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Milne RJ, Dibley KE, Bose J, Riaz A, Zhang J, Schnippenkoetter W, Ashton AR, Ryan PR, Tyerman SD, Lagudah ES. Dissecting the causal polymorphism of the Lr67res multipathogen resistance gene. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3877-3890. [PMID: 38618744 PMCID: PMC11233415 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Partial resistance to multiple biotrophic fungal pathogens in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is conferred by a variant of the Lr67 gene, which encodes a hexose-proton symporter. Two mutations (G144R and V387L) differentiate the resistant and susceptible protein variants (Lr67res and Lr67sus). Lr67res lacks sugar transport capability and was associated with anion transporter-like properties when expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Here, we extended this functional characterization to include yeast and in planta studies. The Lr67res allele, but not Lr67sus, induced sensitivity to ions in yeast (including NaCl, LiCl, and KI), which is consistent with our previous observations that Lr67res expression in oocytes induces novel ion fluxes. We demonstrate that another naturally occurring single amino acid variant in wheat, containing only the Lr67G144R mutation, confers rust resistance. Transgenic barley plants expressing the orthologous HvSTP13 gene carrying the G144R and V387L mutations were also more resistant to Puccinia hordei infection. NaCl treatment of pot-grown adult wheat plants with the Lr67res allele induced leaf tip necrosis and partial leaf rust resistance. An Lr67res-like function can be introduced into orthologous plant hexose transporters via single amino acid mutation, highlighting the strong possibility of generating disease resistance in other crops, especially with gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky J Milne
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | | | - Jayakumar Bose
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
- School of Science and Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
| | - Adnan Riaz
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Jianping Zhang
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Plant Breeding Institute, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Cobbitty, NSW 2570, Australia
| | | | | | - Peter R Ryan
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Stephen D Tyerman
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
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Liu H, Yao X, Fan J, Lv L, Zhao Y, Nie J, Guo Y, Zhang L, Huang H, Shi Y, Zhang Q, Li J, Sui X. Cell wall invertase 3 plays critical roles in providing sugars during pollination and fertilization in cucumber. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:1293-1311. [PMID: 38428987 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
In plants, pollen-pistil interactions during pollination and fertilization mediate pollen hydration and germination, pollen tube growth, and seed set and development. Cell wall invertases (CWINs) help provide the carbohydrates for pollen development; however, their roles in pollination and fertilization have not been well established. In cucumber (Cucumis sativus), CsCWIN3 showed the highest expression in flowers, and we further examined CsCWIN3 for functions during pollination to seed set. Both CsCWIN3 transcript and CsCWIN3 protein exhibited similar expression patterns in the sepals, petals, stamen filaments, anther tapetum, and pollen of male flowers, as well as in the stigma, style, transmitting tract, and ovule funiculus of female flowers. Notably, repression of CsCWIN3 in cucumber did not affect the formation of parthenocarpic fruit but resulted in an arrested growth of stigma integuments in female flowers and a partially delayed dehiscence of anthers with decreased pollen viability in male flowers. Consequently, the pollen tube grew poorly in the gynoecia after pollination. In addition, CsCWIN3-RNA interference plants also showed affected seed development. Considering that sugar transporters could function in cucumber fecundity, we highlight the role of CsCWIN3 and a potential close collaboration between CWIN and sugar transporters in these processes. Overall, we used molecular and physiological analyses to determine the CsCWIN3-mediated metabolism during pollen formation, pollen tube growth, and plant fecundity. CsCWIN3 has essential roles from pollination and fertilization to seed set but not parthenocarpic fruit development in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuehui Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingwei Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lijun Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yalong Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Nie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yicong Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lidong Zhang
- Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin Kernel Cucumber Research Institute, Tianjin 300192, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Hongyu Huang
- Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin Kernel Cucumber Research Institute, Tianjin 300192, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Yuzi Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiawang Li
- Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin Kernel Cucumber Research Institute, Tianjin 300192, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Xiaolei Sui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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3
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Sun L, Lian L, Yang R, Li T, Yang M, Zhao W, Huang H, Wang S. Sugar delivery at the tomato root and root galls after Meloidogyne incognita infestation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:451. [PMID: 38789940 PMCID: PMC11119304 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) infect host plants and obtain nutrients such as sugars for their own development. Therefore, inhibiting the nutrient supply to RKNs may be an effective method for alleviating root-knot nematode disease. At present, the pathway by which sucrose is unloaded from the phloem cells to giant cells (GCs) in root galls and which genes related to sugar metabolism and transport play key roles in this process are unclear. In this study, we found that sugars could be unloaded into GCs only from neighboring phloem cells through the apoplastic pathway. With the development of galls, the contents of sucrose, fructose and glucose in the galls and adjacent tissue increased gradually. SUT1, SUT2, SWEET7a, STP10, SUS3 and SPS1 may provide sugar sources for GCs, while STP1, STP2 and STP12 may transport more sugar to phloem parenchyma cells. At the early stage of Meloidogyne incognita infestation, the sucrose content in tomato roots and leaves increased, while the glucose and fructose contents decreased. SWEET7a, SPS1, INV-INH1, INV-INH2, SUS1 and SUS3 likely play key roles in root sugar delivery. These results elucidated the pathway of sugar unloading in tomato galls and provided an important theoretical reference for eliminating the sugar source of RKNs and preventing root-knot nematode disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Sun
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Liqiang Lian
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Tongtong Li
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Minghui Yang
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Wenchao Zhao
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Huang Huang
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
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4
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Huang X, Zhu Y, Su W, Song S, Chen R. Widely-targeted metabolomics and transcriptomics identify metabolites associated with flowering regulation of Choy Sum. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10682. [PMID: 38724517 PMCID: PMC11081954 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60801-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Choy Sum, a stalk vegetable highly valued in East and Southeast Asia, is characterized by its rich flavor and nutritional profile. Metabolite accumulation is a key factor in Choy Sum stalk development; however, no research has focused on metabolic changes during the development of Choy Sum, especially in shoot tip metabolites, and their effects on growth and flowering. Therefore, in the present study, we used a widely targeted metabolomic approach to analyze metabolites in Choy Sum stalks at the seedling (S1), bolting (S3), and flowering (S5) stages. In total, we identified 493 metabolites in 31 chemical categories across all three developmental stages. We found that the levels of most carbohydrates and amino acids increased during stalk development and peaked at S5. Moreover, the accumulation of amino acids and their metabolites was closely related to G6P, whereas the expression of flowering genes was closely related to the content of T6P, which may promote flowering by upregulating the expressions of BcSOC1, BcAP1, and BcSPL5. The results of this study contribute to our understanding of the relationship between the accumulation of stem tip substances during development and flowering and of the regulatory mechanisms of stalk development in Choy Sum and other related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmin Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Protected Horticulture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunna Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Protected Horticulture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Su
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Protected Horticulture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiwei Song
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Protected Horticulture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Riyuan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Protected Horticulture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Wang H, Yu H, Chai L, Lu T, Li Y, Jiang W, Li Q. Exogenous Sucrose Confers Low Light Tolerance in Tomato Plants by Increasing Carbon Partitioning from Stems to Leaves. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:20625-20642. [PMID: 38096491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Low light (LL) stress adversely affects plant growth and productivity. The role of exogenous sucrose in enhancing plant LL tolerance was investigated by spraying sucrose on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) leaves. This study employed physiological and molecular approaches to identify the underlying mechanisms. Exogenous sucrose activated sucrose hydrolysis-related enzyme activity and upregulated genes encoding sucrose and hexose transporters in mature leaves, decreasing endogenous sucrose levels and promoting sucrose unloading during LL. Stem-related genes associated with sucrose synthesis and transport were also upregulated, enhancing sucrose phloem loading. Furthermore, sucrose from stems activated sucrose unloading in sink leaves, forming a feed-forward loop to sustain sucrose flow during LL. This led to increased nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs), improved energy metabolism, and enhanced protein synthesis in leaves, ultimately boosting photosynthesis and fruit yield after light recovery. These findings highlight how exogenous sucrose enhances LL tolerance in tomatoes by increasing the transport of NSCs from stems to leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongjun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lin Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Weijie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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6
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Sun N, Liu Y, Xu T, Zhou X, Xu H, Zhang H, Zhan R, Wang L. Genome-wide analysis of sugar transporter genes in maize ( Zea mays L.): identification, characterization and their expression profiles during kernel development. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16423. [PMID: 38025667 PMCID: PMC10658905 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sugar transporters (STs) play a crucial role in the development of maize kernels. However, very limited information about STs in maize is known. In this study, sixty-eight ZmST genes were identified from the maize genome and classified into eight major groups based on phylogenetic relationship. Gene structure analysis revealed that members within the same group shared similar exon numbers. Synteny analysis indicated that ZmSTs underwent 15 segmental duplication events under purifying selection. Three-dimensional structure of ZmSTs demonstrated the formation of a compact helix bundle composed of 8-13 trans-membrane domains. Various development-related cis-acting elements, enriched in promoter regions, were correlated with the transcriptional response of ZmSTs during kernel development. Transcriptional expression profiles exhibited expression diversity of various ZmST genes in roots, stems, leaves, tassels, cobs, embryos, endosperms and seeds tissues. During kernel development, the expression of 24 ZmST genes was significantly upregulated in the early stage of grain filling. This upregulation coincided with the sharply increased grain-filling rate observed in the early stage. Overall, our findings shed light on the characteristics of ZmST genes in maize and provide a foundation for further functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Sun
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- Zhaoyuan Shenghui Agricultural Technology Development Co., Ltd., Zhaoyuan, Shandong, China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- Zhaoyuan Shenghui Agricultural Technology Development Co., Ltd., Zhaoyuan, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Xu
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Heyang Xu
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- Zhaoyuan Shenghui Agricultural Technology Development Co., Ltd., Zhaoyuan, Shandong, China
| | - Renhui Zhan
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Limin Wang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- Zhaoyuan Shenghui Agricultural Technology Development Co., Ltd., Zhaoyuan, Shandong, China
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7
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Ren Y, Liao S, Xu Y. An update on sugar allocation and accumulation in fruits. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:888-899. [PMID: 37224524 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fruit sweetness is determined by the amount and composition of sugars in the edible flesh. The accumulation of sugar is a highly orchestrated process that requires coordination of numerous metabolic enzymes and sugar transporters. This coordination enables partitioning and long-distance translocation of photoassimilates from source tissues to sink organs. In fruit crops, sugars ultimately accumulate in the sink fruit. Whereas tremendous progress has been achieved in understanding the function of individual genes associated with sugar metabolism and sugar transport in non-fruit crops, there is less known about the sugar transporters and metabolic enzymes responsible for sugar accumulation in fruit crop species. This review identifies knowledge gaps and can serve as a foundation for future studies, with comprehensive updates focusing on (1) the physiological roles of the metabolic enzymes and sugar transporters responsible for sugar allocation and partitioning and that contribute to sugar accumulation in fruit crops; and (2) the molecular mechanisms underlying the transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of sugar transport and metabolism. We also provide insights into the challenges and future directions of studies on sugar transporters and metabolic enzymes and name several promising genes that should be targeted with gene editing in the pursuit of optimized sugar allocation and partitioning to enhance sugar accumulation in fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ren
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Shengjin Liao
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yong Xu
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
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8
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Guo WJ, Pommerrenig B, Neuhaus HE, Keller I. Interaction between sugar transport and plant development. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 288:154073. [PMID: 37603910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous programs and constant interaction with the environment regulate the development of the plant organism and its individual organs. Sugars are necessary building blocks for plant and organ growth and at the same time act as critical integrators of the metabolic state into the developmental program. There is a growing recognition that the specific type of sugar and its subcellular or tissue distribution is sensed and translated to developmental responses. Therefore, the transport of sugars across membranes is a key process in adapting plant organ properties and overall development to the nutritional state of the plant. In this review, we discuss how plants exploit various sugar transporters to signal growth responses, for example, to control the development of sink organs such as roots or fruits. We highlight which sugar transporters are involved in root and shoot growth and branching, how intracellular sugar allocation can regulate senescence, and, for example, control fruit development. We link the important transport processes to downstream signaling cascades and elucidate the factors responsible for the integration of sugar signaling and plant hormone responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woei-Jiun Guo
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Benjamin Pommerrenig
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin Schrödinger Str., 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - H Ekkehard Neuhaus
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin Schrödinger Str., 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Isabel Keller
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin Schrödinger Str., 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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9
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Lata C, Manjul AS, Prasad P, Gangwar OP, Adhikari S, Sonu, Kumar S, Bhardwaj SC, Singh G, Samota MK, Choudhary M, Bohra A, Varshney RK. Unraveling the diversity and functions of sugar transporters for sustainable management of wheat rust. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:213. [PMID: 37378707 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01150-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant diseases threaten global food security by reducing the production and quality of produce. Identification of disease resistance sources and their utilization in crop improvement is of paramount significance. However, constant evolution and occurrence of new, more aggressive and highly virulent pathotypes disintegrates the resistance of cultivars and hence demanding the steady stream of disease resistance cultivars as the most sustainable way of disease management. In this context, molecular tools and technologies facilitate an efficient and rational engineering of crops to develop cultivars having resistance to multiple pathogens and pathotypes. Puccinia spp. is biotrophic fungi that interrupt crucial junctions for causing infection, thus risking nutrient access of wheat plants and their subsequent growth. Sugar is a major carbon source taken from host cells by pathogens. Sugar transporters (STPs) are key players during wheat-rust interactions that regulate the transport, exchange, and allocation of sugar at plant-pathogen interfaces. Intense competition for accessing sugars decides fate of incompatibility or compatibility between host and the pathogen. The mechanism of transport, allocation, and signaling of sugar molecules and role of STPs and their regulatory switches in determining resistance/susceptibility to rusts in wheat is poorly understood. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms involving STPs in distribution of sugar molecules for determination of rust resistance/susceptibility in wheat. We also present perspective on how detailed insights on the STP's role in wheat-rust interaction will be helpful in devising efficient strategies for wheat rust management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Lata
- ICAR-IIWBR, Regional Station, Flowerdale, Shimla, (HP), India.
| | | | - Pramod Prasad
- ICAR-IIWBR, Regional Station, Flowerdale, Shimla, (HP), India
| | - O P Gangwar
- ICAR-IIWBR, Regional Station, Flowerdale, Shimla, (HP), India
| | - Sneha Adhikari
- ICAR-IIWBR, Regional Station, Flowerdale, Shimla, (HP), India
| | - Sonu
- ICAR-IIWBR, Regional Station, Flowerdale, Shimla, (HP), India
| | - Subodh Kumar
- ICAR-IIWBR, Regional Station, Flowerdale, Shimla, (HP), India
| | - S C Bhardwaj
- ICAR-IIWBR, Regional Station, Flowerdale, Shimla, (HP), India
| | - Gyanendra Singh
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | | | - Mukesh Choudhary
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Abhishek Bohra
- Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, Food Futures Institute, WA State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, Food Futures Institute, WA State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
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10
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Chai L, Wang H, Yu H, Pang E, Lu T, Li Y, Jiang W, Li Q. Girdling promotes tomato fruit enlargement by enhancing fruit sink strength and triggering cytokinin accumulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1174403. [PMID: 37396637 PMCID: PMC10312241 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1174403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Girdling is a horticultural technique that enhances fruit size by allocating more carbohydrates to fruits, yet its underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, girdling was applied to the main stems of tomato plants 14 days after anthesis. Following girdling, there was a significant increase in fruit volume, dry weight, and starch accumulation. Interestingly, although sucrose transport to the fruit increased, the fruit's sucrose concentration decreased. Girdling also led to an increase in the activities of enzymes involved in sucrose hydrolysis and AGPase, and to an upregulation in the expression of key genes related to sugar transport and utilization. Moreover, the assay of carboxyfluorescein (CF) signal in detached fruit indicated that girdled fruits exhibited a greater ability to take up carbohydrates. These results indicate that girdling improves sucrose unloading and sugar utilization in fruit, thereby enhancing fruit sink strength. In addition, girdling induced cytokinin (CK) accumulation, promoted cell division in the fruit, and upregulated the expression of genes related to CK synthesis and activation. Furthermore, the results of a sucrose injection experiment suggested that increased sucrose import induced CK accumulation in the fruit. This study sheds light on the mechanisms by which girdling promotes fruit enlargement and provides novel insights into the interaction between sugar import and CK accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qiang Li
- *Correspondence: Qiang Li, ; Weijie Jiang,
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Wang Y, Shi C, Ge P, Li F, Zhu L, Wang Y, Tao J, Zhang X, Dong H, Gai W, Wang F, Ye Z, Grierson D, Xu W, Zhang Y. A 21-bp InDel in the promoter of STP1 selected during tomato improvement accounts for soluble solid content in fruits. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad009. [PMID: 36960428 PMCID: PMC10028405 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Domestication and improvement are important processes that generate the variation in genome and phonotypes underlying crop improvement. Unfortunately, during selection for certain attributes, other valuable traits may be inadvertently discarded. One example is the decline in fruit soluble solids content (SSC) during tomato breeding. Several genetic loci for SSC have been identified, but few reports on the underlying mechanisms are available. In this study we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for SSC of the red-ripe fruits in a population consisting of 481 tomato accessions with large natural variations and found a new quantitative trait locus, STP1, encoding a sugar transporter protein. The causal variation of STP1, a 21-bp InDel located in the promoter region 1124 bp upstream of the start codon, alters its expression. STP1 Insertion accessions with an 21-bp insertion have higher SSC than STP1 Deletion accessions with the 21-bp deletion. Knockout of STP1 in TS-23 with high SSC using CRISPR/Cas9 greatly decreased SSC in fruits. In vivo and in vitro assays demonstrated that ZAT10-LIKE, a zinc finger protein transcription factor (ZFP TF), can specifically bind to the promoter of STP1 Insertion to enhance STP1 expression, but not to the promoter of STP1 Deletion , leading to lower fruit SSC in modern tomatoes. Diversity analysis revealed that STP1 was selected during tomato improvement. Taking these results together, we identified a naturally occurring causal variation underlying SSC in tomato, and a new role for ZFP TFs in regulating sugar transporters. The findings enrich our understanding of tomato evolution and domestication, and provide a genetic basis for genome design for improving fruit taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chunmei Shi
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Pingfei Ge
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fangman Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lihui Zhu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yaru Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinbao Tao
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xingyu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Haiqiang Dong
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wenxian Gai
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fei Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhibiao Ye
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- Plant Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Wei Xu
- Corresponding authors. E-mail: ;
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12
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Xu W, Liu Z, Zhao Z, Zhang S, Li M, Guo D, Liu JH, Li C. The functional analysis of sugar transporter proteins in sugar accumulation and pollen tube growth in pummelo ( Citrus grandis). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1106219. [PMID: 36684762 PMCID: PMC9846575 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1106219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sugar transporter proteins (STPs) play vital roles in sugar transport and allocation of carbon sources in plants. However, the evolutionary dynamics of this important gene family and their functions are still largely unknown in citrus, which is the largest fruit crop in the world. In this study, fourteen non-redundant CgSTP family members were identified in pummelo (Citrus grandis). A comprehensive analysis based on the biochemical characteristics, the chromosomal location, the exon-intron structures and the evolutionary relationships demonstrated the conservation and the divergence of CgSTPs. Moreover, CgSTP4, 11, 13, 14 were proofed to be localized in plasma membrane and have glucose transport activity in yeast. The hexose content were significantly increased with the transient overexpression of CgSTP11 and CgSTP14. In addition, antisense repression of CgSTP4 induced the shorter pollen tube length in vitro, implying the potential role of CgSTP4 in pummelo pollen tube growth. Taken together, this work explored a framework for understanding the physiological role of CgSTPs and laid a foundation for future functional studies of these members in citrus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zeqi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuhang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengdi Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dayong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ji-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunlong Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
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13
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Zhang B, Li YN, Wu BH, Yuan YY, Zhao ZY. Plasma Membrane-Localized Transporter MdSWEET12 Is Involved in Sucrose Unloading in Apple Fruit. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:15517-15530. [PMID: 36468541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sugar content is an important factor determining the flavor in apple fruit. Sugar unloading is a prerequisite step for sugar accumulation. However, little is known about sugar unloading mechanisms in apple. Transcriptomic sequencing of two apple varieties, "Envy" and "Pacific Rose," with significantly different sugar content was performed. MdSWEET12a from the SWEET transporter family was differentially expressed. Further study of the MdSWEET12a showed that this plasma membrane-localized transporter protein-encoding gene was mainly expressed in sieve element-companion cells (SE-CC) in the fruit, which was positively correlated with the sucrose accumulation during the development of "Envy" apple. Consistently manipulating the gene expression through either transient overexpression or silencing significantly increased or decreased the sugar content in apple fruit, respectively. Complementary growth experiments in mutant yeast cells indicated that MdSWEET12a transported sucrose. Heterologous expression of MdSWEET12a in tomato increased the expression of genes related to sugar metabolism and transport, leading to increased sugar content. These findings underpin the involvement of MdSWEET12a in sugar unloading in apple fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Research Center of Apple Engineering and Technology, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ya-Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Research Center of Apple Engineering and Technology, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bing-Hua Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, College of Horticulture, Fujian A&F University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yang-Yang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zheng-Yang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Research Center of Apple Engineering and Technology, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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14
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Burgess AJ, Masclaux‐Daubresse C, Strittmatter G, Weber APM, Taylor SH, Harbinson J, Yin X, Long S, Paul MJ, Westhoff P, Loreto F, Ceriotti A, Saltenis VLR, Pribil M, Nacry P, Scharff LB, Jensen PE, Muller B, Cohan J, Foulkes J, Rogowsky P, Debaeke P, Meyer C, Nelissen H, Inzé D, Klein Lankhorst R, Parry MAJ, Murchie EH, Baekelandt A. Improving crop yield potential: Underlying biological processes and future prospects. Food Energy Secur 2022; 12:e435. [PMID: 37035025 PMCID: PMC10078444 DOI: 10.1002/fes3.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing world population and global increases in the standard of living both result in an increasing demand for food, feed and other plant-derived products. In the coming years, plant-based research will be among the major drivers ensuring food security and the expansion of the bio-based economy. Crop productivity is determined by several factors, including the available physical and agricultural resources, crop management, and the resource use efficiency, quality and intrinsic yield potential of the chosen crop. This review focuses on intrinsic yield potential, since understanding its determinants and their biological basis will allow to maximize the plant's potential in food and energy production. Yield potential is determined by a variety of complex traits that integrate strictly regulated processes and their underlying gene regulatory networks. Due to this inherent complexity, numerous potential targets have been identified that could be exploited to increase crop yield. These encompass diverse metabolic and physical processes at the cellular, organ and canopy level. We present an overview of some of the distinct biological processes considered to be crucial for yield determination that could further be exploited to improve future crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J. Burgess
- School of Biosciences University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus Loughborough UK
| | | | - Günter Strittmatter
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS) Heinrich‐Heine‐Universität Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Andreas P. M. Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS) Heinrich‐Heine‐Universität Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
| | | | - Jeremy Harbinson
- Laboratory for Biophysics Wageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences Wageningen University & Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Stephen Long
- Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster UK
- Plant Biology and Crop Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
| | | | - Peter Westhoff
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS) Heinrich‐Heine‐Universität Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy and University of Naples Federico II Napoli Italy
| | - Aldo Ceriotti
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology National Research Council (CNR) Milan Italy
| | - Vandasue L. R. Saltenis
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Mathias Pribil
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Philippe Nacry
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CNRS Institut Agro Montpellier France
| | - Lars B. Scharff
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Poul Erik Jensen
- Department of Food Science University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Bertrand Muller
- Université de Montpellier ‐ LEPSE – INRAE Institut Agro Montpellier France
| | | | - John Foulkes
- School of Biosciences University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus Loughborough UK
| | - Peter Rogowsky
- INRAE UMR Plant Reproduction and Development Lyon France
| | | | - Christian Meyer
- IJPB UMR1318 INRAE‐AgroParisTech‐Université Paris Saclay Versailles France
| | - Hilde Nelissen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Ghent University Ghent Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology Ghent Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Ghent University Ghent Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology Ghent Belgium
| | - René Klein Lankhorst
- Wageningen Plant Research Wageningen University & Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | | | - Erik H. Murchie
- School of Biosciences University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus Loughborough UK
| | - Alexandra Baekelandt
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Ghent University Ghent Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology Ghent Belgium
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15
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Wang L, Zhang S, Li J, Zhang Y, Zhou D, Li C, He L, Li H, Wang F, Gao J. Identification of key genes controlling soluble sugar and glucosinolate biosynthesis in Chinese cabbage by integrating metabolome and genome-wide transcriptome analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1043489. [PMID: 36507456 PMCID: PMC9732556 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1043489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Soluble sugar and glucosinolate are essential components that determine the flavor of Chinese cabbage and consumer preferences. However, the underlying regulatory networks that modulate the biosynthesis of soluble sugar and glucosinolate in Chinese cabbage remain largely unknown. METHODS The glucosinolate and carotene content in yellow inner-leaf Chinese cabbage were observed, followed by the combination of metabolome and transcriptome analysis to explore the metabolic basis of glucosinolate and soluble sugar. RESULTS This study observed high glucosinolate and carotene content in yellow inner-leaf Chinese cabbage, which showed a lower soluble sugar content. The differences between the yellow and the white inner-leaf Chinese cabbage were compared using the untargeted metabonomic and transcriptomic analyses in six cultivars of Chinese cabbage to explore the metabolic basis of glucosinolate and soluble sugar. Aliphatic glucosinolate and two soluble sugars (fructose and glucose) were the key metabolites that caused the difference in Chinese cabbage's glucosinolate and soluble sugar. By integrating soluble sugar and glucosinolate-associated metabolism and transcriptome data, we indicated BraA05gAOP1 and BraA04gAOP4, BraA03gHT7 and BraA01gHT4 were the glucosinolates and soluble sugar biosynthesis structural genes. Moreover, BraA01gCHR11 and BraA07gSCL1 were two vital transcription factors that regulate soluble sugar and glucosinolate biosynthesis. DISCUSSION These findings provide novel insights into glucosinolate and soluble sugar biosynthesis and a possible explanation for the significant difference in nutrients between yellow and white inner-leaf Chinese cabbage. Moreover, it will facilitate genetic modification to improve the Chinese cabbage's nutritional and health values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Wang
- Institute of Vegetables, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jingjuan Li
- Institute of Vegetables, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Dandan Zhou
- Institute of Vegetables, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Institute of Vegetables, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Lilong He
- Institute of Vegetables, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Huayin Li
- Institute of Vegetables, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Fengde Wang
- Institute of Vegetables, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jianwei Gao
- Institute of Vegetables, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
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16
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Lal MK, Sharma N, Adavi SB, Sharma E, Altaf MA, Tiwari RK, Kumar R, Kumar A, Dey A, Paul V, Singh B, Singh MP. From source to sink: mechanistic insight of photoassimilates synthesis and partitioning under high temperature and elevated [CO 2]. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:305-324. [PMID: 35610527 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is the vital metabolism of the plant affected by abiotic stress such as high temperature and elevated [CO2] levels, which ultimately affect the source-sink relationship. Triose phosphate, the primary precursor of carbohydrate (starch and sucrose) synthesis in the plant, depends on environmental cues. The synthesis of starch in the chloroplasts of leaves (during the day), the transport of photoassimilates (sucrose) from source to sink, the loading and unloading of photoassimilates, and the accumulation of starch in the sink tissue all require a highly regulated network and communication system within the plant. These processes might be affected by high-temperature stress and elevated [CO2] conditions. Generally, elevated [CO2] levels enhance plant growth, photosynthetic rate, starch synthesis, and accumulation, ultimately diluting the nutrient of sink tissues. On the contrary, high-temperature stress is detrimental to plant development affecting photosynthesis, starch synthesis, sucrose synthesis and transport, and photoassimilate accumulation in sink tissues. Moreover, these environmental conditions also negatively impact the quality attributes such as grain/tuber quality, cooking quality, nutritional status in the edible parts and organoleptic traits. In this review, we have attempted to provide an insight into the source-sink relationship and the sugar metabolites synthesized and utilized by the plant under elevated [CO2] and high-temperature stress. This review will help future researchers comprehend the source-sink process for crop growth under changing climate scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Kumar Lal
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171001, India
| | - Nitin Sharma
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Dr Yashwant, Singh Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173230, India
| | - Sandeep B Adavi
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Eshita Sharma
- Dietetics & Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | | | - Rahul Kumar Tiwari
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171001, India.
| | - Ravinder Kumar
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171001, India.
| | - Awadhesh Kumar
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700073, India
| | - Vijay Paul
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Brajesh Singh
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171001, India
| | - Madan Pal Singh
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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17
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Yue L, Feng Y, Ma C, Wang C, Chen F, Cao X, Wang J, White JC, Wang Z, Xing B. Molecular Mechanisms of Early Flowering in Tomatoes Induced by Manganese Ferrite (MnFe 2O 4) Nanomaterials. ACS NANO 2022; 16:5636-5646. [PMID: 35362964 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials (NMs) have demonstrated enormous potential to improve agricultural production. Ten mg L-1 of customized manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) NMs was selected as the optimal dose based on its outstanding effects on promoting tomato flowering and production. After the foliar application before flowering, MnFe2O4 NMs increased the leaf chlorophyll content by 20 percent, and significantly upregulated the expressions of ferredoxin, PsaA, and PsbA in leaves, likely by serving as an electron donor, leading to a significant increase in photosynthesis efficiency by 13.3%. Long distance transport of sucrose was then confirmed by the upregulation of sucrose transporter SUT1 and SUT2 in NM-treated leaves and meristems. The genes associated with gibberellin biosynthesis, including GA20ox2, GA20ox3, and SIGAST, and a flowering induction gene SFT, were also significantly upregulated. Importantly, the flowering time was 13 days earlier by MnFe2O4 NMs over the control. At the reproductive stage, MnFe2O4 NMs increased pollen activity and ovule size, leading to the significant increase in fruit number per plant, single fruit weight, and fruit weight per plant by 50%, 30%, and 75%, respectively. Metabolically, a significant increase of glucose-6-phosphate, phenylalanine, rutin, and ascorbic acid (vitamin C), as well as a significant decrease of tomatine and methionine, demonstrates an increased nutritional value of the tomato fruits. A verified companion field experiment showed an increase of 84.1% in total tomato production with the MnFe2O4 NM amendment. These findings provide support for the early flowering and yield improvement in nano-enabled agricultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yue
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yan Feng
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chuanxin Ma
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chuanxi Wang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Feiran Chen
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xuesong Cao
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jason C White
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, United States
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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18
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Integrative Physiological and Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Transition Mechanism of Sugar Phloem Unloading Route in Camellia oleifera Fruit. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094590. [PMID: 35562980 PMCID: PMC9102078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sucrose phloem unloading plays a vital role in photoassimilate distribution and storage in sink organs such as fruits and seeds. In most plants, the phloem unloading route was reported to shift between an apoplasmic and a symplasmic pattern with fruit development. However, the molecular transition mechanisms of the phloem unloading pathway still remain largely unknown. In this study, we applied RNA sequencing to profile the specific gene expression patterns for sucrose unloading in C. oleifera fruits in the apo- and symplasmic pathways that were discerned by CF fluoresce labelling. Several key structural genes were identified that participate in phloem unloading, such as PDBG11, PDBG14, SUT8, CWIN4, and CALS10. In particular, the key genes controlling the process were involved in callose metabolism, which was confirmed by callose staining. Based on the co-expression network analysis with key structural genes, a number of transcription factors belonging to the MYB, C2C2, NAC, WRKY, and AP2/ERF families were identified to be candidate regulators for the operation and transition of phloem unloading. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that some important metabolism pathways such as plant hormone metabolism, starch, and sucrose metabolism altered with the change of the sugar unloading pattern. Our study provides innovative insights into the different mechanisms responsible for apo- and symplasmic phloem unloading in oil tea fruit and represents an important step towards the omics delineation of sucrose phloem unloading transition in crops.
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Wen S, Neuhaus HE, Cheng J, Bie Z. Contributions of sugar transporters to crop yield and fruit quality. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2275-2289. [PMID: 35139196 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The flux, distribution, and storage of soluble sugars regulate crop yield in terms of starch, oil, protein, and total carbohydrates, and affect the quality of many horticultural products. Sugar transporters contribute to phloem loading and unloading. The mechanisms of phloem loading have been studied in detail, but the complex and diverse mechanisms of phloem unloading and sugar storage in sink organs are less explored. Unloading and subsequent transport mechanisms for carbohydrates vary in different sink organs. Analyzing the transport and storage mechanisms of carbohydrates in important storage organs, such as cereal seeds, fruits, or stems of sugarcane, will provide information for genetic improvements to increase crop yield and fruit quality. This review discusses current research progress on sugar transporters involved in carbohydrate unloading and storage in sink organs. The roles of sugar transporters in crop yield and the accumulation of sugars are also discussed to highlight their contribution to efficient breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suying Wen
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University and Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - H Ekkehard Neuhaus
- Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jintao Cheng
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University and Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Zhilong Bie
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University and Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
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20
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Liu YH, Song YH, Ruan YL. Sugar conundrum in plant-pathogen interactions: roles of invertase and sugar transporters depend on pathosystems. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1910-1925. [PMID: 35104311 PMCID: PMC8982439 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It has been increasingly recognized that CWIN (cell wall invertase) and sugar transporters including STP (sugar transport protein) and SWEET (sugar will eventually be exported transporters) play important roles in plant-pathogen interactions. However, the information available in the literature comes from diverse systems and often yields contradictory findings and conclusions. To solve this puzzle, we provide here a comprehensive assessment of the topic. Our analyses revealed that the regulation of plant-microbe interactions by CWIN, SWEET, and STP is conditioned by the specific pathosystems involved. The roles of CWINs in plant resistance are largely determined by the lifestyle of pathogens (biotrophs versus necrotrophs or hemibiotrophs), possibly through CWIN-mediated salicylic acid or jasmonic acid signaling and programmed cell death pathways. The up-regulation of SWEETs and STPs may enhance or reduce plant resistance, depending on the cellular sites from which pathogens acquire sugars from the host cells. Finally, plants employ unique mechanisms to defend against viral infection, in part through a sugar-based regulation of plasmodesmatal development or aperture. Our appraisal further calls for attention to be paid to the involvement of microbial sugar metabolism and transport in plant-pathogen interactions, which is an integrated but overlooked component of such interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hua Liu
- School of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
| | - You-Hong Song
- Innovation Cluster of Crop Molecular Biology and Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yong-Ling Ruan
- Innovation Cluster of Crop Molecular Biology and Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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21
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Lama K, Chai L, Peer R, Ma H, Yeselson Y, Schaffer AA, Flaishman MA. Extreme sugar accumulation in late fig ripening is accompanied by global changes in sugar metabolism and transporter gene expression. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13648. [PMID: 35150009 PMCID: PMC9305157 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Female fig (Ficus carica L.) fruit are characterized by a major increase in volume and sugar content during the final week of development. A detailed developmental analysis of water and dry matter accumulation during these final days indicated a temporal separation between the increase in volume due to increasing water content and a subsequent sharp increase in sugar content during a few days. The results present fig as an extreme example of sugar import and accumulation, with calculated import rates that are one order of magnitude higher than those of other sugar-accumulating sweet fruit species. To shed light on the metabolic changes occurring during this period, we followed the expression pattern of 80 genes encoding sugar metabolism enzymes and sugar transporter proteins identified in fig fruit. A parallel comparison with male fig fruits, which do not accumulate sugar during ripening, highlighted the genes specifically related to sugar accumulation. Tissue-specific analysis indicated that the expression of genes involved in sugar metabolism and transport undergoes a global transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Lama
- Institute of Plant SciencesAgricultural Research OrganizationBet‐DaganIsrael
- Department of Life Sciences, School of ScienceKathmandu UniversityDhulikhelNepal
| | - Li‐Juan Chai
- Institute of Plant SciencesAgricultural Research OrganizationBet‐DaganIsrael
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation TechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
| | - Reut Peer
- Institute of Plant SciencesAgricultural Research OrganizationBet‐DaganIsrael
| | - Huiqin Ma
- College of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yelena Yeselson
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research OrganizationBet‐DaganIsrael
| | - Arthur A. Schaffer
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research OrganizationBet‐DaganIsrael
| | - Moshe A. Flaishman
- Institute of Plant SciencesAgricultural Research OrganizationBet‐DaganIsrael
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22
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Ko HY, Ho LH, Neuhaus HE, Guo WJ. Transporter SlSWEET15 unloads sucrose from phloem and seed coat for fruit and seed development in tomato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2230-2245. [PMID: 34618023 PMCID: PMC8644451 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersium), an important fruit crop worldwide, requires efficient sugar allocation for fruit development. However, molecular mechanisms for sugar import to fruits remain poorly understood. Expression of sugars will eventually be exported transporters (SWEETs) proteins is closely linked to high fructose/glucose ratios in tomato fruits and may be involved in sugar allocation. Here, we discovered that SlSWEET15 is highly expressed in developing fruits compared to vegetative organs. In situ hybridization and β-glucuronidase fusion analyses revealed SlSWEET15 proteins accumulate in vascular tissues and seed coats, major sites of sucrose unloading in fruits. Localizing SlSWEET15-green fluorescent protein to the plasma membrane supported its putative role in apoplasmic sucrose unloading. The sucrose transport activity of SlSWEET15 was confirmed by complementary growth assays in a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) mutant. Elimination of SlSWEET15 function by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs)/CRISPR-associated protein gene editing significantly decreased average sizes and weights of fruits, with severe defects in seed filling and embryo development. Altogether, our studies suggest a role of SlSWEET15 in mediating sucrose efflux from the releasing phloem cells to the fruit apoplasm and subsequent import into storage parenchyma cells during fruit development. Furthermore, SlSWEET15-mediated sucrose efflux is likely required for sucrose unloading from the seed coat to the developing embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yu Ko
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 7013, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hsuan Ho
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 7013, Taiwan
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - H Ekkehard Neuhaus
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Woei-Jiun Guo
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 7013, Taiwan
- Author for communication:
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23
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Zhang X, Feng C, Wang M, Li T, Liu X, Jiang J. Plasma membrane-localized SlSWEET7a and SlSWEET14 regulate sugar transport and storage in tomato fruits. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:186. [PMID: 34333539 PMCID: PMC8325691 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00624-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Sugars, especially glucose and fructose, contribute to the taste and quality of tomato fruits. These compounds are translocated from the leaves to the fruits and then unloaded into the fruits by various sugar transporters at the plasma membrane. SWEETs, are sugar transporters that regulate sugar efflux independently of energy or pH. To date, the role of SWEETs in tomato has received very little attention. In this study, we performed functional analysis of SlSWEET7a and SlSWEET14 to gain insight into the regulation of sugar transport and storage in tomato fruits. SlSWEET7a and SlSWEET14 were mainly expressed in peduncles, vascular bundles, and seeds. Both SlSWEET7a and SlSWEET14 are plasma membrane-localized proteins that transport fructose, glucose, and sucrose. Apart from the resulting increase in mature fruit sugar content, silencing SlSWEET7a or SlSWEET14 resulted in taller plants and larger fruits (in SlSWEET7a-silenced lines). We also found that invertase activity and gene expression of some SlSWEET members increased, which was consistent with the increased availability of sucrose and hexose in the fruits. Overall, our results demonstrate that suppressing SlSWEET7a and SlSWEET14 could be a potential strategy for enhancing the sugar content of tomato fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinsheng Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Chaoyang Feng
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Manning Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Tianlai Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry, 110866, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry, 110866, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Jing Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry, 110866, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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24
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Chen J, Beauvoit B, Génard M, Colombié S, Moing A, Vercambre G, Gomès E, Gibon Y, Dai Z. Modelling predicts tomatoes can be bigger and sweeter if biophysical factors and transmembrane transports are fine-tuned during fruit development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1489-1502. [PMID: 33550584 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The trade-off between yield and quality, a major problem for the production of fleshy fruits, involves fruit expansive growth and sugar metabolism. Here we developed an integrative model by coupling a biophysical model of fleshy fruit growth processes, including water and carbon fluxes and organ expansion, with an enzyme-based kinetic model of sugar metabolism to better understand the interactions between these two processes. The integrative model was initially tested on tomato fruit, a model system for fleshy fruit. The integrative model closely simulated the biomass and major carbon metabolites of tomato fruit developing under optimal or stress conditions. The model also performed robustly when simulating the fruit size and sugar concentrations of different tomato genotypes including wild species. The validated model was used to explore ways of uncoupling the size-sweetness trade-off in fruit. Model-based virtual experiments suggested that larger sweeter tomatoes could be obtained by simultaneously manipulating certain biophysical factors and transmembrane transports. The integrative fleshy fruit model provides a promising tool to facilitate the targeted bioengineering and breeding of tomatoes and other fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinliang Chen
- INRAE, Bordeaux Science Agro, EGFV, UMR 1287, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33140, France
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology and Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Bertrand Beauvoit
- INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33140, France
| | - Michel Génard
- UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, INRAE, Avignon Cedex 9, F-84914, France
| | - Sophie Colombié
- INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33140, France
| | - Annick Moing
- INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33140, France
| | - Gilles Vercambre
- UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, INRAE, Avignon Cedex 9, F-84914, France
| | - Eric Gomès
- INRAE, Bordeaux Science Agro, EGFV, UMR 1287, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33140, France
| | - Yves Gibon
- INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33140, France
| | - Zhanwu Dai
- INRAE, Bordeaux Science Agro, EGFV, UMR 1287, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33140, France
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology and Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
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25
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Wu P, Zhang Y, Zhao S, Li L. Comprehensive Analysis of Evolutionary Characterization and Expression for Monosaccharide Transporter Family Genes in Nelumbo nucifera. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.537398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugar transporters, an important class of transporters for sugar function, regulate many processes associated with growth, maturation, and senescence processes in plants. In this study, a total of 35 NuMSTs were identified in the Nelumbo nucifera genome and grouped by conserved domains and phylogenetic analysis. Additionally, we identified 316 MST genes in 10 other representative plants and performed a comparative analysis with Nelumbo nucifera genes, including evolutionary trajectory, gene duplication, and expression pattern. A large number of analyses across plants and algae indicated that the MST family could have originated from STP and Glct, expanding to form STP and SFP by dispersed duplication. Finally, a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and cis-element analysis showed that some of them may be regulated by plant hormones (e.g., abscisic acid), biotic stress factors, and abiotic factors (e.g., drought, excessive cold, and light). We found that under the four abiotic stress conditions, only NuSTP5 expression was upregulated, generating a stress response, and ARBE and LTR were present in NuSTP5. In summary, our findings are significant for understanding and exploring the molecular evolution and mechanisms of NuMSTs in plants.
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26
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Shah AN, Tanveer M, Abbas A, Yildirim M, Shah AA, Ahmad MI, Wang Z, Sun W, Song Y. Combating Dual Challenges in Maize Under High Planting Density: Stem Lodging and Kernel Abortion. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:699085. [PMID: 34868101 PMCID: PMC8636062 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.699085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
High plant density is considered a proficient approach to increase maize production in countries with limited agricultural land; however, this creates a high risk of stem lodging and kernel abortion by reducing the ratio of biomass to the development of the stem and ear. Stem lodging and kernel abortion are major constraints in maize yield production for high plant density cropping; therefore, it is very important to overcome stem lodging and kernel abortion in maize. In this review, we discuss various morphophysiological and genetic characteristics of maize that may reduce the risk of stem lodging and kernel abortion, with a focus on carbohydrate metabolism and partitioning in maize. These characteristics illustrate a strong relationship between stem lodging resistance and kernel abortion. Previous studies have focused on targeting lignin and cellulose accumulation to improve lodging resistance. Nonetheless, a critical analysis of the literature showed that considering sugar metabolism and examining its effects on lodging resistance and kernel abortion in maize may provide considerable results to improve maize productivity. A constructive summary of management approaches that could be used to efficiently control the effects of stem lodging and kernel abortion is also included. The preferred management choice is based on the genotype of maize; nevertheless, various genetic and physiological approaches can control stem lodging and kernel abortion. However, plant growth regulators and nutrient application can also help reduce the risk for stem lodging and kernel abortion in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Noor Shah
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Mohsin Tanveer
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Asad Abbas
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Mehmet Yildirim
- Department of Field Crop, Faculty of Agriculture, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Anis Ali Shah
- Department of Botany, University of Narowal, Narowal, Pakistan
| | | | - Zhiwei Wang
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Weiwei Sun
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Youhong Song
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Youhong Song
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27
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MdERDL6-mediated glucose efflux to the cytosol promotes sugar accumulation in the vacuole through up-regulating TSTs in apple and tomato. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 118:2022788118. [PMID: 33443220 PMCID: PMC7817134 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022788118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sugar transport across membranes is essential for maintaining cellular sugar homeostasis and metabolic balance in plant cells. However, it remains unclear how this process is regulated among different classes of sugar transporters. Here, we identified an apple tonoplast H+/glucose symporter, MdERDL6-1, that exports glucose to cytosols to up-regulate the expression of H+/sugar antiporter genes TST1 and TST2 to import sugars from cytosol to vacuole for accumulation to high concentrations in apples and tomatoes. The findings provide insights into the regulatory mechanism underlying sugar exchange between cytosol and vacuole. Sugar transport across tonoplasts is essential for maintaining cellular sugar homeostasis and metabolic balance in plant cells. It remains unclear, however, how this process is regulated among different classes of sugar transporters. Here, we identified a tonoplast H+/glucose symporter, MdERDL6-1, from apples, which was highly expressed in fruits and exhibited expression patterns similar to those of the tonoplast H+/sugar antiporters MdTST1 and MdTST2. Overexpression of MdERDL6-1 unexpectedly increased not only glucose (Glc) concentration but also that of fructose (Fru) and sucrose (Suc) in transgenic apple and tomato leaves and fruits. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and expression analyses showed an up-regulation of TST1 and TST2 in the transgenic apple and tomato lines overexpressing MdERDL6-1. Further studies established that the increased sugar concentration in the transgenic lines correlated with up-regulation of TST1 and TST2 expression. Suppression or knockout of SlTST1 and SlTST2 in the MdERDL6-1–overexpressed tomato background reduced or abolished the positive effect of MdERDL6-1 on sugar accumulation, respectively. The findings demonstrate a regulation of TST1 and TST2 by MdERDL6-1, in which Glc exported by MdERDL6-1 from vacuole up-regulates TST1 and TST2 to import sugars from cytosol to vacuole for accumulation to high concentrations. The results provide insight into the regulatory mechanism of sugar accumulation in vacuoles mediated by the coordinated action of two classes of tonoplast sugar transporters.
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28
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Wang Z, Liang Y, Jin Y, Tong X, Wei X, Ma F, Ma B, Li M. Ectopic expression of apple hexose transporter MdHT2.2 reduced the salt tolerance of tomato seedlings with decreased ROS-scavenging ability. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 156:504-513. [PMID: 33049446 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Salt is one of the main stresses that limit plant growth, especially at the seedling stage, reducing crop production and severely impacting food security. However, the relationship between salt stress and sugar content regulated by sugar transporters remains unknown. Here, we investigated the salt tolerance of transgenic tomato seedlings ectopically expressing MdHT2.2, which is a fructose and glucose/H+ symporter located on the plasma membrane in apple. Although the contents of fructose, glucose and sucrose in the leaves of seedlings ectopically expressing MdHT2.2 obviously increased compared with those of WT seedlings, the transgenic seedlings were significantly less tolerance to salt stress. Under salt stress, the SlSOS1/2 and SlNHX1 genes were highly expressed, and the accumulation of Na+ was lower in the transgenic seedlings than in WT, however, ROS accumulated to a greater degree in the former, and the ROS-scavenging-related enzyme activities and AsA content were lower in the transgenic seedlings than WT. Taken together, these results indicated that the relatively low salt tolerance of the MdHT2.2 transgenic seedlings was related with the accumulation of ROS, which was caused by reduced ROS-scavenging ability. Our results offer proof that changes in sugar content caused by sugar transporters are related to salt tolerance, and provide new insight into the regulation of sugar content, quality improvement and stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yonghui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuru Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaolei Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baiquan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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29
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Soares E, Shumbe L, Dauchot N, Notté C, Prouin C, Maudoux O, Vanderschuren H. Asparagine accumulation in chicory storage roots is controlled by translocation and feedback regulation of asparagine biosynthesis in leaves. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:922-931. [PMID: 32729968 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The presence of acrylamide (AA), a potentially carcinogenic and neurotoxic compound, in food has become a major concern for public health. AA in plant-derived food mainly arises from the reaction of the amino acid asparagine (Asn) and reducing sugars during processing of foodstuffs at high temperature. Using a selection of genotypes from the chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) germplasm, we performed Asn measurements in storage roots and leaves to identify genotypes contrasting for Asn accumulation. We combined molecular analysis and grafting experiments to show that leaf to root translocation controls Asn biosynthesis and accumulation in chicory storage roots. We could demonstrate that Asn accumulation in storage roots depends on Asn biosynthesis and transport from the leaf, and that a negative feedback loop by Asn on CiASN1 expression impacts Asn biosynthesis in leaves. Our results provide a new model for Asn biosynthesis in root crop species and highlight the importance of characterizing and manipulating Asn transport to reduce AA content in processed plant-based foodstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanoella Soares
- Plant Genetics Laboratory, TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège, Gembloux, 5030, Belgium
| | - Leonard Shumbe
- Plant Genetics Laboratory, TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège, Gembloux, 5030, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Dauchot
- Research Unit in Plant Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Namur, Namur, 5000, Belgium
| | - Christine Notté
- Chicoline, Breeding Division of Cosucra Groupe Warcoing SA, Warcoing, 7740, Belgium
| | - Claire Prouin
- Chicoline, Breeding Division of Cosucra Groupe Warcoing SA, Warcoing, 7740, Belgium
| | - Olivier Maudoux
- Chicoline, Breeding Division of Cosucra Groupe Warcoing SA, Warcoing, 7740, Belgium
| | - Hervé Vanderschuren
- Plant Genetics Laboratory, TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège, Gembloux, 5030, Belgium
- Tropical Crop Improvement Laboratory, Crop Biotechnics Division, Biosystems Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
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30
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Ru L, He Y, Zhu Z, Patrick JW, Ruan YL. Integrating Sugar Metabolism With Transport: Elevation of Endogenous Cell Wall Invertase Activity Up-Regulates SlHT2 and SlSWEET12c Expression for Early Fruit Development in Tomato. Front Genet 2020; 11:592596. [PMID: 33193736 PMCID: PMC7604364 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.592596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Early fruit development is critical for determining crop yield. Cell wall invertase (CWIN) and sugar transporters both play important roles in carbon allocation and plant development. However, there is little information about the relationship between CWIN and those functionally related sugar transporters during fruit development. By using transgenic tomato with an elevated CWIN activity, we investigated how an increase in CWIN activity may regulate the expression of sugar transporter genes during fruit development. Our analyses indicate that CWIN activity may be under tight regulation by multiple regulators, including two invertase inhibitors (INVINHs) and one defective CWIN (deCWIN) in tomato ovaries prior to anthesis. Among the sugar transporters, expression of SlSWEET12c for sucrose efflux and SlHT2 for hexose uptake was enhanced by the elevated CWIN activity at 10 and 15 days after anthesis of tomato fruit development, respectively. The findings show that some specific sugars will eventually be exported transporters (SWEETs) and hexose transporters (HTs) respond to elevate CWIN activity probably to promote rapid fruit expansion when sucrose efflux from phloem and hexose uptake by parenchyma cell are in high demand. The analyses provide new leads for improving crop yield by manipulating CWIN-responsive sugar transporters, together with CWIN itself, to enhance fruit development and sugar accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ru
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Australia-China Research Centre for Crop Improvement, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Yong He
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhujun Zhu
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - John W Patrick
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Australia-China Research Centre for Crop Improvement, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Yong-Ling Ruan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Australia-China Research Centre for Crop Improvement, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Aslani L, Gholami M, Mobli M, Ehsanzadeh P, Bertin N. Decreased sink/source ratio enhances hexose transport in the fruits of greenhouse tomatoes: integration of gene expression and biochemical analyses. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 170:120-131. [PMID: 32356387 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To examine the physiological role of hexose transporters in determining the sink strength of individual fruits, the regulation of hexose transporters gene expression was studied when the sink/source ratio was artificially altered under the greenhouse condition; this was done in two cultivars of tomato, i.e. Grandella and Isabella. The sink/source ratio treatments included: saving one fruit per truss (1F), two fruits per truss (2F), three fruits per truss (3F) and no fruit pruning (control). The results showed that fruit thinning could increase starch, sucrose, and hexose contents in the fruits; it could also modulate the activity of the key enzymes and the expression of tomato hexose transporter genes (LeHTs). Based on the relative transcript levels, all examined LeHTs were unregulated at the end of cell division and the cell expansion stage of fruit development, but the strongest expression level observed at the onset of ripening was related to LeHT1 and LeHT2. Given the concomitancy of cell wall invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) activity and the LeHTs relative expression cell wall, invertase activity seemed to be involved in the expression level of LeHTs. The increased trends of the LeHTs expression with the decrease of the sink/source ratio confirmed the role of hexose transporters in determining the sink strength of the tomato fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Aslani
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Mahdiyeh Gholami
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Mostafa Mobli
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Parviz Ehsanzadeh
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Nadia Bertin
- Unité Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, French National Institute for Agriculture, Food, and Environment, Avignon, F-84000, France
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32
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Geiger D. Plant glucose transporter structure and function. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1111-1128. [PMID: 32845347 PMCID: PMC8298354 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02449-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The carbohydrate D-glucose is the main source of energy in living organisms. In contrast to animals, as well as most fungi, bacteria, and archaea, plants are capable to synthesize a surplus of sugars characterizing them as autothrophic organisms. Thus, plants are de facto the source of all food on earth, either directly or indirectly via feed to livestock. Glucose is stored as polymeric glucan, in animals as glycogen and in plants as starch. Despite serving a general source for metabolic energy and energy storage, glucose is the main building block for cellulose synthesis and represents the metabolic starting point of carboxylate- and amino acid synthesis. Finally yet importantly, glucose functions as signalling molecule conveying the plant metabolic status for adjustment of growth, development, and survival. Therefore, cell-to-cell and long-distance transport of photoassimilates/sugars throughout the plant body require the fine-tuned activity of sugar transporters facilitating the transport across membranes. The functional plant counterparts of the animal sodium/glucose transporters (SGLTs) are represented by the proton-coupled sugar transport proteins (STPs) of the plant monosaccharide transporter(-like) family (MST). In the framework of this special issue on “Glucose Transporters in Health and Disease,” this review gives an overview of the function and structure of plant STPs in comparison to the respective knowledge obtained with the animal Na+-coupled glucose transporters (SGLTs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Geiger
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97082, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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Ren R, Yue X, Li J, Xie S, Guo S, Zhang Z. Coexpression of Sucrose Synthase and the SWEET Transporter, Which Are Associated With Sugar Hydrolysis and Transport, Respectively, Increases the Hexose Content in Vitis vinifera L. Grape Berries. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:321. [PMID: 32457764 PMCID: PMC7221319 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The sugar content of grape berries is affected by many factors. To explore the hexose content in different cultivars, the photosynthesis, vegetative, and reproductive biomass, as well as the enzyme activities and expression levels of genes related to sugar metabolism and sugar contents were measured. Samples were collected 70-110 days after anthesis (DAA), from Riesling (RI), Petit Manseng (PM), and Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) berries cultivated in the field. The results indicated that high expression levels of VvSWEET15 and VvSS3 and a high activity of sucrose synthase (SS) are associated with a higher hexose content in the berries of PM than in the berries of the other two cultivars. These genes promoted hexose accumulation in the berries by regulating sugar hydrolysis and transport. The results of this study indicate that active sugar hydrolysis and transport increase the hexose content of PM berries, which provides insights for grape berry quality improvement and breeding projects in wine production. Main Conclusion: The active VvSS3, sucrose synthase (SS), and VvSWEET15 increases the hexose content in Petit Manseng berries, which are associated with sugar hydrolysis and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Ren
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yue
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Junnan Li
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Sha Xie
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shuihuan Guo
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhenwen Zhang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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34
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Wang Z, Wei X, Yang J, Li H, Ma B, Zhang K, Zhang Y, Cheng L, Ma F, Li M. Heterologous expression of the apple hexose transporter MdHT2.2 altered sugar concentration with increasing cell wall invertase activity in tomato fruit. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:540-552. [PMID: 31350935 PMCID: PMC6953210 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Sugar transporters are necessary to transfer hexose from cell wall spaces into parenchyma cells to boost hexose accumulation to high concentrations in fruit. Here, we have identified an apple hexose transporter (HTs), MdHT2.2, located in the plasma membrane, which is highly expressed in mature fruit. In a yeast system, the MdHT2.2 protein exhibited high 14 C-fructose and 14 C-glucose transport activity. In transgenic tomato heterologously expressing MdHT2.2, the levels of both fructose and glucose increased significantly in mature fruit, with sugar being unloaded via the apoplastic pathway, but the level of sucrose decreased significantly. Analysis of enzyme activity and the expression of genes related to sugar metabolism and transport revealed greatly up-regulated expression of SlLIN5, a key gene encoding cell wall invertase (CWINV), as well as increased CWINV activity in tomatoes transformed with MdHT2.2. Moreover, the levels of fructose, glucose and sucrose recovered nearly to those of the wild type in the sllin5-edited mutant of the MdHT2.2-expressing lines. However, the overexpression of MdHT2.2 decreased hexose levels and increased sucrose levels in mature leaves and young fruit, suggesting that the response pathway for the apoplastic hexose signal differs among tomato tissues. The present study identifies a new HTs in apple that is able to take up fructose and glucose into cells and confirms that the apoplastic hexose levels regulated by HT controls CWINV activity to alter carbohydrate partitioning and sugar content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Horticulture/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Xiaoyu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Horticulture/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Jingjing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Horticulture/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Huixia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Horticulture/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Baiquan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Horticulture/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Kaikai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Horticulture/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Hybrid Rape Research Center of Shaanxi ProvinceYanglingChina
| | - Lailiang Cheng
- Section of HorticultureSchool of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Horticulture/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Mingjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Horticulture/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AppleNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
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35
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Ho LH, Klemens PAW, Neuhaus HE, Ko HY, Hsieh SY, Guo WJ. SlSWEET1a is involved in glucose import to young leaves in tomato plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:3241-3254. [PMID: 30958535 PMCID: PMC6598072 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Sugar allocation from source to sink (young) leaves, critical for plant development, relies on activities of plasma membrane sugar transporters. However, the key sugar unloading mechanism to sink leaves remains elusive. SWEET transporters mediate sugar efflux into reproductive sinks; therefore, they are promising candidates for sugar unloading during leaf growth. Transcripts of SlSWEET1a, belonging to clade I of the SWEET family, were markedly more abundant than those of all other 30 SlSWEET genes in young leaves of tomatoes. High expression of SlSWEET1a was also detected in reproductive sinks, such as flowers. SlSWEET1a was dominantly expressed in leaf unloading veins, and the green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein was localized to the plasma membrane using Arabidopsis protoplasts, further implicating this carrier in sugar unloading. In addition, yeast growth assays and radiotracer uptake analyses further demonstrated that SlSWEET1a acted as a low-affinity (Km ~100 mM) glucose-specific carrier with a passive diffusion manner. Finally, virus-induced gene silencing of SlSWEET1a expression reduced hexose accumulation to ~50% in young leaves, with a parallel 2-fold increase in mature leaves. Thus, we propose a novel function for SlSWEET1a in the uptake of glucose into unloading cells as part of the sugar unloading mechanism in sink leaves of tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hsuan Ho
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Patrick A W Klemens
- Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - H Ekkehard Neuhaus
- Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Han-Yu Ko
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ying Hsieh
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Woei-Jiun Guo
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
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36
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Shen S, Ma S, Liu Y, Liao S, Li J, Wu L, Kartika D, Mock HP, Ruan YL. Cell Wall Invertase and Sugar Transporters Are Differentially Activated in Tomato Styles and Ovaries During Pollination and Fertilization. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:506. [PMID: 31057596 PMCID: PMC6482350 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Flowering plants depend on pollination and fertilization to activate the transition from ovule to seed and ovary to fruit, namely seed and fruit set, which are key for completing the plant life cycle and realizing crop yield potential. These processes are highly energy consuming and rely on the efficient use of sucrose as the major nutrient and energy source. However, it remains elusive as how sucrose imported into and utilizated within the female reproductive organ is regulated in response to pollination and fertilization. Here, we explored this issue in tomato by focusing on genes encoding cell wall invertase (CWIN) and sugar transporters, which are major players in sucrose phloem unloading, and sink development. The transcript level of a major CWIN gene, LIN5, and CWIN activity were significantly increased in style at 4 h after pollination (HAP) in comparison with that in the non-pollination control, and this was sustained at 2 days after pollination (DAP). In the ovaries, however, CWIN activity and LIN5 expression did not increase until 2 DAP when fertilization occurred. Interestingly, a CWIN inhibitor gene INVINH1 was repressed in the pollinated style at 2 DAP. In response to pollination, the style exhibited increased expressions of genes encoding hexose transporters, SlHT1, 2, SlSWEET5b, and sucrose transporters SlSUT1, 2, and 4 from 4 HAP to 2 DAP. Upon fertilization, SlSUT1 and SlHT1 and 2, but not SlSWEETs, were also stimulated in fruitlets at 2 DAP. Together, the findings reveal that styles respond promptly and more broadly to pollination for activation of CWIN and sugar transporters to fuel pollen tube elongation, whereas the ovaries do not exhibit activation for some of these genes until fertilization occurs. HIGHLIGHTS Expression of genes encoding cell wall invertases and sugar transporters was stimulated in pollinated style and fertilized ovaries in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Shen
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Si Ma
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghua Liu
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Shengjin Liao
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Jun Li
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Limin Wu
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Dewi Kartika
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Hans-Peter Mock
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Yong-Ling Ruan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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37
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Zhang Z, Zou L, Ren C, Ren F, Wang Y, Fan P, Li S, Liang Z. VvSWEET10 Mediates Sugar Accumulation in Grapes. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10040255. [PMID: 30925768 PMCID: PMC6523336 DOI: 10.3390/genes10040255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sugar accumulation is a critical event during grape berry ripening that determines the grape market values. Berry cells are highly dependent on sugar transporters to mediate cross-membrane transport. However, the role of sugar transporters in improving sugar accumulation in berries is not well established in grapes. Herein we report that a Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporter (SWEET), that is, VvSWEET10, was strongly expressed at the onset of ripening (véraison) and can improve grape sugar content. VvSWEET10 encodes a plasma membrane-localized transporter, and the heterologous expression of VvSWEET10 indicates that VvSWEET10 is a hexose-affinity transporter and has a broad spectrum of sugar transport functions. VvSWEET10 overexpression in grapevine calli and tomatoes increased the glucose, fructose, and total sugar levels significantly. The RNA sequencing results of grapevine transgenic calli showed that many sugar transporter genes and invertase genes were upregulated and suggest that VvSWEET10 may mediate sugar accumulation. These findings elucidated the role of VvSWEET10 in sugar accumulation and will be beneficial for the improvement of grape berry quality in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Luming Zou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Chong Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Fengrui Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Peige Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100093, China.
| | - Shaohua Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100093, China.
| | - Zhenchang Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100093, China.
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
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38
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Deng X, An B, Zhong H, Yang J, Kong W, Li Y. A Novel Insight into Functional Divergence of the MST Gene Family in Rice Based on Comprehensive Expression Patterns. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10030239. [PMID: 30897847 PMCID: PMC6470851 DOI: 10.3390/genes10030239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sugars are critical for plant growth and development as suppliers of carbon and energy, as signal molecules, or as solute molecules for osmotic homeostasis. Monosaccharide transporter (MST) genes are involved in various processes of plant growth and development as well as in response to abiotic stresses. However, the evolution and their roles of MST genes in growth and development and in coping with abiotic stresses in rice are poorly known. Here, we identified 64 MST genes in rice genome, which are classified into seven subfamilies: STP, PLT, AZT, ERD, pGlcT, INT, and XTPH. MST genes are not evenly distributed between chromosomes (Chrs) with a bias to Chr 3, 4, 7, and 11, which could be a result of duplication of fragments harboring MST genes. In total, 12 duplication events were found in the rice MST family, among which, two pairs were derived from fragmental duplications and ten pairs were from tandem duplications. The synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution rates of duplicate gene pairs demonstrated that the MST family was under a strong negative selection during the evolution process. Furthermore, a comprehensive expression analysis conducted in 11 different tissues, three abiotic stresses, five hormone treatments, and three sugar treatments revealed different expression patterns of MST genes and indicated diversified functions of them. Our results suggest that MST genes play important roles not only in various abiotic stresses but also in hormone and sugar responses. The present results will provide a vital insight into the functional divergence of the MST family in the future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Baoguang An
- State Key Laboratory for Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Hua Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Weilong Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Yangsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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39
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Paulsen PA, Custódio TF, Pedersen BP. Crystal structure of the plant symporter STP10 illuminates sugar uptake mechanism in monosaccharide transporter superfamily. Nat Commun 2019; 10:407. [PMID: 30679446 PMCID: PMC6345825 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08176-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are dependent on controlled sugar uptake for correct organ development and sugar storage, and apoplastic sugar depletion is a defense strategy against microbial infections like rust and mildew. Uptake of glucose and other monosaccharides is mediated by Sugar Transport Proteins, proton-coupled symporters from the Monosaccharide Transporter (MST) superfamily. We present the 2.4 Å structure of Arabidopsis thaliana high affinity sugar transport protein, STP10, with glucose bound. The structure explains high affinity sugar recognition and suggests a proton donor/acceptor pair that links sugar transport to proton translocation. It contains a Lid domain, conserved in all STPs, that locks the mobile transmembrane domains through a disulfide bridge, and creates a protected environment which allows efficient coupling of the proton gradient to drive sugar uptake. The STP10 structure illuminates fundamental principles of sugar transport in the MST superfamily with implications for both plant antimicrobial defense, organ development and sugar storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Aasted Paulsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Tânia F Custódio
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Panyella Pedersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 6B, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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40
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Shammai A, Petreikov M, Yeselson Y, Faigenboim A, Moy-Komemi M, Cohen S, Cohen D, Besaulov E, Efrati A, Houminer N, Bar M, Ast T, Schuldiner M, Klemens PAW, Neuhaus E, Baxter CJ, Rickett D, Bonnet J, White R, Giovannoni JJ, Levin I, Schaffer A. Natural genetic variation for expression of a SWEET transporter among wild species of Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) determines the hexose composition of ripening tomato fruit. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:343-357. [PMID: 30044900 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The sugar content of Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) fruit is a primary determinant of taste and quality. Cultivated tomato fruit are characterized by near-equimolar levels of the hexoses glucose and fructose, derived from the hydrolysis of translocated sucrose. As fructose is perceived as approximately twice as sweet as glucose, increasing its concentration at the expense of glucose can improve tomato fruit taste. Introgressions of the FgrH allele from the wild species Solanum habrochaites (LA1777) into cultivated tomato increased the fructose-to-glucose ratio of the ripe fruit by reducing glucose levels and concomitantly increasing fructose levels. In order to identify the function of the Fgr gene, we combined a fine-mapping strategy with RNAseq differential expression analysis of near-isogenic tomato lines. The results indicated that a SWEET protein was strongly upregulated in the lines with a high fructose-to-glucose ratio. Overexpressing the SWEET protein in transgenic tomato plants dramatically reduced the glucose levels and increased the fructose : glucose ratio in the developing fruit, thereby proving the function of the protein. The SWEET protein was localized to the plasma membrane and expression of the SlFgr gene in a yeast line lacking native hexose transporters complemented growth with glucose, but not with fructose. These results indicate that the SlFgr gene encodes a plasma membrane-localized glucose efflux transporter of the SWEET family, the overexpression of which reduces glucose levels and may allow for increased fructose levels. This article identifies the function of the tomato Fgr gene as a SWEET transporter, the upregulation of which leads to a modified sugar accumulation pattern in the fleshy fruit. The results point to the potential of the inedible wild species to improve fruit sugar accumulation via sugar transport mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik Shammai
- Institute of Plant Sciences Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Marina Petreikov
- Institute of Plant Sciences Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Yelena Yeselson
- Institute of Plant Sciences Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Adi Faigenboim
- Institute of Plant Sciences Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Michal Moy-Komemi
- Institute of Plant Sciences Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Shahar Cohen
- Institute of Plant Sciences Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Dvir Cohen
- Institute of Plant Sciences Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Eduard Besaulov
- Institute of Plant Sciences Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Ari Efrati
- Zeraim-Syngenta Seed Co., Gedera, Israel
| | | | - Moshe Bar
- Zeraim-Syngenta Seed Co., Gedera, Israel
| | - Tslil Ast
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - P A W Klemens
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Neuhaus
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Charles J Baxter
- Syngenta Seed Co., Jeallott's Hill Research Centre, Bracknell, UK
| | - Dan Rickett
- Syngenta Seed Co., Jeallott's Hill Research Centre, Bracknell, UK
| | - Julien Bonnet
- Syngenta Seed Co., Toulouse Innovation Center, Saint Sauveur, France
| | - Ruth White
- USDA-ARS and Boyce-Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Ilan Levin
- Institute of Plant Sciences Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Arthur Schaffer
- Institute of Plant Sciences Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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41
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Milne RJ, Grof CP, Patrick JW. Mechanisms of phloem unloading: shaped by cellular pathways, their conductances and sink function. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 43:8-15. [PMID: 29248828 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Phloem unloading represents a series of cell-to-cell transport steps transferring phloem-mobile constituents from phloem to sink tissues/organs to fuel their development or resource storage. Our analysis focuses on unloading of two major phloem-mobile constituents, sugars and water. Their unloading can occur across phloem plasma membranes (apoplasmic unloading), through plasmodesmata interconnecting phloem and sink cells (symplasmic unloading) or predominately symplasmically with an intervening post-phloem apoplasmic step. In planta studies of phloem unloading encounter substantial technical challenges in accessing phloem within a meshwork of vascular/ground tissues. Thus, current understanding of phloem-unloading mechanisms largely has been deduced from indirect experimental measures or modelling. Here we highlight recent advances in understanding phloem unloading mechanisms and identify where important knowledge gaps remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky J Milne
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Christopher Pl Grof
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - John W Patrick
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia.
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42
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Abstract
The phloem plays a central role in transporting resources and signalling molecules from fully expanded leaves to provide precursors for, and to direct development of, heterotrophic organs located throughout the plant body. We review recent advances in understanding mechanisms regulating loading and unloading of resources into, and from, the phloem network; highlight unresolved questions regarding the physiological significance of the vast array of proteins and RNAs found in phloem saps; and evaluate proposed structure/function relationships considered to account for bulk flow of sap, sustained at high rates and over long distances, through the transport phloem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Liesche
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-arid lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling , China
| | - John Patrick
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
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43
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Julius BT, Leach KA, Tran TM, Mertz RA, Braun DM. Sugar Transporters in Plants: New Insights and Discoveries. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1442-1460. [PMID: 28922744 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate partitioning is the process of carbon assimilation and distribution from source tissues, such as leaves, to sink tissues, such as stems, roots and seeds. Sucrose, the primary carbohydrate transported long distance in many plant species, is loaded into the phloem and unloaded into distal sink tissues. However, many factors, both genetic and environmental, influence sucrose metabolism and transport. Therefore, understanding the function and regulation of sugar transporters and sucrose metabolic enzymes is key to improving agriculture. In this review, we highlight recent findings that (i) address the path of phloem loading of sucrose in rice and maize leaves; (ii) discuss the phloem unloading pathways in stems and roots and the sugar transporters putatively involved; (iii) describe how heat and drought stress impact carbohydrate partitioning and phloem transport; (iv) shed light on how plant pathogens hijack sugar transporters to obtain carbohydrates for pathogen survival, and how the plant employs sugar transporters to defend against pathogens; and (v) discuss novel roles for sugar transporters in plant biology. These exciting discoveries and insights provide valuable knowledge that will ultimately help mitigate the impending societal challenges due to global climate change and a growing population by improving crop yield and enhancing renewable energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Julius
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, 116 Tucker Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kristen A Leach
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, 116 Tucker Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Thu M Tran
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, 116 Tucker Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Plant Imaging Consortium, USA
| | - Rachel A Mertz
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, 116 Tucker Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - David M Braun
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, 116 Tucker Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Plant Imaging Consortium, USA
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44
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Milne RJ, Dibley KE, Lagudah ES. Yeast as a Heterologous System to Functionally Characterize a Multiple Rust Resistance Gene that Encodes a Hexose Transporter. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1659:265-274. [PMID: 28856658 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7249-4_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the Lr67 resistance gene was identified as a hexose transporter variant which confers adult plant rust and mildew resistance in wheat. Methodologies used to characterize the protein encoded by Lr67 may be of use to non-transporter experts conducting similar experiments with other hexose transporters. Hence, in this chapter, we detail a protocol for the functional characterization of hexose transporter proteins in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae expression system. We also provide guidance on the use of metabolic inhibitors and competing sugars to probe transporter structural features, energization, and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky J Milne
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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45
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Divergent Evolutionary Pattern of Sugar Transporter Genes is Associated with the Difference in Sugar Accumulation between Grasses and Eudicots. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29153. [PMID: 27356489 PMCID: PMC4928125 DOI: 10.1038/srep29153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sugars play a variety of roles in plants, and their accumulation in seeds and/or surrounding pericarp tissues is distinctly different between grasses and eudicots. However, little is known about the evolutionary pattern of genes involved in sugar accumulation in these two major groups of flowering plants. Here, we compared evolutionary rates, gene duplication, and selective patterns of genes involved in sugar metabolism and transport between grasses and eudicots using six grass species and seven eudicot species as materials. Overall, sugar transporter genes exhibit divergent evolutionary patterns, whereas, sugar metabolism genes showing similar evolutionary pattern between monocots and eudicots. Sugar transporter genes have higher frequencies of recent duplication in eudicots than in grasses and their patterns of evolutionary rate are different. Evidence for divergent selection of these two groups of flowering plants is also observed in sugar transporter genes, wherein, these genes have undergone positive selection in eudicots, but not in grasses. Taken together, these findings suggest that sugar transporter genes rather than sugar metabolism genes play important roles in sugar accumulation in plants, and that divergent evolutionary patterns of sugar transporter genes are associated with the difference of sugar accumulation in storage tissues of grasses and eudicots.
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46
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Feng CY, Han JX, Han XX, Jiang J. Genome-wide identification, phylogeny, and expression analysis of the SWEET gene family in tomato. Gene 2015; 573:261-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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47
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A recently evolved hexose transporter variant confers resistance to multiple pathogens in wheat. Nat Genet 2015; 47:1494-8. [PMID: 26551671 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
As there are numerous pathogen species that cause disease and limit yields of crops, such as wheat (Triticum aestivum), single genes that provide resistance to multiple pathogens are valuable in crop improvement. The mechanistic basis of multi-pathogen resistance is largely unknown. Here we use comparative genomics, mutagenesis and transformation to isolate the wheat Lr67 gene, which confers partial resistance to all three wheat rust pathogen species and powdery mildew. The Lr67 resistance gene encodes a predicted hexose transporter (LR67res) that differs from the susceptible form of the same protein (LR67sus) by two amino acids that are conserved in orthologous hexose transporters. Sugar uptake assays show that LR67sus, and related proteins encoded by homeoalleles, function as high-affinity glucose transporters. LR67res exerts a dominant-negative effect through heterodimerization with these functional transporters to reduce glucose uptake. Alterations in hexose transport in infected leaves may explain its ability to reduce the growth of multiple biotrophic pathogen species.
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48
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Cheng JT, Li X, Yao FZ, Shan N, Li YH, Zhang ZX, Sui XL. Functional characterization and expression analysis of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) hexose transporters, involving carbohydrate partitioning and phloem unloading in sink tissues. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 237:46-56. [PMID: 26089151 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Many hexose transporters (HTs) have been reported to play roles in sucrose-transporting plants. However, little information about roles of HTs in RFOs (raffinose family oligosaccharides)-transporting plants has been reported. Here, three hexose transporters (CsHT2, CsHT3, and CsHT4) were cloned from Cucumis sativus L. Heterologous expression in yeast demonstrated that CsHT3 transported glucose, galactose and mannose, with a K(m) of 131.9 μM for glucose, and CsHT4 only transported galactose, while CsHT2 was non-functional. Both CsHT3 and CsHT4 were targeted to the plasma membrane of cucumber protoplasts. Spatio-temporal expression indicated that transcript level of CsHT3 was much higher than that of CsHT2 and CsHT4 in most tissues, especially in peduncles and fruit tissues containing vascular bundles. GUS staining of CsHT3-promoter-β-glucuronidase (GUS) transgenic Arabidopsis plants revealed CsHT3 expression in tissues with high metabolic turnover, suggesting that CsHT3 is involved in sugar competition among different sink organs during plant development. The transcript levels of CsHT3 and cell wall invertase genes increased in peduncles and fruit tissues along with cucumber fruit enlargement, and CsHT3 localized to phloem tissues by immunohistochemical localization; These results suggest that CsHT3 probably plays an important role in apoplastic phloem unloading of cucumber fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Tao Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,; Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xiang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,.
| | - Feng-Zhen Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,.
| | - Nan Shan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,.
| | - Ya-Hui Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,.
| | - Zhen-Xian Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,.
| | - Xiao-Lei Sui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,.
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49
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Yadav UP, Ayre BG, Bush DR. Transgenic approaches to altering carbon and nitrogen partitioning in whole plants: assessing the potential to improve crop yields and nutritional quality. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:275. [PMID: 25954297 PMCID: PMC4405696 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The principal components of plant productivity and nutritional value, from the standpoint of modern agriculture, are the acquisition and partitioning of organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) compounds among the various organs of the plant. The flow of essential organic nutrients among the plant organ systems is mediated by its complex vascular system, and is driven by a series of transport steps including export from sites of primary assimilation, transport into and out of the phloem and xylem, and transport into the various import-dependent organs. Manipulating C and N partitioning to enhance yield of harvested organs is evident in the earliest crop domestication events and continues to be a goal for modern plant biology. Research on the biochemistry, molecular and cellular biology, and physiology of C and N partitioning has now matured to an extent that strategic manipulation of these transport systems through biotechnology are being attempted to improve movement from source to sink tissues in general, but also to target partitioning to specific organs. These nascent efforts are demonstrating the potential of applied biomass targeting but are also identifying interactions between essential nutrients that require further basic research. In this review, we summarize the key transport steps involved in C and N partitioning, and discuss various transgenic approaches for directly manipulating key C and N transporters involved. In addition, we propose several experiments that could enhance biomass accumulation in targeted organs while simultaneously testing current partitioning models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh P. Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Brian G. Ayre
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Daniel R. Bush
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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50
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Albacete A, Cantero-Navarro E, Balibrea ME, Großkinsky DK, de la Cruz González M, Martínez-Andújar C, Smigocki AC, Roitsch T, Pérez-Alfocea F. Hormonal and metabolic regulation of tomato fruit sink activity and yield under salinity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:6081-95. [PMID: 25170099 PMCID: PMC4203140 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Salinization of water and soil has a negative impact on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) productivity by reducing growth of sink organs and by inducing senescence in source leaves. It has been hypothesized that yield stability implies the maintenance or increase of sink activity in the reproductive structures, thus contributing to the transport of assimilates from the source leaves through changes in sucrolytic enzymes and their regulation by phytohormones. In this study, classical and functional physiological approaches have been integrated to study the influence of metabolic and hormonal factors on tomato fruit sink activity, growth, and yield: (i) exogenous hormones were applied to plants, and (ii) transgenic plants overexpressing the cell wall invertase (cwInv) gene CIN1 in the fruits and de novo cytokinin (CK) biosynthesis gene IPT in the roots were constructed. Although salinity reduces fruit growth, sink activity, and trans-zeatin (tZ) concentrations, it increases the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) during the actively growing period (25 days after anthesis). Indeed, exogenous application of the CK analogue kinetin to salinized actively growing fruits recovered sucrolytic activities (mainly cwInv and sucrose synthase), sink strength, and fruit weight, whereas the ethylene-releasing compound ethephon had a negative effect in equivalent non-stressed fruits. Fruit yield was increased by both the constitutive expression of CIN1 in the fruits (up to 4-fold) or IPT in the root (up to 30%), owing to an increase in the fruit number (lower flower abortion) and in fruit weight. This is possibly related to a recovery of sink activity in reproductive tissues due to both (i) increase in sucrolytic activities (cwInv, sucrose synthase, and vacuolar and cytoplasmic invertases) and tZ concentration, and (ii) a decrease in the ACC levels and the activity of the invertase inhibitor. This study provides new functional evidences about the role of metabolic and hormonal inter-regulation of local sink processes in controlling tomato fruit sink activity, growth, and yield under salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Albacete
- Department of Plant Nutrition, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - María E Balibrea
- Department of Plant Nutrition, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Dominik K Großkinsky
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 13, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | | | | | - Ann C Smigocki
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Thomas Roitsch
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 13, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark Global Change Research Centre, Czech Globe AS CR, v.v.i., Drásov 470, Cz-664 24 Drásov, Czech Republic
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