Wang
- Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (R.W.); (F.W.)
| | - Fengqi Wu
- Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (R.W.); (F.W.)
| | - Xianrong Xie
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Cunyi Yang
- Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (R.W.); (F.W.)
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13
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Huang Y, Cai S, Ruan X, Xu J, Cao D. CSN improves seed vigor of aged sunflower seeds by regulating the fatty acid, glycometabolism, and abscisic acid metabolism. J Adv Res 2021; 33:1-13. [PMID: 34603775 PMCID: PMC8463905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sunflower seeds possess higher oil content than do cereal crop seeds. Storage of sunflower seeds is accompanied by loss of seed vigor and oxidation of storage and membrane lipids. Objectives This study first reported that compound sodium nitrophenolate (CSN), a new plant growth modulator, improved the germination and seedling emergence of aged sunflower seeds. The present study provide a future reference as to the potential applications of CSN and the regulation mechanism of exogenous substances in increasing aged crop seed vigor. Methods Phenotypic analysis was performed to investigate the effect of CSN on germination and seedling emergence from naturally- and artificially-aged sunflower seeds. The biochemical and enzyme activity analysis were conducted to test the CSN-induced effect on glycometabolism, fatty acid and abscisic acid metabolism. Meanwhile, gene expression analysis was carried out to detect the changes in the transcription level of sunflower seeds during early germination period after CSN treatment. Results CSN application significantly increased the germination rate and seedling emergence rate of sunflower seeds under natural and artificial aging. Biochemical analysis indicated that, CSN treatment significantly enhanced the sucrose and fructose contents in aged sunflower seeds during early germination period. Moreover, the contents of several different fatty acids in CSN-treated sunflower seeds also significantly increased. Enzyme activity analysis revealed that CSN treatment remarkably up-regulated the activities of several critical enzymes related to triacylglycerol hydrolysis. Consequently, the transcription levels of the above key enzymes-related synthetic genes were also significantly up-regulated in CSN treatment. Furthermore, CSN treatment significantly decreased abscisic acid (ABA) content through the regulation of the gene expressions and activities of metabolism related-enzymes. Conclusion Taken together, the contribution of CSN to the improvement of aged sunflower seed germination and seedling emergence might be closely related to the fatty acid, glycometabolism, and ABA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Huang
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, 310021 Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuyu Cai
- School of Architectural Engineering, Shaoxing University Yuanpei College, 312000 Shaoxing, China
| | - Xiaoli Ruan
- Zhejiang Nongke Seed Co. Ltd, 198 Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Pinhu City, 500 Xinhuabei Road, Pinhu 314200, China
| | - Dongdong Cao
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, 310021 Hangzhou, China
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14
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Saighani K, Kondo D, Sano N, Murata K, Yamada T, Kanekatsu M. Correlation between seed longevity and RNA integrity in the embryos of rice seeds. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2021; 38:277-283. [PMID: 34393607 PMCID: PMC8329264 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.21.0422a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The mature embryos of rice seeds contain translatable mRNAs required for the initial phase of germination. To clarify the relationship between seed longevity and RNA integrity in embryos, germinability and stability of embryonic RNAs were analyzed using the seeds of japonica rice cultivars subjected to controlled deterioration treatment (CDT) or long periods of storage. Degradation of RNA from embryos of a japonica rice cultivar "Nipponbare" was induced by CDT before the decline of the germination rate and we observed a positive relationship between seed germinability and integrity of embryonic RNAs. Moreover, this relationship was confirmed in the experiments using aged seeds from the "Nipponbare", "Sasanishiki" and "Koshihikari" rice cultivars. In addition, the RNA integrity number (RIN) values, calculated using electrophoresis data and Agilent Bioanalyzer software, had a positive correlation with germinability (R2=0.75). Therefore, the stability of embryonic RNAs required for germination is involved in maintaining seed longevity over time and RIN values can serve as a quantitative indicator to evaluate germinability in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalimullah Saighani
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Daiki Kondo
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Naoto Sano
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Kazumasa Murata
- Toyama Prefectural Agricultural, Forestry & Fisheries Research Center, Toyama 939-8153, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamada
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Motoki Kanekatsu
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
- E-mail: Tel & Fax: +81-42-367-5733
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15
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Barley Seeds miRNome Stability during Long-Term Storage and Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094315. [PMID: 33919202 PMCID: PMC8122619 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed aging is a complex biological process that has been attracting scientists’ attention for many years. High-throughput small RNA sequencing was applied to examine microRNAs contribution in barley seeds senescence. Unique samples of seeds that, despite having the same genetic makeup, differed in viability after over 45 years of storage in a dry state were investigated. In total, 61 known and 81 novel miRNA were identified in dry seeds. The highest level of expression was found in four conserved miRNA families, i.e., miR159, miR156, miR166, and miR168. However, the most astonishing result was the lack of significant differences in the level of almost all miRNAs in seed samples with significantly different viability. This result reveals that miRNAs in dry seeds are extremely stable. This is also the first identified RNA fraction that is not deteriorating along with the loss of seed viability. Moreover, the novel miRNA hvu-new41, with higher expression in seeds with the lowest viability as detected by RT-qPCR, has the potential to become an indicator of the decreasing viability of seeds during storage in a dry state.
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16
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Zhang K, Zhang Y, Sun J, Meng J, Tao J. Deterioration of orthodox seeds during ageing: Influencing factors, physiological alterations and the role of reactive oxygen species. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 158:475-485. [PMID: 33250322 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Seed viability is an important trait in agriculture which directly influences seedling emergence and crop yield. However, even when stored under optimal conditions, all seeds will eventually lose their viability. Our primary aims were to describe factors influencing seed deterioration, determine the morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes that occur during the process of seed ageing, and explore the mechanisms involved in seed deterioration. High relative humidity and high temperature are two factors that accelerate seed deterioration. As seeds age, frequently observed changes include membrane damage and the destruction of organelle structure, an increase in the loss of seed leachate, decreases of respiratory rates and ATP production, and a loss of enzymatic activity. These phenomena could be inter-related and reflect the general breakdown in cellular organization. Many processes can result in seed ageing; it is likely that oxidative damage caused by free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) is primarily responsible. ROS can have vital interactions with any macromolecule of biological interest that result in damage to various cellular components caused by protein damage, lipid peroxidation, chromosomal abnormalities, and DNA lesions. Further, ROS may also cause programmed cell death by inducing the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores and the release of cytochrome C. Some repairs can occur in the early stages of imbibition, but repair processes fail if sufficient damage has been caused to critical functional components. As a result, a given seed will lose its viability and eventually fail to germinate in a relatively short time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keliang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Jing Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Jiasong Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Jun Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
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17
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Analysis of Stored mRNA Degradation in Acceleratedly Aged Seeds of Wheat and Canola in Comparison to Arabidopsis. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9121707. [PMID: 33291562 PMCID: PMC7761881 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Seed aging has become a topic of renewed interest but its mechanism remains poorly understood. Our recent analysis of stored mRNA degradation in aged Arabidopsis seeds found that the stored mRNA degradation rates (estimated as the frequency of breakdown per nucleotide per day or β value) were constant over aging time under stable conditions. However, little is known about the generality of this finding to other plant species. We expanded the analysis to aged seeds of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and canola (Brassica napus). It was found that wheat and canola seeds required much longer periods than Arabidopsis seeds to lose seed germination ability completely under the same aging conditions. As what had been observed for Arabidopsis, stored mRNA degradation (∆Ct value in qPCR) in wheat and canola seeds correlated linearly and tightly with seed aging time or mRNA fragment size, while the quality of total RNA showed little change during seed aging. The generated β values reflecting the rate of stored mRNA degradation in wheat or canola seeds were similar for different stored mRNAs assayed and constant over seed aging time. The overall β values for aged seeds of wheat and canola showed non-significant differences from that of Arabidopsis when aged under the same conditions. These results are significant, allowing for better understanding of controlled seed aging for different species at the molecular level and for exploring the potential of stored mRNAs as seed aging biomarkers.
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18
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Buijs G, Willems LAJ, Kodde J, Groot SPC, Bentsink L. Evaluating the EPPO method for seed longevity analyses in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 301:110644. [PMID: 33218622 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Seed longevity (storability) is an important seed quality trait. High seed quality is important in agriculture, for the industry, and for safeguarding biodiversity as many species are stored as seeds in genebanks. To ensure ex-situ seed survival, seeds are mostly stored at low relative humidity and low temperature. Oxidation is the main cause of seed deterioration in these dry storage conditions. The molecular mechanisms underlying dry seed survival remain poorly understood. Research on seed longevity is hampered by the lack of an experimental ageing method that mimics dry ageing well. Here, we propose the Elevated Partial Pressure of Oxygen (EPPO) method as the best available method to mimic and accelerate dry seed ageing. We have tested seed germination in Arabidopsis thaliana after EPPO storage at two different relative humidity (RH) conditions and confirm the large effect of oxygen and the seed moisture content on ageing during dry storage. Comparative Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis shows that EPPO at 55 % RH mimics dry ageing better than the commonly used Artificial Ageing and Controlled Deterioration tests at higher moisture levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonda Buijs
- Wageningen Seed Science Centre, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leo A J Willems
- Wageningen Seed Science Centre, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Kodde
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Steven P C Groot
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leónie Bentsink
- Wageningen Seed Science Centre, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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19
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Huang B, Gan L, Chen D, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Liu X, Chen S, Wei Z, Tong L, Song Z, Zhang X, Cai D, Zhang C, He Y. Integration of small RNA, degradome and proteome sequencing in Oryza sativa reveals a delayed senescence network in tetraploid rice seed. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242260. [PMID: 33186373 PMCID: PMC7665819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed of rice is an important strategic resource for ensuring the security of China's staple food. Seed deterioration as a result of senescence is a major problem during seed storage, which can cause major economic losses. Screening among accessions in rice germplasm resources for traits such as slow senescence and increased seed longevity during storage is, therefore, of great significance. However, studies on delayed senescence in rice have been based mostly on diploid rice seed to date. Despite better tolerance have been verified by the artificial aging treatment for polyploid rice seed, the delayed senescence properties and delayed senescence related regulatory mechanisms of polyploid rice seed are rarely reported, due to the lack of polyploid rice materials with high seed set. High-throughput sequencing was applied to systematically investigate variations in small RNAs, the degradome, and the proteome between tetraploid and diploid rice seeds. Degradome sequencing analysis of microRNAs showed that expression of miR-164d, which regulates genes encoding antioxidant enzymes, was changed significantly, resulting in decreased miRNA-mediated cleavage of target genes in tetraploid rice. Comparisons of the expression levels of small RNAs (sRNAs) in the tetraploid and diploid libraries revealed that 12 sRNAs changed significantly, consistent with the findings from degradome sequencing. Furthermore, proteomics also showed that antioxidant enzymes were up-regulated in tetraploid rice seeds, relative to diploids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baosheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Storage and Transportation Technology of Agricultural Products, Jinan, China
| | - Lu Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongjie Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Storage and Transportation Technology of Agricultural Products, Jinan, China
| | - Yachun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Si Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhisong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liqi Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaojian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Wuhan Polyploid Biology Technology Co. Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Wuhan Polyploid Biology Technology Co. Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Detian Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Wuhan Polyploid Biology Technology Co. Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Changfeng Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Storage and Transportation Technology of Agricultural Products, Jinan, China
- * E-mail: (YH); (CZ)
| | - Yuchi He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Wuhan Polyploid Biology Technology Co. Ltd, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (YH); (CZ)
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20
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Puchta M, Boczkowska M, Groszyk J. Low RIN Value for RNA-Seq Library Construction from Long-Term Stored Seeds: A Case Study of Barley Seeds. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1190. [PMID: 33066221 PMCID: PMC7650657 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed aging is a complex biological process and its fundamentals and mechanisms have not yet been fully recognized. This is a key issue faced by research teams involved in the collection and storage of plant genetic resources in gene banks every day. Transcriptomic changes associated with seed aging in the dry state have barely been studied. The aim of the study was to develop an efficient protocol for construction of RNA-Seq libraries from long-term stored seeds with very low viability and low RNA integrity number (RIN). Here, barley seeds that have almost completely lost their viability as a result of long-term storage were used. As a control, fully viable seeds obtained in the course of field regeneration were used. The effectiveness of protocols dedicated to RNA samples with high and low RIN values was compared. The experiment concluded that library construction from low viable or long-term stored seeds with degraded RNA (RIN < 3) should be carried out with extraordinary attention due to the possibility of uneven degradation of different RNA fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maja Boczkowska
- National Centre for Plant Genetic Resources, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland; (M.P.); (J.G.)
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21
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Ebone LA, Caverzan A, Silveira DC, Siqueira LDO, Lângaro NC, Chiomento JLT, Chavarria G. Biochemical Profile of the Soybean Seed Embryonic Axis and Its Changes during Accelerated Aging. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9080186. [PMID: 32717802 PMCID: PMC7465099 DOI: 10.3390/biology9080186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Seed deterioration is an important topic in plant science, as the majority of cultivated species use seeds as their means of propagation; however, due to its complexity, the process of seed deterioration has not yet been completely elucidated. Three soybean cultivars (BMX Raio, BMX Zeus, and DM 53i54) exposed to four distinct periods of accelerated aging (0, 3, 6 and 9 days) in a fully randomized experimental design. Initially, vigor and germination tests were performed. The activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase enzymes, hydrogen peroxide, malonaldehyde, DNA oxidation, macromolecules and mineral content, and Maillard reactions were quantified in the embryonic axis. Results showed that DNA did not suffer degradation or oxidation. In terms of consumption of reserves, only sugars were consumed, while levels of protein, starch, and triglycerides were maintained. The Maillard reaction did show potential as an indicator of buffer capacity of protein to ROS. Additionally, levels of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase decreased during the aging process. Moreover, nutrient analysis showed that a high magnesium level in the cultivar bestowed greater resilience to deterioration, which can indicate a potential function of magnesium in the cell structure via reflex in seed aging through seed respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Antônio Ebone
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Agronomy Post-Graduate Program, University of Passo Fundo, BR 285 Km 171, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul 99052-900, Brazil; (L.A.E.); (A.C.)
| | - Andréia Caverzan
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Agronomy Post-Graduate Program, University of Passo Fundo, BR 285 Km 171, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul 99052-900, Brazil; (L.A.E.); (A.C.)
| | - Diógenes Cecchin Silveira
- Departament of Forage Plant and Agrometeorology, Animal Science Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenue Bento Gonçalves, 7712, Agronomia, Porto Alegre 91540-000, Brazil;
| | - Luciano de Oliveira Siqueira
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Passo Fundo, BR 285 Km 171, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul 99052-900, Brazil;
| | - Nadia Canali Lângaro
- Laboratory of Seed Technology, Agronomy Post-Graduate Program, University of Passo Fundo, BR 285 Km 171, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul 99052-900, Brazil;
| | - José Luís Trevizan Chiomento
- Laboratory of Olericulture, Agronomy Post-Graduate Program, University of Passo Fundo, BR 285 Km 171, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul 99052-900, Brazil;
| | - Geraldo Chavarria
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Agronomy Post-Graduate Program, University of Passo Fundo, BR 285 Km 171, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul 99052-900, Brazil; (L.A.E.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-54-3316-8167
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22
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Bai Y, Xiao S, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Sun H, Zhang K, Wang X, Bai Z, Li C, Liu L. Melatonin improves the germination rate of cotton seeds under drought stress by opening pores in the seed coat. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9450. [PMID: 32704446 PMCID: PMC7346864 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The germination of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seeds is affected by drought stress; however, little is known about the physiological mechanism affecting germination and the effect of melatonin (MT) on cotton seed germination under drought stress. Therefore, we studied the effects of exogenous MT on the antioxidant capacity and epidermal microstructure of cotton under drought stress. The results demonstrated a retarded water absorption capacity of testa under drought stress, significantly inhibiting germination and growth in cotton seeds. Drought stress led to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and osmoregulatory substances (e.g., proline, soluble protein, and soluble sugars); it also decreased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and α-amylase. Drought stress inhibited gibberellin acid (GA3) synthesis and increased abscisic acid (ABA) content, seriously affecting seed germination. However, seeds pre-soaked with MT (100 µM) showed a positive regulation in the number and opening of stomata in cotton testa. The exogenous application of MT increased the germination rate, germination potential, radical length, and fresh weight, as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and α-amylase. In addition, MT application increased the contents of organic osmotic substances by decreasing the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion (O2-), and MDA levels under drought stress. Further analysis demonstrated that seeds pre-soaked with MT alleviated drought stress by affecting the ABA and GA3 contents. Our findings show that MT plays a positive role in protecting cotton seeds from drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandan Bai
- College of Agronomy, HeBei Agricultural University/ State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/ Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei Province, China, Baoding, China
| | - Shuang Xiao
- College of Agronomy, HeBei Agricultural University/ State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/ Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei Province, China, Baoding, China
| | - Zichen Zhang
- College of Agronomy, HeBei Agricultural University/ State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/ Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei Province, China, Baoding, China
| | - Yongjiang Zhang
- College of Agronomy, HeBei Agricultural University/ State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/ Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei Province, China, Baoding, China
| | - Hongchun Sun
- College of Agronomy, HeBei Agricultural University/ State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/ Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei Province, China, Baoding, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- College of Agronomy, HeBei Agricultural University/ State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/ Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei Province, China, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultrual University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhiying Bai
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultrual University, Baoding, China
| | - Cundong Li
- College of Agronomy, HeBei Agricultural University/ State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/ Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei Province, China, Baoding, China
| | - Liantao Liu
- College of Agronomy, HeBei Agricultural University/ State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/ Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei Province, China, Baoding, China
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23
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Molecular and environmental factors regulating seed longevity. Biochem J 2020; 477:305-323. [PMID: 31967650 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Seed longevity is a central pivot of the preservation of biodiversity, being of main importance to face the challenges linked to global climate change and population growth. This complex, quantitative seed quality trait is acquired on the mother plant during the second part of seed development. Understanding what factors contribute to lifespan is one of the oldest and most challenging questions in plant biology. One of these challenges is to recognize that longevity depends on the storage conditions that are experimentally used because they determine the type and rate of deleterious conditions that lead to cell death and loss of viability. In this review, we will briefly review the different storage methods that accelerate the deteriorative reactions during storage and argue that a minimum amount of information is necessary to interpret the longevity data. Next, we will give an update on recent discoveries on the hormonal factors regulating longevity, both from the ABA signaling pathway but also other hormonal pathways. In addition, we will review the effect of both maternal and abiotic factors that influence longevity. In the last section of this review, we discuss the problems in unraveling cause-effect relationship between the time of death during storage and deteriorative reactions leading to seed ageing. We focus on the three major types of cellular damage, namely membrane permeability, lipid peroxidation and RNA integrity for which germination data on seed stored in dedicated seed banks for long period times are now available.
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Vidović M, Ćuković K. Isolation of high-quality RNA from recalcitrant leaves of variegated and resurrection plants. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:286. [PMID: 32550105 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02279-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Resurrection plant Ramonda serbica is a suitable model to investigate mechanisms of desiccation tolerance, while variegated Pelargonium zonale has been proven to serve as an excellent model for the metabolite allocation between sink tissue and source tissue within the same organ. However, the genomes of these plants are still not sequenced, limiting their application in molecular studies. To investigate the transcript abundance by next-generation sequencing, high-quality RNA input is required. Leaves of both P. zonale and R. serbica are rich in polyphenols that interfere with high-quality RNA extraction by common protocols. Moreover, low water content and high amount of sugars and other osmoprotectants in desiccated R. serbica leaves present the additional challenge in total RNA extraction. Here, we evaluated and compared several already established TRIzol- and CTAB-based protocols aiming to develop the efficient, simple and low-cost methods for the extraction of the satisfactory yield RNA of great purity and integrity, required for the construction of high-quality cDNA libraries. Our results show that the CTAB-based protocol (i.e. CTAB 1b) enabled the extraction of high-quality RNA from photosynthetically active and non-photosynthetically active leaf sectors of P. zonale, with high RIN values. On the other hand, TRIzol-based protocol provided a high RNA yield with low contamination and high RNA integrity even in desiccated leaves of R. serbica. We envisage that the proposed protocol would be suitable for the RNA extractions from other desiccated organs (e.g. seeds, grains, pollen grains).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Vidović
- Department of Life Science, University of Belgrade, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, Kneza Višeslava 1, Belgrade, 11030 Serbia
| | - Katarina Ćuković
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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25
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Lost in Translation: Physiological Roles of Stored mRNAs in Seed Germination. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9030347. [PMID: 32164149 PMCID: PMC7154877 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Seeds characteristics such as germination ability, dormancy, and storability/longevity are important traits in agriculture, and various genes have been identified that are involved in its regulation at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. A particularity of mature dry seeds is a special mechanism that allows them to accumulate more than 10,000 mRNAs during seed maturation and use them as templates to synthesize proteins during germination. Some of these stored mRNAs are also referred to as long-lived mRNAs because they remain translatable even after seeds have been exposed to long-term stressful conditions. Mature seeds can germinate even in the presence of transcriptional inhibitors, and this ability is acquired in mid-seed development. The type of mRNA that accumulates in seeds is affected by the plant hormone abscisic acid and environmental factors, and most of them accumulate in seeds in the form of monosomes. Release of seed dormancy during after-ripening involves the selective oxidation of stored mRNAs and this prevents translation of proteins that function in the suppression of germination after imbibition. Non-selective oxidation and degradation of stored mRNAs occurs during long-term storage of seeds so that the quality of stored RNAs is linked to the degree of seed deterioration. After seed imbibition, a population of stored mRNAs are selectively loaded into polysomes and the mRNAs, involved in processes such as redox, glycolysis, and protein synthesis, are actively translated for germination.
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26
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Zhou W, Chen F, Luo X, Dai Y, Yang Y, Zheng C, Yang W, Shu K. A matter of life and death: Molecular, physiological, and environmental regulation of seed longevity. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:293-302. [PMID: 31675441 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Both seed germination and early seedling establishment are important biological processes in a plant's lifecycle. Seed longevity is a key trait in agriculture, which directly influences seed germination and ultimately determines crop productivity and hence food security. Numerous studies have demonstrated that seed deterioration is regulated by complex interactions between diverse endogenous genetically controlled factors and exogenous environmental cues, including temperature, relative humidity, and oxygen partial pressure during seed storage. The endogenous factors, including the chlorophyll concentration, the structure of the seed coat, the balance of phytohormones, the concentration of reactive oxygen species, the integrity of nucleic acids and proteins and their associated repair systems, are also involved in the control of seed longevity. A precise understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying seed longevity is becoming a hot topic in plant molecular biology. In this review, we describe recent research into the regulation of seed longevity and the interactions between the various environmental and genetic factors. Based on this, the current state-of-play regarding seed longevity regulatory networks will be presented, particularly with respect to agricultural seed storage, and the research challenges to be faced in the future will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguan Zhou
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofeng Luo
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujia Dai
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingzeng Yang
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuan Zheng
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Shu
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
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27
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Ebone LA, Caverzan A, Chavarria G. Physiologic alterations in orthodox seeds due to deterioration processes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 145:34-42. [PMID: 31665665 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Seed deterioration is a partially elucidated phenomenon that happen during the life of the seed. This review describes the processes that lead to seed deterioration, including loss of seed protection capacity against reactive oxygen species (ROS), damage to the plasma membrane, consumption of reserves, and damage to genetic material. A hypothesis of how seed deterioration occurs was also addressed; in this hypothesis, seed deterioration was divided into three phases. The first is the beginning of deterioration, with a slight reduction of vigor caused by the reactions of reducing sugars with antioxidant enzymes and genetic material. In the second, the cell shows oxidative damages, causing lipid peroxidation, which leads to the leaching of solutes, the formation of malondialdehyde, and, consequently, an increase in damages to genetic material. In the third phase, there is cell collapse with mitochondrial membrane deconstruction and a high accumulation of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and reducing sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Antônio Ebone
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Agronomy Post-Graduate Program, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Andréia Caverzan
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Agronomy Post-Graduate Program, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Geraldo Chavarria
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Agronomy Post-Graduate Program, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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28
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Ballesteros D, Walters C. Solid-State Biology and Seed Longevity: A Mechanical Analysis of Glasses in Pea and Soybean Embryonic Axes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:920. [PMID: 31379902 PMCID: PMC6646689 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The cytoplasm of anhydrobiotes (organisms that persist in the absence of water) solidifies during drying. Despite this stabilization, anhydrobiotes vary in how long they persist while dry. In this paper, we call upon concepts currently used to explain stability of amorphous solids (also known as glasses) in synthetic polymers, foods, and pharmaceuticals to the understand variation in longevity of biological systems. We use embryonic axes of pea (Pisum sativum) and soybean (Glycine max) seeds as test systems that have relatively long and short survival times, respectively, but similar geometries and water sorption behaviors. We used dynamic mechanical analysis to gain insights on structural and mobility properties that relate to stability of other organic systems with controlled composition. Changes of elastic and loss moduli, and the dissipation function, tan δ, in response to moisture and temperature were compared in pea and soybean axes containing less than 0.2 g H2O g-1 dry mass. The work shows high complexity of structure-regulated molecular mobility within dried seed matrices. As was previously observed for pea cotyledons, there were multiple relaxations of structural constraints to molecular movement, which demonstrate substantial localized, "fast" motions within solidified cytoplasm. There was detected variation in the coordination among long-range slow, diffusive and short-range fast, vibrational motions in glasses of pea compared to soybean, which suggest higher constraints to motion in pea and greater "fragility" in soybean. We are suggesting that differences in fragility contribute to variation of seed longevity. Indeed, fragility and coordination of short and long range motions are linked to stability and physical aging of synthetic polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina Walters
- National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation, USDA-ARS, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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29
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Fleming MB, Hill LM, Walters C. The kinetics of ageing in dry-stored seeds: a comparison of viability loss and RNA degradation in unique legacy seed collections. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:1133-1146. [PMID: 30566591 PMCID: PMC6613187 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Determining seed longevity by identifying chemical changes that precede, and may be linked to, seed mortality, is an important but difficult task. The standard assessment, germination proportion, reveals seed longevity by showing that germination proportion declines, but cannot be used to predict when germination will be significantly compromised. Assessment of molecular integrity, such as RNA integrity, may be more informative about changes in seed health that precede viability loss, and has been shown to be useful in soybean. METHODS A collection of seeds stored at 5 °C and 35-50 % relative humidity for 1-30 years was used to test how germination proportion and RNA integrity are affected by storage time. Similarly, a collection of seeds stored at temperatures from -12 to +32 °C for 59 years was used to manipulate ageing rate. RNA integrity was calculated using total RNA extracted from one to five seeds per sample, analysed on an Agilent Bioanalyzer. RESULTS Decreased RNA integrity was usually observed before viability loss. Correlation of RNA integrity with storage time or storage temperature was negative and significant for most species tested. Exceptions were watermelon, for which germination proportion and storage time were poorly correlated, and tomato, which showed electropherogram anomalies that affected RNA integrity number calculation. Temperature dependencies of ageing reactions were not significantly different across species or mode of detection. The overall correlation between germination proportion and RNA integrity, across all experiments, was positive and significant. CONCLUSIONS Changes in RNA integrity when ageing is asymptomatic can be used to predict onset of viability decline. RNA integrity appears to be a metric of seed ageing that is broadly applicable across species. Time and molecular mobility of the substrate affect both the progress of seed ageing and loss of RNA integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret B Fleming
- USDA-ARS, National Laboratory for Genetic Resource Preservation, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Lisa M Hill
- USDA-ARS, National Laboratory for Genetic Resource Preservation, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Christina Walters
- USDA-ARS, National Laboratory for Genetic Resource Preservation, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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30
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Fleming MB, Hill LM, Walters C. The kinetics of ageing in dry-stored seeds: a comparison of viability loss and RNA degradation in unique legacy seed collections. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:1133-1146. [PMID: 30566591 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Determining seed longevity by identifying chemical changes that precede, and may be linked to, seed mortality, is an important but difficult task. The standard assessment, germination proportion, reveals seed longevity by showing that germination proportion declines, but cannot be used to predict when germination will be significantly compromised. Assessment of molecular integrity, such as RNA integrity, may be more informative about changes in seed health that precede viability loss, and has been shown to be useful in soybean. METHODS A collection of seeds stored at 5 °C and 35-50 % relative humidity for 1-30 years was used to test how germination proportion and RNA integrity are affected by storage time. Similarly, a collection of seeds stored at temperatures from -12 to +32 °C for 59 years was used to manipulate ageing rate. RNA integrity was calculated using total RNA extracted from one to five seeds per sample, analysed on an Agilent Bioanalyzer. RESULTS Decreased RNA integrity was usually observed before viability loss. Correlation of RNA integrity with storage time or storage temperature was negative and significant for most species tested. Exceptions were watermelon, for which germination proportion and storage time were poorly correlated, and tomato, which showed electropherogram anomalies that affected RNA integrity number calculation. Temperature dependencies of ageing reactions were not significantly different across species or mode of detection. The overall correlation between germination proportion and RNA integrity, across all experiments, was positive and significant. CONCLUSIONS Changes in RNA integrity when ageing is asymptomatic can be used to predict onset of viability decline. RNA integrity appears to be a metric of seed ageing that is broadly applicable across species. Time and molecular mobility of the substrate affect both the progress of seed ageing and loss of RNA integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret B Fleming
- USDA-ARS, National Laboratory for Genetic Resource Preservation, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Lisa M Hill
- USDA-ARS, National Laboratory for Genetic Resource Preservation, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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31
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Zhang X, Hina A, Song S, Kong J, Bhat JA, Zhao T. Whole-genome mapping identified novel "QTL hotspots regions" for seed storability in soybean (Glycine max L.). BMC Genomics 2019; 20:499. [PMID: 31208334 PMCID: PMC6580613 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5897-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seed aging in soybean is a serious challenge for agronomic production and germplasm preservation. However, its genetic basis remains largely unclear in soybean. Unraveling the genetic mechanism involved in seed aging, and enhancing seed storability is an imperative goal for soybean breeding. The aim of this study is to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) using high-density genetic linkage maps of soybean for seed storability. In this regard, two recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations derived from Zhengyanghuangdou × Meng 8206 (ZM6) and Linhefenqingdou × Meng 8206 (LM6) crosses were evaluated for three seed-germination related traits viz., germination rate (GR), normal seedling length (SL) and normal seedling fresh weight (FW) under natural and artificial aging conditions to map QTLs for seed storability. RESULTS A total of 34 QTLs, including 13 QTLs for GR, 11 QTLs for SL and 10 QTLs for FW, were identified on 11 chromosomes with the phenotypic variation ranged from 7.30 to 23.16% under both aging conditions. All these QTLs were novel, and 21 of these QTLs were clustered in five QTL-rich regions on four different chromosomes viz., Chr3, Chr5, Chr17 &Chr18, among them the highest concentration of seven and six QTLs were found in "QTL hotspot A" (Chr17) and "QTL hotspot B" (Chr5), respectively. Furthermore, QTLs within all the five QTL clusters are linked to at least two studied traits, which is also supported by highly significant correlation between the three germination-related traits. QTLs for seed-germination related traits in "QTL hotspot B" were found in both RIL populations and aging conditions, and also QTLs underlying "QTL hotspot A" are identified in both RIL populations under artificial aging condition. These are the stable genomic regions governing the inheritance of seed storability in soybean, and will be the main focus for soybean breeders. CONCLUSION This study uncovers the genetic basis of seed storability in soybean. The newly identified QTLs provides valuable information, and will be main targets for fine mapping, candidate gene identification and marker-assisted breeding. Hence, the present study is the first report for the comprehensive and detailed investigation of genetic architecture of seed storability in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Soybean Research Institution, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Aiman Hina
- Soybean Research Institution, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Shiyu Song
- Soybean Research Institution, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Jiejie Kong
- Soybean Research Institution, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Javaid Akhter Bhat
- Soybean Research Institution, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Tuanjie Zhao
- Soybean Research Institution, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
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Kurek K, Plitta-Michalak B, Ratajczak E. Reactive Oxygen Species as Potential Drivers of the Seed Aging Process. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E174. [PMID: 31207940 PMCID: PMC6630744 DOI: 10.3390/plants8060174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Seeds are an important life cycle stage because they guarantee plant survival in unfavorable environmental conditions and the transfer of genetic information from parents to offspring. However, similar to every organ, seeds undergo aging processes that limit their viability and ultimately cause the loss of their basic property, i.e., the ability to germinate. Seed aging is a vital economic and scientific issue that is related to seed resistance to an array of factors, both internal (genetic, structural, and physiological) and external (mainly storage conditions: temperature and humidity). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are believed to initiate seed aging via the degradation of cell membrane phospholipids and the structural and functional deterioration of proteins and genetic material. Researchers investigating seed aging claim that the effective protection of genetic resources requires an understanding of the reasons for senescence of seeds with variable sensitivity to drying and long-term storage. Genomic integrity considerably affects seed viability and vigor. The deterioration of nucleic acids inhibits transcription and translation and exacerbates reductions in the activity of antioxidant system enzymes. All of these factors significantly limit seed viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kurek
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland.
| | | | - Ewelina Ratajczak
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland.
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Song Q, Cheng S, Chen Z, Nie G, Xu F, Zhang J, Zhou M, Zhang W, Liao Y, Ye J. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealing the potential mechanism of seed germination stimulated by exogenous gibberellin in Fraxinus hupehensis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:199. [PMID: 31092208 PMCID: PMC6521437 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1801-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fraxinus hupehensis is an endangered tree species that is endemic to in China; the species has very high commercial value because of its intricate shape and potential to improve and protect the environment. Its seeds show very low germination rates in natural conditions. Preliminary experiments indicated that gibberellin (GA3) effectively stimulated the seed germination of F. hupehensis. However, little is known about the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of GA3 on F. hupehensis seed germination. RESULTS We compared dormant seeds (CK group) and germinated seeds after treatment with water (W group) and GA3 (G group) in terms of seed vigor and several other physiological indicators related to germination, hormone content, and transcriptomics. Results showed that GA3 treatment increases seed vigor, energy requirements, and trans-Zetain (ZT) and GA3 contents but decreases sugar and abscisic acid (ABA) contents. A total of 116,932 unigenes were obtained from F. hupehensis transcriptome. RNA-seq analysis identified 31,856, 33,188 and 2056 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the W and CK groups, the G and CK groups, and the G and W groups, respectively. Up-regulation of eight selected DEGs of the glycolytic pathway accelerated the oxidative decomposition of sugar to release energy for germination. Up-regulated genes involved in ZT (two genes) and GA3 (one gene) biosynthesis, ABA degradation pathway (one gene), and ABA signal transduction (two genes) may contribute to seed germination. Two down-regulated genes associated with GA3 signal transduction were also observed in the G group. GA3-regulated genes may alter hormone levels to facilitate germination. Candidate transcription factors played important roles in GA3-promoted F. hupehensis seed germination, and Quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis verified the expression patterns of these genes. CONCLUSION Exogenous GA3 increased the germination rate, vigor, and water absorption rate of F. hupehensis seeds. Our results provide novel insights into the transcriptional regulation mechanism of effect of exogenous GA3 on F. hupehensis seed germination. The transcriptome data generated in this study may be used for further molecular research on this unique species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiling Song
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025 Hubei China
| | - Shuiyuan Cheng
- National R&D for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023 China
| | - Zexiong Chen
- Research Institute for Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160 China
| | - Gongping Nie
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025 Hubei China
| | - Feng Xu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025 Hubei China
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland (Ministry of Education), Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025 Hubei China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025 Hubei China
| | - Mingqin Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025 Hubei China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025 Hubei China
| | - Yongling Liao
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025 Hubei China
| | - Jiabao Ye
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025 Hubei China
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Zhao L, Wang S, Fu YB, Wang H. Arabidopsis Seed Stored mRNAs are Degraded Constantly over Aging Time, as Revealed by New Quantification Methods. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1764. [PMID: 32063917 PMCID: PMC7000544 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
How plant seeds age remains poorly understood and effective tools for monitoring seed aging are lacking. Dry seeds contain various stored mRNAs which are believed to be required for protein synthesis during early stages of seed germination. We reasoned that seed stored mRNAs would undergo degradation during seed aging, based on the propensity of mRNAs to degrade. We performed RT-PCR and qPCR analyses to study the changes in stored mRNA levels of Arabidopsis seeds during aging. All stored mRNAs analyzed were gradually degraded in both naturally and artificially aged seeds. The difference in Ct values between aged and control seeds (ΔCt value) was highly correlated with the mRNA fragment size and seed aging time. We derived mathematical equations for estimating the relative amount of undamaged stored mRNAs and frequency of the breakdown at one nucleotide level for individual mRNAs. Stored mRNAs were found to break down randomly. The frequency of breaks per nucleotide per day, which we named β value, remained fairly constant under the same aging conditions over aging time. This parameter should allow the effects of different conditions on the degradation of stored mRNAs to be quantitatively compared. Also, we showed that the change in stored mRNA levels could serve as a more precise biomarker for seed aging assessment than three existing methods. These methods and findings will advance the studies of stored mRNAs and seed ageing in plants, and likely slow RNA degradation in non-plant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- Plant Gene Resources of Canada, Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Yong-Bi Fu
- Plant Gene Resources of Canada, Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- *Correspondence: Yong-Bi Fu, ; Hong Wang,
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- *Correspondence: Yong-Bi Fu, ; Hong Wang,
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Zhou W, Chen F, Zhao S, Yang C, Meng Y, Shuai H, Luo X, Dai Y, Yin H, Du J, Liu J, Fan G, Liu W, Yang W, Shu K. DA-6 promotes germination and seedling establishment from aged soybean seeds by mediating fatty acid metabolism and glycometabolism. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:101-114. [PMID: 29982626 PMCID: PMC6305204 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Soybean seeds contain higher concentrations of oil (triacylglycerol) and fatty acids than do cereal crop seeds, and the oxidation of these biomolecules during seed storage significantly shortens seed longevity and decreases germination ability. Here, we report that diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate (DA-6), a plant growth regulator, increases germination and seedling establishment from aged soybean seeds by increasing fatty acid metabolism and glycometabolism. Phenotypic analysis showed that DA-6 treatment markedly promoted germination and seedling establishment from naturally and artificially aged soybean seeds. Further analysis revealed that DA-6 increased the concentrations of soluble sugars during imbibition of aged soybean seeds. Consistently, the concentrations of several different fatty acids in DA-6-treated aged seeds were higher than those in untreated aged seeds. Subsequently, quantitative PCR analysis indicated that DA-6 induced the transcription of several key genes involved in the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol to sugars in aged soybean seeds. Furthermore, the activity of invertase in aged seeds, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose to form fructose and glucose, increased following DA-6 treatment. Taken together, DA-6 promotes germination and seedling establishment from aged soybean seeds by enhancing the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol and the conversion of fatty acids to sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sihua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Caiqiong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongjie Meng
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haiwei Shuai
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofeng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujia Dai
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Han Yin
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junbo Du
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gaoqiong Fan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiguo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Shu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Fleming MB, Patterson EL, Reeves PA, Richards CM, Gaines TA, Walters C. Exploring the fate of mRNA in aging seeds: protection, destruction, or slow decay? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4309-4321. [PMID: 29897472 PMCID: PMC6093385 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Seeds exist in the vulnerable state of being unable to repair the chemical degradation all organisms suffer, which slowly ages seeds and eventually results in death. Proposed seed aging mechanisms involve all classes of biological molecules, and degradation of total RNA has been detected contemporaneously with viability loss in dry-stored seeds. To identify changes specific to mRNA, we examined the soybean (Glycine max) seed transcriptome, using new, whole-molecule sequencing technology. We detected strong evidence of transcript fragmentation in 23-year-old, compared with 2-year-old, seeds. Transcripts were broken non-specifically, and greater fragmentation occurred in longer transcripts, consistent with the proposed mechanism of molecular fission by free radical attack at random bases. Seeds died despite high integrity of short transcripts, indicating that functions encoded by short transcripts are not sufficient to maintain viability. This study provides an approach to probe the asymptomatic phase of seed aging, namely by quantifying transcript degradation as a function of storage time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret B Fleming
- USDA-ARS, National Laboratory for Genetic Resource Preservation, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Eric L Patterson
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Patrick A Reeves
- USDA-ARS, National Laboratory for Genetic Resource Preservation, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Todd A Gaines
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Christina Walters
- USDA-ARS, National Laboratory for Genetic Resource Preservation, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Fu YB, Ahmed Z, Yang H, Horbach C. TUNEL Assay and DAPI Staining Revealed Few Alterations of Cellular Morphology in Naturally and Artificially Aged Seeds of Cultivated Flax. PLANTS 2018; 7:plants7020034. [PMID: 29652802 PMCID: PMC6027480 DOI: 10.3390/plants7020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In a search for useful seed aging signals as biomarkers for seed viability prediction, we conducted an experiment using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining to analyze morphological and molecular changes in naturally aged (NA) and artificially aged (AA) flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) seeds. A total of 2546 sections were performed from 112 seeds of 12 NA and AA seed samples with variable germination rates. Analyzing 1384 micrographs generated from TUNEL assay and DAPI staining revealed few alterations of the cellular morphology of the NA and AA seeds. Also, the revealed DNA degradations in the aged flax seeds appeared to be associated with seed samples of low germination rates. These results suggest that oily flax seed aging may alter the cellular morphology differently than starchy wheat seed aging. The results also imply that the TUNEL assay and DAPI staining may not yield informative assessments on cellular alterations and DNA degradation after the aging of oily seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Bi Fu
- Plant Gene Resources of Canada, Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada.
| | - Zaheer Ahmed
- Plant Gene Resources of Canada, Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada.
| | - Hui Yang
- Plant Gene Resources of Canada, Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada.
| | - Carolee Horbach
- Plant Gene Resources of Canada, Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada.
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