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Wu L, Lan D, Sun B, Su R, Pei F, Kuang Z, Su Y, Lin S, Wang X, Zhang S, Chen X, Jia J, Zeng C. Luoshi Neiyi Prescription inhibits estradiol synthesis and inflammation in endometriosis through the HIF1A/EZH2/SF-1 pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 335:118659. [PMID: 39098622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Endometriosis (EMS) is a common gynecological disease that causes dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain and infertility. Luoshi Neiyi Prescription (LSNYP), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, is used to relieve EMS in the clinic. AIMS This study aimed to examine the active components of LSNYP and the possible mechanism involved in its treatment of EMS. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS) was used to identify the chemical components of LSNYP. Human primary ectopic endometrial stromal cells (ecESCs) and eutopic endometrial stromal cells (euESCs) were isolated, and the expression levels of hypoxia inducible factor 1A (HIF1A), enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) and steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) were detected by immunofluorescence and qPCR. Cobalt chloride (CoCl2) was utilized to construct an in vitro hypoxic environment, and lentiviruses were engineered to downregulate HIF1A and EZH2 and upregulate EZH2. Subsequently, the expression levels of HIF1A, EZH2, and SF-1 were measured using qPCR or western blotting. The binding of EZH2 to the SF-1 locus in ESCs was examined via ChIP. Furthermore, the effects of LSNYP on the HIF1A/EZH2/SF-1 pathway were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS A total of 185 components were identified in LSNYP. The protein and gene expression levels of HIF1A and SF-1 were increased, whereas those of EZH2 were decreased in ecESCs. After treating euESCs with 50 μmol L-1 CoCl2 for 24 h, cell viability and estradiol (E2) production were enhanced. Hypoxia decreased EZH2 protein expression, while si-HIF1A increased it. SF-1 was increased when EZH2 was downregulated in normal and hypoxic environments, whereas the overexpression of EZH2 led to a decrease in SF-1 expression. ChIP revealed that hypoxia reduced EZH2 binding to the SF-1 locus in euESCs. In vitro, LSNYP-containing serum decreased E2 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, inhibited cell proliferation and invasion, and reduced the expression of HIF1A, SF-1, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), and aromatase cytochrome P450 (P450arom). In vivo, LSNYP suppressed inflammation and adhesion and inhibited the HIF1A/EZH2/SF-1 pathway in endometriotic tissues. CONCLUSIONS LSNYP may exert pharmacological effects on EMS by inhibiting E2 synthesis and inflammation through regulation of the HIF1A/EZH2/SF-1 pathway. These results suggest that LSNYP may be a promising candidate for the treatment of EMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizheng Wu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Dantong Lan
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Bowen Sun
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Rui Su
- Department of Gynecology, Guangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510801, China
| | - Fangli Pei
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510405, China.
| | - Zijun Kuang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Yixuan Su
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Shuhong Lin
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Xuanyin Wang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Jinjin Jia
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Cheng Zeng
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510405, China.
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Hasan MM, Sekiya R, Zhang X, Yassouf MY, Li TS. Comparison of hypoxia- and hyperoxia-induced alteration of epigene expression pattern in lungs of Pleurodeles waltl and Mus musculus. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299661. [PMID: 38416753 PMCID: PMC10901355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics is an emerging field of research because of its involvement in susceptibility to diseases and aging. Hypoxia and hyperoxia are known to be involved widely in various pathophysiologies. Here, we compared the differential epigene expression pattern between Pleurodeles waltl and Mus musculus (commonly known as Iberian ribbed newt and mouse, respectively) exposed to hypoxia and hyperoxia. Adult healthy newts and mice were exposed to normobaric hypoxia (8% O2) and hyperoxia (80% O2) for 2 hours. We collected the lungs and analyzed the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (Hif1α) and several key epigenes from DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family, histone deacetylase (HDAC) family, and methyl-CpG binding domain (MBD) family. The exposure to hypoxia significantly increased the mRNA levels of DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha (Dnmt3α), methyl-CpG binding domain protein 2 (Mbd2), Mbd3, and histone deacetylase 2 (Hdac2) in lungs of newts, but decreased the mRNA levels of DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) and Dnmt3α in lungs of mice. The exposure to hyperoxia did not significantly change the expression of any gene in either newts or mice. The differential epigene expression pattern in response to hypoxia between newts and mice may provide novel insights into the prevention and treatment of disorders developed due to hypoxia exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Diseases Institute, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Reiko Sekiya
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Diseases Institute, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Diseases Institute, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mhd Yousuf Yassouf
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Diseases Institute, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tao-Sheng Li
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Diseases Institute, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
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Olichwier A, Sowka A, Balatskyi VV, Gan AM, Dziewulska A, Dobrzyn P. SCD1-related epigenetic modifications affect hormone-sensitive lipase (Lipe) gene expression in cardiomyocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119608. [PMID: 37852324 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) is an enzyme that is involved in the regulation of lipolysis in the heart. SCD1 also affects epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA and histone modifications, in various tissues. Both epigenetic modifications and changes in lipid metabolism are involved in the heart's response to hypoxia. The present study tested the hypothesis that SCD1 and epigenetic modifications interact to control lipolysis in cardiomyocytes under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. We found that the inhibition of SCD1 activity and loss of SCD1 expression reduced global DNA methylation levels, DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activity, and DNMT1 expression in HL-1 cardiomyocytes and the mouse heart. We also found that the inhibition of adipose triglyceride lipase is involved in the control of global DNA methylation levels in cardiomyocytes in an SCD1-independent manner. Additionally, SCD1 inhibition reduced expression of the hormone-sensitive lipase (Lipe) gene through an increase in methylation of the Lipe gene promoter. Under hypoxic conditions, SCD1 inhibition abolished hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1α, likely through decreases in histone deacetylase, protein kinase A, and abhydrolase domain containing 5 protein levels, leading to the attenuation of DNA hypomethylation by DNMT1. Hypoxia led to demethylation of the Lipe promoter in cardiomyocytes with SCD1 inhibition, which increased Lipe expression. These results indicate that SCD1 is involved in the control of epigenetic mechanisms in the heart and may affect Lipe expression through changes in methylation in its promoter region. Therefore, SCD1 may be considered a key player in the epigenetic response to normoxia and hypoxia in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Olichwier
- Laboratory of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrian Sowka
- Laboratory of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Volodymyr V Balatskyi
- Laboratory of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ana-Maria Gan
- Laboratory of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Dziewulska
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Disorders, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Dobrzyn
- Laboratory of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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Verdikt R, Thienpont B. Epigenetic remodelling under hypoxia. Semin Cancer Biol 2024; 98:1-10. [PMID: 38029868 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is intrinsic to tumours and contributes to malignancy and metastasis while hindering the efficiency of existing treatments. Epigenetic mechanisms play a crucial role in the regulation of hypoxic cancer cell programs, both in the initial phases of sensing the decrease in oxygen levels and during adaptation to chronic lack of oxygen. During the latter, the epigenetic regulation of tumour biology intersects with hypoxia-sensitive transcription factors in a complex network of gene regulation that also involves metabolic reprogramming. Here, we review the current literature on the epigenetic control of gene programs in hypoxic cancer cells. We highlight common themes and features of such epigenetic remodelling and discuss their relevance for the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Verdikt
- Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Institute for Single Cell Omics (LISCO), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bernard Thienpont
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Institute for Single Cell Omics (LISCO), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Marquardt RM, Tran DN, Lessey BA, Rahman MS, Jeong JW. Epigenetic Dysregulation in Endometriosis: Implications for Pathophysiology and Therapeutics. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:1074-1095. [PMID: 37409951 PMCID: PMC10638603 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a prevalent gynecological condition associated with pelvic pain and infertility. Despite more than a century of research, the etiology of endometriosis still eludes scientific consensus. This lack of clarity has resulted in suboptimal prevention, diagnosis, and treatment options. Evidence of genetic contributors to endometriosis is interesting but limited; however, significant progress has been made in recent years in identifying an epigenetic role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis through clinical studies, in vitro cell culture experiments, and in vivo animal models. The predominant findings include endometriosis-related differential expression of DNA methyltransferases and demethylases, histone deacetylases, methyltransferases, and demethylases, and regulators of chromatin architecture. There is also an emerging role for miRNAs in controlling epigenetic regulators in the endometrium and endometriosis. Changes in these epigenetic regulators result in differential chromatin organization and DNA methylation, with consequences for gene expression independent of a genetic sequence. Epigenetically altered expression of genes related to steroid hormone production and signaling, immune regulation, and endometrial cell identity and function have all been identified and appear to play into the pathophysiological mechanisms of endometriosis and resulting infertility. This review summarizes and critically discusses early seminal findings, the ever-growing recent evidence of epigenetic contributions to the pathophysiology of endometriosis, and implications for proposed epigenetically targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Marquardt
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Dinh Nam Tran
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Bruce A Lessey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Md Saidur Rahman
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jae-Wook Jeong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Kattan FG, Koukouraki P, Anagnostopoulos AK, Tsangaris GT, Doxakis E. RNA binding protein AUF1/HNRNPD regulates nuclear export, stability and translation of SNCA transcripts. Open Biol 2023; 13:230158. [PMID: 37989221 PMCID: PMC10688287 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (SNCA) accumulation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Determining and interfering with the mechanisms that control SNCA expression is one approach to limiting disease progression. Currently, most of our understanding of SNCA regulation is protein-based. Post-transcriptional mechanisms directly regulating SNCA mRNA expression via its 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) were investigated here. Mass spectrometry of proteins pulled down from murine brain lysates using a biotinylated SNCA 3'UTR revealed multiple RNA-binding proteins, of which HNRNPD/AUF1 was chosen for further analysis. AUF1 bound both proximal and distal regions of the SNCA 3'UTR, but not the 5'UTR or CDS. In the nucleus, AUF1 attenuated SNCA pre-mRNA maturation and was indispensable for the export of SNCA transcripts. AUF1 destabilized SNCA transcripts in the cytosol, primarily those with shorter 3'UTRs, independently of microRNAs by recruiting the CNOT1-CNOT7 deadenylase complex to trim the polyA tail. Furthermore, AUF1 inhibited SNCA mRNA binding to ribosomes. These data identify AUF1 as a multi-tasking protein regulating maturation, nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, stability and translation of SNCA transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedon-Giasin Kattan
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Soranou Efesiou 4, Athens 11527, Greece
- Department of Biological Applications and Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Pelagia Koukouraki
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Soranou Efesiou 4, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Athanasios K. Anagnostopoulos
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Soranou Efesiou 4, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - George T. Tsangaris
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Soranou Efesiou 4, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Epaminondas Doxakis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Soranou Efesiou 4, Athens 11527, Greece
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Wang L, Liang J, Bi S, Li Y, Zhang W, Xiwen W, Liu Y, Liu H. Role of GLI1 in Hypoxia-Driven Endometrial Stromal Cell Migration and Invasion in Endometriosis. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:6890790. [PMID: 36285283 PMCID: PMC9588377 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6890790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis (EMs) is a benign disease with the characteristics of invasion and migration, and its pathogenesis is related to hypoxia. The abnormal activation of glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (GLI1) plays an important role in the metastasis of multiple types of tumors. However, it is not clear whether GLI1 regulates the migration and invasion of endometrial stromal cells under hypoxic condition. Therefore, we use comprehensive analysis to explore the effects of hypoxic on GLI1 expression and their regulation on the pathogenesis of EMs. In this study, from immunohistochemistry, RT-qPCR, and western blot analysis, we discovered that the expression of hypoxia-induced factor-1α (HIF-1α) and GLI1 was significantly increased in eutopic and ectopic endometrium of patients with EMs. In human primary eutopic endometrial stromal cells (ESCs), hypoxia can increase the expression of HIF-1α and GLI1 in a time-dependent manner. And hypoxia could promote GLI1 expression in a HIF-1α-dependent manner. Moreover, data from transwell assays manifested that the migration and invasion ability of ESCs was significantly enhanced under hypoxia, and this effect could be reversed by silencing GLI1. Furthermore, the expression of MMP2 and MMP9 was also increased under hypoxia, while silencing GLI1 could reverse this event. In summary, our research verified that GLI1, which activated by hypoxia, may contribute to the migration and invasion of ESCs through the upregulation of MMP2 and MMP9 and can be a novel therapeutic target in EMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaxin Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Siyi Bi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yixuan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wang Xiwen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hengwei Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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Peng H, Weng L, Lei S, Hou S, Yang S, Li M, Zhao D. Hypoxia-hindered methylation of PTGIS in endometrial stromal cells accelerates endometriosis progression by inducing CD16 - NK-cell differentiation. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:890-905. [PMID: 35781537 PMCID: PMC9356144 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00793-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostacyclin (PGI2) plays key roles in shaping the immune microenvironment and modulating vasodilation, whereas its contribution to endometriosis (EMs) remains largely unclear. Our study suggested that prostacyclin synthase (PTGIS)-dependent PGI2 signaling was significantly activated in EMs, which was involved in the hypoxic microenvironment of ectopic lesions and deficient methylation status of the PTGIS promoter. Notably, in vitro assays, hypoxia promoted PTGIS expression through DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1)-mediated DNA methylation deficiency in endometrial stromal cells (ESCs); PTGIS overexpression enhanced the adhesive ability of ESCs and led to elevated PGI2 production, and PGI2 triggered CD16− (encoded by FCGR3, Fc fragment of IgG receptor IIIa) natural killer (NK)-cell differentiation through PGI2 receptor (IP, PTGIR) in an ESC/NK-cell coculture system. Our rodent model experiment suggested that treatment with the PGI2 analog iloprost and adoptive transfer of fcgr3 knockout (fcgr3−/−) NK cells aggravated EMs progression and that genetic ablation of ptgis (ptgis−/−) in ectopic lesions and treatment with the PTGIR antagonist RO1138452 partially rescued this outcome. Thus, our findings identified the contribution of PGI2 to EMs progression via enhancement of the adhesive ability of ESCs and inhibition of the activity of NK cells. We hypothesized that PGI2 is a target for EMs intervention and provide a rationale for studying pharmacological PTGIR inhibition and PTGIS genetic depletion therapies as therapeutic strategies for EMs. Inhibiting the activity of a critical enzyme found overexpressed in endometriosis lesions could lead to novel therapeutics. Endometriosis affects around 10 per cent of women of reproductive age globally, yet the condition is poorly understood. Endometriosis lesions are known to be in a hypoxic, or low oxygen, state. Zhao Dong at Tongji University in Shanghai, China, and co-workers used human tissue samples and mouse models to determine the roles of a metabolite called prostacyclin (PGI2) and its catalytic enzyme (prostacyclin synthase, PTGIS) in endometriosis. PTGIS levels were significantly elevated in hypoxic endometrial cells, triggering the overproduction of PGI2. This PTGIS/PGI2 increase enhanced the adhesiveness of the cells, promoting survival of developing lesions. PGI2 overproduction also triggered abnormal differentiation of a specific group of immune cells called natural killer cells, disrupting the body’s immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Lichun Weng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Shating Lei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Shuhui Hou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Shaoliang Yang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Mingqing Li
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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Lee YC, Wang WY, Lin HH, Huang YR, Lin YC, Hsiao KY. The Functional Roles and Regulation of Circular RNAs during Cellular Stresses. Noncoding RNA 2022; 8:ncrna8030038. [PMID: 35736635 PMCID: PMC9228399 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna8030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a novel class of regulatory RNA involved in many biological, physiological and pathological processes by functioning as a molecular sponge, transcriptional/epigenetic/splicing regulator, modulator of protein–protein interactions, and a template for encoding proteins. Cells are constantly dealing with stimuli from the microenvironment, and proper responses rely on both the precise control of gene expression networks and protein–protein interactions at the molecular level. The critical roles of circRNAs in the regulation of these processes have been heavily studied in the past decades. However, how the microenvironmental stimulation controls the circRNA biogenesis, cellular shuttling, translation efficiency and degradation globally and/or individually remains largely uncharacterized. In this review, how the impact of major microenvironmental stresses on the known transcription factors, splicing modulators and epitranscriptomic regulators, and thereby how they may contribute to the regulation of circRNAs, is discussed. These lines of evidence will provide new insight into how the biogenesis and functions of circRNA can be precisely controlled and targeted for treating human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Chun Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Wang
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi City 60002, Taiwan;
| | - Hui-Hsuan Lin
- Ph.D. Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Ren Huang
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
| | - Ya-Chi Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Yang Hsiao
- Ph.D. Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Bachelor Program of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-42-284-0468 (ext. 8433)
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Sun SG, Guo JJ, Qu XY, Tang XY, Lin YY, Hua KQ, Qiu JJ. The extracellular vesicular pseudogene LGMNP1 induces M2-like macrophage polarization by upregulating LGMN and serves as a novel promising predictive biomarker for ovarian endometriosis recurrence. Hum Reprod 2021; 37:447-465. [PMID: 34893848 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deab266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION How does ectopic endometrial stromal cell (Ecto-ESC)-derived extracellular vesicular Legumain pseudogene 1 (EV-LGMNP1), a newly identified pseudogene of Legumain (LGMN), contribute to M2-phenotype macrophage polarization, and does it predict recurrence in patients with ovarian endometriosis (EMs)? SUMMARY ANSWER EV-LGMNP1, which is abundant in Ecto-ESCs and serum from ovarian EMs, can direct macrophages towards an M2 phenotype by upregulating LGMN expression and is a promising biomarker for predicting ovarian EMs recurrence. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can mediate cell-to-cell crosstalk to promote disease progression via cargo molecule transport. Recently, LGMNP1, a newly identified pseudogene of LGMN, has been reported to promote cancer progression by upregulating LGMN. LGMN is a well-studied protein that can induce M2-like polarization. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION An in vitro study was conducted with Ecto-ESCs isolated from ectopic endometrial samples, collected from two patients with ovarian EMs (diagnosed by laparoscopy and histological analysis). A clinical retrospective cohort study of 52 ovarian EMs patients and 21 controls with available preoperative serum samples was carried out (2013-2017). The follow-up period ended either at the time of recurrence or on 31 December 2018. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Ecto-ESC-derived EVs (EV/Ecto-ESCs) were characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, transmission electron microscopy and western blotting. EV internalization by THP-1 cells, which are the most widely used primary human macrophages model, was detected by fluorescence labelling. After EV treatment, THP-1 cell polarization was detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot analyses of CD86 (M1-related marker) and CD206 (M2-related marker). LGMNP1 mRNA expression level in EVs from both primary ectopic endometrioc stromal cells and serum was examined using qRT-PCR. Additionally, the expression of LGMN, the downstream target gene of LGMNP1, in THP-1 cells was evaluated using qRT-PCR and western blotting. Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox regression analyses were applied to evaluate the independent predictive factors of EMs recurrence-free survival. A novel nomogram model based on serum EV-LGMNP1 was then formulated to predict EMs recurrence. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE In vitro assays demonstrated that EV/Ecto-ESCs drove macrophages towards an M2-like phenotype. Moreover, LGMNP1 contributed to EV/Ecto-ESC-induced M2 macrophage polarization by upregulating LGMN mRNA expression levels. Clinically, serum EV-LGMNP1 was more highly expressed in recurrent EMs patients than in controls and EMs patients without recurrence. Survival analysis and our novel nomogram reconfirmed that serum EV-LGMNP1 was a novel promising and meaningful non-invasive biomarker for predicting EMs recurrence. LARGE SCALE DATA N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION In vitro experiments were only performed on samples from two patients with ovarian endometriosis, and a larger sample size is needed. ESCs isolated from the eutopic endometrium of EMs and non-EMs patients should be studied in the future. Additionally, in vitro experiments should be performed using endometrial epithelium cells and further in vivo experiments, such as using mice endometriotic models to investigate whether EV/Ecto could induce M2 macrophage polarization, should be conducted. Moreover, multicentre, large-sample data are needed to validate our predictive nomogram model. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our study provides novel insights into the mechanism of M2 polarization involved in ovarian EMs progression mediated by an 'EV-shuttled pseudogene LGMNP1' mode. In addition, serum EV-LGMNP1 may serve as a novel non-invasive biomarker for predicting recurrence, providing a new therapeutic target for ovarian EMs. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This project was supported by funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81971361), the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai Science and Technology (19ZR1406900), the Shanghai 'Rising Stars of Medical Talent' Youth Development Program (AB83030002019004), the Clinical Research Plan of SHDC (SHDC2020CR4087), the Shanghai Municipal Health Commission (202040498), the Research and Innovation Project of the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (2019-01-07-00-07-E00050) and the Clinical Research Plan of SHDC (SHDC2020CR1045B). There are no competing interests to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Sun
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - J J Guo
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - X Y Qu
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - X Y Tang
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Y Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - K Q Hua
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - J J Qiu
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Zheng J, Dai Y, Lin X, Huang Q, Shi L, Jin X, Liu N, Zhou F, Zhang S. Hypoxia‑induced lactate dehydrogenase A protects cells from apoptosis in endometriosis. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:637. [PMID: 34278456 PMCID: PMC8281285 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological expression and function of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), a key enzyme that converts pyruvate into lactic acid during glycolysis, remains unknown in endometriosis. In the present study, LDHA expression in tissue samples was determined by immunohistochemistry. To examine whether LDHA was induced by hypoxia, primary cultured endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) and glandular epithelial Ishikawa cells were exposed to 1% O2 (hypoxia) or 21% O2 (normoxia). Cellular functions were assessed by flow cytometry, Transwell and Cell Counting Kit-8 assays in LDHA-silenced ESCs and Ishikawa cells. Mitochondrial functions were evaluated using mitochondrial membrane potential JC-1 staining, reactive oxygen species flow cytometric analysis and ATP detection. Additionally, lactic acid production was examined and western blotting was used to evaluate the expression levels of proteins associated with apoptosis, cell cycle and glycolysis, as well as regulatory proteins involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transformation and glycolytic pathways. LDHA was localized to endometrial glandular cells and stromal cells. However, LDHA protein expression was higher in endometriotic lesions compared with that in normal and eutopic endometria. LDHA expression levels in ectopic glandular cells were higher during the proliferative stage compared with during the secretory stage. Hypoxia treatment of Ishikawa cells and ESCs markedly induced the mRNA and protein expression of LDHA. Silencing of LDHA expression in Ishikawa cells and THESC cells significantly promoted impaired mitochondrial function and apoptosis while inhibiting migration and glycolysis. However, it had no obvious effect on proliferation. In conclusion, the present study revealed that LDHA was highly expressed in endometriotic tissues, where it may serve a notable role in the occurrence and development of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Zheng
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Yongdong Dai
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Lin
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Qianmeng Huang
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Libing Shi
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoying Jin
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Na Liu
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Songying Zhang
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
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12
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Ylioja C, Swartz T, Mamedova L, Bradford B. Sodium salicylate reduced mRNA abundance of hypoxia-associated genes in MAC-T cells. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:159-164. [PMID: 36339495 PMCID: PMC9623739 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2020-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sodium salicylate decreased abundance of transcripts involved in mammary development. Knockdown of HIF-1α did not prevent hypoxia-induced glucose transporter 1 expression. Few interactions between hypoxia and sodium salicylate were observed.
Hypoxia is an oxygen deficiency commonly found in growing tissues and is speculated to occur in the rapidly developing mammary gland in peripartum dairy cattle. Low oxygen concentrations can activate hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), which increases transcription of genes involved in angiogenesis (VEGFA) and glucose transport (GLUT1), among other processes. The mRNA stability of these genes is positively regulated by heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D (HNRNPD; also known as AUF1). In our previous research, postpartum administration of sodium salicylate (SS) increased whole-lactation milk yield in multiparous cows but tended to reduce milk yield in primiparous cows. Because rapid mammary tissue development likely occurs in cows approaching first lactation, we hypothesized that SS inhibited the activation of HIF-1α and decreased transcription of downstream targets. MAC-T cells were treated with SS (100 μM) or control medium before incubation under either hypoxic (1% O2) or normoxic conditions for 12 h. Additionally, cells were transfected with either HIF1A small interfering RNA (siRNA) or a scrambled siRNA negative control 48 h before hypoxia treatments. HIF1A, GLUT1, VEGFA, and HNRNPD were quantified relative to the internal control gene NENF. Transcript abundance was assessed using a linear mixed model with the fixed effects of SS, hypoxia, siRNA, and all 2- and 3-way interaction terms and the random effect of plate nested within hypoxia. Treatment with SS interacted with hypoxia for GLUT1, as SS reduced GLUT1 when MAC-T cells were cultured in normoxic conditions; however, no effect of SS was found in hypoxia-treated cells. Regardless of oxygen status, SS reduced HNRNPD and tended to decrease VEGFA mRNA relative to untreated cells. Hypoxia increased GLUT1, yet no effect was observed on VEGFA or HNRNPD. Small interfering RNA knocked down HIF1A, but no effect was found on GLUT1, VEGFA, or HNRNPD. In conclusion, SS reduced transcript abundance of genes involved with mammary gland development but generally did not interact with oxygen status.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.M. Ylioja
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - T.H. Swartz
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - L.K. Mamedova
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - B.J. Bradford
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
- Corresponding author
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13
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Salinas-Vera YM, Gallardo-Rincón D, Ruíz-García E, Silva-Cázares MB, de la Peña-Cruz CS, López-Camarillo C. The role of hypoxia in endometrial cancer. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 23:221-234. [PMID: 33655827 DOI: 10.2174/1389201022666210224130022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer represents the most frequent neoplasia from the corpus uteri, and comprises the 14th leading cause of death in women worldwide. Risk factors that contribute to the disease include early menarche, late menopause, nulliparity, and menopausal hormone use, as well as hypertension and obesity comorbidities. The clinical effectiveness of chemotherapy is variable, suggesting that novel molecular targeted therapies against specific cellular processes associated with the maintenance of cancer cell survival and therapy resistance urged to ameliorate the rates of success in endometrial cancer treatment. In the course of tumor growth, cancer cells must adapt to decreased oxygen availability in the microenvironment by upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factors, which orchestrate the activation of a transcriptional program leading to cell survival. During this adaptative process, the hypoxic cancer cells may acquire invasive and metastatic properties as well as increased cell proliferation and resistance to chemotherapy, enhanced angiogenesis, vasculogenic mimicry, and maintenance of cancer cell stemness, which contribute to more aggressive cancer phenotypes. Several studies have shown that hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) protein is aberrantly overexpressed in many solid tumors from breast, prostate, ovarian, bladder, colon, brain, and pancreas. Thus, it has been considered an important therapeutic target. Here, we reviewed the current knowledge of the relevant roles of cellular hypoxia mechanisms and HIF-1α functions in diverse processes associated with endometrial cancer progression. In addition, we also summarize the role of microRNAs in the posttranscriptional regulation of protein-encoding genes involved in the hypoxia response in endometrial cancer. Finally, we pointed out the need for urgent targeted therapies to impair the cellular processes activated by hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dolores Gallardo-Rincón
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional y Departamento de Tumores Gastrointestinales, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México. Mexico
| | - Erika Ruíz-García
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional y Departamento de Tumores Gastrointestinales, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México. Mexico
| | - Macrina B Silva-Cázares
- Doctorado Institucional en Ingeniería y Ciencia de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Mexico
| | | | - César López-Camarillo
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México. Mexico
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14
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Felmlee MA, Jones RS, Rodriguez-Cruz V, Follman KE, Morris ME. Monocarboxylate Transporters (SLC16): Function, Regulation, and Role in Health and Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:466-485. [PMID: 32144120 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.018762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The solute carrier family 16 (SLC16) is comprised of 14 members of the monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) family that play an essential role in the transport of important cell nutrients and for cellular metabolism and pH regulation. MCTs 1-4 have been extensively studied and are involved in the proton-dependent transport of L-lactate, pyruvate, short-chain fatty acids, and monocarboxylate drugs in a wide variety of tissues. MCTs 1 and 4 are overexpressed in a number of cancers, and current investigations have focused on transporter inhibition as a novel therapeutic strategy in cancers. MCT1 has also been used in strategies aimed at enhancing drug absorption due to its high expression in the intestine. Other MCT isoforms are less well characterized, but ongoing studies indicate that MCT6 transports xenobiotics such as bumetanide, nateglinide, and probenecid, whereas MCT7 has been characterized as a transporter of ketone bodies. MCT8 and MCT10 transport thyroid hormones, and recently, MCT9 has been characterized as a carnitine efflux transporter and MCT12 as a creatine transporter. Expressed at the blood brain barrier, MCT8 mutations have been associated with an X-linked intellectual disability, known as Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome. Many MCT isoforms are associated with hormone, lipid, and glucose homeostasis, and recent research has focused on their potential roles in disease, with MCTs representing promising novel therapeutic targets. This review will provide a summary of the current literature focusing on the characterization, function, and regulation of the MCT family isoforms and on their roles in drug disposition and in health and disease. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The 14-member solute carrier family 16 of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) plays a fundamental role in maintaining intracellular concentrations of a broad range of important endogenous molecules in health and disease. MCTs 1, 2, and 4 (L-lactate transporters) are overexpressed in cancers and represent a novel therapeutic target in cancer. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of MCTs in glucose, lipid, and hormone homeostasis, including MCT8 in thyroid hormone brain uptake, MCT12 in carnitine transport, and MCT11 in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Felmlee
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California (M.A.F.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York (R.S.J., V.R.-C., M.E.M.); and Certara Strategic Consulting, Certara USA, Princeton, New Jersey (K.E.F.)
| | - Robert S Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California (M.A.F.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York (R.S.J., V.R.-C., M.E.M.); and Certara Strategic Consulting, Certara USA, Princeton, New Jersey (K.E.F.)
| | - Vivian Rodriguez-Cruz
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California (M.A.F.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York (R.S.J., V.R.-C., M.E.M.); and Certara Strategic Consulting, Certara USA, Princeton, New Jersey (K.E.F.)
| | - Kristin E Follman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California (M.A.F.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York (R.S.J., V.R.-C., M.E.M.); and Certara Strategic Consulting, Certara USA, Princeton, New Jersey (K.E.F.)
| | - Marilyn E Morris
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California (M.A.F.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York (R.S.J., V.R.-C., M.E.M.); and Certara Strategic Consulting, Certara USA, Princeton, New Jersey (K.E.F.)
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15
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Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis Reveals Function and Regulatory Network of miR-200b-3p in Endometriosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:3962953. [PMID: 32802844 PMCID: PMC7414375 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3962953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective MicroRNAs play vital roles in the development of endometriosis. It is reported that miR-200b-3p is downregulated in endometriosis, although its mechanisms in this disease remain still unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the function and potential regulatory network of miR-200b-3p in endometriosis through database analysis. Methods The endometriosis gene expression profiles were downloaded from the GEO database to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The predicted and validated target genes of miR-200b-3p were obtained from miRWalk and miRTarBase database. Then, a comparison was performed between miR-200b-3p target genes and DEGs. GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis of the target genes was performed using clusterProfiler package. STRING was used to predict the protein-protein interaction among the proteins encoded by the target genes. Then, TransmiR, LncBase, StarBase, PROMO, and AnimalTFDB were employed to identify interactive transcription factors and lncRNAs of miR-200b-3p. Results miR-200b-3p was associated with the transcription factors DNMT1, EZH2, HNF1B, JUN, MYB, ZEB1, and ZEB2 during the pathogenesis of endometriosis. The downstream 110 target genes were involved in the biological processes of positive regulation of MAPK cascade, muscle cell proliferation, organ growth, vasculogenesis, and axon development. KEGG analysis revealed that the main pathways related to miR-200b-3p were microRNAs in cancer, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, colorectal cancer, and tight junction. In addition, four lncRNAs such as MALAT1, NEAT1, SNHG22, and XIST interacted with miR-200b-3p and were associated with transcription factors FOXP3 and YY1. Conclusion The predicted target genes and molecular regulatory network of miR-200b-3p in endometriosis not only revealed its biological function but also provided a valuable guideline for further research.
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16
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Yilmaz BD, Bulun SE. Endometriosis and nuclear receptors. Hum Reprod Update 2020; 25:473-485. [PMID: 30809650 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis is recognized as a steroid-dependent disorder; however, the precise roles of nuclear receptors (NRs) in steroid responsiveness and other signaling pathways are not well understood. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE Over the past several years, a number of paradigm-shifting breakthroughs have occurred in the area of NRs in endometriosis. We review and clarify new information regarding the mechanisms responsible for: (i) excessive estrogen biosynthesis, (ii) estrogen-dependent inflammation, (iii) defective differentiation due to progesterone resistance and (iv) enhanced survival due to deficient retinoid production and action in endometriosis. We emphasize the roles of the relevant NRs critical for these pathological processes in endometriosis. SEARCH METHODS We conducted a comprehensive search using PubMed for human, animal and cellular studies published until 2018 in the following areas: endometriosis; the steroid and orphan NRs, estrogen receptors alpha (ESR1) and beta (ESR2), progesterone receptor (PGR), steroidogenic factor-1 (NR5A1) and chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor II (NR2F2); and retinoids. OUTCOMES Four distinct abnormalities in the intracavitary endometrium and extra-uterine endometriotic tissue underlie endometriosis progression: dysregulated differentiation of endometrial mesenchymal cells, abnormal epigenetic marks, inflammation activated by excess estrogen and the development of progesterone resistance. Endometriotic stromal cells compose the bulk of the lesions and demonstrate widespread epigenetic abnormalities. Endometriotic stromal cells also display a wide range of abnormal NR expression. The orphan NRs NR5A1 and NR2F2 compete to regulate steroid-synthesizing genes in endometriotic stromal cells; NR5A1 dominance gives rise to excessive estrogen formation. Endometriotic stromal cells show an abnormally low ESR1:ESR2 ratio due to excessive levels of ESR2, which mediates an estrogen-driven inflammatory process and prostaglandin formation. These cells are also deficient in PGR, leading to progesterone resistance and defective retinoid synthesis. The pattern of NR expression, involving low ESR1 and PGR and high ESR2, is reminiscent of uterine leiomyoma stem cells. This led us to speculate that endometriotic stromal cells may display stem cell characteristics found in other uterine tissues. The biologic consequences of these abnormalities in endometriotic tissue include intense inflammation, defective differentiation and enhanced survival. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Steroid- and other NR-related abnormalities exert genome-wide biologic effects via interaction with defective epigenetic programming and enhance inflammation in endometriotic stromal cells. New synthetic ligands, targeting PGR, retinoic acid receptors and ESR2, may offer novel treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar D Yilmaz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 250 E. Superior Street, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Serdar E Bulun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 250 E. Superior Street, Chicago, IL, USA
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17
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Zubrzycka A, Zubrzycki M, Perdas E, Zubrzycka M. Genetic, Epigenetic, and Steroidogenic Modulation Mechanisms in Endometriosis. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1309. [PMID: 32370117 PMCID: PMC7291215 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a chronic gynecological disease, affecting up to 10% of reproductive-age women. The exact cause of the disease is unknown; however, it is a heritable condition affected by multiple genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Previous studies reported variations in the epigenetic patterns of numerous genes known to be involved in the aberrant modulation of cell cycle steroidogenesis, abnormal hormonal, immune and inflammatory status in endometriosis, apoptosis, adhesion, angiogenesis, proliferation, immune and inflammatory processes, response to hypoxia, steroidogenic pathway and hormone signaling are involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Accumulating evidence suggest that various epigenetic aberrations may contribute to the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Among them, DNA methyltransferases, histone deacetylators, and non-coding microRNAs demonstrate differential expression within endometriotic lesions and in the endometrium of patients with endometriosis. It has been indicated that the identification of epigenetic differences within the DNA or histone proteins may contribute to the discovery of a useful prognostic biomarker, which could aid in the future earlier detection, timely diagnosis, and initiation of a new approach to the treatment of endometriosis, as well as inform us about the effectiveness of treatment and the stage of the disease. As the etiology of endometriosis is highly complex and still far from being fully elucidated, the presented review focuses on different approaches to identify the genetic and epigenetic links of endometriosis and its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zubrzycka
- Department of Biomedicine and Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; Poland;
- Department of Operative and Conservative Gynecology, K. Jonscher Memorial Hospital, Milionowa 14, 93-113 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marek Zubrzycki
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology, The Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski Institute of Cardiology, Alpejska 42, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Ewelina Perdas
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Maria Zubrzycka
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland;
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Oxaliplatin-Induced DHX9 Phosphorylation Promotes Oncogenic Circular RNA CCDC66 Expression and Development of Chemoresistance. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030697. [PMID: 32187976 PMCID: PMC7140115 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular RNA (circRNA), generated through backsplicing in which the downstream splice donor joins the upstream splice acceptor, is a novel class of RNA molecules. Our previous study found that a novel oncogenic circRNA—consisting exon 8–10 of CCDC66—is aberrantly expressed in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues and cells. The failure of treatment for colorectal cancer is typically associated with recurrent and chemoresistant cancerous tissues. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role(s) of circCCDC66 during the development of chemoresistance. We discovered that the expression level of circCCDC66 is elevated in colorectal cancer cells with resistance to oxaliplatin. Knockdown of circCCDC66 caused the downregulation of a subset of genes which are regulated by circCCDC66-associated miRNAs and related to the modulation of apoptosis and the cell cycle, suppressing cell survival, promoting oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis and, thus, hindering the development of oxaliplatin-resistance (OxR). The induction of circCCDC66 was dependent on the time-course and dose of oxaliplatin treatment. Our analyses revealed that DHX9 harbors two phosphorylation sites of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinases (PI3KKs) close to substrate-binding domains. Blockage of phosphorylation by either PI3KK inhibitors or nonphosphorable mutants of DHX9 decreased the oxaliplatin-induced circCCDC66 expression and the ability to develop chemoresistant cells. Taken together, we demonstrated and linked the functional role of DHX9 phosphorylation to oncogenic circCCDC66 expression during the development of resistance to oxaliplatin, providing a mechanistic insight for the development of therapeutic strategies to recurring/chemoresistant colorectal cancer.
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Zal F, Yarahmadi A, Totonchi H, Barazesh M, Moradi Sarabi M. Nicotine attenuates global genomic DNA methylation by influencing DNMTs gene expression in human endometrial stromal cells. Genes Environ 2020; 42:6. [PMID: 32042366 PMCID: PMC7003317 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-020-0144-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence indicating an incidence of infertility and also the risk of endometrial cancers among smokers. However, the mechanism underlying nicotine adverse effect on female reproduction remains unclear. Growing evidence has suggested that environmental exposures such as nicotine could modulate the epigenome. No study has yet been published to evaluate the direct effect of nicotine on the epigenome profiling of human endometrial stromal cells (HESC). Herein, we decided to examine the direct effects of nicotine on global genomic DNA methylation status and DNA methyl- transferases (DNMTs) gene expression in HESC. HESC were treated with different doses of nicotine (0 or control, 10- 11, 10- 8 and 10- 6) M for 24 h and their genomic global DNA methylation and gene expression of DNMTs (DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B) were investigated using ELISA and real-time PCR, respectively. RESULTS Nicotine treatments reduced the average level of DNMTs gene expression by 90, 79, and 73.4% in 10- 11, 10- 8 and 10- 6 M of nicotine treated cells as compared to control cells, respectively (p < 0.05). Also, 10- 8 and 10- 6 M of nicotine concentrations effectively reduced the amounts of 5-methylated cytosine (5-mC) by 1.09 and 1.87% compared to control cells, respectively (p < 0.05). The 5-mC percentages were positively correlated with the relative cellular DNMTs expression in HESC as verified by the Pearson correlation test. CONCLUSION An interesting possibility raised by the current study is that the reduced genomic global DNA methylation level in HESC may be partly due to the suppression of DNMTs gene expression caused by nicotine in these cells. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Zal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Yarahmadi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Totonchi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Barazesh
- Biotechnology Department, School of advanced medical sciences and technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Moradi Sarabi
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, 381251698 Iran
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
- Hepatitis Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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20
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Han SJ, Lee JE, Cho YJ, Park MJ, O’Malley BW. Genomic Function of Estrogen Receptor β in Endometriosis. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2495-2516. [PMID: 31504401 PMCID: PMC6773435 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER) β plays a critical role in endometriosis progression because cytoplasmic ERβ stimulates proinflammatory signaling in ectopic lesions and prevents apoptosis to promote their survival. However, the role of "nuclear ERβ" in endometriosis progression is not known. This critical knowledge gap obscures our understanding of the full molecular etiology of ERβ-mediated endometriosis progression. To fill this void, we generated an ERβ-regulated transcriptome and ERβ cistrome in ectopic lesions and the eutopic endometrium of mice with endometriosis by using a new endometrium-specific FLAG-tagged human ERβ overexpression mouse model. The integration of these omics data sets revealed that ERβ stimulated the proliferation activities of ectopic lesions and the eutopic endometrium by directly upregulating MYC and E2 transcription factor target genes and genes associated with the G2/M transition. Additionally, ERβ stimulated gene expression associated with TNFα/nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, reactive oxygen species signaling, IL-6/Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 signaling, and hypoxia signaling and suppressed IFNα signaling in ectopic lesions to enhance endometriosis progression. ERβ also stimulated gene expression associated with the unfolded protein response and IL-6/JAK/STAT3 inhibitory signaling and suppressed TNFα/NF-κB signaling in the eutopic endometrium to cause endometriosis-associated endometrial dysfunction. Therefore, nuclear ERβ-regulated gene networks provide critical clues to understand the molecular etiology and complexity of endometriosis and endometriosis-associated endometrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jun Han
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Correspondence: Sang Jun Han, PhD, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030. E-mail:
| | - Jiyeun E Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Yeon Jean Cho
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jin Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Bert W O’Malley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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21
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Meyer A, Golbik RP, Sänger L, Schmidt T, Behrens SE, Friedrich S. The RGG/RG motif of AUF1 isoform p45 is a key modulator of the protein's RNA chaperone and RNA annealing activities. RNA Biol 2019; 16:960-971. [PMID: 30951406 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2019.1602438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA-binding protein AUF1 regulates post-transcriptional gene expression by affecting the steady state and translation levels of numerous target RNAs. Remodeling of RNA structures by the largest isoform AUF1 p45 was recently demonstrated in the context of replicating RNA viruses, and involves two RNA remodeling activities, i.e. an RNA chaperone and an RNA annealing activity. AUF1 contains two non-identical RNA recognition motifs (RRM) and one RGG/RG motif located in the C-terminus. In order to determine the functional significance of each motif to AUF1's RNA-binding and remodeling activities we performed a comprehensive mutagenesis study and characterized the wildtype AUF1, and several variants thereof. We demonstrate that each motif contributes to efficient RNA binding and remodeling by AUF1 indicating a tight cooperation of the RRMs and the RGG/RG motif. Interestingly, the data identify two distinct roles for the arginine residues of the RGG/RG motif for each RNA remodeling activity. First, arginine-mediated stacking interactions promote AUF1's helix-destabilizing RNA chaperone activity. Second, the electropositive character of the arginine residues is the major driving force for the RNA annealing activity. Thus, we provide the first evidence that arginine residues of an RGG/RG motif contribute to the mechanism of RNA annealing and RNA chaperoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Meyer
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology , Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany
| | - Ralph P Golbik
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology , Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany
| | - Lennart Sänger
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology , Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany
| | - Tobias Schmidt
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology , Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany
| | - Sven-Erik Behrens
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology , Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany
| | - Susann Friedrich
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology , Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany
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22
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MiR-210-3p protects endometriotic cells from oxidative stress-induced cell cycle arrest by targeting BARD1. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:144. [PMID: 30760709 PMCID: PMC6374490 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1395-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis is associated with benign but adversely developed cysts in the extrauterine environment. The oxidative imbalanced environment induces DNA damage and affects cell cycle progression of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) and endometrial epithelial cells, but how endometriotic cells maintain proliferation in the presence of oxidative stress is not clear. Growing evidence has indicated that the ectopic hypoxic microenvironment and oxidative stress can stimulate the growth of endometriotic cells, which is mainly due to the increase of HIF-1α. We found that the master hypoxia-associated miRNA miR-210-3p was increased in stromal and glandular cells of ectopic lesions compared with that of eutopic and normal endometria and was consistent with the expression of HIF-1α and the local oxidative stress-induced DNA damage predictor 8-OHdG. Moreover, miR-210-3p was upregulated in ESCs and Ishikawa cells under hypoxic conditions but not in normoxic culture. Knockdown of miR-210-3p induced a G2/M arrest of ESCs and Ishikawa cells under hypoxia, while no effect was found under normoxia. BARD1 was identified as a target of miR-210-3p. BARD1 expression was decreased in endometriotic tissues compared with eutopic and normal endometria and negatively correlated with the expression of miR-210-3p. Multivariate regression analysis showed that BARD1 downregulation could serve as an indicator for endometriotic severity. Our results suggest that miR-210-3p attenuates the G2/M cell cycle checkpoint by inactivating BRCA1 complex function in response to DNA damage under hypoxia via targeting the 3′ untranslated region of BARD1 mRNA. Endometriotic mouse model experiments showed that intraperitoneal injection of the miR-210-3p inhibitor or vitamin C suppressed the growth of endometriotic lesions. Together, our results demonstrate that endometriotic cells inhibit BARD1/BRCA1 function by upregulating miR-210-3p, which might be the underlying mechanism for endometriotic cell maintenance of growth in oxidative stress. Furthermore, inhibition of miR-210-3p and administration of vitamin C are promising approaches for the treatment of endometriosis.
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23
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Panir K, Schjenken JE, Robertson SA, Hull ML. Non-coding RNAs in endometriosis: a narrative review. Hum Reprod Update 2019; 24:497-515. [PMID: 29697794 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmy014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis is a benign gynaecological disorder, which affects 10% of reproductive-aged women and is characterized by endometrial cells from the lining of the uterus being found outside the uterine cavity. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms causing the development of this heterogeneous disease remain enigmatic, and a lack of effective biomarkers necessitates surgical intervention for diagnosis. There is international recognition that accurate non-invasive diagnostic tests and more effective therapies are urgently needed. Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules, which are important regulators of cellular function, have been implicated in many chronic conditions. In endometriosis, transcriptome profiling of tissue samples and functional in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrate that ncRNAs are key contributors to the disease process. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE In this review, we outline the biogenesis of various ncRNAs relevant to endometriosis and then summarize the evidence indicating their roles in regulatory pathways that govern disease establishment and progression. SEARCH METHODS Articles from 2000 to 2016 were selected for relevance, validity and quality, from results obtained in PubMed, MEDLINE and Google Scholar using the following search terms: ncRNA and reproduction; ncRNA and endometriosis; miRNA and endometriosis; lncRNA and endometriosis; siRNA and endometriosis; endometriosis; endometrial; cervical; ovary; uterus; reproductive tract. All articles were independently screened for eligibility by the authors. OUTCOMES This review integrates extensive information from all relevant published studies focusing on microRNAs, long ncRNAs and short inhibitory RNAs in endometriosis. We outline the biological function and synthesis of microRNAs, long ncRNAs and short inhibitory RNAs and provide detailed findings from human research as well as functional studies carried out both in vitro and in vivo, including animal models. Although variability in findings between individual studies exists, collectively, the extant literature justifies the conclusion that dysregulated ncRNAs are a significant element of the endometriosis condition. WIDER IMPLICATIONS There is a compelling case that microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and short inhibitory RNAs have the potential to influence endometriosis development and persistence through modulating inflammation, proliferation, angiogenesis and tissue remodelling. Rapid advances in ncRNA biomarker discovery and therapeutics relevant to endometriosis are emerging. Unravelling the significance of ncRNAs in endometriosis will pave the way for new diagnostic tests and identify new therapeutic targets and treatment approaches that have the potential to improve clinical options for women with this disabling condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Panir
- The Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - John E Schjenken
- The Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sarah A Robertson
- The Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - M Louise Hull
- The Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Fertility SA, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Women's and Children's Hospital Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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24
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Lin SC, Lee HC, Hsu CT, Huang YH, Li WN, Hsu PL, Wu MH, Tsai SJ. Targeting Anthrax Toxin Receptor 2 Ameliorates Endometriosis Progression. Theranostics 2019; 9:620-632. [PMID: 30809297 PMCID: PMC6376465 DOI: 10.7150/thno.30655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Endometriosis is a highly prevalent gynecological disease in women of reproductive age that markedly reduces life quality and fertility. Unfortunately, there is no cure for this disease, which highlights that more efforts are needed to investigate the underlying mechanism for designing novel therapeutic regimens. This study aims to investigate druggable membrane receptors distinctively expressed in endometriotic cells. Methods: Bioinformatic analysis of public databases was employed to identify potential druggable candidates. Normal endometrial tissues and ectopic endometriotic lesions were obtained for the determination of target genes. Primary endometrial and endometriotic stromal cells as well as two different mouse models of endometriosis were used to characterize molecular mechanisms and therapeutic outcomes of endometriosis, respectively. Results: Anthrax toxin receptor 2 (ANTXR2) mRNA and protein are upregulated in the endometriotic specimens. Elevation of ANTXR2 promotes endometriotic cell adhesion, proliferation, and angiogenesis. Furthermore, hypoxia is the driving force for ANTXR2 upregulation via altering histone modification of ANTXR2 promoter by reducing the repressive mark, histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) trimethylation, and increasing the active mark, H3K4 trimethylation. Activation of ANTXR2 signaling leads to increased Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity, which contributes to numerous pathological processes of endometriosis. Pharmacological blocking of ANTXR2 signaling not only prevents endometriotic lesion development but also causes the regression of established lesion. Conclusion: Taken together, we have identified a novel target that contributes to the disease pathogenesis of endometriosis and provided a potential therapeutic regimen to treat it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chieh Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chi Lee
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ting Hsu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Han Huang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ning Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ling Hsu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsing Wu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shaw-Jenq Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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25
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Wu MH, Hsiao KY, Tsai SJ. Hypoxia: The force of endometriosis. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2019; 45:532-541. [PMID: 30618168 DOI: 10.1111/jog.13900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM Summarize recent findings of how hypoxia regulates numerous important processes to facilitate the implantation, proliferation and progression of ectopic endometriotic lesions. METHODS Most up-to-date evidences about how hypoxia contributes to the disease pathogenesis of endometriosis and potential therapeutic approaches were collected by conducting a comprehensive search of medical literature electronic databases. Quality of data was analyzed by experienced experts including gynecologist and basic scientists. RESULTS Uterus is a highly vascularized organ, which makes endometrial cells constantly expose to high concentration of oxygen. When endometrial tissues shed off from the eutopic uterus and retrograde to the peritoneal cavity, they face severe hypoxic stress. Even with successful implantation to ovaries or peritoneum, the hypoxic stress remains as a critical issue because endometrial cells are used to live in the well-oxygenated environment. Under the hypoxia condition, cells undergo epigenetic modulation and evolve several survival processes including steroidogenesis, angiogenesis, inflammation and metabolic switch. The complex gene regulatory network driven by hypoxia ensures endometriotic cells can survive under the hostile peritoneal microenvironment. CONCLUSION Hypoxia plays critical roles in promoting pathological processes to facilitate the development of endometriosis. Targeting hypoxia-mediated gene network represents an alternative approach for the treatment of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hsing Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Yang Hsiao
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shaw-Jenq Tsai
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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26
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Efremov YR, Proskurina AS, Potter EA, Dolgova EV, Efremova OV, Taranov OS, Ostanin AA, Chernykh ER, Kolchanov NA, Bogachev SS. Cancer Stem Cells: Emergent Nature of Tumor Emergency. Front Genet 2018; 9:544. [PMID: 30505319 PMCID: PMC6250818 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A functional analysis of 167 genes overexpressed in Krebs-2 tumor initiating cells was performed. In the first part of the study, the genes were analyzed for their belonging to one or more of the three groups, which represent the three major phenotypic manifestation of malignancy of cancer cells, namely (1) proliferative self-sufficiency, (2) invasive growth and metastasis, and (3) multiple drug resistance. 96 genes out of 167 were identified as possible contributors to at least one of these fundamental properties. It was also found that substantial part of these genes are also known as genes responsible for formation and/or maintenance of the stemness of normal pluri-/multipotent stem cells. These results suggest that the malignancy is simply the ability to maintain the stem cell specific genes expression profile, and, as a consequence, the stemness itself regardless of the controlling effect of stem niches. In the second part of the study, three stress factors combined into the single concept of "generalized cellular stress," which are assumed to activate the expression of these genes, were defined. In addition, possible mechanisms for such activation were identified. The data obtained suggest the existence of a mechanism for the de novo formation of a pluripotent/stem phenotype in the subpopulation of "committed" tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav R Efremov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anastasia S Proskurina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Potter
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Evgenia V Dolgova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oksana V Efremova
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oleg S Taranov
- The State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Aleksandr A Ostanin
- Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena R Chernykh
- Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay A Kolchanov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey S Bogachev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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27
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Xu XX, Jia SZ, Dai Y, Zhang JJ, Li XY, Shi JH, Leng JH, Lang JH. Identification of Circular RNAs as a Novel Biomarker for Ovarian Endometriosis. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 131:559-566. [PMID: 29483390 PMCID: PMC5850672 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.226070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endometriosis is a challenging disease with symptoms such as dysmenorrhea and infertility. However, its etiology is still vague and there is still no effective markers or treatment. This study aimed to profile the circular RNAs (circRNAs) expressed in eutopic endometrium from patients with ovarian endometriosis and explore potential clues to the pathogenesis of endometriosis, providing an evidence for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Methods A total of 63 clinical samples, including control endometrium (n = 22) and eutopic endometrium (n = 41), were collected from Peking Union Medical College Hospital between May 1, 2016, and December 31, 2016. Of them, four samples in each group were used for circRNA microarray. Then, four upregulated circRNAs were screened out for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) validation. After that, bioinformatics analysis was performed to predict miRNAs targeted by validated circRNAs and investigate the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA interactions. Results Among 88 differentially expressed circRNAs, 11 were upregulated and 77 were downregulated in eutopic endometrium of patients with endometriosis. qRT-PCR validation results for two upregulated circRNAs (circ_0004712 and circ_0002198) matched the microarray results. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of circ_0002198 for distinguishing ovarian endometriosis was 0.846 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.752-0.939; P < 0.001) while that of circ_0004712 was 0.704 (95% CI: 0.571-0.837; P = 0.008). On the basis of target prediction, we depicted the molecular interactions between the identified circRNAs and their dominant target miRNAs, as well as constructed a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network. Conclusions This study provides evidence that circRNAs are differentially expressed between eutopic and normal endometrium, which suggests that circRNAs are candidate factors in the activation of endometriosis. circ_0002198 and circ_0004712 may be potential novel biomarkers for the diagnosis of ovarian endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xuan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shuang-Zheng Jia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yi Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jun-Ji Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jing-Hua Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jin-Hua Leng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jing-He Lang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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28
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Lin X, Dai Y, Xu W, Shi L, Jin X, Li C, Zhou F, Pan Y, Zhang Y, Lin X, Zhang S. Hypoxia Promotes Ectopic Adhesion Ability of Endometrial Stromal Cells via TGF-β1/Smad Signaling in Endometriosis. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1630-1641. [PMID: 29438550 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-03227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia plays a vital role in the progression of endometriosis. Additionally, integrin-mediated aberrant adhesion is also essential for establishment of endometriotic lesions. In this study, we sought to determine the function of hypoxia in integrin-mediated adhesion of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) in endometriosis. The expressions of adhesion molecule integrins (integrin α5, integrin αV, integrin β3, and integrin β5) were determined in 15 normal endometria and 15 paired eutopic and ectopic endometria by immunohistochemistry. Thirteen primary ESCs from patients with peritoneal endometriosis in the proliferative phase were cultured under a hypoxic (1% O2) or normoxic (21% O2) environment, and the expression levels of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and integrins were detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot. The alteration of integrins in endometriotic mouse models were also explored. Our results demonstrated that HIF-1α and integrins were highly expressed in ESCs of endometriotic lesions compared with ESCs of eutopic and normal endometrium. Hypoxia treatment significantly increased ESC adhesion abilities and integrin expression, which were positively correlated with TGF-β1 expression. Both TGF-β1 and hypoxia enhanced ESC adhesion properties, whereas hypoxia combined with TGF-β1 receptor inhibitor inhibited ESC adhesion. Knockdown of HIF-1α attenuated TGF-β1/Smad signaling activation and integrin expression and reduced ESC adhesion. Higher expression levels of HIF-1α, TGF-β1, and integrins were detected in endometriotic cysts from mice models. Our findings provide a novel insight of endometriosis that the hypoxic microenvironment stimulates ESCs to produce excessive TGF-β1 and activates the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway, thus enhancing integrin expression and the adhesion ability of ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Lin
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongdong Dai
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenzhi Xu
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Libing Shi
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Jin
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Li
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yibin Pan
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yinli Zhang
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaona Lin
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Songying Zhang
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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Lin SC, Lee HC, Hou PC, Fu JL, Wu MH, Tsai SJ. Targeting hypoxia-mediated YAP1 nuclear translocation ameliorates pathogenesis of endometriosis without compromising maternal fertility. J Pathol 2017; 242:476-487. [PMID: 28608501 DOI: 10.1002/path.4922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a highly prevalent gynaecological disease that severely reduces women's health and quality of life. Ectopic endometriotic lesions have evolved mechanisms to survive in the hypoxic peritoneal microenvironment by regulating the expression of a significant subset of genes. However, the master regulator controlling these genes remains to be characterized. Herein, by using bioinformatics analysis and experimental verification, we identified yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) as a master regulator of endometriosis. Nuclear localization and transcriptional activity of YAP1 were up-regulated by hypoxia via down-regulation of LATS1, a kinase that inactivates YAP1. Disruption of hypoxia-induced YAP1 signalling by siRNA knockdown or inhibitor treatment abolished critical biological processes involved in endometriosis development such as steroidogenesis, angiogenesis, inflammation, migration, innervation, and cell proliferation. Treatment with a YAP1 inhibitor caused the regression of endometriotic lesions without affecting maternal fertility or the growth rate of offspring in the mouse model of endometriosis. Taken together, we identify hypoxia/LATS1/YAP1 as a novel pathway for the pathogenesis of endometriosis and demonstrate that targeting YAP1 might be an alternative approach to treat endometriosis. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chieh Lin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chi Lee
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chi Hou
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jhao-Lin Fu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsing Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shaw-Jenq Tsai
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Ravlić S, Škrobot Vidaček N, Nanić L, Laganović M, Slade N, Jelaković B, Rubelj I. Mechanisms of fetal epigenetics that determine telomere dynamics and health span in adulthood. Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 174:55-62. [PMID: 28847485 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Advances in epigenetics now enable us to better understand environmental influences on the genetic background of human diseases. This refers especially to fetal development where an adverse intrauterine environment impacts oxygen and nutrient supply to the fetus. Recently, differences in telomere length and telomere loss dynamics among individuals born with intrauterine growth restriction compared to normal controls have been described. In this paper we propose possible molecular mechanisms that (pre)program telomere epigenetics during pregnancy. This programming sets differences in telomere lengths and dynamics of telomere shortening in adulthood and therefore dictates the dynamics of aging and morbidity in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanda Ravlić
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology, RBI, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Nikolina Škrobot Vidaček
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology, RBI, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Lucia Nanić
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology, RBI, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Mario Laganović
- Department for Nephrology, Hypertension, Dialysis and Transplantation, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Neda Slade
- Laboratory for Protein Dynamics, Division of Molecular Medicine, RBI, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Bojan Jelaković
- Department for Nephrology, Hypertension, Dialysis and Transplantation, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivica Rubelj
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology, RBI, Zagreb, Croatia.
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31
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Hsiao KY, Wu MH, Tsai SJ. Epigenetic regulation of the pathological process in endometriosis. Reprod Med Biol 2017; 16:314-319. [PMID: 29259483 PMCID: PMC5715896 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endometriosis is one of the most common gynecological diseases that greatly compromises the quality of life in affected individuals. A growing body of evidence shows that the remodeling of retrograde endometrial tissues to the ectopic endometriotic lesions involves multiple epigenetic alterations, such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA expression. Methods This article retrospectively reviewed the studies that were related to the epigenetic regulatory factors that contribute to the development and maintenance of endometriosis. A literature search was performed in order to collect scientific articles that were written in English by using the key words of "endometriosis," "epigenetics," "DNA methylation," "histone modification," and "microRNA." Results Epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA expression, are involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. These epigenetic players are regulated or tuned by microenvironmental cues, such as locally produced estradiol, proinflammatory cytokines, and hypoxic stress, and reciprocally regulate the process or response to those stimuli. Conclusion Understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie these epigenetic regulatory processes would shed light on the etiology and/or progression of endometriosis and facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Yang Hsiao
- Department of Physiology College of Medicine National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsing Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology College of Medicine National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan
| | - Shaw-Jenq Tsai
- Department of Physiology College of Medicine National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan
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Khalaj K, Ahn SH, Bidarimath M, Nasirzadeh Y, Singh SS, Fazleabas AT, Young SL, Lessey BA, Koti M, Tayade C. A balancing act: RNA binding protein HuR/TTP axis in endometriosis patients. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5883. [PMID: 28724967 PMCID: PMC5517625 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis, a major reproductive pathology affecting 8-10% of women is characterized by chronic inflammation and immune dysfunction. Human antigen R (HuR) and Tristetraprolin (TTP) are RNA binding proteins that competitively bind to cytokines involved in inflammation including: tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin 6 (IL-6) among others, and stabilize and destabilize them, respectively. The aim of this study was to examine RNA binding protein (RNABP) HuR/TTP axis in endometriosis patients compared to menstrual stage matched healthy fertile controls in hopes of better understanding their contribution to the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Additionally, using a targeted in vitro siRNA approach, we examined whether knock-down of TTP can play a functional role on other RNABPs that competitively bind to inflammatory targets of TTP in both endometriotic and endometrial epithelial cell lines. Our results suggest that RNABPs TTP and HuR are dysregulated in endometriotic lesions compared to matched eutopic patient samples as well endometrium from healthy controls. Silencing of TTP in endometriotic and endometrial epithelial cells revealed differential response to inflammatory cytokines and other RNABPs. Our results suggest potential involvement of HuR/TTP RNA binding protein axis in regulation of inflammation in endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasra Khalaj
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Soo Hyun Ahn
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Mallikarjun Bidarimath
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Yasmin Nasirzadeh
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Sukhbir S Singh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 7W9, Canada
| | - Asgerally T Fazleabas
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Steven L Young
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Bruce A Lessey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Greenville Health Systems, Greenville, South Carolina, SC, 29605, USA
| | - Madhuri Koti
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Chandrakant Tayade
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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Abstract
Endocrine is an important and tightly regulated system for maintaining body homeostasis. Endocrine glands produce hormones, which are released into blood stream to guide the target cells responding to all sorts of stimulations. For maintaining body homeostasis, the secretion and activity of a particular hormone needs to be adjusted in responding to environmental challenges such as changes in nutritional status or chronic stress. Hypoxia, a status caused by reduced oxygen availability or imbalance of oxygen consumption/supply in an organ or within a cell, is a stress that affects many physiological and pathological processes. Hypoxic stress in endocrine organs is especially critical because endocrine glands control body homeostasis. Local hypoxia affects not only the particular gland but also the downstream cells/organs regulated by hormones secreted from this gland. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are transcription factors that function as master regulators of oxygen homeostasis. Recent studies report that aberrant expression of HIFs in endocrine organs may result in the development and/or progression of diseases including diabetes, endometriosis, infertility and cancers. In this article, we will review recent findings in HIF-mediated endocrine organ dysfunction and the systemic syndromes caused by these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Chi Lee
- Institute of Basic Medical SciencesCollege of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shaw-Jenq Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical SciencesCollege of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of PhysiologyCollege of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Ito F, Yamada Y, Shigemitsu A, Akinishi M, Kaniwa H, Miyake R, Yamanaka S, Kobayashi H. Role of Oxidative Stress in Epigenetic Modification in Endometriosis. Reprod Sci 2017; 24:1493-1502. [PMID: 28443478 DOI: 10.1177/1933719117704909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation and histone modification are associated with an increased risk of reproductive disorders such as endometriosis. However, a cause-effect relationship between epigenetic mechanisms and endometriosis development has not been fully determined. This review provides current information based on oxidative stress in epigenetic modification in endometriosis. This article reviews the English-language literature on epigenetics, DNA methylation, histone modification, and oxidative stress associated with endometriosis in an effort to identify epigenetic modification that causes a predisposition to endometriosis. Oxidative stress, secondary to the influx of hemoglobin, heme, and iron during retrograde menstruation, is involved in the expression of CpG demethylases, ten-eleven translocation, and jumonji (JMJ). Ten-eleven translocation and JMJ recognize a wide range of endogenous DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). The increased expression levels of DNMTs may be involved in the subsequent downregulation of the decidualization-related genes. This review supports the hypothesis that there are at least 2 distinct phases of epigenetic modification in endometriosis: the initial wave of iron-induced oxidative stress would be followed by the second big wave of epigenetic modulation of endometriosis susceptibility genes. We summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the underlying epigenetic mechanisms focusing on oxidative stress in endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Ito
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamada
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Aiko Shigemitsu
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Mika Akinishi
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kaniwa
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Ryuta Miyake
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Yamanaka
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kobayashi
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
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35
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Khalaj K, Miller JE, Fenn CR, Ahn S, Luna RL, Symons L, Monsanto SP, Koti M, Tayade C. RNA-Binding Proteins in Female Reproductive Pathologies. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:1200-1210. [PMID: 28408123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins are key regulatory molecules involved primarily in post-transcriptional gene regulation of RNAs. Post-transcriptional gene regulation is critical for adequate cellular growth and survival. Recent reports have shown key interactions between these RNA-binding proteins and other regulatory elements, such as miRNAs and long noncoding RNAs, either enhancing or diminishing their response to RNA stabilization. Many RNA-binding proteins have been reported to play a functional role in mediation of cytokines involved in inflammation and immune dysfunction, and some have been classified as global post-transcriptional regulators of inflammation. The ubiquitous expression of RNA-binding proteins in a wide variety of cell types and their unique mechanisms of degradative action provide evidence that they are involved in reproductive tract pathologies. Aberrant inflammation and immune dysfunction are major contributors to the pathogenesis and disease pathophysiology of many reproductive pathologies, including ovarian and endometrial cancers in the female reproductive tract. Herein, we discuss various RNA-binding proteins and their unique contributions to female reproductive pathologies with a focus on those mediated by aberrant inflammation and immune dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasra Khalaj
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica E Miller
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian R Fenn
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - SooHyun Ahn
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rayana L Luna
- Ultrastructure Laboratory, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Brazil
| | - Lindsey Symons
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephany P Monsanto
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madhuri Koti
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chandrakant Tayade
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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36
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Wang X, Liang Z, Xu X, Li J, Zhu Y, Meng S, Li S, Wang S, Xie B, Ji A, Liu B, Zheng X, Xie L. miR-148a-3p represses proliferation and EMT by establishing regulatory circuits between ERBB3/AKT2/c-myc and DNMT1 in bladder cancer. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2503. [PMID: 27906180 PMCID: PMC5261009 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
miR-148a-3p downregulation has emerged as a critical factor in cancer progression yet, the underlying mechanisms of miR-148a-3p expression pattern and its function in bladder cancer remains to be elucidated. Here, we illustrate that miR-148a-3p is frequently downregulated in bladder cancer and that its expression may be regulated by DNA methylation. DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and miR-148a-3p function in a positive feedback loop in bladder cancer. miR-148a-3p overexpression functions as a tumor suppressor in bladder cancer cells. miR-148a-3p inhibits bladder cancer cell proliferation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) by regulating ERBB3/AKT2/c-myc and ERBB3/AKT2/Snail signaling. ERBB3, DNMT1 and AKT2 are downstream miR-148a-3p target genes. Furthermore, the miR-148a-3p/ERBB3/AKT2/c-myc signaling axis establishes a positive feedback loop in the regulation of bladder cancer. Taken together, our study demonstrates novel regulatory circuits involving miR-148a-3p/ERBB3/AKT2/c-myc and DNMT1 that controls bladder cancer progression, which may be useful in the development of more effective therapies against bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Liang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangfeng Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Meng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqi Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Xie
- Department of Urology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Alin Ji
- Department of Urology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ben Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyi Zheng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Xie
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
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White EJF, Matsangos AE, Wilson GM. AUF1 regulation of coding and noncoding RNA. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2016; 8. [PMID: 27620010 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AUF1 is a family of four RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) generated by alternative pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) splicing, with canonical roles in controlling the stability and/or translation of mRNA targets based on recognition of AU-rich sequences within mRNA 3' untranslated regions. However, recent studies identifying AUF1 target sites across the transcriptome have revealed that these canonical functions are but a subset of its roles in posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. In this review, we describe recent developments in our understanding of the RNA-binding properties of AUF1 together with their biochemical implications and roles in directing mRNA decay and translation. This is then followed by a survey of newly discovered activities for AUF1 proteins in control of miRNA synthesis and function, including miRNA assembly into microRNA (miRNA)-loaded RNA-induced silencing complexes (miRISCs), miRISC targeting to mRNA substrates, interplay with an expanding network of other cellular RBPs, and reciprocal regulatory relationships between miRNA and AUF1 synthesis. Finally, we discuss recently reported relationships between AUF1 and long noncoding RNAs and regulatory roles on viral RNA substrates. Cumulatively, these findings have significantly expanded our appreciation of the scope and diversity of AUF1 functions in the cell, and are prompting an exciting array of new questions moving forward. WIREs RNA 2017, 8:e1393. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1393 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J F White
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aerielle E Matsangos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gerald M Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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38
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KOUKOURA OURANIA, SIFAKIS STAVROS, SPANDIDOS DEMETRIOSA. DNA methylation in endometriosis (Review). Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:2939-48. [PMID: 26934855 PMCID: PMC4805102 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is defined by the presence and growth of functional endometrial tissue, outside the uterine cavity, primarily in the ovaries, pelvic peritoneum and rectovaginal septum. Although it is a benign disease, it presents with malignant characteristics, such as invasion to surrounding tissues, metastasis to distant locations and recurrence following treatment. Accumulating evidence suggests that various epigenetic aberrations may play an essential role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Aberrant DNA methylation represents a possible mechanism repsonsible for this disease, linking gene expression alterations observed in endometriosis with hormonal and environmental factors. Several lines of evidence indicate that endometriosis may partially be due to selective epigenetic deregulations influenced by extrinsic factors. Previous studies have shed light into the epigenetic component of endometriosis, reporting variations in the epigenetic patterns of genes known to be involved in the aberrant hormonal, immunologic and inflammatory status of endometriosis. Although recent studies, utilizing advanced molecular techniques, have allowed us to further elucidate the possible association of DNA methylation with altered gene expression, whether these molecular changes represent the cause or merely the consequence of the disease is a question which remains to be answered. This review provides an overview of the current literature on the role of DNA methylation in the pathophysiology and malignant evolution of endometriosis. We also provide insight into the mechanisms through which DNA methylation-modifying agents may be the next step in the research of the pharmaceutical treatment of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- OURANIA KOUKOURA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41500, Greece
| | - STAVROS SIFAKIS
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - DEMETRIOS A. SPANDIDOS
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion 71409, Greece
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39
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Götte M, Kiesel L. Pathophysiologie der Endometriose. GYNAKOLOGISCHE ENDOKRINOLOGIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10304-015-0047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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