1
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Xiao H, Verboven P, Tong S, Pedersen O, Nicolaï B. Hypoxia in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit during ripening: Biophysical elucidation by a 3D reaction-diffusion model. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:1893-1905. [PMID: 38546393 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Respiration provides energy, substrates, and precursors to support physiological changes of the fruit during climacteric ripening. A key substrate of respiration is oxygen that needs to be supplied to the fruit in a passive way by gas transfer from the environment. Oxygen gradients may develop within the fruit due to its bulky size and the dense fruit tissues, potentially creating hypoxia that may have a role in the spatial development of ripening. This study presents a 3D reaction-diffusion model using tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit as a test subject, combining the multiscale fruit geometry generated from magnetic resonance imaging and microcomputed tomography with varying respiration kinetics and contrasting boundary resistances obtained through independent experiments. The model predicted low oxygen levels in locular tissue under atmospheric conditions, and the oxygen level was markedly lower upon scar occlusion, aligning with microsensor profiling results. The locular region was in a hypoxic state, leading to its low aerobic respiration with high CO2 accumulation by fermentative respiration, while the rest of the tissues remained well oxygenated. The model further revealed that the hypoxia is caused by a combination of diffusion resistances and respiration rates of the tissue. Collectively, this study reveals the existence of the respiratory gas gradients and its biophysical causes during tomato fruit ripening, providing richer information for future studies on localized endogenous ethylene biosynthesis and fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xiao
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
| | | | - Shuai Tong
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Ole Pedersen
- Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Bart Nicolaï
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology (VCBT), Leuven B-3001, Belgium
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2
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Liu Y, Tyerman S, Schmidtke L, Rogiers S. Effects of extra potassium supply and rootstocks indicate links between water, solutes and energy in Shiraz grapevines ( Vitis vinifera) pericarps. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:FP23141. [PMID: 38902904 DOI: 10.1071/fp23141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Potassium (K) is essential for the development of grapevines (Vitis vinifera ), accumulating into berries during maturation. Elevated K has been associated with high sugar and low acidity in juice. Characterising the accumulation patterns of K and other components in pericarps treated with various experimental factors may indicate potential regulators of berry K levels. A soil fertiliser trial using nutrient solutions with two K supply rates was conducted on potted Shiraz vines during berry ripening. Doubled-K supply increased L-malic acid content in the early-ripening phase, and increased K and magnesium concentrations in the late-ripening phase. Doubled-K supply reduced the ratio of K to sodium in later ripening phases, suggesting that the accumulation of K relative to sodium was limited in more mature berries supplied with extra K. Pericarp water percentage, sugar, K and ATP were correlated in both treatments, indicating links between hydration, solute transport and energy in maturing berries. In a separate rootstock trial over the two growing seasons, Shiraz scions grafted onto 420-A rootstock produced berries with lower K concentration and content than those grafted onto Ramsey or Ruggeri-140 rootstocks and own-rooted vines. This study demonstrated that the K supply and berry ripening phase impacted the berry K level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Liu
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia; and School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2648, Australia; and Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2648, Australia; and School of Biology and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Guangdong 525000, China
| | - Stephen Tyerman
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia; and Department of Wine Science and Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Leigh Schmidtke
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia; and School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2648, Australia; and Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2648, Australia
| | - Suzy Rogiers
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia; and Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2648, Australia; and New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar, NSW 2477, Australia
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3
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Zarrouk O, Pinto C, Alarcón MV, Flores-Roco A, Santos L, David TS, Amancio S, Lopes CM, Carvalho LC. Canopy Architecture and Sun Exposure Influence Berry Cluster-Water Relations in the Grapevine Variety Muscat of Alexandria. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1500. [PMID: 38891309 PMCID: PMC11174960 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Climate-change-related increases in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves affect viticulture, leading to losses in yield and grape quality. We assessed whether canopy-architecture manipulation mitigates the effects of summer stress in a Mediterranean vineyard. The Vitis vinifera L variety Muscat of Alexandria plants were monitored during 2019-2020. Two canopy shoot-positioning treatments were applied: vertical shoot positioning (VSP) and modulated shoot positioning (MSP). In MSP, the west-side upper foliage was released to promote partial shoot leaning, shading the clusters. Clusters were sampled at pea size (PS), veraison (VER), and full maturation (FM). Measurements included rachis anatomy and hydraulic conductance (Kh) and aquaporins (AQP) and stress-related genes expression in cluster tissues. The results show significant seasonal and interannual differences in Kh and vascular anatomy. At VER, the Kh of the rachis and rachis+pedicel and the xylem diameter decreased but were unaffected by treatments. The phloem-xylem ratio was either increased (2019) or reduced (2020) in MSP compared to VSP. Most AQPs were down-regulated at FM in pedicels and up-regulated at VER in pulp. A potential maturation shift in MSP was observed and confirmed by the up-regulation of several stress-related genes in all tissues. The study pinpoints the role of canopy architecture in berry-water relations and stress response during ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olfa Zarrouk
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal (S.A.); (C.M.L.)
- IRTA—Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology, Torre Marimon, 08140 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Pinto
- INIAV—Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P. Avenida da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal; (C.P.); (T.S.D.)
- CEF—Forest Research Centre, Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Victoria Alarcón
- Area of Agronomy of Woody and Horticultural Crops, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Extremadura (CICYTEX), 06187 Badajoz, Spain; (M.V.A.); (A.F.-R.)
| | - Alicia Flores-Roco
- Area of Agronomy of Woody and Horticultural Crops, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Extremadura (CICYTEX), 06187 Badajoz, Spain; (M.V.A.); (A.F.-R.)
| | - Leonardo Santos
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal (S.A.); (C.M.L.)
| | - Teresa S. David
- INIAV—Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P. Avenida da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal; (C.P.); (T.S.D.)
- CEF—Forest Research Centre, Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara Amancio
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal (S.A.); (C.M.L.)
| | - Carlos M. Lopes
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal (S.A.); (C.M.L.)
| | - Luisa C. Carvalho
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal (S.A.); (C.M.L.)
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Griesser M, Savoi S, Bondada B, Forneck A, Keller M. Berry shrivel in grapevine: a review considering multiple approaches. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2196-2213. [PMID: 38174592 PMCID: PMC11016843 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Grapevine berry shrivel, a ripening disorder, causes significant economic losses in the worldwide wine and table grape industries. An early interruption in ripening leads to this disorder, resulting in shriveling and reduced sugar accumulation affecting yield and fruit quality. Loss of sink strength associated with berry mesocarp cell death is an early symptom of this disorder; however, potential internal or external triggers are yet to be explored. No pathogens have been identified that might cause the ripening syndrome. Understanding the underlying causes and mechanisms contributing to berry shrivel is crucial for developing effective mitigation strategies and finding solutions for other ripening disorders associated with climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. This review discusses alterations in the fruit ripening mechanism induced by berry shrivel disorder, focusing primarily on sugar transport and metabolism, cell wall modification and cell death, and changes in the phytohormone profile. The essential open questions are highlighted and analyzed, thus identifying the critical knowledge gaps and key challenges for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Griesser
- Institute of Viticulture and Pomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Stefania Savoi
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Bhaskar Bondada
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, Washington State University Tri-Cities, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Astrid Forneck
- Institute of Viticulture and Pomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Markus Keller
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350, USA
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5
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Diot A, Groth G, Blanchet S, Chervin C. Responses of animals and plants to physiological doses of ethanol: a molecular messenger of hypoxia? FEBS J 2024; 291:1102-1110. [PMID: 38232057 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Our viewpoint is that ethanol could act as a molecular messenger in animal and plant organisms under conditions of hypoxia or other stresses and could elicit physiological responses to such conditions. There is evidence that both animal and plant organisms have endogenous levels of ethanol, but reports on the changes induced by this alcohol at physiological levels are sparse. Studies have shown that ethanol has different effects on cell metabolism at low and high concentrations, resembling a hormetic response. Further studies have addressed the potential cellular and molecular mechanisms used by organisms to sense changes in physiological concentrations of ethanol. This article summarizes the possible mechanisms by which ethanol may be sensed, particularly at the cell membrane level. Our analysis shows that current knowledge on this subject is limited. More research is required on the effects of ethanol at very low doses, in plants and animals at both molecular and physiological levels. We believe that further research on this topic could lead to new discoveries in physiology and may even help us understand metabolic adjustments related to climate change. As temperatures rise more frequently, dissolved oxygen levels drop, leading to hypoxic conditions and consequently, an increase in cellular ethanol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Diot
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (UMR5546), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (UAR 2029), Moulis, France
| | - Georg Groth
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Physiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Jülich, Germany
| | - Simon Blanchet
- CNRS, Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (UAR 2029), Moulis, France
| | - Christian Chervin
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (UMR5546), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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6
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Bianchi A, Pettinelli S, Santini G, Taglieri I, Zinnai A, Petriccione M, Magri A, Modesti M, Cerreta R, Bellincontro A. Postharvest wine grape dehydration: ethanol dissipation from grape and biochemical changes. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:1591-1598. [PMID: 37819862 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During postharvest dehydration, grapes are subject to metabolic changes including ethanol anabolism and catabolism. These changes affect the quality of the final product and ethanol production is a key step. Ethanol dissipation has never been measured during postharvest wine grape dehydration. Thus, the present study aimed to: (i) monitor ethanol dissipation and (ii) investigate chemical-biochemical changes in berries during dehydration. RESULTS Ethanol dissipation from Raboso grapes, under controlled postharvest dehydration, was found to comprise up to 36% of weight loss (w.l.). Moreover, the activity of enzymes involved in the anaerobic metabolism of grapes was investigated. Ethanol dissipation was highly correlated with grape weight loss (r2 = 0.989). Alcohol dehydrogenase activity, responsible for the reduction of ethanol to acetaldehyde, declined significantly with w.l. Similarly, pyruvate decarboxylase and lactate dehydrogenase reduced their activity. High lipoxygenase activity was measured at 27% w.l., whereas polyphenol oxidation was constant and declined in the last sampling. CONCLUSION Ethanol dissipation during postharvest dehydration allows for reducing anaerobic metabolism and promotes oxidative metabolism. The sensor used can be a useful commercial tool for monitoring berry metabolism. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bianchi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Pettinelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gregorio Santini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Isabella Taglieri
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angela Zinnai
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Milena Petriccione
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA) - Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Caserta, Italy
| | - Anna Magri
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Margherita Modesti
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Raffaele Cerreta
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Andrea Bellincontro
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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7
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Garrido A, Conde A, Serôdio J, De Vos RCH, Cunha A. Fruit Photosynthesis: More to Know about Where, How and Why. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2393. [PMID: 37446953 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Not only leaves but also other plant organs and structures typically considered as carbon sinks, including stems, roots, flowers, fruits and seeds, may exhibit photosynthetic activity. There is still a lack of a coherent and systematized body of knowledge and consensus on the role(s) of photosynthesis in these "sink" organs. With regard to fruits, their actual photosynthetic activity is influenced by a range of properties, including fruit anatomy, histology, physiology, development and the surrounding microclimate. At early stages of development fruits generally contain high levels of chlorophylls, a high density of functional stomata and thin cuticles. While some plant species retain functional chloroplasts in their fruits upon subsequent development or ripening, most species undergo a disintegration of the fruit chloroplast grana and reduction in stomata functionality, thus limiting gas exchange. In addition, the increase in fruit volume hinders light penetration and access to CO2, also reducing photosynthetic activity. This review aimed to compile information on aspects related to fruit photosynthesis, from fruit characteristics to ecological drivers, and to address the following challenging biological questions: why does a fruit show photosynthetic activity and what could be its functions? Overall, there is a body of evidence to support the hypothesis that photosynthesis in fruits is key to locally providing: ATP and NADPH, which are both fundamental for several demanding biosynthetic pathways (e.g., synthesis of fatty acids); O2, to prevent hypoxia in its inner tissues including seeds; and carbon skeletons, which can fuel the biosynthesis of primary and secondary metabolites important for the growth of fruits and for spreading, survival and germination of their seed (e.g., sugars, flavonoids, tannins, lipids). At the same time, both primary and secondary metabolites present in fruits and seeds are key to human life, for instance as sources for nutrition, bioactives, oils and other economically important compounds or components. Understanding the functions of photosynthesis in fruits is pivotal to crop management, providing a rationale for manipulating microenvironmental conditions and the expression of key photosynthetic genes, which may help growers or breeders to optimize development, composition, yield or other economically important fruit quality aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Garrido
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Artur Conde
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - João Serôdio
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ric C H De Vos
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre (Wageningen-UR), P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Cunha
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Xiao Z, Tyerman SD, Stait-Gardner T, Price WS, Pagay V, Schmidtke LM, Rogiers SY. Characterisation of internal oxygen concentration of strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa) and blueberry ( Vaccinium corymbosum). FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2023; 50:256-265. [PMID: 36521497 DOI: 10.1071/fp21259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Gas exchange mechanisms play crucial roles in maintaining fruit post-harvest quality in perishable fruit such as strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa Duch.) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). The internal oxygen concentration ([O2 ]) of strawberry and blueberry were measured using Clark-type oxygen sensing electrodes. The volume of intercellular voids in strawberry was obtained by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). In both berries, internal [O2 ] was consistent and relatively high across measured tissues. The overall [O2 ] was well above the Michaelis constant (K m ) for cytochrome c oxidase in both fruit and different from previously examined grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berry mesocarp with near zero minimum [O2 ]. In strawberry and blueberry, cell vitality was also maintained at full maturity in the mesocarp. Higher storage temperature (i.e. 20 vs 4°C) reduced internal [O2 ] of strawberry. Pedicel detachment in blueberry was associated with greater fruit dehydration and lower internal [O2 ] after short-term storage of 12h. The results suggest that the intercellular voids of the fruit's mesocarp provide an efficient gas exchange route for maintaining high fruit internal [O2 ] post-harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Xiao
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; and Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Stephen D Tyerman
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; and Department of Wine Science and Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Timothy Stait-Gardner
- Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - William S Price
- Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Vinay Pagay
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and Department of Wine Science and Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Leigh M Schmidtke
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Suzy Y Rogiers
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; and Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; and New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar, NSW 2477, Australia
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9
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Garrido A, Conde A, De Vos RCH, Cunha A. The influence of light microclimate on the lipid profile and associated transcripts of photosynthetically active grape berry seeds. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1022379. [PMID: 36684778 PMCID: PMC9846335 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1022379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lipids and oils determine the quality and industrial value of grape seeds. Studies with legume seeds demonstrated the influence of light on lipid metabolism and its association with seed photosynthesis. Grape berry seeds are photosynthetically active till mature stage, but mostly during the green stage and veraison. The objective of this work was to compare the lipid profiles of seeds from white grape berries (cv. Alvarinho) growing at two contrasting light microclimates in the canopy (low and high light, LL and HL respectively), previously reported to have distinct photosynthetic competences. Berries were collected at three developmental stages (green, veraison and mature) and from both microclimates, and the seeds were analyzed for their lipid profiles in an untargeted manner using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LCMS). The seed lipid profiles differed greatly among berry developmental stages, and to a lesser extend between microclimates. The LL microclimate coincided with a higher relative levels of fatty acids specifically at mature stage, while the HL microclimate led to an up-regulation of ceramides at green stage and of triacylglycerols and glycerophospholipids at mature stage. The seed transcript levels of four key genes (VvACCase1, VvΔ9FAD, VvFAD6 and VvLOXO) involved in fatty acid metabolism were analyzed using real-time qPCR. The lipoxygenase gene (VvLOXO) was down- and up-regulated by HL, as compared to LL, in seeds at green and veraison stages, respectively. These results suggest that seed photosynthesis may play distinct roles during seed growth and development, possibly by fueling different lipid pathways: at green stage mainly towards the accumulation of membrane-bound lipid species that are essential for cell growth and maintenance of the photosynthetic machinery itself; and at veraison and mature stages mainly towards storage lipids that contribute to the final quality of the grape seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Garrido
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Artur Conde
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ric C. H. De Vos
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research (Wageningen-UR), Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ana Cunha
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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10
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Rogiers SY, Greer DH, Liu Y, Baby T, Xiao Z. Impact of climate change on grape berry ripening: An assessment of adaptation strategies for the Australian vineyard. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1094633. [PMID: 36618637 PMCID: PMC9811181 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1094633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Compressed vintages, high alcohol and low wine acidity are but a few repercussions of climate change effects on Australian viticulture. While warm and cool growing regions may have different practical concerns related to climate change, they both experience altered berry and must composition and potentially reduced desirable wine characteristics and market value. Storms, drought and uncertain water supplies combined with excessive heat not only depress vine productivity through altered physiology but can have direct consequences on the fruit. Sunburn, shrivelling and altered sugar-flavour-aroma balance are becoming more prevalent while bushfires can result in smoke taint. Moreover, distorted pest and disease cycles and changes in pathogen geographical distribution have altered biotic stress dynamics that require novel management strategies. A multipronged approach to address these challenges may include alternative cultivars and rootstocks or changing geographic location. In addition, modifying and incorporating novel irrigation regimes, vine architecture and canopy manipulation, vineyard floor management, soil amendments and foliar products such as antitranspirants and other film-forming barriers are potential levers that can be used to manage the effects of climate change. The adoption of technology into the vineyard including weather, plant and soil sensors are giving viticulturists extra tools to make quick decisions, while satellite and airborne remote sensing allow the adoption of precision farming. A coherent and comprehensive approach to climate risk management, with consideration of the environment, ensures that optimum production and exceptional fruit quality is maintained. We review the preliminary findings and feasibility of these new strategies in the Australian context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzy Y. Rogiers
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar, NSW, Australia
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Dennis H. Greer
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Yin Liu
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
- School of Agriculture Environmental and Veterinary Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Tintu Baby
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Zeyu Xiao
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
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11
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Chen Y, Li Z, Ettoumi FE, Li D, Wang L, Zhang X, Ma Q, Xu Y, Li L, Wu B, Luo Z. The detoxification of cellular sulfite in table grape under SO 2 exposure: Quantitative evidence of sulfur absorption and assimilation patterns. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129685. [PMID: 36104911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and its derivatives are known to be hazardous but their common application in food, especially the grape industry, is conditionally allowed. Potential hazards to consumers and the environment could occur upon the control-lost SO2 during grape logistics and storage. Researchers have usually focused on the anti-pathogen role of SO2 whereas limited efforts were conducted on the sulfur (S) absorption, assimilation patterns, and sulfite detoxification. In this study, short-term, room-temperature, and SO2-stored grapes were investigated, whose S flux of various forms was quantified through an estimation model. Accordingly, the additional accumulated S (0.50-0.86%) in pulps from atmospheric SO2 was considered mainly through rachis transport compared to across skin surfaces and the usage arrangement of the absorbed S was included. The first quantitative evidence of induced S assimilation under SO2 was also provided, which challenged the previous knowledge. In addition, sulfite oxidase and reductase (SiO and SiR) played major roles in sulfite detoxification, being effectively stimulated at multiple levels. The induced S metabolism associated with enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capacity and alleviated senescence contributed to quality maintenance. Overall, these findings provide novel insights and are valuable supports for developing SO2-controlling strategies to avoid potential hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpei Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenbiao Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fatima-Ezzahra Ettoumi
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochen Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Ma
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqun Xu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wu
- Institute of Agro-products Storage and Processing & Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Processing and Preservation of Agricultural Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zisheng Luo
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Bianchi A, Santini G, Piombino P, Pittari E, Sanmartin C, Moio L, Modesti M, Bellincontro A, Mencarelli F. Nitrogen maceration of wine grape: an alternative and sustainable technique to carbonic maceration. Food Chem 2022; 404:134138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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13
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Zhang Y, Chang BM, Burdet B, Dai Z, Delrot S, Keller M. Apoplastic sugar may be lost from grape berries and retrieved in pedicels. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:592-604. [PMID: 35642904 PMCID: PMC9434297 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In ripening grape (Vitis sp.) berries, the combination of rapid sugar import, apoplastic phloem unloading, and water discharge via the xylem creates a potential risk for apoplastic sugar to be lost from the berries. We investigated the likelihood of such sugar loss and a possible sugar retrieval mechanism in the pedicels of different Vitis genotypes. Infusion of D-glucose-1-13C or L-glucose-1-13C to the stylar end of attached berries demonstrated that both sugars can be leached from the berries, but only the nontransport sugar L-glucose moved beyond the pedicels. No 13C enrichment was found in peduncles and leaves. Genes encoding 10 sugar transporters were expressed in the pedicels throughout grape ripening. Using an immunofluorescence technique, we localized the sucrose transporter SUC27 to pedicel xylem parenchyma cells. These results indicate that pedicels possess the molecular machinery for sugar retrieval from the apoplast. Plasmodesmata were observed between vascular parenchyma cells in pedicels, and movement of the symplastically mobile dye carboxyfluorescein demonstrated that the symplastic connection is physiologically functional. Taken together, the chemical, molecular, and anatomical evidence gathered here supports the idea that some apoplastic sugar can be leached from grape berries and is effectively retrieved in a two-step process in the pedicels. First, sugar transporters may actively retrieve leached sugar from the xylem. Second, retrieved sugar may move symplastically to the pedicel parenchyma for local use or storage, or to the phloem for recycling back to the berry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA, USA
- Ste. Michelle Wine Estates, Prosser, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Zhanwu Dai
- INRAE, University of Bordeaux, ISVV, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Serge Delrot
- INRAE, University of Bordeaux, ISVV, Villenave d’Ornon, France
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14
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del Olmo I, Romero I, Alvarez MD, Tarradas R, Sanchez-Ballesta MT, Escribano MI, Merodio C. Transcriptomic analysis of CO 2-treated strawberries ( Fragaria vesca) with enhanced resistance to softening and oxidative stress at consumption. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:983976. [PMID: 36061763 PMCID: PMC9437593 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.983976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
One of the greatest threats to wild strawberries (Fragaria vesca Mara des Bois) after harvest is the highly perishability at ambient temperature. Breeders have successfully met the quality demands of consumers, but the prevention of waste after harvest in fleshy fruits is still pending. Most of the waste is due to the accelerated progress of senescence-like process after harvest linked to a rapid loss of water and firmness at ambient temperature. The storage life of strawberries increases at low temperature, but their quality is limited by the loss of cell structure. The application of high CO2 concentrations increased firmness during cold storage. However, the key genes related to resistance to softening and cell wall disassembly following transference from cold storage at 20°C remain unclear. Therefore, we performed RNA-seq analysis, constructing a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify which molecular determinants play a role in cell wall integrity, using strawberries with contrasting storage conditions, CO2-cold stored (CCS), air-cold stored (ACS), non-cold stored (NCS) kept at ambient temperature, and intact fruit at harvest (AH). The hub genes associated with the cell wall structural architecture of firmer CO2-treated strawberries revealed xyloglucans stabilization attributed mainly to a down-regulation of Csl E1, XTH 15, Exp-like B1 and the maintenance of expression levels of nucleotide sugars transferases such as GMP and FUT as well as improved lamella integrity linked to a down-regulation of RG-lyase, PL-like and PME. The preservation of cell wall elasticity together with the up-regulation of LEA, EXPA4, and MATE, required to maintain cell turgor, is the mechanisms controlled by high CO2. In stressed air-cold stored strawberries, in addition to an acute softening, there is a preferential transcript accumulation of genes involved in lignin and raffinose pathways. Non-cold stored strawberries kept at 20°C after harvest are characterized by an enrichment in genes mainly involved in oxidative stress and up-expression of genes involved in jasmonate biosynthesis. The present results on transcriptomic analysis of CO2-treated strawberries with enhanced resistance to softening and oxidative stress at consumption will help to improve breeding strategies of both wild and cultivated strawberries.
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15
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Abstract
The skin of a fruit protects the vulnerable, nutrient-rich flesh and seed(s) within from the hostile environment. It is also responsible for the fruit’s appearance. In many fruitcrop species, russeting compromises fruit appearance and thus commercial value. Here, we review the literature on fruit russeting, focusing on the factors and mechanisms that induce it and on the management and breeding strategies that may reduce it. Compared with a primary fruit skin, which is usually distinctively colored and shiny, a secondary fruit skin is reddish-brown, dull and slightly rough to the touch (i.e., russeted). This secondary skin (periderm) comprises phellem cells with suberized cell walls, a phellogen and a phelloderm. Russeted (secondary) fruit skins have similar mechanical properties to non-russeted (primary) ones but are more plastic. However, russeted fruit skins are more permeable to water vapor, so russeted fruits suffer higher postharvest water loss, reduced shine, increased shrivel and reduced packed weight (most fruit is sold per kg). Orchard factors that induce russeting include expansion-growth-induced strain, surface wetness, mechanical damage, freezing temperatures, some pests and diseases and some agrochemicals. All these probably act via an increased incidence of cuticular microcracking as a result of local concentrations of mechanical stress. Microcracking impairs the cuticle’s barrier properties. Potential triggers of russeting (the development of a periderm), consequent on cuticular microcracking, include locally high concentrations of O2, lower concentrations of CO2 and more negative water potentials. Horticulturists sometimes spray gibberellins, cytokinins or boron to reduce russeting. Bagging fruit (to exclude surface moisture) is also reportedly effective. From a breeding perspective, genotypes having small and more uniform-sized epidermal cells are judged less likely to be susceptible to russeting.
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16
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Zimmermann MJ, Bose J, Kramer EM, Atkin OK, Tyerman SD, Baskin TI. Oxygen uptake rates have contrasting responses to temperature in the root meristem and elongation zone. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13682. [PMID: 35373370 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Growing at either 15 or 25°C, roots of Arabidopsis thaliana, Columbia accession, produce cells at the same rate and have growth zones of the same length. To determine whether this constancy is related to energetics, we measured oxygen uptake by means of a vibrating oxygen-selective electrode. Concomitantly, the spatial distribution of elongation was measured kinematically, delineating meristem and elongation zone. All seedlings were germinated, grown, and measured at a given temperature (15 or 25°C). Columbia was compared to lines where cell production rate roughly doubles between 15 and 25°C: Landsberg and two Columbia mutants, er-105 and ahk3-3. For all genotypes and temperatures, oxygen uptake rate at any position was highest at the root cap, where mitochondrial density was maximal, based on the fluorescence of a reporter. Uptake rate declined through the meristem to plateau within the elongation zone. For oxygen uptake rate integrated over a zone, the meristem had steady-state Q10 values ranging from 0.7 to 2.1; by contrast, the elongation zone had values ranging from 2.6 to 3.3, implying that this zone exerts a greater respiratory demand. These results highlight a substantial energy consumption by the root cap, perhaps helpful for maintaining hypoxia in stem cells, and suggest that rapid elongation is metabolically more costly than is cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura J Zimmermann
- Plant Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jayakumar Bose
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Eric M Kramer
- Physics Department, Bard College at Simon's Rock, Great Barrington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Owen K Atkin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Stephen D Tyerman
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tobias I Baskin
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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17
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Xiao H, Piovesan A, Pols S, Verboven P, Nicolaï B. Microstructural changes enhance oxygen transport in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit during maturation and ripening. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:2043-2056. [PMID: 34480758 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Climacteric ripening of tomato fruit is initiated by a characteristic surge of the production rate of ethylene, accompanied by an increase in respiration rate. As both activities consume O2 and produce CO2 , gas concentration gradients develop in the fruit that cause diffusive transport. This may, in turn, affect respiration and ethylene biosynthesis. Gas diffusion in fruit depends on the amount and connectivity of cells and intercellular spaces in 3D. We investigated micromorphological changes in different tomato tissues during development and ripening by visualizing cells and pores based on high-resolution micro-computed tomography, and computed effective O2 diffusivity coefficients based on microstructural features of the tissues. We demonstrated that mesocarp and septa tissues have larger cells but small and more disconnected pores than the placenta and columella, resulting in relatively lower effective O2 diffusivity coefficients. Cell disintegration occurred in the mesocarp and septa during ripening, indicating lysigenous air pore formation and resulting in a gradual increase of the effective O2 diffusivity. The results suggest that hypoxic conditions caused by the increasing size and, hence, diffusion resistance of the growing fruit may induce an increase of tissue porosity that results in a greatly enhanced O2 diffusivity and, thus, helps to alleviate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xiao
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Agnese Piovesan
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Suzane Pols
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Pieter Verboven
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Bart Nicolaï
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
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18
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Fuentes S, Gonzalez Viejo C, Hall C, Tang Y, Tongson E. Berry Cell Vitality Assessment and the Effect on Wine Sensory Traits Based on Chemical Fingerprinting, Canopy Architecture and Machine Learning Modelling. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21217312. [PMID: 34770618 PMCID: PMC8587162 DOI: 10.3390/s21217312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Berry cell death assessment can become one of the most objective parameters to assess important berry quality traits, such as aroma profiles that can be passed to the wine in the winemaking process. At the moment, the only practical tool to assess berry cell death in the field is using portable near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and machine learning (ML) models. This research tested the NIR and ML approach and developed supervised regression ML models using Shiraz and Chardonnay berries and wines from a vineyard located in Yarra Valley, Victoria, Australia. An ML model was developed using NIR measurements from intact berries as inputs to estimate berry cell death (BCD), living tissue (LT) (Model 1). Furthermore, canopy architecture parameters obtained from cover photography of grapevine canopies and computer vision analysis were also tested as inputs to develop ML models to assess BCD and LT (Model 2) and the intensity of sensory descriptors based on visual and aroma profiles of wines for Chardonnay (Model 3) and Shiraz (Model 4). The results showed high accuracy and performance of models developed based on correlation coefficient (R) and slope (b) (M1: R = 0.87; b = 0.82; M2: R = 0.98; b = 0.93; M3: R = 0.99; b = 0.99; M4: R = 0.99; b = 1.00). Models developed based on canopy architecture, and computer vision can be used to automatically estimate the vigor and berry and wine quality traits using proximal remote sensing and with visible cameras as the payload of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV).
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19
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León J, Castillo MC, Gayubas B. The hypoxia-reoxygenation stress in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5841-5856. [PMID: 33367851 PMCID: PMC8355755 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants are very plastic in adapting growth and development to changing adverse environmental conditions. This feature will be essential for plants to survive climate changes characterized by extreme temperatures and rainfall. Although plants require molecular oxygen (O2) to live, they can overcome transient low-O2 conditions (hypoxia) until return to standard 21% O2 atmospheric conditions (normoxia). After heavy rainfall, submerged plants in flooded lands undergo transient hypoxia until water recedes and normoxia is recovered. The accumulated information on the physiological and molecular events occurring during the hypoxia phase contrasts with the limited knowledge on the reoxygenation process after hypoxia, which has often been overlooked in many studies in plants. Phenotypic alterations during recovery are due to potentiated oxidative stress generated by simultaneous reoxygenation and reillumination leading to cell damage. Besides processes such as N-degron proteolytic pathway-mediated O2 sensing, or mitochondria-driven metabolic alterations, other molecular events controlling gene expression have been recently proposed as key regulators of hypoxia and reoxygenation. RNA regulatory functions, chromatin remodeling, protein synthesis, and post-translational modifications must all be studied in depth in the coming years to improve our knowledge on hypoxia-reoxygenation transition in plants, a topic with relevance in agricultural biotechnology in the context of global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- José León
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Mari Cruz Castillo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Valencia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Gayubas
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Valencia, Spain
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20
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Walker RP, Bonghi C, Varotto S, Battistelli A, Burbidge CA, Castellarin SD, Chen ZH, Darriet P, Moscatello S, Rienth M, Sweetman C, Famiani F. Sucrose Metabolism and Transport in Grapevines, with Emphasis on Berries and Leaves, and Insights Gained from a Cross-Species Comparison. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7794. [PMID: 34360556 PMCID: PMC8345980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In grapevines, as in other plants, sucrose and its constituents glucose and fructose are fundamentally important and carry out a multitude of roles. The aims of this review are three-fold. First, to provide a summary of the metabolism and transport of sucrose in grapevines, together with new insights and interpretations. Second, to stress the importance of considering the compartmentation of metabolism. Third, to outline the key role of acid invertase in osmoregulation associated with sucrose metabolism and transport in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudio Bonghi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, Italy;
| | - Serena Varotto
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, Italy;
| | - Alberto Battistelli
- Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 05010 Porano, Italy; (A.B.); (S.M.)
| | | | - Simone D. Castellarin
- Wine Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 0Z4, Canada;
| | - Zhi-Hui Chen
- College of Life Science, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK;
| | - Philippe Darriet
- Cenologie, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV), 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France;
| | - Stefano Moscatello
- Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 05010 Porano, Italy; (A.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Markus Rienth
- Changins College for Viticulture and Oenology, University of Sciences and Art Western Switzerland, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland;
| | - Crystal Sweetman
- College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 5100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia;
| | - Franco Famiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy
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21
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Xiao Z, Chin S, White RG, Gourieroux AM, Pagay V, Tyerman SD, Schmidtke LM, Rogiers SY. Vascular Connections Into the Grape Berry: The Link of Structural Investment to Seededness. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:662433. [PMID: 33936151 PMCID: PMC8083876 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.662433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vascular bundles in the grape pedicel and berry contain the conduits, phloem and xylem, for transport of water, sugar, nutrients and signals into and through the grape berry and play a critical role in berry growth and composition. Here, we assess the vascular anatomy within the proximal region of the berry. Guided using a 3D berry model generated by micro-CT, differential staining of transverse sections of berries and receptacles was followed by fluorescent microscopy. Morphometric and vascular characteristics were analyzed within the central proximal region (brush zone, a fibrous extension from the pedicel vascular system into the berry) of the seeded cultivars Shiraz and Sauvignon Blanc, as well as the stenospermocarpic cultivars Ruby Seedless and Flame Seedless. Observations revealed a change in vascular arrangement from the receptacle into the berry brush zone and differences in xylem element size as well as xylem and phloem area relationships. Xylem anatomical and derived hydraulic parameters, as well as total tissue area of xylem and phloem varied between cultivars and in receptacle and berry components. Variation in vascular growth between grape pedicels and berries was independent of seededness. Differences in receptacle xylem vessel size and distribution could contribute to cultivar-dependent xylem backflow constraint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Xiao
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Sabrina Chin
- Noble Research Institute LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Rosemary G. White
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture and Food, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Aude M. Gourieroux
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Vinay Pagay
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Department of Wine Science, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Stephen D. Tyerman
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
- Department of Wine Science, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Leigh M. Schmidtke
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Suzy Y. Rogiers
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
- New South Wales (NSW) Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
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22
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Mucalo A, Budić-Leto I, Lukšić K, Maletić E, Zdunić G. Early Defoliation Techniques Enhance Yield Components, Grape and Wine Composition of cv. Trnjak ( Vitis vinifera L.) in Dalmatian Hinterland Wine Region. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10030551. [PMID: 33804094 PMCID: PMC8000892 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Defoliation and cluster thinning are of practical importance in a control of the grapevine source-sink balance, cluster architecture, microclimate and berry composition. Nevertheless, their effectiveness on wine composition is unexplored. In this work, the impacts of preflowering (T1), after berry set (T2), and veraison defoliation (T3) and cluster thinning (T4), on yield components, grape and wine composition of cv. Trnjak are given. Implemented techniques significantly reduced yield and affected grape and wine components in comparison to untreated control (C). Despite lowest number of clusters ensured by cluster thinning, defoliation at veraison had lowest yield. Defoliations improved cluster architecture parameters. Highest berry per se was in preflowering T1 and lowest at veraison T3 defoliation. Berries of T1 had lowest sugar content (19.47 °Brix) while T3 had highest (22.3 °Brix), and the reverse is seen in total acidity highest in T1 (6.12 g/L) and lowest in T3 (5.01 g/L). Wines of early defoliations (T1 and T2) had lowest alcohol and highest anthocyanin concentration. Both techniques applied at veraison produced wines with lower anthocyanins and flavonols than those obtained without any intervention (C). In conclusion, the early defoliations (T1 and T2) improve yield and wine composition of cv. Trnjak in the Mediterranean region of Croatia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mucalo
- Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia; (I.B.-L.); (K.L.); (G.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +38-521-434-496
| | - Irena Budić-Leto
- Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia; (I.B.-L.); (K.L.); (G.Z.)
| | - Katarina Lukšić
- Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia; (I.B.-L.); (K.L.); (G.Z.)
| | - Edi Maletić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska Cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Svetošimunska Cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Goran Zdunić
- Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia; (I.B.-L.); (K.L.); (G.Z.)
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23
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Burbidge CA, Ford CM, Melino VJ, Wong DCJ, Jia Y, Jenkins CLD, Soole KL, Castellarin SD, Darriet P, Rienth M, Bonghi C, Walker RP, Famiani F, Sweetman C. Biosynthesis and Cellular Functions of Tartaric Acid in Grapevines. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:643024. [PMID: 33747023 PMCID: PMC7970118 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.643024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Tartaric acid (TA) is an obscure end point to the catabolism of ascorbic acid (Asc). Here, it is proposed as a "specialized primary metabolite", originating from carbohydrate metabolism but with restricted distribution within the plant kingdom and lack of known function in primary metabolic pathways. Grapes fall into the list of high TA-accumulators, with biosynthesis occurring in both leaf and berry. Very little is known of the TA biosynthetic pathway enzymes in any plant species, although recently some progress has been made in this space. New technologies in grapevine research such as the development of global co-expression network analysis tools and genome-wide association studies, should enable more rapid progress. There is also a lack of information regarding roles for this organic acid in plant metabolism. Therefore this review aims to briefly summarize current knowledge about the key intermediates and enzymes of TA biosynthesis in grapes and the regulation of its precursor, ascorbate, followed by speculative discussion around the potential roles of TA based on current knowledge of Asc metabolism, TA biosynthetic enzymes and other aspects of fruit metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Darren Chern Jan Wong
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Yong Jia
- Western Barley Genetic Alliance, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Kathleen Lydia Soole
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Simone Diego Castellarin
- Wine Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Philippe Darriet
- Université Bordeaux, Unité de recherche OEnologie, EA 4577, USC 1366 INRAE, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Markus Rienth
- University of Sciences and Art Western Switzerland, Changins College for Viticulture and Oenology, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Bonghi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Robert Peter Walker
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Franco Famiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Crystal Sweetman
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
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24
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Tyagi K, Maoz I, Kochanek B, Sela N, Lerno L, Ebeler SE, Lichter A. Cytokinin but not gibberellin application had major impact on the phenylpropanoid pathway in grape. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:51. [PMID: 33642590 PMCID: PMC7917099 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00488-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin and gibberellic acid (GA) are growth regulators used to increase berry size in seedless grapes and it is of interest to understand their effects on the phenylpropanoid pathway and on ripening processes. GA3 and synthetic cytokinin forchlorfenuron (N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea, CPPU) and their combination were applied to 6 mm diameter fruitlets of 'Sable Seedless', and berries were sampled 51 and 70 days (d) following application. All treatments increased berry size and delayed sugar accumulation and acid degradation with a stronger effect of CPPU. CPPU, but not GA, reduced berry color and the levels of anthocyanins. While CPPU reduced the levels of anthocyanins by more than 50%, the combined treatment of GA+CPPU reduced the levels by about 25% at 51 d. CPPU treatment had minor effects on flavonols content but increased the levels of monomeric flavan-3-ols by more than two-fold. Phloroglucinol analysis using HPLC showed that proanthocyanidin content was significantly increased by CPPU, whereas mean degree of polymerization was reduced from 26 to 19. Volatile analysis by GC-MS showed changes in composition with CPPU or GA treatment with potential impact on flavor. RNA-seq analysis showed that GA had a minor overall effect on the transcriptome whereas CPPU had pronounced effects on gene expression at both 51 and 70 d. Comparing the control and CPPU at similar Brix of ca. 19.7°, a reduced expression of stilbene synthases (STSs) including their regulators MYB14 and MYB15, and other phenylpropanoid-related genes was observed in CPPU-treated grapes. Overall, our study shows that CPPU had a major influence on the phenylpropanoid pathway and affected multiple ripening-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Tyagi
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Itay Maoz
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Bettina Kochanek
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Noa Sela
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Larry Lerno
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Food Safety and Measurement Facility, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Susan E Ebeler
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Amnon Lichter
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
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25
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Assessment of Smoke Contamination in Grapevine Berries and Taint in Wines Due to Bushfires Using a Low-Cost E-Nose and an Artificial Intelligence Approach. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20185108. [PMID: 32911709 PMCID: PMC7570578 DOI: 10.3390/s20185108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bushfires are increasing in number and intensity due to climate change. A newly developed low-cost electronic nose (e-nose) was tested on wines made from grapevines exposed to smoke in field trials. E-nose readings were obtained from wines from five experimental treatments: (i) low-density smoke exposure (LS), (ii) high-density smoke exposure (HS), (iii) high-density smoke exposure with in-canopy misting (HSM), and two controls: (iv) control (C; no smoke treatment) and (v) control with in-canopy misting (CM; no smoke treatment). These e-nose readings were used as inputs for machine learning algorithms to obtain a classification model, with treatments as targets and seven neurons, with 97% accuracy in the classification of 300 samples into treatments as targets (Model 1). Models 2 to 4 used 10 neurons, with 20 glycoconjugates and 10 volatile phenols as targets, measured: in berries one hour after smoke (Model 2; R = 0.98; R2 = 0.95; b = 0.97); in berries at harvest (Model 3; R = 0.99; R2 = 0.97; b = 0.96); in wines (Model 4; R = 0.99; R2 = 0.98; b = 0.98). Model 5 was based on the intensity of 12 wine descriptors determined via a consumer sensory test (Model 5; R = 0.98; R2 = 0.96; b = 0.97). These models could be used by winemakers to assess near real-time smoke contamination levels and to implement amelioration strategies to minimize smoke taint in wines following bushfires.
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26
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A Digital Approach to Evaluate the Effect of Berry Cell Death on Pinot Noir Wines’ Quality Traits and Sensory Profiles Using Non-Destructive Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. BEVERAGES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages6020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Berry cell death (BCD) is linked to the development of flavors and aromas in berries and wine. The BCD pattern and rate within a growing season start at around 90–100 days after anthesis (DAA), and the rate until harvest depends on environmental factors. This study assessed the BCD effects on berry and wine composition from a boutique commercial vineyard in Victoria, Australia, using fluorescent imaging. Results showed differences in wine sensory profiles from the two blocks studied, mainly related to variations in BCD, due to differences in altitude between blocks. Furthermore, two machine learning (ML) models were constructed using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) measurements from full berries as inputs and living tissue (LT) and dead tissue (DT) from berries as targets (Model 1). Model 2 was developed using Brix, LT, DT from the east and west sides of canopies as inputs and using 19 sensory descriptors from wines as targets. High correlation and performances were achieved for both models without signs of overfitting (R = 0.94 and R = 0.80, respectively). These models could be used for decision-making purposes as an objective and comprehensive berry maturity assessment obtained in a non-destructive, accurate, and in a real-time fashion close to harvest, to secure specific wine styles.
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27
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Armstrong W, Beckett PM, Colmer TD, Setter TL, Greenway H. Tolerance of roots to low oxygen: 'Anoxic' cores, the phytoglobin-nitric oxide cycle, and energy or oxygen sensing. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 239:92-108. [PMID: 31255944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Acclimation by plants to hypoxia and anoxia is of importance in various ecological systems, and especially for roots in waterlogged soil. We present evidence for acclimation by roots via 'anoxic' cores rather than being triggered by O2 sensors. The evidence for 'anoxic' cores comes from radial O2 profiles across maize roots and associated metabolic changes such as increases in the 'anaerobic enzymes' ADH and PDC in the 'anoxic' core, and inhibition of Cl- transport to the xylem. These cores are predicted to develop within 15-20 min after sudden transfer of a root to hypoxia, so that the cores are 'anoxically-shocked'. We suggest that 'anoxic' cores could emanate a signal(s), such as ACC the precursor of ethylene and/or propagation of a 'Ca2+ wave', to other tissue zones. There, the signalling would result in acclimation of the tissues to energy crisis metabolism. An O2 diffusion model for tissues with an 'anoxic' core, indicates that the phytoglobin-nitric oxide (Pgb-NO) cycle would only be engaged in a thin 'shell' (annulus) of tissue surrounding the 'anoxic' core, and so would only contribute small amounts of ATP on a whole organ basis (e.g. whole roots). A key feature within this annulus of tissue, where O2 is likely to be limiting, is that the ratio (ATP formed) / (O2 consumed) is 5-6, both when the NAD(P)H of glycolysis is converted to NAD(P)+ by the Pgb-NO cycle or by the TCA cycle linked to the electron transport chain. The main function of the Pgb-NO cycle may be the modulating of NO levels and O2 scavenging, thus preventing oxidative damage. We speculate that an 'anoxic' core in hypoxic plant organs may have a particularly high tolerance to anoxia because cells might receive a prolonged supply of carbohydrates and/or ATP from the regions still receiving sufficient O2 for oxidative phosphorylation. Severely hypoxic or 'anoxic' cores are well documented, but much research on responses of roots to hypoxia is still based on bulk tissue analyses. More research is needed on the interaction between 'anoxic' cores and tissues still receiving sufficient O2 for oxidative phosphorylation, both during a hypoxic exposure and during subsequent anoxia of the tissue/organ as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Armstrong
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | | | - Timothy D Colmer
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Timothy L Setter
- Agricultural and Environmental Consultant, P.O. Box 305, Bull Creek, 6149, WA, Australia
| | - Hank Greenway
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009, Perth, WA, Australia
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28
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Cao S, Xiao Z, Jiranek V, Tyerman SD. The VvBAP1 gene is identified as a potential inhibitor of cell death in grape berries. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2019; 46:428-442. [PMID: 30940328 DOI: 10.1071/fp18272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell death (CD) in Vitis vinifera L grape berries, exemplified in Shiraz, occurs late in ripening influencing yield, berry and wine quality. Here we isolated and functionally characterised a BON1-associated gene, VvBAP1 from Shiraz berries, encoding a small protein with a C2 domain. VvBAP1 transcript increased during fruit development from veraison to harvest, and was significantly inhibited by drought stress 92 days after flowering when CD normally begins. This was correlated with high CD in Shiraz berries. The agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of VvBAP1 in tobacco leaves led to a decrease in electrolyte leakage and downregulated a marker gene (Hsr203J) for cell death. Expressing VvBAP1 in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) also alleviated cell death induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Overexpression of VvBAP1 in Arabidopsis increased resistance to H2O2 and reduced CD due to higher expression of genes involved in anti-oxidative responses. Arabidopsis overexpressing VvBAP1 displayed higher tolerance to drought accompanied by upregulation of antioxidant-related gene expression. VvBAP1 complemented an Arabidopsis bap1 knockout by abolishing its CD phenotypes. These results indicate that VvBAP1 may play a role in alleviating CD in grape berries and its downregulation under drought stress may be responsible for the generally observed increase in CD within the berry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Cao
- The Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Zeyu Xiao
- The Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Vladimir Jiranek
- The Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Stephen D Tyerman
- The Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and Corresponding author.
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29
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Cukrov D. Progress toward Understanding the Molecular Basis of Fruit Response to Hypoxia. PLANTS 2018; 7:plants7040078. [PMID: 30248917 PMCID: PMC6314085 DOI: 10.3390/plants7040078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen has shaped life on Earth as we know it today. Molecular oxygen is essential for normal cellular function, i.e., plants need oxygen to maintain cellular respiration and for a wide variety of biochemical reactions. When oxygen levels in the cell are lower than levels needed for respiration, then the cell experiences hypoxia. Plants are known to experience root hypoxia during natural environmental conditions like flooding. Fruit, on the other hand, is known to be hypoxic under normal oxygen conditions. This observation could be explained (at least partially) as a consequence of diffusional barriers, low tissue diffusivity, and high oxygen consumption by respiration. From the physiological point of view, hypoxia is known to have a profound impact on fruit development, since it is well documented that a low oxygen environment can significantly delay ripening and senescence of some fruit. This effect of a low-oxygen environment is readily used for optimizing storage conditions and transport, and for prolonging the shelf life of several fruit commodities. Therefore, further understanding of the complex relationship between oxygen availability within the cell and fruit development could assist postharvest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dubravka Cukrov
- Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
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