1
|
Kumachova TK, Voronkov AS. Cutinsomes of Malus Mill. (Rosaceae) leaf and pericarp: genesis, localization, and transport. Micron 2024; 183:103657. [PMID: 38735105 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2024.103657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
New data were obtained on specific bionanostructures, cutinsomes, which are involved in the formation of cuticles on the surface of leaf blades and pericarp of Malus domestica Borkh (Malus Mill., Rosaceae)introduced to the mountains at the altitudes of 1200 and 1700 m above sea level. Cutinsomes, which are electron-dense structures of spherical shape, have been identified by transmission electron microscopy. It was demonstrated that plastids can be involved in the synthesis of their constituent nanocomponents. The greatest number of nanoparticles was observed in the granal thylakoid lumen of the chloroplasts in palisade mesophyll cells and pericarp hypodermal cells. The transmembrane transport of cutinsomes into the cell wall cuticle proper by exocytosis has been visualized for the first time. The plasma membrane is directly involved in the excretion of nanostructures from the cell. Nanoparticles of cutinsomes in the form of necklace-like formations line up in a chain near cell walls, merge into larger conglomerates and are loaded into plasmalemma invaginations, and then, in membrane packing, they move into the cuticle, which covers both outer and inner cell walls of external tissues. The original materials obtained by us supplement the ideas about the non-enzymatic synthesis of cuticle components available in the literature and expand the cell compartment geography involved in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Kh Kumachova
- Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timiryazevskaya 49, Moscow 127550, Russia
| | - Alexander S Voronkov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, Moscow 127276, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Straube J, Hurtado G, Zeisler-Diehl V, Schreiber L, Knoche M. Cuticle deposition ceases during strawberry fruit development. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:623. [PMID: 38951751 PMCID: PMC11218262 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05327-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ideally, the barrier properties of a fruit's cuticle persist throughout its development. This presents a challenge for strawberry fruit, with their rapid development and thin cuticles. The objective was to establish the developmental time course of cuticle deposition in strawberry fruit. RESULTS Fruit mass and surface area increase rapidly, with peak growth rate coinciding with the onset of ripening. On a whole-fruit basis, the masses of cutin and wax increase but on a unit surface-area basis, they decrease. The decrease is associated with marked increases in elastic strain. The expressions of cuticle-associated genes involved in transcriptional regulation (FaSHN1, FaSHN2, FaSHN3), synthesis of cutin (FaLACS2, FaGPAT3) and wax (FaCER1, FaKCS10, FaKCR1), and those involved in transport of cutin monomers and wax constituents (FaABCG11, FaABCG32) decreased until maturity. The only exceptions were FaLACS6 and FaGPAT6 that are presumably involved in cutin synthesis, and FaCER1 involved in wax synthesis. This result was consistent across five strawberry cultivars. Strawberry cutin consists mainly of C16 and C18 monomers, plus minor amounts of C19, C20, C22 and C24 monomers, ω-hydroxy acids, dihydroxy acids, epoxy acids, primary alcohols, carboxylic acids and dicarboxylic acids. The most abundant monomer is 10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid. Waxes comprise mainly long-chain fatty acids C29 to C46, with smaller amounts of C16 to C28. Wax constituents are carboxylic acids, primary alcohols, alkanes, aldehydes, sterols and esters. CONCLUSION The downregulation of cuticle deposition during development accounts for the marked cuticular strain, for the associated microcracking, and for their high susceptibility to the disorders of water soaking and cracking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Straube
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, Hannover, 30419, Germany
| | - Grecia Hurtado
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, Hannover, 30419, Germany
| | - Viktoria Zeisler-Diehl
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Moritz Knoche
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, Hannover, 30419, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang J, Cao K, Li Y, Wu J, Li W, Wang Q, Zhu G, Fang W, Chen C, Wang X, Dong W, Liu W, Wang L. Genome variation and LTR-RT analyses of an ancient peach landrace reveal mechanism of blood-flesh fruit color formation and fruit maturity date advancement. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhad265. [PMID: 38298900 PMCID: PMC10828781 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Peach (Prunus persica) landrace has typical regional characteristics, strong environmental adaptability, and contains many valuable genes that provide the foundation for breeding excellent varieties. Therefore, it is necessary to assemble the genomes of specific landraces to facilitate the localization and utilization of these genes. Here, we de novo assembled a high-quality genome from an ancient blood-fleshed Chinese landrace Tianjin ShuiMi (TJSM) that originated from the China North Plain. The assembled genome size was 243.5 Mb with a contig N50 of 23.7 Mb and a scaffold N50 of 28.6 Mb. Compared with the reported peach genomes, our assembled TJSM genome had the largest number of specific structural variants (SVs) and long terminal repeat-retrotransposons (LTR-RTs). Among the LTR-RTs with the potential to regulate their host genes, we identified a 6688 bp LTR-RT (named it blood TE) in the promoter of NAC transcription factor-encoding PpBL, a gene regulating peach blood-flesh formation. The blood TE was not only co-separated with the blood-flesh phenotype but also associated with fruit maturity date advancement and different intensities of blood-flesh color formation. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanism underlying the development of the blood-flesh color and determination of fruit maturity date and highlight the potential of the TJSM genome to mine more variations related to agronomic traits in peach fruit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Fruit TreeBreeding Technology), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Ke Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Fruit TreeBreeding Technology), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Yong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Fruit TreeBreeding Technology), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Jinlong Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Fruit TreeBreeding Technology), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Wenqing Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Fruit TreeBreeding Technology), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Qi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Fruit TreeBreeding Technology), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Gengrui Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Fruit TreeBreeding Technology), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Weichao Fang
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Fruit TreeBreeding Technology), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Changwen Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Fruit TreeBreeding Technology), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Xinwei Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Fruit TreeBreeding Technology), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Wenxuan Dong
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Weisheng Liu
- Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Yingkou 115009, Liaoning, China
| | - Lirong Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Fruit TreeBreeding Technology), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang L, Sasaki-Sekimoto Y, Kosetsu K, Aoyama T, Murata T, Kabeya Y, Sato Y, Koshimizu S, Shimojima M, Ohta H, Hasebe M, Ishikawa M. An ABCB transporter regulates anisotropic cell expansion via cuticle deposition in the moss Physcomitrium patens. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:665-675. [PMID: 37865886 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Anisotropic cell expansion is crucial for the morphogenesis of land plants, as cell migration is restricted by the rigid cell wall. The anisotropy of cell expansion is regulated by mechanisms acting on the deposition or modification of cell wall polysaccharides. Besides the polysaccharide components in the cell wall, a layer of hydrophobic cuticle covers the outer cell wall and is subjected to tensile stress that mechanically restricts cell expansion. However, the molecular machinery that deposits cuticle materials in the appropriate spatiotemporal manner to accommodate cell and tissue expansion remains elusive. Here, we report that PpABCB14, an ATP-binding cassette transporter in the moss Physcomitrium patens, regulates the anisotropy of cell expansion. PpABCB14 localized to expanding regions of leaf cells. Deletion of PpABCB14 resulted in impaired anisotropic cell expansion. Unexpectedly, the cuticle proper was reduced in the mutants, and the cuticular lipid components decreased. Moreover, induced PpABCB14 expression resulted in deformed leaf cells with increased cuticle lipid accumulation on the cell surface. Taken together, PpABCB14 regulates the anisotropy of cell expansion via cuticle deposition, revealing a regulatory mechanism for cell expansion in addition to the mechanisms acting on cell wall polysaccharides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liechi Zhang
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yuko Sasaki-Sekimoto
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Ken Kosetsu
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Aoyama
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takashi Murata
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kabeya
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Sato
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | | | - Mie Shimojima
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohta
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Mitsuyasu Hasebe
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masaki Ishikawa
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hurtado G, Knoche M. Microcracking of strawberry fruit cuticles: mechanism and factors. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19376. [PMID: 37938590 PMCID: PMC10632442 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46366-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microscopic cracks in the cuticle (microcracks) are the first symptom of the strawberry fruit disorder 'water soaking' in which the fruit surface appears watery, translucent, and pale. Water soaking severely impacts fruit quality. The objective was to investigate the factors and mechanisms of cuticular microcracking in strawberry. Fluorescence microscopy revealed numerous microcracks in the achene depressions, on the rims between depressions and at the bases of trichomes. Microcracks in the achene depressions and on the rims were either parallel or transversely oriented relative to a radius drawn from the rim to the point of attachment of the achene. In the achene depression, the frequency of microcracks with parallel orientation decreased from the calyx end of the fruit, towards the fruit tip, while the frequency of those with transverse orientation remained constant. Most microcracks occurred above the periclinal cell walls of the epidermal cells. The long axes of the epidermal cells were primarily parallel-oriented. Microcracking increased during fruit development. Cuticle mass per fruit remained constant as fruit surface area increased but cuticle thickness decreased. When fruit developed under high relative humidity (RH) conditions, the cuticle had more microcracks than under low RH conditions. Exposing the fruit surface to increasing RHs, increased microcracking, especially above 75% RH. Liquid-phase water on the fruit surface was markedly more effective in inducing microcracking than high vapor-phase water (high RH). The results demonstrate that a combination of surface area growth strain and water exposure is causal in inducing microcracking of the strawberry cuticle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grecia Hurtado
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz University Hanover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Moritz Knoche
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz University Hanover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Straube J, Suvarna S, Chen YH, Khanal BP, Knoche M, Debener T. Time course of changes in the transcriptome during russet induction in apple fruit. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:457. [PMID: 37775771 PMCID: PMC10542230 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Russeting is a major problem in many fruit crops. Russeting is caused by environmental factors such as wounding or moisture exposure of the fruit surface. Despite extensive research, the molecular sequence that triggers russet initiation remains unclear. Here, we present high-resolution transcriptomic data by controlled russet induction at very early stages of fruit development. During Phase I, a patch of the fruit surface is exposed to surface moisture. For Phase II, moisture exposure is terminated, and the formerly exposed surface remains dry. We targeted differentially expressed transcripts as soon as 24 h after russet induction. RESULTS During moisture exposure (Phase I) of 'Pinova' apple, transcripts associated with the cell cycle, cell wall, and cuticle synthesis (SHN3) decrease, while those related to abiotic stress increase. NAC35 and MYB17 were the earliest induced genes during Phase I. They are therefore linked to the initial processes of cuticle microcracking. After moisture removal (Phase II), the expression of genes related to meristematic activity increased (WOX4 within 24 h, MYB84 within 48 h). Genes related to lignin synthesis (MYB52) and suberin synthesis (MYB93, WRKY56) were upregulated within 3 d after moisture removal. WOX4 and AP2B3 are the earliest differentially expressed genes induced in Phase II. They are therefore linked to early events in periderm formation. The expression profiles were consistent between two different seasons and mirrored differences in russet susceptibility in a comparison of cultivars. Furthermore, expression profiles during Phase II of moisture induction were largely identical to those following wounding. CONCLUSIONS The combination of a unique controlled russet induction technique with high-resolution transcriptomic data allowed for the very first time to analyse the formation of cuticular microcracks and periderm in apple fruit immediately after the onset of triggering factors. This data provides valuable insights into the spatial-temporal dynamics of russeting, including the synthesis of cuticles, dedifferentiation of cells, and impregnation of cell walls with suberin and lignin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Straube
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Molecular Plant Breeding Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Shreya Suvarna
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Molecular Plant Breeding Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yun-Hao Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bishnu P Khanal
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Moritz Knoche
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Debener
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Molecular Plant Breeding Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Athoo TO, Winkler A, Owino WO, Knoche M. Lenticels are sites of initiation of microcracking and russeting in 'Apple' mango. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291129. [PMID: 37656754 PMCID: PMC10473472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The mango cultivar 'Apple' is an important fruitcrop in Kenya, but it is highly susceptible to russeting. The objective was to establish whether lenticels predispose cv. 'Apple' mango to russeting. Fruit mass and surface area increased in a sigmoidal pattern with time. The frequency of lenticels per unit surface area decreased during development. The number of lenticels per fruit was constant. Lenticels were most frequent in the apex region and least common in the cheek and nak (ventral) regions. The cheek region also had lenticels with the largest core areas, whereas the lenticel core areas in the apex region were significantly smaller. Microscopy revealed stomata became covered over with wax deposits at 33 days after full bloom (DAFB). By 78 DAFB, periderm had formed beneath the pore. At 110 and 161 DAFB, cracks had developed and the periderm had extended tangentially and radially. The presence of lenticels increased the strain released upon excision of an epidermal segment, further strain releases occurred subsequently upon isolation of the cuticle and on extraction of the cuticular waxes. The number of lenticels per unit surface area was negatively correlated with the fruit surface area (r2 = 0.62 **), but not affected by fruit size. Mango cv. 'Apple' had fewer, larger lenticels and more russet, compared with 'Ngowe', 'Kitovu' or 'Tommy Atkins' mango. In cv. 'Apple', the lowest lenticel frequency, the largest lenticels and the most russeting occurred at a growing site at the highest altitude, with the highest rainfall and the lowest temperature. Moisture exposure of the fruit surface resulted in enlarged lenticels and more microcracking of the cuticle. Our results establish that russeting in 'Apple' mango is initiated at lenticels and is exacerbated if lenticels are exposed to moisture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas O. Athoo
- Institute for Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz-University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Winkler
- Institute for Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz-University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Willis O. Owino
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences (SOFNUS), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Moritz Knoche
- Institute for Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz-University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Khanal BP, Bhattarai A, Aryal D, Knoche M. Neck shrivel in European plum is caused by cuticular microcracks, resulting from rapid lateral expansion of the neck late in development. PLANTA 2023; 258:62. [PMID: 37542542 PMCID: PMC10404172 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Susceptibility to neck shrivel in European plum is due to cuticular microcracking resulting from high surface area growth rates in the neck region, late in development. Susceptibility to the commercially important fruit disorder 'neck shrivel' differs among European plum cultivars. Radial cuticular microcracking occurs in the neck regions of susceptible cultivars, but not in non-susceptible ones, so would seem to be causal. However, the reason for the microcracking is unknown. The objective was to identify potential relationships between fruit growth pattern and microcracking incidence in the neck (proximal) and stylar (distal) ends of selected shrivel-susceptible and non-susceptible cultivars. Growth analysis revealed two allometric categories: The first category, the 'narrow-neck' cultivars, showed hypoallometric growth in the neck region (i.e., slower growth than in the region of maximum diameter) during early development (stages I + II). Later (during stage III) the neck region was 'filled out' by hyperallometric growth (i.e., faster than in the region of maximum diameter). The second category, the 'broad-neck' cultivars, had more symmetrical, allometric growth (all regions grew equally fast) throughout development. The narrow-neck cultivars exhibited extensive radial cuticular microcracking in the neck region, but little microcracking in the stylar region. In contrast, the broad-neck cultivars exhibited little microcracking overall, with no difference between the neck and stylar regions. Across all cultivars, a positive relationship was obtained for the level of microcracking in the neck region and the difference in allometric growth ratios between stage III and stages I + II. There were no similar relationships for the stylar region. The results demonstrate that accelerated stage III neck growth in the narrow-neck plum cultivars is associated with more microcracking and thus with more shrivel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu P Khanal
- Institute for Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anil Bhattarai
- Institute for Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Divya Aryal
- Institute for Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Moritz Knoche
- Institute for Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Marinov O, Nomberg G, Sarkar S, Arya GC, Karavani E, Zelinger E, Manasherova E, Cohen H. Microscopic and metabolic investigations disclose the factors that lead to skin cracking in chili-type pepper fruit varieties. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad036. [PMID: 37799628 PMCID: PMC10548408 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The hydrophobic cuticle encasing the fruit skin surface plays critical roles during fruit development and post-harvest. Skin failure often results in the fruit surface cracking and forming a wound-periderm tissue made of suberin and lignin. The factors that make the fruit skin susceptible to cracking have yet to be fully understood. Herein, we investigated two varieties of chili peppers (Capsicum annuum L.), Numex Garnet, whose fruit has intact skin, and Vezena Slatka, whose fruit has cracked skin. Microscopical observations, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, biochemical and gene expression assays revealed that Vezena Slatka fruit form a thicker cuticle with greater levels of cutin monomers and hydroxycinnamic acids, and highly express key cutin-related genes. The skin of these fruit also had a lower epidermal cell density due to cells with very large perimeters, and highly express genes involved in epidermal cell differentiation. We demonstrate that skin cracking in the Vezena Slatka fruit is accompanied by a spatial accumulation of lignin-like polyphenolic compounds, without the formation of a typical wound-periderm tissues made of suberized cells. Lastly, we establish that skin cracking in chili-type pepper significantly affects fruit quality during post-harvest storage in a temperature-dependent manner. In conclusion, our data highlight cuticle thickness and epidermal cell density as two critical factors determining fruit skin susceptibility to cracking in chili-type pepper fruit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ofir Marinov
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Gal Nomberg
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sutanni Sarkar
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Gulab Chand Arya
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Eldad Karavani
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Einat Zelinger
- Center for Scientific Imaging (CSI), The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ekaterina Manasherova
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Hagai Cohen
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu H, Zhu P, Li Z, Li J, Tchuenbou-Magaia F, Ni J. Thermo-biomechanical coupling analysis for preventing tomato fruit cracking during ripening. J FOOD ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2022.111336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
11
|
Lin SR, Lin YH, Ariyawansa HA, Chang YC, Yu SY, Tsai I, Chung CL, Hung TH. Analysis of the Pathogenicity and Phylogeny of Colletotrichum Species Associated with Brown Blight of Tea ( Camellia sinensis) in Taiwan. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:97-106. [PMID: 35657715 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-22-0509-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Brown blight, a destructive foliar disease of tea, has become a highly limiting factor for tea cultivation in Taiwan. To understand the population composition of the causal agents (Colletotrichum spp.), the fungal diversity in the main tea-growing regions all over Taiwan was surveyed from 2017 to 2019. A collection of 139 Colletotrichum isolates was obtained from 14 tea cultivars in 86 tea plantations. Phylogenic analysis using the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer, glutamine synthetase gene, Apn2-Mat1-2 intergenic spacer, β-tubulin, actin, calmodulin, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes together with morphological characterization revealed three species associated with brown blight of tea; namely, Colletotrichum camelliae (95.6% of all isolates), C. fructicola (3.7%), and C. aenigma (0.7%). This is the first report of C. aenigma in Taiwan. The optimal growth temperatures were 25°C for C. camelliae and 25 and 30°C for C. fructicola and C. aenigma. Although C. fructicola and C. aenigma were more adapted to high temperature, C. camelliae was the most pathogenic across different temperatures. Regardless of whether spore suspensions or mycelial discs were used, significantly larger lesions and higher disease incidences were observed for wounded than for nonwounded inoculation and for the third and fourth leaves than for the fifth leaves. Wounded inoculation of detached third and fourth tea leaves with mycelial discs was found to be a reliable and efficient method for assessing the pathogenicity of Colletotrichum spp. within 4 days. Preventive application of fungicides or biocontrol agents immediately after tea pruning and at a young leaf stage would help control the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiou-Ruei Lin
- Section of Tea Agronomy, Tea Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Taoyuan City 326011, Taiwan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106319, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hong Lin
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County 912301, Taiwan
| | - Hiran A Ariyawansa
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106319, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Chang
- Section of Tea Agronomy, Tea Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Taoyuan City 326011, Taiwan
| | - Si-Ying Yu
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County 912301, Taiwan
| | - Ichen Tsai
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106319, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Chung
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106319, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hsuan Hung
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106319, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
The role of cuticle in fruit shelf-life. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 78:102802. [PMID: 36162185 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ensuring the availability of high-quality fresh fruits requires the development of strategies to maintain prolonged shelf-life. The plant cuticle is a modification of the outer epidermal cell wall and, as such, acts as a barrier with the environment. Understanding how the cuticle naturally changes during postharvest is crucial to address the potential effect of different storage conditions on the cuticle biophysical properties. The impact of different cuticle traits in fruit water loss, its relevance in several fruit-skin disorders, and its participation in postharvest decay caused by pathogens are discussed. Future challenges to study in vivo the physicochemical properties of the cuticle are also addressed.
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang X, Wang B, Zhu X, Zhao Y, Jin B, Wei X. Exogenous Nitric Oxide Alleviates the Damage Caused by Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in Tomato through Regulation of Peptidase Inhibitor Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012542. [PMID: 36293408 PMCID: PMC9604136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is the causal agent of one of the most severe diseases affecting tomato growth; however, nitric oxide (NO) can mediate plant resistance. This study investigated the molecular mechanism of exogenous NO donor-mediated disease resistance in tomato seedlings. Tomato seedlings were treated with sodium nitroprusside and TYLCV and subjected to phenotypic, transcriptomic, and physiological analyses. The results show that exogenous NO significantly reduced disease index, MDA content, and virus content (71.4%), significantly increased stem length and fresh weight of diseased plants (p < 0.05), and improved photosynthesis with an induction effect of up to 44.0%. In this study, it was found that the reduction in virus content caused by the increased expression of peptidase inhibitor genes was the main reason for the increased resistance in tomatoes. The peptidase inhibitor inhibited protease activity and restrained virus synthesis, while the significant reduction in virus content inevitably caused a partial weakening or shutdown of the disease response process in the diseased plant. In addition, exogenous NO also induces superoxide dismutase, peroxidase activity, fatty acid elongation, resistance protein, lignin, and monoterpene synthesis to improve resistance. In summary, exogenous NO enhances resistance in tomatoes mainly by regulating peptidase inhibitor genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wang
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Lab of Crop Genetic & Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Baoqiang Wang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Lab of Crop Genetic & Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou 730070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhu
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Lab of Crop Genetic & Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Lab of Crop Genetic & Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou 730070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Baoxia Jin
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Lab of Crop Genetic & Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou 730070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiaohong Wei
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Lab of Crop Genetic & Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou 730070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-138-9331-7951
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Temporal changes in the physical and mechanical properties of beetle elytra during maturation. Acta Biomater 2022; 151:457-467. [PMID: 35933099 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Changes in physical properties of Tenebrio molitor and Tribolium castaneum elytra (hardened forewings) were studied to understand how the development of microstructure and chemical interactions determine cuticle mechanical properties. Analysis of these properties supports a model in which cuticular material is continuously secreted from epidermal cells to produce an extracellular matrix so that the outermost layers mature first. It is hypothesized that enzymatic crosslinking and pigmentation reactions along with dehydration help to stabilize the protein-chitin network within the initial layers of cuticle shortly after eclosion. Mature layers are proposed to bear most of the mechanical loads. The frequency dependence of the storage modulus and the tan δ values decreased during the beginning of maturation, reaching constant values after 48 h post-eclosion. A decrease of tan δ indicates an increase in crosslinking of the material. The water content declined from 75% to 31%, with a significant portion lost from within the open spaces between the dorsal and ventral cuticular layers. Dehydration had a less significant influence than protein crosslinking on the mechanical properties of the elytron during maturation. When Tribolium cuticular protein TcCP30 expression was decreased by RNAi, the tan δ and frequency dependence of E' of the elytron did not change during maturation. This indicates that TcCP30 plays a role in the crosslinking process of the beetle's exoskeleton. This study was inspired by previous work on biomimetic multicomponent materials and helps inform future work on creating robust lightweight materials derived from natural sources. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Examination of changes in the physical properties of the elytra (hardened forewings) of two beetle species advanced understanding of how the molecular interactions influence the mechanical properties of the elytra. Physical characterization, including dynamic mechanical analysis, determined that the outer portion of the elytra matured first, while epidermal cells continued to secrete reactive components until the entire structure reached maturation. RNA interference was used to identify the role of a key protein in the elytra. Suppression of its expression reduced the formation of crosslinked polymeric components in the elytra. Identifying the molecular interactions in the matrix of proteins and polysaccharides in the elytra together with their hierarchical architecture provides important design concepts in the development of biomimetic materials.
Collapse
|
15
|
Kumachova T, Babosha A, Ryabchenko A. Outer and internal cuticle in the leaves of Malus (Rosaceae) in mountains and plains. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:3439-3454. [PMID: 35804489 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The outer and internal cuticles in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) leaves on the plain and in the mountains was studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The outer cuticle consisted of lamellate and homogeneous layers of the cuticle proper and cuticular layer containing electron-transparent plates and electron-dense dendrites. Blue fluorescence predominated in the cell wall. The cuticle fluoresced green and red. The intensity of the red part of the spectrum in the cuticle increased with altitude, and the number of electron-transparent plates increased within the cuticular layer. The cell wall on both leaf sides was the thinnest in the arid conditions (300 m). At an altitude of 600 m, under favorable temperature and rainfall conditions, the cuticle thickness increased due to the cuticular layer adjacent to the cell wall. The internal cuticle was distinguished by intense yellow or red autofluorescence, similar in color and spectrum to the outer cuticle. The outer and internal cuticles had cuticular folds. The average distance between the ridges of the internal cuticle was almost the same in the samples at different altitudes. The ridge height was maximum at 600 m.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Kumachova
- Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Russian State Agrarian University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Babosha
- N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Ryabchenko
- N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
de Souza AX, Riederer M, Leide J. Multifunctional Contribution of the Inflated Fruiting Calyx: Implication for Cuticular Barrier Profiles of the Solanaceous Genera Physalis, Alkekengi, and Nicandra. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:888930. [PMID: 35874003 PMCID: PMC9298275 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.888930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pivotal barrier properties of the hydrophobic plant cuticle covering aerial plant surfaces depend on its physicochemical composition. Among plant species and organs, compounds of this boundary layer between the plant interior and the environment vary considerably but cuticle-related studies comparing different organs from the same plant species are still scarce. Thus, this study focused on the cuticle profiles of Physalis peruviana, Physalis ixocarpa, Alkekengi officinarum, and Nicandra physalodes species. Inflated fruiting calyces enveloping fruits make Physalis, Alkekengi, and Nicandra highly recognizable genera among the Solanoideae subfamily. Although the inflation of fruiting calyces is well discussed in the literature still little is known about their post-floral functionalities. Cuticular composition, surface structure, and barrier function were examined and compared in fully expanded amphistomatous leaves, ripe astomatous fruits, and fully inflated hypostomatous fruiting calyces. Species- and organ-specific abundances of non-glandular and glandular trichomes revealed high structural diversity, covering not only abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces but also fruiting calyx surfaces, whereas fruits were glabrous. Cuticular waxes, which limit non-stomatal transpiration, ranged from <1 μg cm-2 on P. peruviana fruiting calyces and N. physalodes fruits to 22 μg cm-2 on P. peruviana fruits. Very-long-chain aliphatic compounds, notably n-alkanes, iso-, and anteiso-branched alkanes, alkanols, alkanoic acids, and alkyl esters, dominated the cuticular wax coverages (≥86%). Diversity of cuticular wax patterns rose from leaves to fruiting calyces and peaked in fruits. The polymeric cutin matrix providing the structural framework for cuticular waxes was determined to range from 81 μg cm-2 for N. physalodes to 571 μg cm-2 for A. officinarum fruits. Cuticular transpiration barriers were highly efficient, with water permeabilities being ≤5 × 10-5 m s-1. Only the cuticular water permeability of N. physalodes fruits was 10 × 10-5 m s-1 leading to their early desiccation and fruits that easily split, whereas P. peruviana, P. ixocarpa, and A. officinarum bore fleshy fruits for extended periods after maturation. Regarding the functional significance, fruiting calyces establish a physicochemical shield that reduces water loss and enables fruit maturation within a protective microclimate, and promotes different seed dispersal strategies among plant species investigated.
Collapse
|
17
|
Bres C, Petit J, Reynoud N, Brocard L, Marion D, Lahaye M, Bakan B, Rothan C. The SlSHN2 transcription factor contributes to cuticle formation and epidermal patterning in tomato fruit. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2022; 2:14. [PMID: 37789465 PMCID: PMC10515250 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-022-00035-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an established model for studying plant cuticle because of its thick cuticle covering and embedding the epidermal cells of the fruit. In this study, we screened an EMS mutant collection of the miniature tomato cultivar Micro-Tom for fruit cracking mutants and found a mutant displaying a glossy fruit phenotype. By using an established mapping-by-sequencing strategy, we identified the causal mutation in the SlSHN2 transcription factor that is specifically expressed in outer epidermis of growing fruit. The point mutation in the shn2 mutant introduces a K to N amino acid change in the highly conserved 'mm' domain of SHN proteins. The cuticle from shn2 fruit showed a ~ fivefold reduction in cutin while abundance and composition of waxes were barely affected. In addition to alterations in cuticle thickness and properties, epidermal patterning and polysaccharide composition of the cuticle were changed. RNAseq analysis further highlighted the altered expression of hundreds of genes in the fruit exocarp of shn2, including genes associated with cuticle and cell wall formation, hormone signaling and response, and transcriptional regulation. In conclusion, we showed that a point mutation in the transcriptional regulator SlSHN2 causes major changes in fruit cuticle formation and its coordination with epidermal patterning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Bres
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Johann Petit
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Nicolas Reynoud
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Lysiane Brocard
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, Bordeaux Imaging Center, BIC, UMS 3420, US 4, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Didier Marion
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Marc Lahaye
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Bénédicte Bakan
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Christophe Rothan
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
- INRA, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit Et Pathologie, 71 Av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Grünhofer P, Herzig L, Sent S, Zeisler-Diehl VV, Schreiber L. Increased cuticular wax deposition does not change residual foliar transpiration. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:1157-1171. [PMID: 35102563 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The effect of contrasting environmental growth conditions (in vitro tissue culture, ex vitro acclimatisation, climate chamber, greenhouse and outdoor) on leaf development, cuticular wax composition, and foliar transpiration of detached leaves of the Populus × canescens clone 84 K were investigated. Our results show that total amounts of cuticular wax increased more than 10-fold when cultivated in different growth conditions, whereas qualitative wax composition did not change. With exception of plants directly taken from tissue culture showing rapid dehydration, rates of water loss (residual foliar transpiration) of intact but detached leaves were constant and independent from growth conditions and thus independent from increasing wax amounts. Since cuticular transpiration measured with isolated astomatous P. × canescens cuticles was identical to residual foliar transpiration rates of detached leaves, our results confirm that cuticular transpiration of P. × canescens leaves can be predicted with high accuracy from residual transpiration of detached leaves after stomatal closure. Our results convincingly show that more than 10-fold increased wax amounts in P. × canescens cuticles do not lead to decreased rates of residual (cuticular) transpiration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Grünhofer
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lena Herzig
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sophie Sent
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Viktoria V Zeisler-Diehl
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
The skin of a fruit protects the vulnerable, nutrient-rich flesh and seed(s) within from the hostile environment. It is also responsible for the fruit’s appearance. In many fruitcrop species, russeting compromises fruit appearance and thus commercial value. Here, we review the literature on fruit russeting, focusing on the factors and mechanisms that induce it and on the management and breeding strategies that may reduce it. Compared with a primary fruit skin, which is usually distinctively colored and shiny, a secondary fruit skin is reddish-brown, dull and slightly rough to the touch (i.e., russeted). This secondary skin (periderm) comprises phellem cells with suberized cell walls, a phellogen and a phelloderm. Russeted (secondary) fruit skins have similar mechanical properties to non-russeted (primary) ones but are more plastic. However, russeted fruit skins are more permeable to water vapor, so russeted fruits suffer higher postharvest water loss, reduced shine, increased shrivel and reduced packed weight (most fruit is sold per kg). Orchard factors that induce russeting include expansion-growth-induced strain, surface wetness, mechanical damage, freezing temperatures, some pests and diseases and some agrochemicals. All these probably act via an increased incidence of cuticular microcracking as a result of local concentrations of mechanical stress. Microcracking impairs the cuticle’s barrier properties. Potential triggers of russeting (the development of a periderm), consequent on cuticular microcracking, include locally high concentrations of O2, lower concentrations of CO2 and more negative water potentials. Horticulturists sometimes spray gibberellins, cytokinins or boron to reduce russeting. Bagging fruit (to exclude surface moisture) is also reportedly effective. From a breeding perspective, genotypes having small and more uniform-sized epidermal cells are judged less likely to be susceptible to russeting.
Collapse
|
20
|
Berhin A, Nawrath C, Hachez C. Subtle interplay between trichome development and cuticle formation in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2036-2046. [PMID: 34704619 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes and cuticles are key protective epidermal specializations. This review highlights the genetic interplay existing between trichome and cuticle formation in a variety of species. Controlling trichome development, the biosynthesis of trichome-derived specialized metabolites as well as cuticle biosynthesis and deposition can be viewed as different aspects of a common defensive strategy adopted by plants to protect themselves from environmental stresses. Existence of such interplay is based on the mining of published transcriptomic data as well as on phenotypic observations in trichome or cuticle mutants where the morphology of both structures often appear to be concomitantly altered. Given the existence of several trichome developmental pathways depending on the plant species and the types of trichomes, genetic interactions between cuticle formation and trichome development are complex to decipher and not easy to generalize. Based on our review of the literature, a schematic overview of the gene network mediating this transcriptional interplay is presented for two model plant species: Arabidopsis thaliana and Solanum lycopersicum. In addition to fundamental new insights on the regulation of these processes, identifying key transcriptional switches controlling both processes could also facilitate more applied investigations aiming at improving much desired agronomical traits in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Berhin
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- Department of Molecular Plant Biology, University of Lausanne, Unil-Sorge, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Charles Hachez
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lauderbaugh LK, Holder CD. The biomechanics of leaf oscillations during rainfall events. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1139-1154. [PMID: 34791162 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants are dynamic systems during rainfall events. As raindrops splash on leaf surfaces, the momentum of the raindrop is transferred to the leaf, causing the leaf to oscillate. The emphasis of this review is on the general principles of leaf oscillation models after raindrop impact and the ecological importance. Various leaf oscillation models and the underlying physical properties from biomechanics theory are highlighted. Additionally, we review experimental methods to derive the model parameters for and explore advances in our understanding of the raindrop-leaf impact process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leal K Lauderbaugh
- Dynamics and Control of Complex Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Curtis D Holder
- Leaf Biomechanics and Ecohydrology Research Group (L-BERG), Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Benítez JJ, González Moreno A, Guzmán-Puyol S, Heredia-Guerrero JA, Heredia A, Domínguez E. The Response of Tomato Fruit Cuticle Membranes Against Heat and Light. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:807723. [PMID: 35069665 PMCID: PMC8777011 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.807723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Two important biophysical properties, the thermal and UV-Vis screening capacity, of isolated tomato fruit cuticle membranes (CM) have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and UV-Vis spectrometry, respectively. A first order melting, corresponding to waxes, and a second order glass transition (T g ) thermal events have been observed. The glass transition was less defined and displaced toward higher temperatures along the fruit ripening. In immature and mature green fruits, the CM was always in the viscous and more fluid state but, in ripe fruits, daily and seasonal temperature fluctuations may cause the transition between the glassy and viscous states altering the mass transfer between the epidermal plant cells and the environment. CM dewaxing reduced the T g value, as derived from the role of waxes as fillers. T g reduction was more intense after polysaccharide removal due to their highly interwoven distribution within the cutin matrix that restricts the chain mobility. Such effect was amplified by the presence of phenolic compounds in ripe cuticle membranes. The structural rigidity induced by phenolics in tomato CMs was directly reflected in their mechanical elastic modulus. The heat capacity (Cp rev ) of cuticle membranes was found to depend on the developmental stage of the fruits and was higher in immature and green stages. The average Cp rev value was above the one of air, which confers heat regulation capacity to CM. Cuticle membranes screened the UV-B light by 99% irrespectively the developmental stage of the fruit. As intra and epicuticular waxes contributed very little to the UV screening, this protection capacity is attributed to the absorption by cinnamic acid derivatives. However, the blocking capacity toward UV-A is mainly due to the CM thickness increment during growth and to the absorption by flavone chalconaringenin accumulated during ripening. The build-up of phenolic compounds was found to be an efficient mechanism to regulate both the thermal and UV screening properties of cuticle membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José J. Benítez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Ana González Moreno
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Susana Guzmán-Puyol
- Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Estación Experimental La Mayora, Málaga, Spain
| | - José A. Heredia-Guerrero
- Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Estación Experimental La Mayora, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio Heredia
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Eva Domínguez
- Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Estación Experimental La Mayora, Málaga, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Changes in Homogalacturonan Metabolism in Banana Peel during Fruit Development and Ripening. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010243. [PMID: 35008668 PMCID: PMC8745247 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Though numerous studies have focused on the cell wall disassembly of bananas during the ripening process, the modification of homogalacturonan (HG) during fruit development remains exclusive. To better understand the role of HGs in controlling banana fruit growth and ripening, RNA-Seq, qPCR, immunofluorescence labeling, and biochemical methods were employed to reveal their dynamic changes in banana peels during these processes. Most HG-modifying genes in banana peels showed a decline in expression during fruit development. Four polygalacturonase and three pectin acetylesterases showing higher expression levels at later developmental stages than earlier ones might be related to fruit expansion. Six out of the 10 top genes in the Core Enrichment Gene Set were HG degradation genes, and all were upregulated after softening, paralleled to the significant increase in HG degradation enzyme activities, decline in peel firmness, and the epitope levels of 2F4, CCRC-M38, JIM7, and LM18 antibodies. Most differentially expressed alpha-1,4-galacturonosyltransferases were upregulated by ethylene treatment, suggesting active HG biosynthesis during the fruit softening process. The epitope level of the CCRC-M38 antibody was positively correlated to the firmness of banana peel during fruit development and ripening. These results have provided new insights into the role of cell wall HGs in fruit development and ripening.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Plant epidermis are multifunctional surfaces that directly affect how plants interact with animals or microorganisms and influence their ability to harvest or protect from abiotic factors. To do this, plants rely on minuscule structures that confer remarkable properties to their outer layer. These microscopic features emerge from the hierarchical organization of epidermal cells with various shapes and dimensions combined with different elaborations of the cuticle, a protective film that covers plant surfaces. Understanding the properties and functions of those tridimensional elements as well as disentangling the mechanisms that control their formation and spatial distribution warrant a multidisciplinary approach. Here we show how interdisciplinary efforts of coupling modern tools of experimental biology, physics, and chemistry with advanced computational modeling and state-of-the art microscopy are yielding broad new insights into the seemingly arcane patterning processes that sculpt the outer layer of plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Riglet
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Bateman Street, CB2 1LR, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stefano Gatti
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Bateman Street, CB2 1LR, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edwige Moyroud
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Bateman Street, CB2 1LR, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Genetics, Downing Site, CB2 3EJ, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lahaye M, Tabi W, Le Bot L, Delaire M, Orsel M, Campoy JA, Quero Garcia J, Le Gall S. Comparison of cell wall chemical evolution during the development of fruits of two contrasting quality from two members of the Rosaceae family: Apple and sweet cherry. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 168:93-104. [PMID: 34627026 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall composition was studied during the development of apple cultivars (14-161/182 days after full bloom, DAA) maintaining firm fruit (Ariane) or evolving to mealy texture (Rome Beauty) when ripe and in sweet cherry cultivars (21/26-70/75 DAA) to assess their skin-cracking susceptibility (tolerant Regina and susceptible Garnet). Pectin sugar composition and hemicellulose fine structure assessed by enzymatic degradation coupled to MALDI-TOF MS analysis were shown to vary markedly between apples and cherries during fruit development. Apple showed decreasing rhamnogalacturonan I (RGI) and increasing homogalacturonan (HG) pectic domain proportions from young to mature fruit. Hemicellulose-cellulose (HC) sugars peaked at the beginning of fruit expansion corresponding to the maximum cell wall content of glucose and mannose. In contrast, HG peaked very early in the cell wall of young developing cherries and remained constant until ripening whereas RGI content continuously increased. HC content decreased very early and remained low in cell walls. Only the low content of mannose and to a lesser extent fucose increased and then slowly decreased from the beginning of the fruit expansion phase. Hemicellulose structural profiling showed strong varietal differences between cherry cultivars. Both apples and cherries demonstrated a peak of glucomannan oligomers produced by β-glucanase hydrolysis of the cell wall at the onset of cell expansion. The different glucomannan contents and related oligomers released from cell walls are discussed with regard to the contribution of glucomannan to cell wall mechanical properties. These hemicellulose features may prove to be early markers of apple mealiness and cherry skin-cracking susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wafae Tabi
- INRAE, UR BIA, 44300, Nantes, France; INRAE, PROBE Research Infrastructure, BIBS Facility, F-44316, Nantes, France
| | - Lucie Le Bot
- INRAE, UR BIA, 44300, Nantes, France; INRAE, PROBE Research Infrastructure, BIBS Facility, F-44316, Nantes, France
| | - Mickael Delaire
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - Mathilde Orsel
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - José Antonio Campoy
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50289, Cologne, Germany
| | - José Quero Garcia
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, F-33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sophie Le Gall
- INRAE, UR BIA, 44300, Nantes, France; INRAE, PROBE Research Infrastructure, BIBS Facility, F-44316, Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Low cuticle deposition rate in 'Apple' mango increases elastic strain, weakens the cuticle and increases russet. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258521. [PMID: 34644345 PMCID: PMC8513900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Russeting compromises appearance and downgrades the market value of many fruitcrops, including of the mango cv. ‘Apple’. The objective was to identify the mechanistic basis of ‘Apple’ mango’s high susceptibility to russeting. We focused on fruit growth, cuticle deposition, stress/strain relaxation analysis and the mechanical properties of the cuticle. The non-susceptible mango cv. ‘Tommy Atkins’ served for comparison. Compared with ‘Tommy Atkins’, fruit of ‘Apple’ had a lower mass, a smaller surface area and a lower growth rate. There were little differences between the epidermal and hypodermal cells of ‘Apple’ and ‘Tommy Atkins’ including cell size, cell orientation and cell number. Lenticel density decreased during development, being lower in ‘Apple’ than in ‘Tommy Atkins’. The mean lenticel area increased during development but was consistently greater in ‘Apple’ than in ‘Tommy Atkins’. The deposition rate of the cuticular membrane was initially rapid but later slowed till it matched the area expansion rate, thereafter mass per unit area was effectively constant. The cuticle of ‘Apple’ is thinner than that of ‘Tommy Atkins’. Cumulative strain increased sigmoidally with fruit growth. Strains released stepwise on excision and isolation (εexc+iso), and on wax extraction (εextr) were higher in ‘Apple’ than in ‘Tommy Atkins’. Membrane stiffness increased during development being consistently lower in ‘Apple’ than in ‘Tommy Atkins’. Membrane fracture force (Fmax) was low and constant in developing ‘Apple’ but increased in ‘Tommy Atkin’. Membrane strain at fracture (εmax) decreased linearly during development but was lower in ‘Apple’ than in ‘Tommy Atkins’. Frequency of membrane failure associated with lenticels increased during development and was consistently higher in ‘Apple’ than in ‘Tommy Atkins’. The lower rate of cuticular deposition, the higher strain releases on excision, isolation and wax extraction and the weaker cuticle account for the high russet susceptibility of ‘Apple’ mango.
Collapse
|
27
|
Vega C, Valbuena-Carabaña M, Gil L, Fernández V. Water Sorption and Desorption of Isolated Cuticles From Three Woody Species With Focus on Ilex aquifolium. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:728627. [PMID: 34671373 PMCID: PMC8522496 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.728627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle is a lipid-rich layer that protects aerial plant organs against multiple stress factors such as dehydration. In this study, cuticle composition and structure in relation to water loss are examined in a broad ecophysiological context, taking into consideration leaf age and side from Ilex aquifolium (holly) in comparison with Eucalyptus globulus (eucalypt) and Prunus laurocerasus (cherry laurel). Enzymatically isolated cuticular membranes from holly leaves were studied under three treatment conditions: natural (no chemical treatment), after dewaxing, and after methanolysis, and the rate of water loss was assessed. Structural and chemical changes were evaluated using different microscopy techniques and by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The potential mechanisms of solute absorption by holly leaves were additionally evaluated, also testing if its prickly leaf margin may facilitate uptake. The results indicate that the treatment conditions led to structural changes, and that chemical composition was hardly affected because of the occurrence of cutan. Structural changes led to more hydrophilic adaxial surfaces, which retained more water and were more efficient than natural cuticles, while changes were not significant for abaxial surfaces. Across natural cuticles, age was a significant factor for eucalypt but not for holly. Young eucalypt cuticles were the group that absorbed more water and had the lowest water loss rate. When comparing older leaf cuticles of the three species, cherry laurel was found to absorb more water, which was, however, lost more slowly, compared with the other species. Evidence was gained that holly leaves can absorb foliar-applied solutes (traced after calcium chloride application) through the adaxial and abaxial surfaces, the adaxial mid veins, and to a lower extent, the spines. In conclusion, for the species examined, the results show variations in leaf cuticle composition and structure in relation to leaf ontogeny, and water sorption and desorption capacity.
Collapse
|
28
|
Chang BM, Keller M. Cuticle and skin cell walls have common and unique roles in grape berry splitting. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:168. [PMID: 34333518 PMCID: PMC8325674 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The skin protects a fruit from environmental stresses and supports the fruit's structure. Failure of the skin leads to fruit splitting and may compromise commercial production for fruit growers. The mechanical properties of the cuticle and skin cell walls might influence the splitting susceptibility of fleshy fruits. Thin shell theory and fracture mechanics were utilized in this study to target the potential factors contributing to splitting susceptibility. The study analyzed the structure of the cuticle and epidermis in ripening grape berries and examined the temporal dynamics of berry splitting. Cuticular waxes were partially removed, and skin cell walls were manipulated using wall stiffening and loosening solutions that altered reactions involving hydrogen peroxide. A more than twofold difference in cuticle thickness among grape cultivars did not account for their differences in splitting resistance. However, while removing predominantly epicuticular wax did not alter the berries' splitting resistance, their surface appearance and increasing yield strength following partial wax removal support the notion that cuticular waxes contribute to berry mechanical properties. Immersing berries in H2O2-based cell wall loosening solutions increased the splitting probability and accelerated berry splitting, whereas cell wall stiffening solutions decreased the splitting probability and delayed berry splitting. These results showed that both cuticle and skin cell walls contribute to the mechanical properties of grape berries and to their splitting resistance. The results also suggest that the two current explanations for fruit splitting, the critical turgor model and the zipper model, should be viewed as complementary rather than incompatible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Min Chang
- Department of Horticulture, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA, USA
| | - Markus Keller
- Department of Horticulture, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Xin A, Fry SC. Cutin:xyloglucan transacylase (CXT) activity covalently links cutin to a plant cell-wall polysaccharide. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 262:153446. [PMID: 34051591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The shoot epidermal cell wall in land-plants is associated with a polyester, cutin, which controls water loss and possibly organ expansion. Covalent bonds between cutin and its neighbouring cell-wall polysaccharides have long been proposed. However, the lack of biochemical evidence makes cutin-polysaccharide linkages largely conjectural. Here we optimised a portfolio of radiochemical assays to look for cutin-polysaccharide ester bonds in the epidermis of pea epicotyls, ice-plant leaves and tomato fruits, based on the hypothesis that a transacylase remodels cutin in a similar fashion to cutin synthase and cutin:cutin transacylase activities. Through in-situ enzyme assays and chemical degradations coupled with chromatographic analysis of the 3H-labelled products, we observed that among several wall-related oligosaccharides tested, only a xyloglucan oligosaccharide ([3H]XXXGol) could acquire ester-bonds from endogenous cutin, suggesting a cutin:xyloglucan transacylase (CXT). CXT activity was heat-labile, time-dependent, and maximal at near-neutral pH values. In-situ CXT activity peaked in nearly fully expanded tomato fruits and ice-plant leaves. CXT activity positively correlated with organ growth rate, suggesting that it contributes to epidermal integrity during rapid expansion. This study uncovers hitherto unappreciated re-structuring processes in the plant epidermis and provides a step towards the identification of CXT and its engineering for biotechnological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anzhou Xin
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bian X, Yu P, Dong L, Zhao Y, Yang H, Han Y, Zhang L. Regulatory role of non-coding RNA in ginseng rusty root symptom tissue. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9211. [PMID: 33911151 PMCID: PMC8080638 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88709-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng rusty root symptom (GRS) is one of the primary diseases of ginseng. It leads to a severe decline in the quality of ginseng and significantly affects the ginseng industry. The regulatory mechanism of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) remains unclear in the course of disease. This study explored the long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs) in GRS tissues and healthy ginseng (HG) tissues and performed functional enrichment analysis of the screened differentially expressed ncRNAs. Considering the predictive and regulatory effects of ncRNAs on mRNAs, we integrated ncRNA and mRNA data to analyze and construct relevant regulatory networks. A total of 17,645 lncRNAs, 245 circRNAs, and 299 miRNAs were obtained from HG and GRS samples, and the obtained ncRNAs were characterized, including the classification of lncRNAs, length and distribution of circRNA, and the length and family affiliations of miRNAs. In the analysis of differentially expressed ncRNA target genes, we found that lncRNAs may be involved in the homeostatic process of ginseng tissues and that lncRNAs, circRNAs, and miRNAs are involved in fatty acid-related regulation, suggesting that alterations in fatty acid-related pathways may play a key role in GRS. Besides, differentially expressed ncRNAs play an essential role in regulating transcriptional translation processes, primary metabolism such as starch and sucrose, and secondary metabolism such as alkaloids in ginseng tissues. Finally, we integrated the correlations between ncRNAs and mRNAs, constructed corresponding interaction networks, and identified ncRNAs that may play critical roles in GRS. These results provide a basis for revealing GRS's molecular mechanism and enrich our understanding of ncRNAs in ginseng.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingbo Bian
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, ChangchunJilin, 130118, China
| | - Pengcheng Yu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, ChangchunJilin, 130118, China
| | - Ling Dong
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, ChangchunJilin, 130118, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, ChangchunJilin, 130118, China
| | - He Yang
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, ChangchunJilin, 130118, China
| | - Yongzhong Han
- Jilin Provincial Ginseng and Pilose Antler Office, Changchun, China
| | - Lianxue Zhang
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China. .,College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, ChangchunJilin, 130118, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Structure, Assembly and Function of Cuticle from Mechanical Perspective with Special Focus on Perianth. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084160. [PMID: 33923850 PMCID: PMC8072621 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is devoted to the structure, assembly and function of cuticle. The topics are discussed from the mechanical perspective and whenever the data are available a special attention is paid to the cuticle of perianth organs, i.e., sepals, petals or tepals. The cuticle covering these organs is special in both its structure and function and some of these peculiarities are related to the cuticle mechanics. In particular, strengthening of the perianth surface is often provided by a folded cuticle that functionally resembles profiled plates, while on the surface of the petal epidermis of some plants, the cuticle is the only integral continuous layer. The perianth cuticle is distinguished also by those aspects of its mechanics and development that need further studies. In particular, more investigations are needed to explain the formation and maintenance of cuticle folding, which is typical for the perianth epidermis, and also to elucidate the mechanical properties and behavior of the perianth cuticle in situ. Gaps in our knowledge are partly due to technical problems caused by very small thicknesses of the perianth cuticle but modern tools may help to overcome these obstacles.
Collapse
|
32
|
Arand K, Bieler E, Dürrenberger M, Kassemeyer HH. Developmental pattern of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) berry cuticular wax: Differentiation between epicuticular crystals and underlying wax. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246693. [PMID: 33606728 PMCID: PMC7894928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The grapevine berry surface is covered by a cuticle consisting of cutin and various lipophilic wax compounds. The latter build the main barrier for transpirational water loss and protect the fruit against environmental factors e.g. pests, mechanical impacts or radiation. The integrety of the fruit surface is one important key factor for post-harvest quality and storage of fruits. Nonetheless, the developmental pattern of cuticular wax was so far only investigated for a very limited number of fruits. Therefore, we performed comparative investigations on the compositional and morphological nature of epicuticular wax crystals and underlying wax during fruit development in Vitis vinifera. The main compound oleanolic acid belongs to the pentacyclic triterpenoids, which occur very early in the development in high amounts inside the cuticle. The amount increases until veraison and decreases further during ripening. In general, very-long chain aliphatic (VLCA) compounds are present in much smaller amounts and alcohols and aldehydes follow the same trend during development. In contrast, the amount of fatty acids constantly increases from fruit set to ripening while wax esters only occur in significant amount at veraison and increase further. Wax crystals at the fruit surface are solely composed of VLCAs and the morphology changes during development according to the compositional changes of the VLCA wax compounds. The remarkable compositional differences between epicuticular wax crystals and the underlying wax are important to understand in terms of studying grape-pest interactions or the influence of environmental factors, since only wax crystals directly face the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Arand
- University of Würzburg, Julius von Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Evi Bieler
- University of Basel, Swiss Nanoscience Institute—Nano Imaging Lab, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Dürrenberger
- University of Basel, Swiss Nanoscience Institute—Nano Imaging Lab, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hanns-Heinz Kassemeyer
- State Institute for Viticulture, Freiburg, Germany
- University of Freiburg, Institute of Biology II, Plant Biomechanics Group, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lee YT, Jhao YS, Chiang D, Lee S. Mechanical creep of tea leaves. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:1111-1118. [PMID: 32785954 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tea processing involves fermentation, withering, steaming or pan-firing, rolling, baking, and drying. Some of these steps are performed at a high temperatures. At such temperatures the creep of the tea leaves plays an important role in the quality of tea. In materials science, creep is the tendency of a tea leaf to move slowly or defom permanently under a constant load. There has been much research on the mechanical properties of the outmost cuticular layer of leaves but there are few reports addressing the mechanical properties of whole leaves. RESULTS We cut tea leaf into specimen of dog-bone shape and measure the time-dependent creep deformation using a dynamic mechnical analyzer. Three different tea leaves grown in Taiwan were examined. The nonlinear Burgers model is proposed to describe the creep deformation of the tea leaves. CONCLUSIONS The creep of the tea leaves consists of primary and steady states, and the creep deformation is accurately described by the Kelvin representation of the nonlinear Burgers model. The viscosities in the primary stages satisfied the Arrhenius equation, and the activation energies were determined. The stress exponents for the creep of the tea leaves were less than unity. The Maxwell representation of the Burgers model is mathematically equivalent to the Kelvin representation of the Burgers model and can also be used to explain the creep of tea leaves. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Tsung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Sheng Jhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Donyao Chiang
- Taiwan Instrument Research Institute, National Applied Research Laboratories, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Sanboh Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Benítez JJ, Guzmán-Puyol S, Vilaplana F, Heredia-Guerrero JA, Domínguez E, Heredia A. Mechanical Performances of Isolated Cuticles Along Tomato Fruit Growth and Ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:787839. [PMID: 34975973 PMCID: PMC8718444 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.787839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle is the most external layer that protects fruits from the environment and constitutes the first shield against physical impacts. The preservation of its mechanical integrity is essential to avoid the access to epidermal cell walls and to prevent mass loss and damage that affect the commercial quality of fruits. The rheology of the cuticle is also very important to respond to the size modification along fruit growth and to regulate the diffusion of molecules from and toward the atmosphere. The mechanical performance of cuticles is regulated by the amount and assembly of its components (mainly cutin, polysaccharides, and waxes). In tomato fruit cuticles, phenolics, a minor cuticle component, have been found to have a strong influence on their mechanical behavior. To fully characterize the biomechanics of tomato fruit cuticle, transient creep, uniaxial tests, and multi strain dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) measurements have been carried out. Two well-differentiated stages have been identified. At early stages of growth, characterized by a low phenolic content, the cuticle displays a soft elastic behavior. Upon increased phenolic accumulation during ripening, a progressive stiffening is observed. The increment of viscoelasticity in ripe fruit cuticles has also been associated with the presence of these compounds. The transition from the soft elastic to the more rigid viscoelastic regime can be explained by the cooperative association of phenolics with both the cutin and the polysaccharide fractions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José J. Benítez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- *Correspondence: José J. Benítez,
| | - Susana Guzmán-Puyol
- Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Estación Experimental La Mayora, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Vilaplana
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - José A. Heredia-Guerrero
- Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Estación Experimental La Mayora, Málaga, Spain
| | - Eva Domínguez
- Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Estación Experimental La Mayora, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio Heredia
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Herzog K, Schwander F, Kassemeyer HH, Bieler E, Dürrenberger M, Trapp O, Töpfer R. Towards Sensor-Based Phenotyping of Physical Barriers of Grapes to Improve Resilience to Botrytis Bunch Rot. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:808365. [PMID: 35222454 PMCID: PMC8866247 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.808365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis bunch rot is one of the economically most important fungal diseases in viticulture (aside from powdery mildew and downy mildew). So far, no active defense mechanisms and resistance loci against the necrotrophic pathogen are known. Since long, breeders are mostly selecting phenotypically for loose grape bunches, which is recently the most evident trait to decrease the infection risk of Botrytis bunch rot. This study focused on plant phenomics of multiple traits by applying fast sensor technologies to measure berry impedance (Z REL ), berry texture, and 3D bunch architecture. As references, microscopic determined cuticle thickness (MS CT ) and infestation of grapes with Botrytis bunch rot were used. Z REL hereby is correlated to grape bunch density OIV204 (r = -0.6), cuticle thickness of berries (r = 0.61), mean berry diameter (r = -0.63), and Botrytis bunch rot (r = -0.7). However, no correlation between Z REL and berry maturity or berry texture was observed. In comparison to the category of traditional varieties (mostly susceptible), elite breeding lines show an impressive increased Z REL value (+317) and a 1-μm thicker berry cuticle. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on LGs 2, 6, 11, 15, and 16 were identified for Z REL and berry texture explaining a phenotypic variance of between 3 and 10.9%. These QTLs providing a starting point for the development of molecular markers. Modeling of Z REL and berry texture to predict Botrytis bunch rot resilience revealed McFadden R 2 = 0.99. Taken together, this study shows that in addition to loose grape bunch architecture, berry diameter, Z REL , and berry texture values are probably additional parameters that could be used to identify and select Botrytis-resilient wine grape varieties. Furthermore, grapevine breeding will benefit from these reliable methodologies permitting high-throughput screening for additional resilience traits of mechanical and physical barriers to Botrytis bunch rot. The findings might also be applicable to table grapes and other fruit crops like tomato or blueberry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Herzog
- Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Julius Kühn-Institut, Siebeldingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Katja Herzog,
| | - Florian Schwander
- Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Julius Kühn-Institut, Siebeldingen, Germany
| | - Hanns-Heinz Kassemeyer
- Plant Pathology & Diagnostic, State Institute for Viticulture and Enology Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Plant Biomechanics Group & Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Evi Bieler
- Nano Imaging Lab, Swiss Nano Science Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Dürrenberger
- Nano Imaging Lab, Swiss Nano Science Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Julius Kühn-Institut, Siebeldingen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Töpfer
- Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Julius Kühn-Institut, Siebeldingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Reynoud N, Petit J, Bres C, Lahaye M, Rothan C, Marion D, Bakan B. The Complex Architecture of Plant Cuticles and Its Relation to Multiple Biological Functions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:782773. [PMID: 34956280 PMCID: PMC8702516 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.782773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrialization of vascular plants, i.e., Angiosperm, is associated with the development of cuticular barriers that prevent biotic and abiotic stresses and support plant growth and development. To fulfill these multiple functions, cuticles have developed a unique supramolecular and dynamic assembly of molecules and macromolecules. Plant cuticles are not only an assembly of lipid compounds, i.e., waxes and cutin polyester, as generally presented in the literature, but also of polysaccharides and phenolic compounds, each fulfilling a role dependent on the presence of the others. This mini-review is focused on recent developments and hypotheses on cuticle architecture-function relationships through the prism of non-lipid components, i.e., cuticle-embedded polysaccharides and polyester-bound phenolics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Reynoud
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, Nantes, France
| | - Johann Petit
- INRAE, University of Bordeaux, UMR BFP, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Cécile Bres
- INRAE, University of Bordeaux, UMR BFP, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Marc Lahaye
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, Nantes, France
| | | | - Didier Marion
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, Nantes, France
| | - Bénédicte Bakan
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, Nantes, France
- *Correspondence: Bénédicte Bakan,
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Straube J, Chen YH, Khanal BP, Shumbusho A, Zeisler-Diehl V, Suresh K, Schreiber L, Knoche M, Debener T. Russeting in Apple is Initiated after Exposure to Moisture Ends: Molecular and Biochemical Evidence. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:plants10010065. [PMID: 33396789 PMCID: PMC7824318 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of the fruit surface to moisture during early development is causal in russeting of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.). Moisture exposure results in formation of microcracks and decreased cuticle thickness. Periderm differentiation begins in the hypodermis, but only after discontinuation of moisture exposure. Expressions of selected genes involved in cutin, wax and suberin synthesis were quantified, as were the wax, cutin and suberin compositions. Experiments were conducted in two phases. In Phase I (31 days after full bloom) the fruit surface was exposed to moisture for 6 or 12 d. Phase II was after moisture exposure had been discontinued. Unexposed areas on the same fruit served as unexposed controls. During Phase I, cutin and wax synthesis genes were down-regulated only in the moisture-exposed patches. During Phase II, suberin synthesis genes were up-regulated only in the moisture-exposed patches. The expressions of cutin and wax genes in the moisture-exposed patches increased slightly during Phase II, but the levels of expression were much lower than in the control patches. Amounts and compositions of cutin, wax and suberin were consistent with the gene expressions. Thus, moisture-induced russet is a two-step process: moisture exposure reduces cutin and wax synthesis, moisture removal triggers suberin synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Straube
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Molecular Plant Breeding Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Yun-Hao Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany; (Y.-H.C.); (B.P.K.); (A.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Bishnu P. Khanal
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany; (Y.-H.C.); (B.P.K.); (A.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Alain Shumbusho
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany; (Y.-H.C.); (B.P.K.); (A.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Viktoria Zeisler-Diehl
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), Department of Ecophysiology, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (V.Z.-D.); (K.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Kiran Suresh
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), Department of Ecophysiology, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (V.Z.-D.); (K.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), Department of Ecophysiology, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (V.Z.-D.); (K.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Moritz Knoche
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany; (Y.-H.C.); (B.P.K.); (A.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Thomas Debener
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Molecular Plant Breeding Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Chen YH, Straube J, Khanal BP, Knoche M, Debener T. Russeting in Apple Is Initiated After Exposure to Moisture Ends-I. Histological Evidence. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9101293. [PMID: 33008020 PMCID: PMC7650782 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Russeting (periderm formation) is a critical fruit-surface disorder in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.). The first symptom of insipient russeting is cuticular microcracking. Humid and rainy weather increases russeting. The aim was to determine the ontogeny of moisture-induced russeting in 'Pinova' apple. We recorded the effects of duration of exposure to water and the stage of fruit development at exposure on microcracking, periderm formation and cuticle deposition. Early on (21 or 31 days after full bloom; DAFB) short periods (2 to 12 d) of moisture exposure induced cuticular microcracking-but not later on (66 or 93 DAFB). A periderm was not formed during moisture exposure but 4 d after exposure ended. A periderm was formed in the hypodermis beneath a microcrack. Russeting frequency and severity were low for up to 4 d of moisture exposure but increased after 6 d. Cuticle thickness was not affected by moisture for up to 8 d but decreased for longer exposures. Cuticular ridge thickness decreased around a microcrack. In general, moisture did not affect cuticular strain release. We conclude that a hypodermal periderm forms after termination of moisture exposure and after microcrack formation. Reduced cuticle deposition may cause moisture-induced microcracking and, thus, russeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hao Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany; (Y.-H.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Jannis Straube
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Molecular Plant Breeding Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany; (J.S.); (T.D.)
| | - Bishnu P. Khanal
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany; (Y.-H.C.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-762-9004
| | - Moritz Knoche
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany; (Y.-H.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Thomas Debener
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Molecular Plant Breeding Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany; (J.S.); (T.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Xie R, Zhao J, Lu L, Brown P, Guo J, Tian S. Penetration of foliar-applied Zn and its impact on apple plant nutrition status: in vivo evaluation by synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:147. [PMID: 32922819 PMCID: PMC7459125 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00369-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The absorption of foliar fertilizer is a complex process and is poorly understood. The ability to visualize and quantify the pathway that elements take following their application to leaf surfaces is critical for understanding the science and for practical applications of foliar fertilizers. By the use of synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence to analyze the in vivo localization of elements, our study aimed to investigate the penetration of foliar-applied Zn absorbed by apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) leaves with different physiological surface properties, as well as the possible interactions between foliar Zn level and the mineral nutrient status of treated leaves. The results indicate that the absorption of foliar-applied Zn was largely dependent on plant leaf surface characteristics. High-resolution elemental maps revealed that the high binding capacity of the cell wall for Zn contributed to the observed limitation of Zn penetration across epidermal cells. Trichome density and stomatal aperture had opposite effects on Zn fertilizer penetration: a relatively high density of trichomes increased the hydrophobicity of leaves, whereas the presence of stomata facilitated foliar Zn penetration. Low levels of Zn promoted the accumulation of other mineral elements in treated leaves, and the complexation of Zn with phytic acid potentially occurred owing to exposure to high-Zn conditions. The present study provides direct visual evidence for the Zn penetration process across the leaf surface, which is important for the development of strategies for Zn biofortification in crop species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruohan Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropic Soil and Plant Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Jianqi Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropic Soil and Plant Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Lingli Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropic Soil and Plant Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Patrick Brown
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Jiansheng Guo
- Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310020 China
- Center of Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Shengke Tian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropic Soil and Plant Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
The Role of Cutinsomes in Plant Cuticle Formation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081778. [PMID: 32722473 PMCID: PMC7465133 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cuticle commonly appears as a continuous lipophilic layer located at the outer epidermal cell walls of land plants. Cutin and waxes are its main components. Two methods for cutin synthesis are considered in plants. One that is based on enzymatic biosynthesis, in which cutin synthase (CUS) is involved, is well-known and commonly accepted. The other assumes the participation of specific nanostructures, cutinsomes, which are formed in physicochemical self-assembly processes from cutin precursors without enzyme involvement. Cutinsomes are formed in ground cytoplasm or, in some species, in specific cytoplasmic domains, lipotubuloid metabolons (LMs), and are most probably translocated via microtubules toward the cuticle-covered cell wall. Cutinsomes may additionally serve as platforms transporting cuticular enzymes. Presumably, cutinsomes enrich the cuticle in branched and cross-linked esterified polyhydroxy fatty acid oligomers, while CUS1 can provide both linear chains and branching cutin oligomers. These two systems of cuticle formation seem to co-operate on the surface of aboveground organs, as well as in the embryo and seed coat epidermis. This review focuses on the role that cutinsomes play in cuticle biosynthesis in S. lycopersicum, O. umbellatum and A. thaliana, which have been studied so far; however, these nanoparticles may be commonly involved in this process in different plants.
Collapse
|
41
|
Russeting in 'Apple' Mango: Triggers and Mechanisms. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9070898. [PMID: 32708628 PMCID: PMC7411629 DOI: 10.3390/plants9070898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Russeting is an important surface disorder of many fruitcrop species. The mango cultivar ‘Apple’ is especially susceptible to russeting. Russeting compromises both fruit appearance and postharvest performance. The objective was to identify factors, mechanisms, and consequences of russeting in ‘Apple’ mango. Russeting was quantified on excised peels using image analysis and a categorical rating scheme. Water vapour loss was determined gravimetrically. The percentage of the skin area exhibiting russet increased during development. Russet began at lenticels then spread across the surface, ultimately forming a network of rough, brown patches over the skin. Cross-sections revealed stacks of phellem cells, typical of a periderm. Russet was more severe on the dorsal surface of the fruit than on the ventral and more for fruit in the upper part of the canopy than in the lower. Russet differed markedly across orchards sites of different climates. Russet was positively correlated with altitude, the number of rainy days, and the number of cold nights but negatively correlated with minimum, maximum, and mean daily temperatures, dew point temperature, and heat sum. Russeted fruit had higher transpiration rates than non-russeted fruits and higher skin permeance to water vapour. Russet in ‘Apple’ mango is due to periderm formation that is initiated at lenticels. Growing conditions conducive for surface wetness exacerbate russeting.
Collapse
|
42
|
Bueno A, Sancho-Knapik D, Gil-Pelegrín E, Leide J, Peguero-Pina JJ, Burghardt M, Riederer M. Cuticular wax coverage and its transpiration barrier properties in Quercus coccifera L. leaves: does the environment matter? TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:827-840. [PMID: 31728539 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Plants prevent uncontrolled water loss by synthesizing, depositing and maintaining a hydrophobic layer over their primary aerial organs-the plant cuticle. Quercus coccifera L. can plastically respond to environmental conditions at the cuticular level. When exposed to hot summer conditions with high vapour-pressure deficit (VPD) and intense solar radiation (Mediterranean atmospheric conditions; MED), this plant species accumulates leaf cuticular waxes even over the stomata, thereby decreasing transpirational water loss. However, under mild summer conditions with moderate VPD and regular solar radiation (temperate atmospheric conditions; TEM), this effect is sharply reduced. Despite the ecophysiological importance of the cuticular waxes of Q. coccifera, the wax composition and its contribution to avoiding uncontrolled dehydration remain unknown. Thus, we determined several leaf traits for plants exposed to both MED and TEM conditions. Further, we qualitatively and quantitatively investigated the cuticular lipid composition by gas chromatography. Finally, we measured the minimum leaf conductance (gmin) as an indicator of the efficacy of the cuticular transpiration barrier. The MED leaves were smaller, stiffer and contained a higher load of cuticular lipids than TEM leaves. The amounts of leaf cutin and cuticular waxes of MED plants were 1.4 times and 2.6 times higher than that found for TEM plants, respectively. In detail, MED plants produced higher amounts of all compound classes of cuticular waxes, except for the equivalence of alkanoic acids. Although MED leaves contained higher cutin and cuticular wax loads, the gmin was not different between the two habitats. Our findings suggest that the qualitative accumulation of equivalent cuticular waxes might compensate for the higher wax amount of MED plants, thereby contributing equally to the efficacy of the cuticular transpirational barrier of Q. coccifera. In conclusion, we showed that atmospheric conditions profoundly affect the cuticular lipid composition of Q. coccifera leaves, but do not alter its transpiration barrier properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amauri Bueno
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, Department of Botany II - Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Domingo Sancho-Knapik
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Gobierno de Aragón Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Gobierno de Aragón Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jana Leide
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, Department of Botany II - Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - José Javier Peguero-Pina
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Gobierno de Aragón Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Markus Burghardt
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, Department of Botany II - Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Riederer
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, Department of Botany II - Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sevanto S. Why do plants have waxy leaves? Do we know after all? TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:823-826. [PMID: 31860726 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Sevanto
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bikini Atoll Rd MS J495, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Leide J, Nierop KGJ, Deininger AC, Staiger S, Riederer M, de Leeuw JW. Leaf cuticle analyses: implications for the existence of cutan/non-ester cutin and its biosynthetic origin. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:141-162. [PMID: 32222770 PMCID: PMC7304474 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The cuticle of a limited number of plant species contains cutan, a chemically highly resistant biopolymer. As yet, the biosynthesis of cutan is not fully understood. Attempting to further unravel the origin of cutan, we analysed the chemical composition of enzymatically isolated cuticular membranes of Agave americana leaves. METHODS Cuticular waxes were extracted with organic solvents. Subsequently, the dewaxed cuticular membrane was depolymerized by acid-catalysed transesterification yielding cutin monomers and cutan, a non-hydrolysable, cuticular membrane residue. The cutan matrix was analysed by thermal extraction, flash pyrolysis and thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation to elucidate the monomeric composition and deduce a putative biosynthetic origin. KEY RESULTS According to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses, the cuticular waxes of A. americana contained primarily very-long-chain alkanoic acids and primary alkanols dominated by C32, whereas the cutin biopolyester of A. americana mainly consisted of 9,10-epoxy ω-hydroxy and 9,10,ω-trihydroxy C18 alkanoic acids. The main aliphatic cutan monomers were alkanoic acids, primary alkanols, ω-hydroxy alkanoic acids and alkane-α,ω-diols ranging predominantly from C28 to C34 and maximizing at C32. Minor contributions of benzene-1,3,5-triol and derivatives suggested that these aromatic moieties form the polymeric core of cutan, to which the aliphatic moieties are linked via ester and possibly ether bonds. CONCLUSIONS High similarity of aliphatic moieties in the cutan and the cuticular wax component indicated a common biosynthetic origin. In order to exclude species-specific peculiarities of A. americana and to place our results in a broader context, cuticular waxes, cutin and cutan of Clivia miniata, Ficus elastica and Prunus laurocerasus leaves were also investigated. A detailed comparison showed compositional and structural differences, indicated that cutan was only found in leaves of perennial evergreen A. americana and C. miniata, and made clear that the phenomenon of cutan is possibly less present in plant species than suggested in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Leide
- University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Klaas G J Nierop
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Present address: Geolab, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Simona Staiger
- University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Riederer
- University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, Würzburg, Germany
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Jan W de Leeuw
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Collins PP, O'donoghue EM, Rebstock R, Tiffin HR, Sutherland PW, Schröder R, McAtee PA, Prakash R, Ireland HS, Johnston JW, Atkinson RG, Schaffer RJ, Hallett IC, Brummell DA. Cell type-specific gene expression underpins remodelling of cell wall pectin in exocarp and cortex during apple fruit development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:6085-6099. [PMID: 31408160 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In apple (Malus×domestica) fruit, the different layers of the exocarp (cuticle, epidermis, and hypodermis) protect and maintain fruit integrity, and resist the turgor-driven expansion of the underlying thin-walled cortical cells during growth. Using in situ immunolocalization and size exclusion epitope detection chromatography, distinct cell type differences in cell wall composition in the exocarp were revealed during apple fruit development. Epidermal cell walls lacked pectic (1→4)-β-d-galactan (associated with rigidity), whereas linear (1→5)-α-l-arabinan (associated with flexibility) was exclusively present in the epidermal cell walls in expanding fruit and then appeared in all cell types during ripening. Branched (1→5)-α-l-arabinan was uniformly distributed between cell types. Laser capture microdissection and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) were used to explore transcriptomic differences controlling cell type-specific wall modification. The RNA-seq data indicate that the control of cell wall composition is achieved through cell-specific gene expression of hydrolases. In epidermal cells, this results in the degradation of galactan side chains by possibly five β-galactosidases (BGAL2, BGAL7, BGAL10, BGAL11, and BGAL103) and debranching of arabinans by α-arabinofuranosidases AF1 and AF2. Together, these results demonstrate that flexibility and rigidity of the different cell layers in apple fruit during development and ripening are determined, at least in part, by the control of cell wall pectin remodelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick P Collins
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Ria Rebstock
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Heather R Tiffin
- PFR, Food Industry Science Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul W Sutherland
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Roswitha Schröder
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter A McAtee
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Roneel Prakash
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hilary S Ireland
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Ross G Atkinson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robert J Schaffer
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- PFR, Motueka, New Zealand
| | - Ian C Hallett
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David A Brummell
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
- PFR, Food Industry Science Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bueno A, Sancho-Knapik D, Gil-Pelegrín E, Leide J, Peguero-Pina JJ, Burghardt M, Riederer M. Cuticular wax coverage and its transpiration barrier properties in Quercus coccifera L. leaves: does the environment matter? TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019:tpz110. [PMID: 31781752 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants prevent uncontrolled water loss by synthesizing, depositing and maintaining a hydrophobic layer over their primary aerial organs-the plant cuticle. Quercus coccifera L. can plastically respond to environmental conditions at the cuticular level. When exposed to hot summer conditions with high vapour-pressure deficit (VPD) and intense solar radiation (Mediterranean atmospheric conditions; MED), this plant species accumulates leaf cuticular waxes even over the stomata, thereby decreasing transpirational water loss. However, under mild summer conditions with moderate VPD and regular solar radiation (temperate atmospheric conditions; TEM), this effect is sharply reduced. Despite the ecophysiological importance of the cuticular waxes of Q. coccifera, the wax composition and its contribution to avoiding uncontrolled dehydration remain unknown. Thus, we determined several leaf traits for plants exposed to both MED and TEM conditions. Further, we qualitatively and quantitatively investigated the cuticular lipid composition by gas chromatography. Finally, we measured the minimum leaf conductance (gmin) as an indicator of the efficacy of the cuticular transpiration barrier. The MED leaves were smaller, stiffer and contained a higher load of cuticular lipids than TEM leaves. The amounts of leaf cutin and cuticular waxes of MED plants were 1.4 times and 2.6 times higher than that found for TEM plants, respectively. In detail, MED plants produced higher amounts of all compound classes of cuticular waxes, except for the equivalence of alkanoic acids. Although MED leaves contained higher cutin and cuticular wax loads, the gmin was not different between the two habitats. Our findings suggest that the qualitative accumulation of equivalent cuticular waxes might compensate for the higher wax amount of MED plants, thereby contributing equally to the efficacy of the cuticular transpirational barrier of Q. coccifera. In conclusion, we showed that atmospheric conditions profoundly affect the cuticular lipid composition of Q. coccifera leaves, but do not alter its transpiration barrier properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amauri Bueno
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, Department of Botany II - Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Domingo Sancho-Knapik
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Gobierno de Aragón Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Gobierno de Aragón Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jana Leide
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, Department of Botany II - Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - José Javier Peguero-Pina
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Gobierno de Aragón Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Markus Burghardt
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, Department of Botany II - Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Riederer
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, Department of Botany II - Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lara I, Heredia A, Domínguez E. Shelf Life Potential and the Fruit Cuticle: The Unexpected Player. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:770. [PMID: 31244879 PMCID: PMC6581714 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is an extracellular barrier that protects the aerial, non-lignified parts of plants from the surrounding environment, and furthermore plays important functions in organ growth and development. The role of the cuticle in post-harvest quality of fruits is a topic currently driving a lot of interest since an increasing bulk of research data show its modulating influence on a number of important traits determining shelf life and storage potential, including water transpiration and fruit dehydration, susceptibility to rots, pests and disorders, and even firmness. Moreover, the properties of fruit cuticles keep evolving after harvest, and have also been shown to be highly responsive to the external conditions surrounding the fruit. Indeed, common post-harvest treatments will have an impact on cuticle integrity and performance that needs to be evaluated for a deeper understanding of changes in post-harvest quality. In this review, chemical and biophysical properties of fruit cuticles are summarized. An overview is also provided of post-harvest changes in cuticles and the effects thereupon of some post-harvest procedures, with the purpose of offering a comprehensive summary of currently available information. Identification of natural sources of variability in relevant quality traits would allow breeding for the improvement of post-harvest life of fruit commodities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Lara
- Unitat de Postcollita-XaRTA, AGROTÈCNIO, Departament de Química, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Antonio Heredia
- IHSM La Mayora, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Eva Domínguez
- IHSM La Mayora, Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Vidot K, Devaux MF, Alvarado C, Guyot S, Jamme F, Gaillard C, Siret R, Lahaye M. Phenolic distribution in apple epidermal and outer cortex tissue by multispectral deep-UV autofluorescence cryo-imaging. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 283:51-59. [PMID: 31128715 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds in fruit are involved in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses and are responsible for organoleptic properties. To establish the distribution of these secondary metabolites at the tissue and sub-cellular scales, mapping of fluorescence in apple epidermis and outer cortex tissue in cryogenic condition was performed after deep-UV excitation at 275 nm. Douce Moën and Guillevic cider apple varieties were sampled and frozen after harvest, after 30 days at 4 °C and after 20 days at room temperature. Image analysis of fluorescence emission images acquired between 300 and 650 nm allowed the assignment of fluorescence signals to phenolic compound families based on reference molecules. Emission attributed to monomeric and/or condensed flavanol was localized in whole tissue with major fluorescence in the cuticle region. Hydroxycinnamic acids were found predominantly in the outer cortex and appeared in the cell wall. Fluorescent pigments were mostly found in the epidermis. The distribution of flavanols in the sub-cuticle and phenolic acids in the outer cortex distinguished apple varieties. Storage conditions had no impact on phenolic distribution. The proposed fluorescent imaging and analysis approach enables studies on phenolic distribution in relation to fruit development, biotic/abiotic stress resistance and quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Vidot
- UR 1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, équipe Paroi Végétale et Polysaccharides Pariétaux (PVPP), INRA, 44300, Nantes, France; USC 1422 GRAPPE, INRA, Ecole Supérieure d'Agricultures, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49100, Angers, France.
| | - Marie-Françoise Devaux
- UR 1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, équipe Paroi Végétale et Polysaccharides Pariétaux (PVPP), INRA, 44300, Nantes, France.
| | - Camille Alvarado
- UR 1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, équipe Paroi Végétale et Polysaccharides Pariétaux (PVPP), INRA, 44300, Nantes, France.
| | - Sylvain Guyot
- UR 1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, équipe Polyphénols, Réactivité, Procédés (PRP), INRA, 35653, Le Rheu, France.
| | - Frederic Jamme
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
| | - Cédric Gaillard
- UR 1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, équipe Paroi Végétale et Polysaccharides Pariétaux (PVPP), INRA, 44300, Nantes, France.
| | - René Siret
- USC 1422 GRAPPE, INRA, Ecole Supérieure d'Agricultures, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49100, Angers, France.
| | - Marc Lahaye
- UR 1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, équipe Paroi Végétale et Polysaccharides Pariétaux (PVPP), INRA, 44300, Nantes, France.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Bueno A, Alfarhan A, Arand K, Burghardt M, Deininger AC, Hedrich R, Leide J, Seufert P, Staiger S, Riederer M. Effects of temperature on the cuticular transpiration barrier of two desert plants with water-spender and water-saver strategies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1613-1625. [PMID: 30715440 PMCID: PMC6416792 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of the cuticular transpiration barrier and its resistance to elevated temperatures are significantly higher in a typical water-saver than in a water-spender plant growing in hot desert.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amauri Bueno
- University of Würzburg, Julius von Sachs Institute of Biological Sciences, Chair of Botany II – Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ahmed Alfarhan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Katja Arand
- University of Würzburg, Julius von Sachs Institute of Biological Sciences, Chair of Botany II – Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Burghardt
- University of Würzburg, Julius von Sachs Institute of Biological Sciences, Chair of Botany II – Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Deininger
- University of Würzburg, Julius von Sachs Institute of Biological Sciences, Chair of Botany II – Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- University of Würzburg, Julius von Sachs Institute of Biological Sciences, Chair of Botany I – Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jana Leide
- University of Würzburg, Julius von Sachs Institute of Biological Sciences, Chair of Botany II – Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pascal Seufert
- University of Würzburg, Julius von Sachs Institute of Biological Sciences, Chair of Botany II – Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Simona Staiger
- University of Würzburg, Julius von Sachs Institute of Biological Sciences, Chair of Botany II – Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Riederer
- University of Würzburg, Julius von Sachs Institute of Biological Sciences, Chair of Botany II – Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Staudt M, Byron J, Piquemal K, Williams J. Compartment specific chiral pinene emissions identified in a Maritime pine forest. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 654:1158-1166. [PMID: 30841390 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To track unknown sources and sinks of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) inside forest canopies we measured diel cycles of VOC exchanges in a temperate maritime forest at the branch, stem and ground level with special focus on the chiral signatures of pinenes. All compartments released day and night α- and β-pinene as major compounds. In addition, strong light dependent emissions of ocimene and linalool from branches occurred during hot summer days. In all compartments the overall emission strength of pinenes varied from day to day spanning 1 to 2 orders of magnitude. The highest pinene emissions from ground and stem were observed during high moisture conditions. Despite this variability stem emissions consistently expressed a different chiral composition than branch emissions, the former containing a much larger fraction of (-)-enantiomers than the latter. Pinene emissions from dead needle litter and soil were mostly enriched in (-)-enantiomers, while the chiral signatures of the ambient air inside the forest showed mostly intermediate levels compared to the emission signatures. These findings suggest that different organ-specific pinene producing enzymes exist in Maritime pine, and indicate that emissions from ground and stem compartments essentially contribute to the canopy VOC flux. Overall the results open new perspectives to explore chirality as a possible marker to recognize shifts in the contributions of different VOC sources present within forest ecosystems and to explain observed temporal changes in the chiral signature of pinenes in the atmosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Staudt
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE Campus CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
| | - Joseph Byron
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Karim Piquemal
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE Campus CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|