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Li S, Yan J, Chen LG, Meng G, Zhou Y, Wang CM, Jiang L, Luo J, Jiang Y, Li QF, Tang W, He JX. Brassinosteroid regulates stomatal development in etiolated Arabidopsis cotyledons via transcription factors BZR1 and BES1. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:1382-1400. [PMID: 38345866 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are phytohormones that regulate stomatal development. In this study, we report that BR represses stomatal development in etiolated Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cotyledons via transcription factors BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT 1 (BZR1) and bri1-EMS SUPPRESSOR1 (BES1), which directly target MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASE 9 (MKK9) and FAMA, 2 important genes for stomatal development. BZR1/BES1 bind MKK9 and FAMA promoters in vitro and in vivo, and mutation of the BZR1/BES1 binding motif in MKK9/FAMA promoters abolishes their transcription regulation by BZR1/BES1 in plants. Expression of a constitutively active MKK9 (MKK9DD) suppressed overproduction of stomata induced by BR deficiency, while expression of a constitutively inactive MKK9 (MKK9KR) induced high-density stomata in bzr1-1D. In addition, bzr-h, a sextuple mutant of the BZR1 family of proteins, produced overabundant stomata, and the dominant bzr1-1D and bes1-D mutants effectively suppressed the stomata-overproducing phenotype of brassinosteroid insensitive 1-116 (bri1-116) and brassinosteroid insensitive 2-1 (bin2-1). In conclusion, our results revealed important roles of BZR1/BES1 in stomatal development, and their transcriptional regulation of MKK9 and FAMA expression may contribute to BR-regulated stomatal development in etiolated Arabidopsis cotyledons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 00000, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Jin Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China
| | - Lian-Ge Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China
| | - Guanghua Meng
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 00000, China
| | - Yuling Zhou
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 00000, China
| | - Chun-Ming Wang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 00000, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 00000, China
| | - Juan Luo
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 00000, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian-Feng Li
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 00000, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenqiang Tang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China
| | - Jun-Xian He
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 00000, China
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Riekötter J, Oklestkova J, Muth J, Twyman RM, Epping J. Transcriptomic analysis of Chinese yam ( Dioscorea polystachya Turcz.) variants indicates brassinosteroid involvement in tuber development. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1112793. [PMID: 37215221 PMCID: PMC10196131 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1112793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dioscorea is an important but underutilized genus of flowering plants that grows predominantly in tropical and subtropical regions. Several species, known as yam, develop large underground tubers and aerial bulbils that are used as food. The Chinese yam (D. polystachya Turcz.) is one of the few Dioscorea species that grows well in temperate regions and has been proposed as a climate-resilient crop to enhance food security in Europe. However, the fragile, club-like tubers are unsuitable for mechanical harvesting, which is facilitated by shorter and thicker storage organs. Brassinosteroids (BRs) play a key role in plant cell division, cell elongation and proliferation, as well as in the gravitropic response. We collected RNA-Seq data from the head, middle and tip of two tuber shape variants: F60 (long, thin) and F2000 (short, thick). Comparative transcriptome analysis of F60 vs. F2000 revealed 30,229 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 1,393 of which were differentially expressed in the growing tip. Several DEGs are involved in steroid/BR biosynthesis or signaling, or may be regulated by BRs. The quantification of endogenous BRs revealed higher levels of castasterone (CS), 28-norCS, 28-homoCS and brassinolide in F2000 compared to F60 tubers. The highest BR levels were detected in the growing tip, and CS was the most abundant (439.6 ± 196.41 pmol/g in F2000 and 365.6 ± 112.78 pmol/g in F60). Exogenous 24-epi-brassinolide (epi-BL) treatment (20 nM) in an aeroponic system significantly increased the width-to-length ratio (0.045 ± 0.002) compared to the mock-treated plants (0.03 ± 0.002) after 7 weeks, indicating that exogenous epi-BL produces shorter and thicker tubers. In this study we demonstrate the role of BRs in D. polystachya tuber shape, providing insight into the role of plant hormones in yam storage organ development. We found that BRs can influence tuber shape in Chinese yam by regulating the expression of genes involved cell expansion. Our data can help to improve the efficiency of Chinese yam cultivation, which could provide an alternative food source and thus contribute to future food security in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Riekötter
- Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jana Oklestkova
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany and Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jost Muth
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Janina Epping
- Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Shi Z, Chen X, Xue H, Jia T, Meng F, Liu Y, Luo X, Xiao G, Zhu S. GhBZR3 suppresses cotton fiber elongation by inhibiting very-long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:785-799. [PMID: 35653239 PMCID: PMC9544170 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT (BZR) transcription factor is a core component of brassinosteroid (BR) signaling and is involved in the development of many plant species. BR is essential for the initiation and elongation of cotton fibers. However, the mechanism of BR-regulating fiber development and the function of BZR is poorly understood in Gossypium hirsutum L. (cotton). Here, we identified a BZR family transcription factor protein referred to as GhBZR3 in cotton. Overexpression of GhBZR3 in Arabidopsis caused shorter root hair length, hypocotyl length, and hypocotyl cell length, indicating that GhBZR3 negatively regulates cell elongation. Pathway enrichment analysis from VIGS-GhBZR3 cotton plants found that fatty acid metabolism and degradation might be the regulatory pathway that is primarily controlled by GhBZR3. Silencing GhBZR3 expression in cotton resulted in taller plant height as well as longer fibers. The very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) content was also significantly increased in silenced GhBZR3 plants compared with the wild type. The GhKCS13 promoter, a key gene for VLCFA biosynthesis, contains two GhBZR3 binding sites. The results of yeast one-hybrid, electrophoretic mobility shift, and luciferase assays revealed that GhBZR3 directly interacted with the GhKCS13 promoter to suppress gene expression. Taken together, these results indicate that GhBZR3 negatively regulates cotton fiber development by reducing VLCFA biosynthesis. This study not only deepens our understanding of GhBZR3 function in cotton fiber development, but also highlights the potential of improving cotton fiber length and plant growth using GhBZR3 and its related genes in future cotton breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular PhysiologyInstitute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100093China
- College of Life ScienceUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Xia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular PhysiologyInstitute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100093China
- College of Life ScienceUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Huidan Xue
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringShaanxi University of Science and TechnologyXi'an710021China
- School of Ecology and EnvironmentNorthwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710012China
| | - Tingting Jia
- College of Life SciencesShaanxi Normal UniversityXi'an710062China
| | - Funing Meng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular PhysiologyInstitute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100093China
- College of Life ScienceUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Yunfei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular PhysiologyInstitute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100093China
- College of Life ScienceUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Xiaomin Luo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular PhysiologyInstitute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100093China
| | - Guanghui Xiao
- College of Life SciencesShaanxi Normal UniversityXi'an710062China
| | - Shengwei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular PhysiologyInstitute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100093China
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Lin F, Cao J, Yuan J, Liang Y, Li J. Integration of Light and Brassinosteroid Signaling during Seedling Establishment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12971. [PMID: 34884771 PMCID: PMC8657978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Light and brassinosteroid (BR) are external stimuli and internal cue respectively, that both play critical roles in a wide range of developmental and physiological process. Seedlings grown in the light exhibit photomorphogenesis, while BR promotes seedling etiolation. Light and BR oppositely control the development switch from shotomorphogenesis in the dark to photomorphogenesis in the light. Recent progress report that substantial components have been identified as hubs to integrate light and BR signals. Photomorphogenic repressors including COP1, PIFs, and AGB1 have been reported to elevate BR response, while photomorphogenesis-promoting factors such as HY5, BZS1, and NF-YCs have been proven to repress BR signal. In addition, BR components also modulate light signal. Here, we review the current research on signaling network associated with light and brassinosteroids, with a focus on the integration of light and BR signals enabling plants to thrive in the changeable environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.C.); (J.Y.); (Y.L.); (J.L.)
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Somssich M, Vandenbussche F, Ivakov A, Funke N, Ruprecht C, Vissenberg K, VanDer Straeten D, Persson S, Suslov D. Brassinosteroids Influence Arabidopsis Hypocotyl Graviresponses through Changes in Mannans and Cellulose. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:678-692. [PMID: 33570567 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The force of gravity is a constant environmental factor. Plant shoots respond to gravity through negative gravitropism and gravity resistance. These responses are essential for plants to direct the growth of aerial organs away from the soil surface after germination and to keep an upright posture above ground. We took advantage of the effect of brassinosteroids (BRs) on the two types of graviresponses in Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyls to disentangle functions of cell wall polymers during etiolated shoot growth. The ability of etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings to grow upward was suppressed in the presence of 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) but enhanced in the presence of brassinazole (BRZ), an inhibitor of BR biosynthesis. These effects were accompanied by changes in cell wall mechanics and composition. Cell wall biochemical analyses, confocal microscopy of the cellulose-specific pontamine S4B dye and cellular growth analyses revealed that the EBL and BRZ treatments correlated with changes in cellulose fibre organization, cell expansion at the hypocotyl base and mannan content. Indeed, a longitudinal reorientation of cellulose fibres and growth inhibition at the base of hypocotyls supported their upright posture whereas the presence of mannans reduced gravitropic bending. The negative effect of mannans on gravitropism is a new function for this class of hemicelluloses. We also found that EBL interferes with upright growth of hypocotyls through their uneven thickening at the base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Somssich
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Filip Vandenbussche
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Alexander Ivakov
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Norma Funke
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
- Targenomix GmbH, Am Muehlenberg 11, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Colin Ruprecht
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Biology Department, Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerpen 2020, Belgium
- Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Agriculture, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Stavromenos, Heraklion, Crete 71410, Greece
| | - Dominique VanDer Straeten
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
| | - Dmitry Suslov
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
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Ponnu J, Hoecker U. Illuminating the COP1/SPA Ubiquitin Ligase: Fresh Insights Into Its Structure and Functions During Plant Photomorphogenesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:662793. [PMID: 33841486 PMCID: PMC8024647 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.662793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase in plants and animals. Discovered originally in Arabidopsis thaliana, COP1 acts in a complex with SPA proteins as a central repressor of light-mediated responses in plants. By ubiquitinating and promoting the degradation of several substrates, COP1/SPA regulates many aspects of plant growth, development and metabolism. In contrast to plants, human COP1 acts as a crucial regulator of tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss the recent important findings in COP1/SPA research including a brief comparison between COP1 activity in plants and humans.
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Ortiz-Morea FA, He P, Shan L, Russinova E. It takes two to tango - molecular links between plant immunity and brassinosteroid signalling. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/22/jcs246728. [PMID: 33239345 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.246728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to the invasion of microorganisms, plants actively balance their resources for growth and defence, thus ensuring their survival. The regulatory mechanisms underlying plant immunity and growth operate through complex networks, in which the brassinosteroid phytohormone is one of the central players. In the past decades, a growing number of studies have revealed a multi-layered crosstalk between brassinosteroid-mediated growth and plant immunity. In this Review, by means of the tango metaphor, we immerse ourselves into the intimate relationship between brassinosteroid and plant immune signalling pathways that is tailored by the lifestyle of the pathogen and modulated by other phytohormones. The plasma membrane is the unique stage where brassinosteroid and immune signals are dynamically integrated and where compartmentalization into nanodomains that host distinct protein consortia is crucial for the dance. Shared downstream signalling components and transcription factors relay the tango play to the nucleus to activate the plant defence response and other phytohormonal signalling pathways for the finale. Understanding how brassinosteroid and immune signalling pathways are integrated in plants will help develop strategies to minimize the growth-defence trade-off, a key challenge for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Andres Ortiz-Morea
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA .,Amazonian Research Center Cimaz-Macagual, University of the Amazon, Florencia 180002622, Colombia
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium .,Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Matzke CM, Shore JS, Neff MM, McCubbin AG. The Turnera Style S-Locus Gene TsBAHD Possesses Brassinosteroid-Inactivating Activity When Expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111566. [PMID: 33202834 PMCID: PMC7697239 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heterostyly distinct hermaphroditic floral morphs enforce outbreeding. Morphs differ structurally, promote cross-pollination, and physiologically block self-fertilization. In Turnera the self-incompatibility (S)-locus controlling heterostyly possesses three genes specific to short-styled morph genomes. Only one gene, TsBAHD, is expressed in pistils and this has been hypothesized to possess brassinosteroid (BR)-inactivating activity. We tested this hypothesis using heterologous expression in Arabidopsis thaliana as a bioassay, thereby assessing growth phenotype, and the impacts on the expression of endogenous genes involved in BR homeostasis and seedling photomorphogenesis. Transgenic A. thaliana expressing TsBAHD displayed phenotypes typical of BR-deficient mutants, with phenotype severity dependent on TsBAHD expression level. BAS1, which encodes an enzyme involved in BR inactivation, was downregulated in TsBAHD-expressing lines. CPD and DWF, which encode enzymes involved in BR biosynthesis, were upregulated. Hypocotyl growth of TsBAHD dwarfs responded to application of brassinolide in light and dark in a manner typical of plants over-expressing genes encoding BR-inactivating activity. These results provide empirical support for the hypothesis that TsBAHD possesses BR-inactivating activity. Further this suggests that style length in Turnera is controlled by the same mechanism (BR inactivation) as that reported for Primula, but using a different class of enzyme. This reveals interesting convergent evolution in a biochemical mechanism to regulate floral form in heterostyly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M. Matzke
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA;
| | - Joel S. Shore
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J1P3, Canada;
| | - Michael M. Neff
- Department of Crops and Soils, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
| | - Andrew G. McCubbin
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Du J, Gerttula S, Li Z, Zhao ST, Liu YL, Liu Y, Lu MZ, Groover AT. Brassinosteroid regulation of wood formation in poplar. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1516-1530. [PMID: 31120133 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids have been implicated in the differentiation of vascular cell types in herbaceous plants, but their roles during secondary growth and wood formation are not well defined. Here we pharmacologically and genetically manipulated brassinosteroid levels in poplar trees and assayed the effects on secondary growth and wood formation, and on gene expression within stems. Elevated brassinosteroid levels resulted in increases in secondary growth and tension wood formation, while inhibition of brassinosteroid synthesis resulted in decreased growth and secondary vascular differentiation. Analysis of gene expression showed that brassinosteroid action is positively associated with genes involved in cell differentiation and cell-wall biosynthesis. The results presented here show that brassinosteroids play a foundational role in the regulation of secondary growth and wood formation, in part through the regulation of cell differentiation and secondary cell wall biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Pacific Southwest Research Station, US Forest Service, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - Suzanne Gerttula
- Pacific Southwest Research Station, US Forest Service, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - Zehua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Shu-Tang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Ying-Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Meng-Zhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Andrew T Groover
- Pacific Southwest Research Station, US Forest Service, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Rozhon W, Akter S, Fernandez A, Poppenberger B. Inhibitors of Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis and Signal Transduction. Molecules 2019; 24:E4372. [PMID: 31795392 PMCID: PMC6930552 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical inhibitors are invaluable tools for investigating protein function in reverse genetic approaches. Their application bears many advantages over mutant generation and characterization. Inhibitors can overcome functional redundancy, their application is not limited to species for which tools of molecular genetics are available and they can be applied to specific tissues or developmental stages, making them highly convenient for addressing biological questions. The use of inhibitors has helped to elucidate hormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways and here we review compounds that were developed for the plant hormones brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are steroids that have strong growth-promoting capacities, are crucial for all stages of plant development and participate in adaptive growth processes and stress response reactions. In the last two decades, impressive progress has been made in BR inhibitor development and application, which has been instrumental for studying BR modes of activity and identifying and characterizing key players. Both, inhibitors that target biosynthesis, such as brassinazole, and inhibitors that target signaling, such as bikinin, exist and in a comprehensive overview we summarize knowledge and methodology that enabled their design and key findings of their use. In addition, the potential of BR inhibitors for commercial application in plant production is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Rozhon
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | | | | | - Brigitte Poppenberger
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Sakaguchi J, Matsushita T, Watanabe Y. DWARF4 accumulation in root tips is enhanced via blue light perception by cryptochromes. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1615-1629. [PMID: 30620085 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroid (BR) signalling is known to be coordinated with light signalling in above ground tissue. Many studies focusing on the shade avoidance response in above ground tissue or hypocotyl elongation in darkness have revealed the contribution of the BR signalling pathway to these processes. We previously analysed the expression of DWARF 4 (DWF4), a key BR biosynthesis enzyme, and revealed that light perception in above ground tissues triggered DWF4 accumulation in root tips. To determine the required wavelength of light and photoreceptors responsible for this regulation, we studied DWF4-GUS marker plants grown in several monochromatic light conditions. We revealed that monochromatic blue LED light could induce DWF4 accumulation in primary root tips and root growth as much as white light, whereas monochromatic red LED could not. Consistent with this, a cryptochrome1/2 double mutant showed retarded root growth under white light whereas a phytochromeA/B double mutant did not. Taken together, our data strongly indicated that blue light signalling was important for DWF4 accumulation in root tips and root growth. Furthermore, DWF4 accumulation patterns in primary root tips were not altered by auxin or sugar treatment. Therefore, we hypothesize that blue light signalling from the shoot tissue is different from auxin and sugar signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sakaguchi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | | | - Yuichiro Watanabe
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
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12
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Setsungnern A, Treesubsuntorn C, Thiravetyan P. Exogenous 24-epibrassinolide enhanced benzene detoxification in Chlorophytum comosum via overexpression and conjugation by glutathione. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 662:805-815. [PMID: 30708296 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Benzene, a hydrophobic xenobiotic, induces cell damage in both humans and plants. Due to its volatilization, benzene is an airborne environmental problem. The potential of an exogenous bioactive brassinosteroid phytohormone to enhance benzene removal for phytoremediation was investigated. Chlorophytum comosum had higher brassinosteroids content under benzene stress. Plant treated with 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) removed significantly more gaseous benzene than untreated plants under both light and dark conditions at an initial benzene of 12.75 μmol in the systematic chambers (P < 0.05). Although benzene increased malondialdehyde in plant tissue, EBR-treated plants lowered this lipid peroxidation by enhancing their antioxidant content and increasing benzene detoxification-related genes expression, including ascorbic acid (AsA), homogentisate phytyltransferase (HPT), and glutathione synthethase (GS). This contributed to maintaining higher photosynthetic performances. Moreover, EBR-treated plants had higher gene expression of ferredoxin-NADP reductase (FNR) and glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase (G6PDH), thus promoting NADPH biosynthesis to cope with benzene under light and dark conditions, respectively. Further, higher glutathione biosynthesis promoted more glutathione conjugate of benzene products including S-phenylcysteine (SPC) in EBR-treated plants. Hence, application of exogenous EBR as foliar spray provided for enhanced benzene detoxification via antioxidant content, benzene detoxification-related genes and benzene conjugation products with glutathione (GSH) and consequently greater gaseous benzene removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnon Setsungnern
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Chairat Treesubsuntorn
- Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Paitip Thiravetyan
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand.
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13
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Wu J, Wang W, Xu P, Pan J, Zhang T, Li Y, Li G, Yang H, Lian H. phyB Interacts with BES1 to Regulate Brassinosteroid Signaling in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:353-366. [PMID: 30388258 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Light is an important environmental factor, which mainly inhibits hypocotyl elongation through various photoreceptors. In contrast, brassinosteroids (BRs) are major hypocotyl elongation-promoting hormones in plants, which could optimize photomorphogenesis concurrent with external light. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the antagonism of light and BR signaling remain largely unknown. Here we show that the Arabidopsis red light receptor phyB is involved in inhibition of BR signaling via its direct interaction with the BR transcription factor BES1. In our study, the phyB mutant displays BR hypersensitivity, which is repressed in transgenic plants overexpressing phyB, suggesting that phyB negatively regulates the BR signaling pathway. In addition, protein interaction results show that phyB directly interacts with dephosphorylated BES1, the physiologically active form of BES1 induced by BR, in a red light-dependent manner. Genetic analyses suggest that phyB may act partially through BES1 to regulate BR signaling. Transcriptomic data and quantitative real-time PCR assay further show that phyB-mediated red light inhibits BR signaling by repressing expression of BES1 target genes, including the BR biosynthesis genes DWF4, the SAUR family and the PRE family genes required for promoting cell elongation. Finally, we found that red light treatment inhibits the DNA-binding activity of BES1 and photoactivated phyB represses the transcriptional activity of BES1 under red light. Taken together, we suggest that the interaction of phyB with dephosphorylated BES1 may allow plants to balance light and BR signaling by repressing transcriptional activity of BES1 to regulate expression of its target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxiu Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengbo Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Pan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guowei Li
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongquan Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongli Lian
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Wang W, Chen Q, Botella JR, Guo S. Beyond Light: Insights Into the Role of Constitutively Photomorphogenic1 in Plant Hormonal Signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:557. [PMID: 31156657 PMCID: PMC6532413 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Light is an important environmental factor with profound effects in plant growth and development. Constitutively photomorphogenic1 (COP1) is a vital component of the light signaling pathway as a negative regulator of photomorphogenesis. Although the role of COP1 in light signaling has been firmly established for some time, recent studies have proven that COP1 is also a crucial part of multiple plant hormonal regulatory pathways. In this article, we review the available evidence involving COP1 in hormone signaling, its molecular mechanisms, and its contribution to the complicated regulatory network linking light and plant hormone signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Department of Biology and Food Science, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Qingbin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - José Ramón Botella
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: José Ramón Botella,
| | - Siyi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Siyi Guo,
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15
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Liu K, Li Y, Chen X, Li L, Liu K, Zhao H, Wang Y, Han S. ERF72 interacts with ARF6 and BZR1 to regulate hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:3933-3947. [PMID: 29897568 PMCID: PMC6054149 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormones brassinosteroid (BR), auxin, and gibberellin (GA) regulate photomorphogenesis-related hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis via the co-operative interaction of BZR-ARF-PIF/DELLA (BAP/D) transcription factors/regulators. In addition, ethylene activates the PIF3 or ERF1 pathway through EIN3/EIL1 to balance hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis seedlings. However, the mechanism by which ethylene is co-ordinated with other phytohormones to produce light-regulated hypocotyl growth remains elusive. In this study, we found that hypocotyl cell elongation is regulated by a network involving ethylene, auxin, and BR signalling, which is mediated by interactions among ERF72, ARF6, and BZR1. ERF72 interacted directly with ARF6 and BZR1 in vitro and in vivo, and it antagonised regulation by ARF6 and BZR1 of the transcription of BEE3 and XTH7. In addition, light modulated the subcellular localisation of ERF72 and transcription of ERF72 through the EIN2-EIN3/EIL1 pathway, facilitating the function of ERF72 in photomorphogenesis. The expression of BEE3 and XTH7 was also regulated by the EIN2-EIN3/EIL1 pathway. Our findings indicate that a revised BZR-ARF-PIF/DELLA-ERF (BAP/DE) module integrates light and hormone signals to regulate hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yihao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuena Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Heping Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingdian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Correspondence: or
| | - Shengcheng Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Correspondence: or
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16
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Zhang Z, Xu L. Arabidopsis BRASSINOSTEROID INACTIVATOR2 is a typical BAHD acyltransferase involved in brassinosteroid homeostasis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1925-1941. [PMID: 29462426 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant-specific steroidal hormones; BR homeostasis is crucial for various aspects of plant growth and development. However, to date, the BR inactivation process has not been thoroughly elucidated. In this study, we identified and characterized a novel BAHD family acyltransferase gene, BRASSINOSTEROID INACTIVATOR2 (BIA2), involved in BR inactivation. BIA2-overexpressing (OE-BIA2) plants displayed typical BR-deficient phenotypes, which were rescued by exogenous BR treatment. Real-time qRT-PCR and transcriptome analyses showed that expression levels of virtually all of the BR biosynthetic genes were increased, whereas the expression of many BR inactivation genes was reduced in OE-BIA2 plants. Root inhibition assays showed that the root growth of OE-BIA2 plants was inhibited. We obtained plants with an intermediate phenotype by crossing the OE-BIA2 plants with BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1)-overexpressing plants. The null BIA2 mutants had longer hypocotyls in the dark. BIA2 was predominantly expressed in roots, and its expression was induced by 24-epibrassinolide or dark treatment, but it exhibited a differential expression pattern compared with its homologue, BIA1. Furthermore, genetic transformation with point-mutant and deleted-BIA2 constructs confirmed that the HXXXD motif is essential for the function of BIA2. Taken together, these findings indicate that BIA2 is a typical BAHD acyltransferase that is involved in BR homeostasis and may inactivate bioactive BRs by esterification, particularly in roots and hypocotyls under dark conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liping Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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17
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Xu DB, Gao SQ, Ma YN, Wang XT, Feng L, Li LC, Xu ZS, Chen YF, Chen M, Ma YZ. The G-Protein β Subunit AGB1 Promotes Hypocotyl Elongation through Inhibiting Transcription Activation Function of BBX21 in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:1206-1223. [PMID: 28827171 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Hypocotyl development in Arabidopsis thaliana is regulated by light and endogenous hormonal cues, making it an ideal model to study the interplay between light and endogenous growth regulators. BBX21, a B-box (BBX)-like zinc-finger transcription factor, integrates light and abscisic acid signals to regulate hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis. Heterotrimeric G-proteins are pivotal regulators of plant development. The short hypocotyl phenotype of the G-protein β-subunit (AGB1) mutant (agb1-2) has been previously identified, but the precise role of AGB1 in hypocotyl elongation remains enigmatic. Here, we show that AGB1 directly interacts with BBX21, and the short hypocotyl phenotype of agb1-2 is partially suppressed in agb1-2bbx21-1 double mutant. BBX21 functions in the downstream of AGB1 and overexpression of BBX21 in agb1-2 causes a more pronounced reduction in hypocotyl length, indicating that AGB1 plays an oppositional role in relation to BBX21 during hypocotyl development. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the C-terminal region of BBX21 is important for both its intracellular localization and its transcriptional activation activity that is inhibited by interaction with AGB1. ChIP assays showed that BBX21 specifically associates with its own promoter and with those of BBX22, HY5, and GA2ox1. which is not altered in agb1-2. These data suggest that the AGB1-BBX21 interaction only affects the transcriptional activation activity of BBX21 but has no effect on its DNA binding ability. Taken together, our data demonstrate that AGB1 positively promotes hypocotyl elongation through repressing BBX21 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Bei Xu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China; Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Qianhu Houcun, Zhongshanmen Wai, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210014, PR China
| | - Shi-Qing Gao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Hybrid Wheat, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Ya-Nan Ma
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lu Feng
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lian-Cheng Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhao-Shi Xu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yao-Feng Chen
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Ming Chen
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - You-Zhi Ma
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China.
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18
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Sakaguchi J, Watanabe Y. Light perception in aerial tissues enhances DWF4 accumulation in root tips and induces root growth. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1808. [PMID: 28500288 PMCID: PMC5431926 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01872-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Many attempts have been made to characterize the activities of brassinosteroids (BRs), which are important plant hormones. The crosstalk between light perception and the BR signalling pathway has been extensively studied regarding its effects on photomorphogenesis, especially in elongating etiolated hypocotyls. In contrast, how and where the light induces BR biosynthesis remain uncharacterized. DWF4 is one of the main enzymes involved in the BR biosynthesis pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. We established DWF4-GUS A. thaliana lines in a homozygous dwf4-102 genetic background, but functionally complemented with a genomic DWF4 sequence fused in-frame with a β-glucuronidase (GUS) marker gene. The DWF4-GUS plants enabled the visualization of the accumulation of DWF4 under different conditions. We investigated the effects of aboveground light on root and hypocotyl growth. We observed that root length increased when shoots were maintained under light irrespective of whether roots were exposed to light. We also determined that light perception in aerial tissues enhanced DWF4 accumulation in the root tips. Overall, our data indicate that BR biosynthesis is promoted in the root tip regions by an unknown mechanism in distantly located shoot tissues exposed to light, leading to increased root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sakaguchi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Watanabe
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
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19
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Straltsova D, Chykun P, Subramaniam S, Sosan A, Kolbanov D, Sokolik A, Demidchik V. Cation channels are involved in brassinosteroid signalling in higher plants. Steroids 2015; 97:98-106. [PMID: 25449770 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are an important class of plant hormones with a multitude of functions. They have been intensively investigated for their biosynthesis, distribution and physiological functions. The aim of this study was to examine possible effects of BRs on the plant plasma membrane cation conductances and Ca(2+) signalling. The wheat root protoplasts (tested by patch-clamping) and excised arabidopsis roots (analysed by Ca(2+)-aequorin chemiluminometry), were used. In the whole-cell plasma membrane patches, 24-epibrassinolide, 28-homobrassionolide or 24-epicastasterone (1 μM) were applied exogenously. 24-Epicastasterone increased the activity of the K(+) efflux conductance in 50% of tested protoplasts while 24-epibrassonolide and 28-homobrassionolide did not modify the plasma membrane currents. Addition of 24-epicastasterone at the cytosolic side (to the pipette solution) resulted in dramatic stimulation of a time-dependent K(+) efflux current (in 30% of protoplasts) and an activation of Ca(2+) influx currents (in 30% of protoplasts). Gadolinium ions, which are blockers of cation channels, inhibited the 24-epicastasterone-induced cation channel activities. In Arabidopsis thaliana plants constitutively expressing aequorin, exogenous 24-epibrassonolide, 28-homobrassionolide and 24-epicastasterone induced a transient elevation of the cytosolic free Ca(2+), which was inhibited by Gd(3+) and mediated by Ca(2+) influx from the bathing solution. In Ca(2+)-aequorin tests, 10 μM of exogenous BRs was the minimal concentration at which statistically significant changes of the cytosolic Ca(2+) were observed. In conclusion, the obtained results suggest that the plasma membrane of root cells contains the brassinosteroid-activated cation-permeable channels, which can probably be involved in rapid regulation of the K(+) homeostasis and Ca(2+) signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Straltsova
- Department of Plant Cell Biology and Bioengineering, Biological Faculty, Belarusian State University, 4 Independence Ave., Minsk 220030, Belarus.
| | - Palina Chykun
- Department of Plant Cell Biology and Bioengineering, Biological Faculty, Belarusian State University, 4 Independence Ave., Minsk 220030, Belarus.
| | - Sunitha Subramaniam
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Arifa Sosan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Dmitriy Kolbanov
- Department of Plant Cell Biology and Bioengineering, Biological Faculty, Belarusian State University, 4 Independence Ave., Minsk 220030, Belarus.
| | - Anatoliy Sokolik
- Department of Plant Cell Biology and Bioengineering, Biological Faculty, Belarusian State University, 4 Independence Ave., Minsk 220030, Belarus.
| | - Vadim Demidchik
- Department of Plant Cell Biology and Bioengineering, Biological Faculty, Belarusian State University, 4 Independence Ave., Minsk 220030, Belarus.
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20
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Kim MK, Jang MS, Youn JH, Son SH, Lee JE, Kim TW, Kim SK. Occurrence of phosphorylated castasterone in Arabidopsis thaliana and Lycopersicum esculentum. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 153:58-67. [PMID: 24939035 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An in vitro enzyme assay using radioisotope-labeled (3) H-castasterone ((3) H-CS) or (32) P-ATP showed that CS can be phosphorylated by ATP in Arabidopsis and tomato plants. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis using non-isotope-labeled CS and ATP revealed that the phosphorylation of CS occurs at the side chain, most likely at the C-23 hydroxyl. The polar fractions than free brassinosteroids (BRs) obtained from extracts of Arabidopsis and tomato showed almost no BRs activity in a rice lamina inclination bioassay. However, the fractions showed increased bioactivity after treatment with wheat germ acidic phosphatase (WGAP). Additionally, CS was identified from the hydrolysate by WGAP using GC-MS analysis in both plants. In contrast, the polar fractions obtained from BR-deficient mutants, Arabidopsis cyp85a2 and tomato d(x) , did not show an increase in biological activity with WGAP treatment, and no free BRs, including CS, were detected in the hydrolysate. This suggests that CS phosphate is a naturally occurring biologically inactive conjugate that is generated when CS is normally synthesized in Arabidopsis and tomato plants. Taken together, these results suggest that phosphorylation of CS is an important conjugation process for the maintenance of the homeostatic level of an active BR and thus the regulation of the growth and development of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyun Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
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21
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Ryu H, Cho H, Bae W, Hwang I. Control of early seedling development by BES1/TPL/HDA19-mediated epigenetic regulation of ABI3. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4138. [PMID: 24938150 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed germination and young seedling establishment should be tightly regulated to maximize plant survival and thereby enable successful propagation. Plants have evolved developmental signalling networks to integrate environmental cues for proper control of these critical processes, in which brassinosteroids are known to attenuate ABA-mediated arrest of early seedling development; however, the underlying regulatory mechanism remains elusive. Here we reveal that a BES1/TPL/HDA19 repressor complex mediates the inhibitory action of brassinosteroids on ABA responses during early seedling development. BR-activated BES1 forms a transcriptional repressor complex with TPL-HDA19, which directly facilitates the histone deacetylation of ABI3 chromatin. This event leads to the transcriptional repression of ABI3 and consequently ABI5, major ABA signalling regulators in early seedling development. Our data reveal that the BR-activated BES1-TPL-HDA19 repressor complex controls epigenetic silencing of ABI3 and thereby suppresses the ABA signalling output during early seedling development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojin Ryu
- 1] Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea [2] Division of Agricultural Microbiology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon 441-707, South Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Cho
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Wonsil Bae
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Ildoo Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
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22
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Abstract
The brassinosteroid (BR) class of steroid hormones regulates plant development and physiology. The BR signal is transduced by a receptor kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway, which is distinct from animal steroid signalling systems. Recent studies have fully connected the BR signal transduction chain and have identified thousands of BR target genes, linking BR signalling to numerous cellular processes. Molecular links between BR and several other signalling pathways have also been identified. Here, we provide an overview of the highly integrated BR signalling network and explain how this steroid hormone functions as a master regulator of plant growth, development and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ying Zhu
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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23
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Zhou XY, Song L, Xue HW. Brassinosteroids regulate the differential growth of Arabidopsis hypocotyls through auxin signaling components IAA19 and ARF7. MOLECULAR PLANT 2013; 6:887-904. [PMID: 23125315 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sss123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are an important class of phytohormones which regulates a wide range of physiological processes. Genetic and physiological studies have revealed that BR responses usually depend on an intact auxin signaling pathway. Here, we demonstrate that high BR concentration or enhanced BR signaling induce the differential growth of etiolated hypocotyls and result in the morphological changes, while auxin-resistant mutants, msg2 (dominant mutant of IAA19) and arf7, are insensitive to the BR effect and can partially suppress the phenotype of bzr1-D (dominant mutant of BZR1 with enhanced BR signaling). Interestingly, BZR1 protein can directly bind to the promoter regions of both IAA19 and ARF7, indicating that IAA19 and ARF7 mediate the BR-induced differential growth by serving as direct targets of BZR1. Systemic microarray analysis revealed that a number of BR-responsive genes showed reduced BR response in msg2, confirming that BR employs auxin signaling components IAA19 and ARF7 to modulate the specific downstream processes. These results provide informative clues on the crosstalk of BR-auxin signaling and the mechanisms of BR-auxin effects in regulating differential growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yi Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China
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24
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Wang M, Liu X, Wang R, Li W, Rodermel S, Yu F. Overexpression of a putative Arabidopsis BAHD acyltransferase causes dwarfism that can be rescued by brassinosteroid. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:5787-801. [PMID: 22956280 PMCID: PMC3467296 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and development are ensured through networks of complex regulatory schemes. Genetic approaches have been invaluable in dissecting these regulatory pathways. This study reports the isolation of a semi-dominant dwarf mutant designated abnormal shoot1-1 dominant (abs1-1D) through an Arabidopsis T-DNA activation tagging mutant screen. It was shown that the overexpression of a novel BAHD family acyltransferase gene, ABS1/At4g15400, was the cause of the dwarf phenotype in abs1-1D. Overexpression of ABS1 led to many phenotypic features reminiscent of brassinosteroid (BR) deficient or signalling mutants, and it was shown that exogenously applied BR could effectively rescue the dwarf phenotype of abs1-1D. Furthermore, genetic analyses indicated that abs1-1D interacted, in different ways, with the BR-deficient mutant det2-1, the constitutive BR response mutant bes1-D and the photomorphogenic mutant phyB-1. Moreover, ABS1 expression was activated by BR treatment or in a bes1-D mutant background. Genome-wide transcriptome profiling of abs1-1D revealed clear reprogramming of metabolic pathways, and it was demonstrated that BR biosynthesis genes were activated in abs1-1D and that the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway was repressed in abs1-1D, as well as in det2-1. This work provides new insights into the possible involvement of BAHD acyltransferase in the regulation of plant growth and development, and indicates a possible role of ABS1 in maintaining BR homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University,
Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People’s Republic of
China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F
University), Yangling, Shaanxi 712100,
People’s Republic of China
- †These authors contributed equally to this article
| | - Xiayan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University,
Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People’s Republic of
China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F
University), Yangling, Shaanxi 712100,
People’s Republic of China
- †These authors contributed equally to this article
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University,
Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People’s Republic of
China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F
University), Yangling, Shaanxi 712100,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanchun Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University,
Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People’s Republic of
China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F
University), Yangling, Shaanxi 712100,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Steve Rodermel
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State
University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Fei Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University,
Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People’s Republic of
China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F
University), Yangling, Shaanxi 712100,
People’s Republic of China
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Interaction between BZR1 and PIF4 integrates brassinosteroid and environmental responses. Nat Cell Biol 2012; 14:802-9. [PMID: 22820378 PMCID: PMC3703456 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 581] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Plant growth is coordinately regulated by environmental and hormonal signals. Brassinosteroid (BR) plays essential roles in growth regulation by light and temperature, but the interactions between BR and these environmental signals remain poorly understood at the molecular level. Here, we show that direct interaction between the dark- and heat-activated transcription factor phytochrome-interacting factor 4 (PIF4) and the BR-activated transcription factor BZR1 integrates the hormonal and environmental signals. BZR1 and PIF4 interact with each other in vitro and in vivo, bind to nearly 2,000 common target genes, and synergistically regulate many of these target genes, including the PRE family helix-loop-helix factors required for promoting cell elongation. Genetic analysis indicates that BZR1 and PIFs are interdependent in promoting cell elongation in response to BR, darkness or heat. These results show that the BZR1-PIF4 interaction controls a core transcription network, enabling plant growth co-regulation by the steroid and environmental signals.
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Efimova MV, Kusnetsov VV, Kravtsov AK, Karnachuk RA, Khripach VA, Kuznetsov VV. Regulation of the transcription of plastid genes in plants by brassinosteroids. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2012; 445:272-275. [PMID: 22945534 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496612040199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Hartwig T, Corvalan C, Best NB, Budka JS, Zhu JY, Choe S, Schulz B. Propiconazole is a specific and accessible brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis inhibitor for Arabidopsis and maize. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36625. [PMID: 22590578 PMCID: PMC3348881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are steroidal hormones that play pivotal roles during plant development. In addition to the characterization of BR deficient mutants, specific BR biosynthesis inhibitors played an essential role in the elucidation of BR function in plants. However, high costs and limited availability of common BR biosynthetic inhibitors constrain their key advantage as a species-independent tool to investigate BR function. We studied propiconazole (Pcz) as an alternative to the BR inhibitor brassinazole (Brz). Arabidopsis seedlings treated with Pcz phenocopied BR biosynthetic mutants. The steady state mRNA levels of BR, but not gibberellic acid (GA), regulated genes increased proportional to the concentrations of Pcz. Moreover, root inhibition and Pcz-induced expression of BR biosynthetic genes were rescued by 24epi-brassinolide, but not by GA(3) co-applications. Maize seedlings treated with Pcz showed impaired mesocotyl, coleoptile, and true leaf elongation. Interestingly, the genetic background strongly impacted the tissue specific sensitivity towards Pcz. Based on these findings we conclude that Pcz is a potent and specific inhibitor of BR biosynthesis and an alternative to Brz. The reduced cost and increased availability of Pcz, compared to Brz, opens new possibilities to study BR function in larger crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hartwig
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
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28
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Fan XY, Sun Y, Cao DM, Bai MY, Luo XM, Yang HJ, Wei CQ, Zhu SW, Sun Y, Chong K, Wang ZY. BZS1, a B-box protein, promotes photomorphogenesis downstream of both brassinosteroid and light signaling pathways. MOLECULAR PLANT 2012; 5:591-600. [PMID: 22535582 PMCID: PMC3709415 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sss041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photomorphogenesis is controlled by multiple signaling pathways, including the light and brassinosteroid (BR) pathways. BR signaling activates the BZR1 transcription factor, which is required for suppressing photomorphogenesis in the dark. We identified a suppressor of the BR hypersensitive mutant bzr1-1D and named it bzr1-1D suppressor1-Dominant (bzs1-D). The bzs1-D mutation was caused by overexpression of a B-box zinc finger protein BZS1, which is transcriptionally repressed by BZR1. Overexpression of BZS1 causes de-etiolation in the dark, short hypocotyls in the light, reduced sensitivity to BR treatment, and repression of many BR-activated genes. Knockdown of BZS1 by co-suppression partly suppressed the short hypocotyl phenotypes of BR-deficient or insensitive mutants. These results support that BZS1 is a negative regulator of BR response. BZS1 overexpressors are hypersensitive to different wavelengths of light and loss of function of BZS1 reduces plant sensitivity to light and partly suppresses the constitutive photomorphogenesis 1 (cop1) mutant in the dark, suggesting a positive role in light response. BZS1 protein accumulates at an increased level after light treatment of dark-grown BZS1-OX plants and in the cop1 mutants, and BZS1 interacts with COP1 in vitro, suggesting that light regulates BZS1 through COP1-mediated ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. These results demonstrate that BZS1 mediates the crosstalk between BR and light pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ying Fan
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
100093, China
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, College of Life
Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050016, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, College of Life
Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050016, China
| | - Dong-Mei Cao
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
100093, China
- Institute of Horticulture, Shanxi Academy of Agriculture
Sciences, Shanxi 030031, China
| | - Ming-Yi Bai
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for
Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xiao-Min Luo
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
100093, China
| | - Hong-Juan Yang
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
100093, China
| | - Chuang-Qi Wei
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, College of Life
Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050016, China
| | - Sheng-Wei Zhu
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
100093, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, College of Life
Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050016, China
| | - Kang Chong
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
100093, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for
Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed.
E-mail
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Hao Y, Oh E, Choi G, Liang Z, Wang ZY. Interactions between HLH and bHLH factors modulate light-regulated plant development. MOLECULAR PLANT 2012; 5:688-97. [PMID: 22331621 PMCID: PMC3628346 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sss011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Phytochromes (Phy) and phytochrome-interacting factor (PIF) transcription factors constitute a major signaling module that controls plant development in response to red and far-red light. A low red:far-red ratio is interpreted as shading by neighbor plants and induces cell elongation-a phenomenon called shade-avoidance syndrome (SAS). PAR1 and its closest homolog PAR2 are negative regulators of SAS; they belong to the HLH transcription factor family that lacks a typical basic domain required for DNA binding, and they are believed to regulate gene expressions through DNA binding transcription factors that are yet to be identified. Here, we show that light signal stabilizes PAR1 protein and PAR1 interacts with PIF4 and inhibits PIF4-mediated gene activation. DNA pull-down and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays showed that PAR1 inhibits PIF4 DNA binding in vitro and in vivo. Transgenic plants overexpressing PAR1 (PAR1OX) are insensitive to gibberellin (GA) or high temperature in hypocotyl elongation, similarly to the pifq mutant. In addition to PIF4, PAR1 also interacts with PRE1, a HLH transcription factor activated by brassinosteroid (BR) and GA. Overexpression of PRE1 largely suppressed the dwarf phenotype of PAR1OX. These results indicate that PAR1-PRE1 and PAR1-PIF4 heterodimers form a complex HLH/bHLH network regulating cell elongation and plant development in response to light and hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Hao
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eunkyoo Oh
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Giltsu Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 305–701, Korea
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail
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30
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Arsovski AA, Galstyan A, Guseman JM, Nemhauser JL. Photomorphogenesis. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2012; 10:e0147. [PMID: 22582028 PMCID: PMC3350170 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As photoautotrophs, plants are exquisitely sensitive to their light environment. Light affects many developmental and physiological responses throughout plants' life histories. The focus of this chapter is on light effects during the crucial period of time between seed germination and the development of the first true leaves. During this time, the seedling must determine the appropriate mode of action to best achieve photosynthetic and eventual reproductive success. Light exposure triggers several major developmental and physiological events. These include: growth inhibition and differentiation of the embryonic stem (hypocotyl); maturation of the embryonic leaves (cotyledons); and establishment and activation of the stem cell population in the shoot and root apical meristems. Recent studies have linked a number of photoreceptors, transcription factors, and phytohormones to each of these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej A. Arsovski
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195-1800
| | - Anahit Galstyan
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195-1800
| | - Jessica M. Guseman
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195-1800
| | - Jennifer L. Nemhauser
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195-1800
- Address correspondence to
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31
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Shi QM, Yang X, Song L, Xue HW. Arabidopsis MSBP1 is activated by HY5 and HYH and is involved in photomorphogenesis and brassinosteroid sensitivity regulation. MOLECULAR PLANT 2011; 4:1092-104. [PMID: 21715650 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssr049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Membrane Steroid Binding Protein 1 (MSBP1) can bind steroids in vitro and negatively regulates brassinosteroid (BR) signaling, as well as cell elongation and expansion. Detailed analysis of the MSBP1 expression pattern based on quantitative real-time RT-PCR and promoter-GUS fusion studies revealed that MSBP1 expression in hypocotyls is stimulated by various light conditions. Interestingly, MSBP1 expression is greatly suppressed in hy5, hyh, or hy5 hyh mutants but enhanced in cop1 mutants. Further analysis employing a yeast one-hybrid assay, an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and a Chromatin IP (ChIP) assay confirmed the direct binding of Long Hypocotyl 5 (HY5) and HY5 Homolog (HYH) to the promoter region of MSBP1, indicating that MSBP1 is involved in light-regulated hypocotyl growth by serving as a direct target for HY5 and HYH. In addition, hy5 and hy5 hyh mutants show altered BR responses to light, which is consistent with the suppressed expression of MSBP1 in these mutants. These results suggest that light triggers MSBP1 expression through direct binding to and activation by HY5 and HYH, thereby inhibiting hypocotyl elongation. The findings also provide informative clues regarding the mechanisms for the negative regulation of BR sensitivity and photomorphogenesis during the dark-light transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Ming Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, 200032 Shanghai, PR China
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32
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Gudesblat GE, Russinova E. Plants grow on brassinosteroids. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 14:530-7. [PMID: 21802346 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant steroid hormones known mainly for promoting organ growth through their combined effect on cell expansion and division. In addition, BRs regulate a broad spectrum of plant developmental and physiological responses, including plant architecture, vascular differentiation, male fertility, flowering, senescence, photomorphogenesis and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Recently, a complete core BR signaling pathway was defined in which BR signals are conveyed from the cell surface to the nucleus through sequential signaling modules. A major challenge now is to understand precisely how this signaling pathway controls the different BR-regulated actions. The current identification of direct targets of BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT1 (BRZ1) and BR-INSENSITIVE-EMS-SUPPRESSOR1 (BES1)/BZR2 transcription factors suggests that BR signaling pathway controls growth and interacts with other signaling pathways mainly at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo E Gudesblat
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium
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33
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Tanaka R, Kobayashi K, Masuda T. Tetrapyrrole Metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2011; 9:e0145. [PMID: 22303270 PMCID: PMC3268503 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Higher plants produce four classes of tetrapyrroles, namely, chlorophyll (Chl), heme, siroheme, and phytochromobilin. In plants, tetrapyrroles play essential roles in a wide range of biological activities including photosynthesis, respiration and the assimilation of nitrogen/sulfur. All four classes of tetrapyrroles are derived from a common biosynthetic pathway that resides in the plastid. In this article, we present an overview of tetrapyrrole metabolism in Arabidopsis and other higher plants, and we describe all identified enzymatic steps involved in this metabolism. We also summarize recent findings on Chl biosynthesis and Chl breakdown. Recent advances in this field, in particular those on the genetic and biochemical analyses of novel enzymes, prompted us to redraw the tetrapyrrole metabolic pathways. In addition, we also summarize our current understanding on the regulatory mechanisms governing tetrapyrrole metabolism. The interactions of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis and other cellular processes including the plastid-to-nucleus signal transduction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryouichi Tanaka
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Tatsuru Masuda
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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34
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Ye H, Li L, Yin Y. Recent advances in the regulation of brassinosteroid signaling and biosynthesis pathways. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 53:455-68. [PMID: 21554539 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2011.01046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth, development and responses to environmental cues. BRs signal through plasma membrane receptor BRI1 and co-receptor BAK1, and several positive (BSK1, BSU1, PP2A) and negative (BKI1, BIN2 and 14-3-3) regulators to control the activities of BES1 and BZR1 family transcription factors, which regulate the expression of hundreds to thousands of genes for various BR responses. Recent studies identified novel signaling components in the BR pathways and started to establish the detailed mechanisms on the regulation of BR signaling. In addition, the molecular mechanism and transcriptional network through which BES1 and BZR1 control gene expression and various BR responses are beginning to be revealed. BES1 recruits histone demethylases ELF6 and REF6 as well as a transcription elongation factor IWS1 to regulate target gene expression. Identification of BES1 and BZR1 target genes established a transcriptional network for BR response and crosstalk with other signaling pathways. Recent studies also revealed regulatory mechanisms of BRs in many developmental processes and regulation of BR biosynthesis. Here we provide an overview and discuss some of the most recent progress in the regulation of BR signaling and biosynthesis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxun Ye
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, USA
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Chang CSJ, Maloof JN, Wu SH. COP1-mediated degradation of BBX22/LZF1 optimizes seedling development in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:228-39. [PMID: 21427283 PMCID: PMC3091042 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.175042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Light regulates multiple aspects of growth and development in plants. Transcriptomic changes govern the expression of signaling molecules with the perception of light. Also, the 26S proteasome regulates the accumulation of positive and negative regulators for optimal growth of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) in the dark, light, or light/dark cycles. BBX22, whose induction is both light regulated and HY5 dependent, is a positive regulator of deetiolation in Arabidopsis. We found that during skotomorphogenesis, the expression of BBX22 needs to be tightly regulated at both transcriptional and posttranslational levels. During photomorphogenesis, the expression of BBX22 transiently accumulates to execute its roles as a positive regulator. BBX22 protein accumulates to a higher level under short-day conditions and functions to inhibit hypocotyl elongation. The proteasome-dependent degradation of BBX22 protein is tightly controlled even in plants overexpressing BBX22. An analysis of BBX22 degradation kinetics shows that the protein has a short half-life under both dark and light conditions. COP1 mediates the degradation of BBX22 in the dark. Although dispensable in the dark, HY5 contributes to the degradation of BBX22 in the light. The constitutive photomorphogenic development of the cop1 mutant is enhanced in cop1BBX22ox plants, which show a short hypocotyl, high anthocyanin accumulation, and expression of light-responsive genes. Exaggerated light responsiveness is also observed in cop1BBX22ox seedlings grown under short-day conditions. Therefore, the proper accumulation of BBX22 is crucial for plants to maintain optimal growth when grown in the dark as well as to respond to seasonal changes in daylength.
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36
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Dasgupta K, Ganesan S, Manivasagam S, Ayre BG. A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase commonly used for negative selection in transgenic plants causes growth anomalies by disrupting brassinosteroid signaling. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:67. [PMID: 21496250 PMCID: PMC3094276 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases form a large superfamily of enzymes that catalyze diverse reactions. The P450 SU1 gene from the soil bacteria Streptomyces griseolus encodes CYP105A1 which acts on various substrates including sulfonylurea herbicides, vitamin D, coumarins, and based on the work presented here, brassinosteroids. P450 SU1 is used as a negative-selection marker in plants because CYP105A1 converts the relatively benign sulfonyl urea pro-herbicide R7402 into a highly phytotoxic product. Consistent with its use for negative selection, transgenic Arabidopsis plants were generated with P450 SU1 situated between recognition sequences for FLP recombinase from yeast to select for recombinase-mediated excision. However, unexpected and prominent developmental aberrations resembling those described for mutants defective in brassinosteroid signaling were observed in many of the lines. RESULTS The phenotypes of the most affected lines included severe stunting, leaf curling, darkened leaves characteristic of anthocyanin accumulation, delayed transition to flowering, low pollen and seed yields, and delayed senescence. Phenotype severity correlated with P450 SU1 transcript abundance, but not with transcript abundance of other experimental genes, strongly implicating CYP105A1 as responsible for the defects. Germination and seedling growth of transgenic and control lines in the presence and absence of 24-epibrassinolide indicated that CYP105A1 disrupts brassinosteroid signaling, most likely by inactivating brassinosteroids. CONCLUSIONS Despite prior use of this gene as a genetic tool, deleterious growth in the absence of R7402 has not been elaborated. We show that this gene can cause aberrant growth by disrupting brassinosteroid signaling and affecting homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Dasgupta
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton TX 76203-5017, USA
| | | | - Sindhu Manivasagam
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Brian G Ayre
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton TX 76203-5017, USA
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Luo XM, Lin WH, Zhu S, Zhu JY, Sun Y, Fan XY, Cheng M, Hao Y, Oh E, Tian M, Liu L, Zhang M, Xie Q, Chong K, Wang ZY. Integration of light- and brassinosteroid-signaling pathways by a GATA transcription factor in Arabidopsis. Dev Cell 2011; 19:872-83. [PMID: 21145502 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2010.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Light and brassinosteroid (BR) antagonistically regulate the developmental switch from etiolation in the dark to photomorphogenesis in the light in plants. Here, we identify GATA2 as a key transcriptional regulator that mediates the crosstalk between BR- and light-signaling pathways. Overexpression of GATA2 causes constitutive photomorphogenesis in the dark, whereas suppression of GATA2 reduces photomorphogenesis caused by light, BR deficiency, or the constitutive photomorphogenesis mutant cop1. Genome profiling and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments show that GATA2 directly regulates genes that respond to both light and BR. BR represses GATA2 transcription through the BR-activated transcription factor BZR1, whereas light causes accumulation of GATA2 protein and feedback inhibition of GATA2 transcription. Dark-induced proteasomal degradation of GATA2 is dependent on the COP1 E3 ubiquitin ligase, and COP1 can ubiquitinate GATA2 in vitro. This study illustrates a molecular framework for antagonistic regulation of gene expression and seedling photomorphogenesis by BR and light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Luo
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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38
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Koltai H, Kapulnik Y. Strigolactones as mediators of plant growth responses to environmental conditions. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:37-41. [PMID: 21248472 PMCID: PMC3122003 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.1.13245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) have been recently identified as a new group of plant hormones or their derivatives thereof, shown to play a role in plant development. Evolutionary forces have driven the development of mechanisms in plants that allow adaptive adjustments to a variety of different habitats by employing plasticity in shoot and root growth and development. The ability of SLs to regulate both shoot and root development suggests a role in the plant's response to its growth environment. To play this role, SL pathways need to be responsive to plant growth conditions, and affect plant growth toward increased adaptive adjustment. Here, the effects of SLs on shoot and root development are presented, and possible feedback loops between SLs and two environmental cues, light and nutrient status, are discussed; these might suggest a role for SLs in plants' adaptive adjustment to growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinanit Koltai
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel.
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Sun Y, Fan XY, Cao DM, Tang W, He K, Zhu JY, He JX, Bai MY, Zhu S, Oh E, Patil S, Kim TW, Ji H, Wong WH, Rhee SY, Wang ZY. Integration of brassinosteroid signal transduction with the transcription network for plant growth regulation in Arabidopsis. Dev Cell 2010; 19:765-77. [PMID: 21074725 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2010.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 619] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) regulate a wide range of developmental and physiological processes in plants through a receptor-kinase signaling pathway that controls the BZR transcription factors. Here, we use transcript profiling and chromatin-immunoprecipitation microarray (ChIP-chip) experiments to identify 953 BR-regulated BZR1 target (BRBT) genes. Functional studies of selected BRBTs further demonstrate roles in BR promotion of cell elongation. The BRBT genes reveal numerous molecular links between the BR-signaling pathway and downstream components involved in developmental and physiological processes. Furthermore, the results reveal extensive crosstalk between BR and other hormonal and light-signaling pathways at multiple levels. For example, BZR1 not only controls the expression of many signaling components of other hormonal and light pathways but also coregulates common target genes with light-signaling transcription factors. Our results provide a genomic map of steroid hormone actions in plants that reveals a regulatory network that integrates hormonal and light-signaling pathways for plant growth regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Wang H, Zhu Y, Fujioka S, Asami T, Li J, Li J. Regulation of Arabidopsis brassinosteroid signaling by atypical basic helix-loop-helix proteins. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:3781-91. [PMID: 20023194 PMCID: PMC2814491 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.072504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins are highly conserved transcription factors critical for cell proliferation and differentiation. Recent studies have implicated bHLH proteins in many plant signaling processes, including brassinosteroid (BR) signaling. Here, we report identification of two families of atypical bHLH proteins capable of modulating BR signaling. We found that activation-tagged bri1 suppressor 1-Dominant (atbs1-D), previously identified as a dominant suppressor of a weak BR receptor mutant bri1-301, was caused by overexpression of a 93-amino acid atypical bHLH protein lacking amino acids critical for DNA binding. Interestingly, atbs1-D only suppresses weak BR mutants, while overexpression of a truncated ATBS1 lacking the basic motif also rescues bri1-301, suggesting that ATBS1 likely stimulates BR signaling by sequestering negative BR signaling components. A yeast two-hybrid screen using ATBS1 as bait discovered four ATBS1-Interacting Factors (AIFs) that are members of another atypical bHLH protein subfamily. AIF1 exhibits an overlapping expression pattern with ATBS1 and its homologs and interacts with ATBS1 in vitro and in vivo. AIF1 overexpression nullifies the suppressive effect of atbs1-D on bri1-301 and results in dwarf transgenic plants resembling BR mutants. By contrast, silencing of AIF1 partially suppressed the bri1-301 phenotype. Our results suggested that plants use these atypical bHLH proteins to regulate BR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1048
| | - Yongyou Zhu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1048
| | - Shozo Fujioka
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tadao Asami
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Jiayang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianming Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1048
- Address correspondence to
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