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Dai Z, Dong S, Cai H, Beckles DM, Guan J, Liu X, Gu X, Miao H, Zhang S. Genome-wide association analysis reveal candidate genes and haplotypes related to root weight in cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1417314. [PMID: 39086910 PMCID: PMC11288866 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1417314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Background The plant root system is critical for the absorption of water and nutrients, and have a direct influence on growth and yield. In cucumber, a globally consumed crop, the molecular mechanism of root development remains unclear, and this has implications for developing stress tolerant varieties. This study sought to determine the genetic patterns and related genes of cucumber root weight. A core cucumber germplasms population was used to do the GWAS analysis in three environments. Results Here, we investigated four root-weight related traits including root fresh weight (RFW), root dry weight (RDW), ratio of root dry weight to root fresh weight (RDFW) and the comprehensive evaluation index, D-value of root weight (DRW) deduced based on the above three traits for the core germplasm of the cucumber global repository. According to the D-value, we identified 21 and 16 accessions with light and heavy-root, respectively. We also found that the East Asian ecotype accessions had significantly heavier root than other three ecotypes. The genome-wide association study (GWAS) for these four traits reveals that 4 of 10 significant loci (gDRW3.1, gDRW3.2, gDRW4.1 and gDRW5.1) were repeatedly detected for at least two traits. Further haplotype and expression analysis for protein-coding genes positioned within these 4 loci between light and heavy-root accessions predicted five candidate genes (i.e., Csa3G132020 and Csa3G132520 both encoding F-box protein PP2-B1 for gDRW3.1, Csa3G629240 encoding a B-cell receptor-associated protein for gDRW3.2, Csa4G499330 encodes a GTP binding protein for gDRW4.1, and Csa5G286040 encodes a proteinase inhibitor for gDRW5.1). Conclusions We conducted a systematic analysis of the root genetic basis and characteristics of cucumber core germplasms population. We detected four novel loci, which regulate the root weight in cucumber. Our study provides valuable candidate genes and haplotypes for the improvement of root system in cucumber breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuonan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoyun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hexu Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Diane M. Beckles
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jiantao Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingfang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Han Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shengping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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2
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Nguyen TT, Nguyen TC, Do PT, To HTM. Effect of gibberellin on crown root development in the mutant of the rice plasmodesmal Germin-like protein OsGER4. Funct Integr Genomics 2024; 24:59. [PMID: 38498207 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-024-01341-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Rice is an essential but highly stress-susceptible crop, whose root system plays an important role in plant development and stress adaptation. The rice root system architecture is controlled by gene regulatory networks involving different phytohormones including auxin, jasmonate, and gibberellin. Gibberellin is generally known as a molecular clock that interacts with different pathways to regulate root meristem development. The exogenous treatment of rice plantlets with Gibberellin reduced the number of crown roots, whilst the exogenous jasmonic acid treatment enhanced them by involving a Germin-like protein OsGER4. Due to those opposite effects, this study aims to investigate the effect of Gibberellin on crown root development in the rice mutant of the plasmodesmal Germin-like protein OsGER4. Under exogenous gibberellin treatment, the number of crown roots significantly increased in osger4 mutant lines and decreased in the OsGER4 overexpressed lines. GUS staining showed that OsGER4 was strongly expressed in rice root systems, particularly crown and lateral roots under GA3 application. Specifically, OsGER4 was strongly expressed from the exodermis, epidermis, sclerenchyma to the endodermis layers of the crown root, along the vascular bundle and throughout LR primordia. The plasmodesmal protein OsGER4 is suggested to be involved in crown root development by maintaining hormone homeostasis, including Gibberillin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Thi Nguyen
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Agricultural Genetics Institute, PhamVan Dong, Bac Tu Liem, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Chi Nguyen
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phat Tien Do
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huong Thi Mai To
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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3
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Khodaeiaminjan M, Knoch D, Ndella Thiaw MR, Marchetti CF, Kořínková N, Techer A, Nguyen TD, Chu J, Bertholomey V, Doridant I, Gantet P, Graner A, Neumann K, Bergougnoux V. Genome-wide association study in two-row spring barley landraces identifies QTL associated with plantlets root system architecture traits in well-watered and osmotic stress conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1125672. [PMID: 37077626 PMCID: PMC10106628 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1125672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Water availability is undoubtedly one of the most important environmental factors affecting crop production. Drought causes a gradual deprivation of water in the soil from top to deep layers and can occur at diverse stages of plant development. Roots are the first organs that perceive water deficit in soil and their adaptive development contributes to drought adaptation. Domestication has contributed to a bottleneck in genetic diversity. Wild species or landraces represent a pool of genetic diversity that has not been exploited yet in breeding program. In this study, we used a collection of 230 two-row spring barley landraces to detect phenotypic variation in root system plasticity in response to drought and to identify new quantitative trait loci (QTL) involved in root system architecture under diverse growth conditions. For this purpose, young seedlings grown for 21 days in pouches under control and osmotic-stress conditions were phenotyped and genotyped using the barley 50k iSelect SNP array, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were conducted using three different GWAS methods (MLM GAPIT, FarmCPU, and BLINK) to detect genotype/phenotype associations. In total, 276 significant marker-trait associations (MTAs; p-value (FDR)< 0.05) were identified for root (14 and 12 traits under osmotic-stress and control conditions, respectively) and for three shoot traits under both conditions. In total, 52 QTL (multi-trait or identified by at least two different GWAS approaches) were investigated to identify genes representing promising candidates with a role in root development and adaptation to drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mortaza Khodaeiaminjan
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Dominic Knoch
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | | | - Cintia F. Marchetti
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Nikola Kořínková
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Alexie Techer
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Thu D. Nguyen
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jianting Chu
- Department of Breeding Research, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Valentin Bertholomey
- Limagrain Field Seeds, Traits and Technologies, Groupe Limagrain Centre de Recherche, Chappes, France
| | - Ingrid Doridant
- Limagrain Field Seeds, Traits and Technologies, Groupe Limagrain Centre de Recherche, Chappes, France
| | - Pascal Gantet
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
- Unité Mixte de Recherche DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Andreas Graner
- Department Genebank, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Kerstin Neumann
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Véronique Bergougnoux
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
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4
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Tanaka W, Yamauchi T, Tsuda K. Genetic basis controlling rice plant architecture and its modification for breeding. BREEDING SCIENCE 2023; 73:3-45. [PMID: 37168811 PMCID: PMC10165344 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.22088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The shoot and root system architectures are fundamental for crop productivity. During the history of artificial selection of domestication and post-domestication breeding, the architecture of rice has significantly changed from its wild ancestor to fulfil requirements in agriculture. We review the recent studies on developmental biology in rice by focusing on components determining rice plant architecture; shoot meristems, leaves, tillers, stems, inflorescences and roots. We also highlight natural variations that affected these structures and were utilized in cultivars. Importantly, many core regulators identified from developmental mutants have been utilized in breeding as weak alleles moderately affecting these architectures. Given a surge of functional genomics and genome editing, the genetic mechanisms underlying the rice plant architecture discussed here will provide a theoretical basis to push breeding further forward not only in rice but also in other crops and their wild relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakana Tanaka
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Takaki Yamauchi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Tsuda
- National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
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5
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Singh H, Singh Z, Zhu T, Xu X, Waghmode B, Garg T, Yadav S, Sircar D, De Smet I, Yadav SR. Auxin-Responsive (Phospho)proteome Analysis Reveals Key Biological Processes and Signaling Associated with Shoot-Borne Crown Root Development in Rice. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 63:1968-1979. [PMID: 34679169 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The rice root system is primarily composed of shoot-borne adventitious/crown roots (ARs/CRs) that develop from the coleoptile base, and therefore, it is an excellent model system for studying shoot-to-root trans-differentiation process. We reveal global changes in protein and metabolite abundance and protein phosphorylation in response to an auxin stimulus during CR development. The liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses of developing crown root primordia (CRP) and emerged CRs identified 334 proteins and 12 amino acids, respectively, that were differentially regulated upon auxin treatment. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of global proteome data uncovered the biological processes associated with chromatin conformational change, gene expression and cell cycle that were regulated by auxin signaling. Spatial gene expression pattern analysis of differentially abundant proteins disclosed their stage-specific dynamic expression pattern during CRP development. Further, our tempo-spatial gene expression and functional analyses revealed that auxin creates a regulatory module during CRP development and activates ethylene biosynthesis exclusively during CRP initiation. Further, the phosphoproteome analysis identified 8,220 phosphosites, which could be mapped to 1,594 phosphoproteins and of which 66 phosphosites were differentially phosphorylated upon auxin treatment. Importantly, we observed differential phosphorylation of the cyclin-dependent kinase G-2 (OsCDKG;2) and cell wall proteins, in response to auxin signaling, suggesting that auxin-dependent phosphorylation may be required for cell cycle activation and cell wall synthesis during root organogenesis. Thus, our study provides evidence for the translational and post-translational regulation during CR development downstream of the auxin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshita Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Zeenu Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Xiangyu Xu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Bhairavnath Waghmode
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Tushar Garg
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Shivani Yadav
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Debabrata Sircar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Ive De Smet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Shri Ram Yadav
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
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6
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Singh Z, Singh H, Garg T, Mushahary KKK, Yadav SR. Genetic and Hormonal Blueprint of Shoot-Borne Adventitious Root Development in Rice and Maize. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 63:1806-1813. [PMID: 35713294 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of root architecture in plants was a prerequisite for the absorption of water and minerals from the soil, and thus a major determinant of terrestrial plant colonization. Cereals have a remarkably complex root system consisting of embryonic primary roots and post-embryonic lateral roots and shoot-borne adventitious roots. Among grass species, rice adventitious roots (also called crown roots) are developed from compressed nodes at the stem base, whereas in maize, besides crown roots, several aboveground brace roots are also formed, thus adventitious root types display species-specific diversity. Despite being the backbone for the adult root system in monocots, adventitious roots are the least studied of all the plant organs. In recent times, molecular genetics, genomics and proteomics-based approaches have been utilized to dissect the mechanism of post-embryonic meristem formation and tissue patterning. Adventitious root development is a cumulative effect of the actions and interactions of crucial genetic and hormonal regulators. In this review, we provide a comprehensive view of the key regulators involved during the different stages of adventitious root development in two important crop plants, rice and maize. We have reviewed the roles of major phytohormones, microRNAs and transcription factors and their crosstalk during adventitious root development in these cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeenu Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Harshita Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Tushar Garg
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | | | - Shri Ram Yadav
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
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7
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Geng L, Li Q, Jiao L, Xiang Y, Deng Q, Zhou DX, Zhao Y. WOX11 and CRL1 act synergistically to promote crown root development by maintaining cytokinin homeostasis in rice. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:204-216. [PMID: 36208055 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Crown root (CR) morphogenesis is critical for normal growth and nutrition absorption in cereals. In rice, WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX11 (WOX11) and CROWN ROOTLESS1 (CRL1) play vital roles in controlling CR development. Despite their importance, whether and how the two regulators coordinate CR formation remains unclear. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays, transient expression, and chromatin immunoprecipitation qPCR suggested that WOX11 and CRL1 directly bind to OsCKX4 to regulate its expression during CR development. CRL1 enhances OsCKX4 activation through direct interaction with WOX11 at root emergence and elongation stages. Genetic dissection showed that the wox11/crl1 double mutant exhibits a more severe root phenotype. OsCKX4 knockout plants generated by CRISPR/Cas9 exhibited fewer CRs and higher cytokinin levels in the root meristem. Increased expression of OsCKX4 could partially complement the CR phenotypes of both crl1 and wox11 mutants. Furthermore, cytokinin can promote WOX11 protein accumulation in the root meristem. Together, these findings show that cytokinin accumulation is tightly regulated by the WOX11-CRL1 complex during CR elongation by counteracting the negative regulatory effects of cytokinin on root development. Importantly, these results reveal an intrinsic link between WOX11 protein accumulation and cytokinin to maintain CR growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leping Geng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qi Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lele Jiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yimeng Xiang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qiyu Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Dao-Xiu Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Institute of Plant Science Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRAE, University Paris-Saclay, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Yu Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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8
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Li Y, Wu L, Ren M, Zhu J, Xu J, Hu H, Quan X, Huang C, Mao C. Functional redundancy of OsPIN1 paralogous genes in regulating plant growth and development in rice. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2065432. [PMID: 35442849 PMCID: PMC9037464 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2065432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The OsPIN1 paralogous genes (OsPIN1a-1d) are important for root and panicle development in rice (Oryza sativa L.). However, the specific role of OsPIN1 paralogous genes is still not clear. To understand the specific roles of PIN1 paralogs in rice, we generated pin1 triple and quadruple mutants by crossing the pin1a pin1b and pin1c pin1d double mutants which we previously created. Compared with the 7-day-old wild type, the pin1a pin1c pin1d and pin1b pin1c pin1d triple mutants showed no obvious phenotype variation except that the pin1a pin1c pin1d triple mutant had shorter primary root and shoot. The pin1a pin1b pin1c and pin1a pin1b pin1d triple mutants exhibited a series of developmental abnormalities, including shorter primary roots, longer root hairs, fewer crown roots and lateral roots, shorter and curved shoots. Furthermore, the pin1a pin1b pin1c pin1d quadruple mutant displayed more severe phenotypic defects which was lethal. In addition, the expression levels of some hormone signal transduction and crown root development related genes, such as OsIAAs, OsARFs, OsRRs, and OsCRLs, were significantly altered in the stem base of all examined pin1 multiple mutants. Taken together, our results demonstrated that the four OsPIN1 paralogous genes function redundantly in regulating rice growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingling Wu
- Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meiyan Ren
- Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianshu Zhu
- Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiming Xu
- Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Han Hu
- Agricultural Experiment Station of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaokang Quan
- Agricultural Experiment Station of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chongping Huang
- Agricultural Experiment Station of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chuanzao Mao
- Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Jin L, Zhang G, Yang G, Dong J. Identification of the Karyopherin Superfamily in Maize and Its Functional Cues in Plant Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214103. [PMID: 36430578 PMCID: PMC9699179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate nucleo-cytoplasmic partitioning of proteins is a vital regulatory mechanism in phytohormone signaling and plant development. However, how this is achieved remains incompletely understood. The Karyopherin (KAP) superfamily is critical for separating the biological processes in the nucleus from those in the cytoplasm. The KAP superfamily is divided into Importin α (IMPα) and Importin β (IMPβ) families and includes the core components in mediating nucleocytoplasmic transport. Recent reports suggest the KAPs play crucial regulatory roles in Arabidopsis development and stress response by regulating the nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of members in hormone signaling. However, the KAP members and their associated molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood in maize. Therefore, we first identified seven IMPα and twenty-seven IMPβ genes in the maize genome and described their evolution traits and the recognition rules for substrates with nuclear localization signals (NLSs) or nuclear export signals (NESs) in plants. Next, we searched for the protein interaction partners of the ZmKAPs and selected the ones with Arabidopsis orthologs functioning in auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signaling to predict their potential function. Finally, we found that several ZmKAPs share similar expression patterns with their interacting proteins, implying their function in root development. Overall, this article focuses on the Karyopherin superfamily in maize and starts with this entry point by systematically comprehending the KAP-mediated nucleo-cytoplasmic transport process in plants, and then predicts the function of the ZmKAPs during maize development, with a perspective on a closely associated regulatory mechanism between the nucleo-cytoplasmic transport and the phytohormone network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jin
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Guobin Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Guixiao Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jiaqiang Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence:
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10
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To HTM, Pham DT, Le Thi VA, Nguyen TT, Tran TA, Ta AS, Chu HH, Do PT. The Germin-like protein OsGER4 is involved in promoting crown root development under exogenous jasmonic acid treatment in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:860-874. [PMID: 36134434 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In rice (Oryza sativa L.), crown roots (CRs) have many important roles in processes such as root system expansion, water and mineral uptake, and adaptation to environmental stresses. Phytohormones such as auxin, cytokinin, and ethylene are known to control CR initiation and development in rice. However, the role of jasmonic acid (JA) in CR development remained elusive. Here, we report that JA promotes CR development by regulating OsGER4, a rice Germin-like protein. Root phenotyping analysis revealed that exogenous JA treatment induced an increase in CR number in a concentration-dependent manner. A subsequent genome-wide association study and gene expression analyses pinpointed a strong association between the Germin-like protein OsGER4 and the increase in CR number under exogenous JA treatment. The ProGER4::GUS reporter line showed that OsGER4 is a hormone-responsive gene involved in various stress responses, mainly confined to epidermal and vascular tissues during CR primordia development and to vascular bundles of mature crown and lateral roots. Notable changes in OsGER4 expression patterns caused by the polar auxin transport inhibitor NPA support its connection to auxin signaling. Phenotyping experiments with OsGER4 knockout mutants confirmed that this gene is required for CR development under exogenous JA treatment. Overall, our results provide important insights into JA-mediated regulation of CR development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Thi Mai To
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Dan The Pham
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Van Anh Le Thi
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Trang Thi Nguyen
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Tuan Anh Tran
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Anh Son Ta
- School of Applied Mathematics and Informatics, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, 1 Dai Co Viet, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ha Hoang Chu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Phat Tien Do
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
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11
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Li C, Wang J, Li L, Li J, Zhuang M, Li B, Li Q, Huang J, Du Y, Wang J, Fan Z, Mao X, Jing R. TaMOR is essential for root initiation and improvement of root system architecture in wheat. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:862-875. [PMID: 34890129 PMCID: PMC9055823 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Optimal root system architecture is beneficial for water-fertilizer use efficiency, stress tolerance and yield improvement of crops. However, because of the complexity of root traits and difficulty in phenotyping deep roots, the study on mechanisms of root development is rarely reported in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In this study, we identified that the LBD (LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN) gene TaMOR (MORE ROOT in wheat) determines wheat crown root initiation. The mor mutants exhibited less or even no crown root, dwarfism, less grain number and lodging caused by few roots. The observation of cross sections showed that crown root initiation is inhibited in the mor mutants. Molecular assays revealed that TaMOR interacts with the auxin response factor ARF5 to directly induce the expression of the auxin transporter gene PIN2 (PIN-FORMED 2) in the root base to regulate crown root initiation. In addition, a 159-bp MITE (miniature inverted-repeat transposable element) insertion causing DNA methylation and lower expression of TaMOR-B was identified in TaMOR-B promoter, which is associated with lower root dry weight and shorter plant height. The results bring new light into regulation mechanisms of crown root initiation and offer a new target for the improvement of root system architecture in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaonan Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jingyi Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Long Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jialu Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Mengjia Zhuang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Bo Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qiaoru Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Junfang Huang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yan Du
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jinping Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zipei Fan
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xinguo Mao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ruilian Jing
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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12
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G. Viana W, Scharwies JD, Dinneny JR. Deconstructing the root system of grasses through an exploration of development, anatomy and function. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:602-619. [PMID: 35092025 PMCID: PMC9303260 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Well-adapted root systems allow plants to grow under resource-limiting environmental conditions and are important determinants of yield in agricultural systems. Important staple crops such as rice and maize belong to the family of grasses, which develop a complex root system that consists of an embryonic root system that emerges from the seed, and a postembryonic nodal root system that emerges from basal regions of the shoot after germination. While early seedling establishment is dependent on the embryonic root system, the nodal root system, and its associated branches, gains in importance as the plant matures and will ultimately constitute the bulk of below-ground growth. In this review, we aim to give an overview of the different root types that develop in cereal grass root systems, explore the different physiological roles they play by defining their anatomical features, and outline the genetic networks that control their development. Through this deconstructed view of grass root system function, we provide a parts-list of elements that function together in an integrated root system to promote survival and crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José R. Dinneny
- Department of BiologyStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
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13
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Li L, Garsamo M, Yuan J, Wang X, Lam SH, Varala K, Boavida LC, Zhou Y, Liu X. CAND1 is required for pollen viability in Arabidopsis thaliana-a test of the adaptive exchange hypothesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:866086. [PMID: 35968124 PMCID: PMC9366119 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.866086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic assembly of SKP1•CUL1•F-box protein (SCF) ubiquitin ligases is important for protein ubiquitination and degradation. This process is enabled by CAND1, which exchanges F-box proteins associated with the common CUL1 scaffold, and thereby, recycles the limited CUL1 core and allows diverse F-box proteins to assemble active SCFs. Previous human cell biological and computational studies have led to the adaptive exchange hypothesis, which suggests that the CAND1-mediated exchange confers plasticity on the SCF system, allowing cells to tolerate large variations in F-box protein expression. Here, we tested this hypothesis using Arabidopsis thaliana, a multicellular organism expressing hundreds of F-box protein genes at variable levels in different tissues. The cand1 null mutant in Arabidopsis is viable but produce almost no seeds. Bioinformatic, cell biological, and developmental analyses revealed that the low fertility in the cand1 mutant is associated with cell death in pollen, where the net expression of F-box protein genes is significantly higher than any other Arabidopsis tissue. In addition, we show that the transmission efficiency of the cand1 null allele was reduced through the male but not the female gametophyte. Our results suggest that CAND1 activity is essential in cells or tissues expressing high levels of F-box proteins. This finding is consistent with the proposed adaptive exchange hypothesis, demonstrating the necessity of the evolutionarily conserved CAND1-mediated exchange system in the development of a multicellular organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Melaku Garsamo
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Jing Yuan
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Xiaojin Wang
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Susan H. Lam
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Kranthi Varala
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Leonor C. Boavida
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Yun Zhou
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Xing Liu,
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14
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Yu E, Yamaji N, Mochida K, Galis I, Asaka K, Ma JF. LYSINE KETOGLUTARATE REDUCTASE TRANS-SPLICING RELATED 1 is involved in temperature-dependent root growth in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6336-6349. [PMID: 34037776 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Root length is an important root parameter directly related to the uptake of water and nutrients. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling root length are still not fully understood. Here, we isolated a short-root mutant of rice, dice2 (defective in cell elongation 2). The cell length and meristem size of the roots were decreased in dice2, but the root function in terms of mineral element uptake, root cell width, and root anatomy were hardly altered compared with wild-type (WT) rice. The root growth defect in dice2 could be partially rescued by high temperature. Map-based cloning combined with a complementation test revealed that the short-root phenotype was caused by a nonsense mutation in a gene which was annotated to encode Lysine Ketoglutarate Reductase Trans-Splicing related 1 (OsLKRT1). OsLKRT1, encoding a cytosol-localized protein, was expressed in all cells of the root tip and elongation region as well as the shoot. RNA-seq analysis showed that there was no difference between dice2 and the WT in the expression level of genes involved in root development identified so far. These results indicate that OsLKRT1 is involved in a novel pathway required for root cell elongation in rice, although its exact role remains to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Yu
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamaji
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Keiich Mochida
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ivan Galis
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Kanatani Asaka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jian Feng Ma
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, Japan
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15
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Identification and Characterization of Short Crown Root 8, a Temperature-Sensitive Mutant Associated with Crown Root Development in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189868. [PMID: 34576034 PMCID: PMC8465104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Crown roots are essential for plants to obtain water and nutrients, perceive environmental changes, and synthesize plant hormones. In this study, we identified and characterized short crown root 8 (scr8), which exhibited a defective phenotype of crown root and vegetative development. Temperature treatment showed that scr8 was sensitive to temperature and that the mutant phenotypes were rescued when grown under low temperature condition (20 °C). Histological and EdU staining analysis showed that the crown root formation was hampered and that the root meristem activity was decreased in scr8. With map-based cloning strategy, the SCR8 gene was fine-mapped to an interval of 126.4 kb on chromosome 8. Sequencing analysis revealed that the sequence variations were only found in LOC_Os08g14850, which encodes a CC-NBS-LRR protein. Expression and inoculation test analysis showed that the expression level of LOC_Os08g14850 was significantly decreased under low temperature (20 °C) and that the resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae (Xoo) was enhanced in scr8. These results indicated that LOC_Os08g14850 may be the candidate of SCR8 and that its mutation activated the plant defense response, resulting in a crown root growth defect.
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16
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Li C, Li L, Reynolds MP, Wang J, Chang X, Mao X, Jing R. Recognizing the hidden half in wheat: root system attributes associated with drought tolerance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5117-5133. [PMID: 33783492 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Improving drought tolerance in wheat is crucial for maintaining productivity and food security. Roots are responsible for the uptake of water from soil, and a number of root traits are associated with drought tolerance. Studies have revealed many quantitative trait loci and genes controlling root development in plants. However, the genetic dissection of root traits in response to drought in wheat is still unclear. Here, we review crop root traits associated with drought, key genes governing root development in plants, and quantitative trait loci and genes regulating root system architecture under water-limited conditions in wheat. Deep roots, optimal root length density and xylem diameter, and increased root surface area are traits contributing to drought tolerance. In view of the diverse environments in which wheat is grown, the balance among root and shoot traits, as well as individual and population performance, are discussed. The known functions of key genes provide information for the genetic dissection of root development of wheat in a wide range of conditions, and will be beneficial for molecular marker development, marker-assisted selection, and genetic improvement in breeding for drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaonan Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Long Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | | | - Jingyi Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoping Chang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xinguo Mao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ruilian Jing
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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17
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Lian L, Lin Y, Wei Y, He W, Cai Q, Huang W, Zheng Y, Xu H, Wang F, Zhu Y, Luo X, Xie H, Zhang J. PEPC of sugarcane regulated glutathione S-transferase and altered carbon-nitrogen metabolism under different N source concentrations in Oryza sativa. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:287. [PMID: 34167489 PMCID: PMC8223297 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03071-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) plays an important role in the primary metabolism of higher plants. Several studies have revealed the critical importance of PEPC in the interaction of carbon and nitrogen metabolism. However, the function mechanism of PEPC in nitrogen metabolism is unclear and needs further investigation. RESULTS This study indicates that transgenic rice expressing the sugarcane C4-PEPC gene displayed shorter primary roots and fewer crown roots at the seedling stage. However, total nitrogen content was significantly higher in transgenic rice than in wild type (WT) plants. Proteomic analysis revealed that there were more differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) responding to nitrogen changes in transgenic rice. In particular, the most enriched pathway "glutathione (GSH) metabolism", which mainly contains GSH S-transferase (GST), was identified in transgenic rice. The expression of endogenous PEPC, GST and several genes involved in the TCA cycle, glycolysis and nitrogen assimilation changed in transgenic rice. Correspondingly, the activity of enzymes including GST, citrate synthase, 6-phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase and ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase significantly changed. In addition, the levels of organic acids in the TCA cycle and carbohydrates including sucrose, starch and soluble sugar altered in transgenic rice under different nitrogen source concentrations. GSH that the substrate of GST and its components including glutamic acid, cysteine and glycine accumulated in transgenic rice. Moreover, the levels of phytohormones including indoleacetic acid (IAA), zeatin (ZT) and isopentenyladenosine (2ip) were lower in the roots of transgenic rice under total nutrients. Taken together, the phenotype, physiological and biochemical characteristics of transgenic rice expressing C4-PEPC were different from WT under different nitrogen levels. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed the possibility that PEPC affects nitrogen metabolism through regulating GST, which provide a new direction and concepts for the further study of the PEPC functional mechanism in nitrogen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lian
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350019, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture/South-China Base of National Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice of China/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350003, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yuelong Lin
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350019, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture/South-China Base of National Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice of China/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350003, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yidong Wei
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350019, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture/South-China Base of National Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice of China/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350003, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wei He
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350019, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture/South-China Base of National Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice of China/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350003, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Qiuhua Cai
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350019, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture/South-China Base of National Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice of China/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350003, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350003, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yanmei Zheng
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350019, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture/South-China Base of National Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice of China/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350003, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Huibin Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350019, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture/South-China Base of National Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice of China/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350003, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Fuxiang Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350019, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture/South-China Base of National Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice of China/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350003, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhu
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350019, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture/South-China Base of National Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice of China/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350003, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xi Luo
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350019, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture/South-China Base of National Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice of China/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350003, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Huaan Xie
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350019, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture/South-China Base of National Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice of China/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350003, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jianfu Zhang
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350019, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture/South-China Base of National Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice of China/National Engineering Laboratory of Rice, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350003, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
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18
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Panda S, Majhi PK, Anandan A, Mahender A, Veludandi S, Bastia D, Guttala SB, Singh SK, Saha S, Ali J. Proofing Direct-Seeded Rice with Better Root Plasticity and Architecture. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6058. [PMID: 34199720 PMCID: PMC8199995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The underground reserve (root) has been an uncharted research territory with its untapped genetic variation yet to be exploited. Identifying ideal traits and breeding new rice varieties with efficient root system architecture (RSA) has great potential to increase resource-use efficiency and grain yield, especially under direct-seeded rice, by adapting to aerobic soil conditions. In this review, we tried to mine the available research information on the direct-seeded rice (DSR) root system to highlight the requirements of different root traits such as root architecture, length, number, density, thickness, diameter, and angle that play a pivotal role in determining the uptake of nutrients and moisture at different stages of plant growth. RSA also faces several stresses, due to excess or deficiency of moisture and nutrients, low or high temperature, or saline conditions. To counteract these hindrances, adaptation in response to stress becomes essential. Candidate genes such as early root growth enhancer PSTOL1, surface rooting QTL qSOR1, deep rooting gene DRO1, and numerous transporters for their respective nutrients and stress-responsive factors have been identified and validated under different circumstances. Identifying the desired QTLs and transporters underlying these traits and then designing an ideal root architecture can help in developing a suitable DSR cultivar and aid in further advancement in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Panda
- Crop Improvement Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Rice Research Institute (NRRI), Cuttack 753006, Odisha, India; (S.P.); (S.V.)
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Odisha University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India;
| | - Prasanta Kumar Majhi
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University (B.H.U.), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India; (P.K.M.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Annamalai Anandan
- Crop Improvement Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Rice Research Institute (NRRI), Cuttack 753006, Odisha, India; (S.P.); (S.V.)
| | - Anumalla Mahender
- Rice Breeding Platform, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines;
| | - Sumanth Veludandi
- Crop Improvement Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Rice Research Institute (NRRI), Cuttack 753006, Odisha, India; (S.P.); (S.V.)
| | - Debendranath Bastia
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Odisha University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India;
| | - Suresh Babu Guttala
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences (SHUATS), Prayagraj 211007, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Shravan Kumar Singh
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University (B.H.U.), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India; (P.K.M.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Sanjoy Saha
- Crop Production Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Rice Research Institute (NRRI), Cuttack 753006, Odisha, India;
| | - Jauhar Ali
- Rice Breeding Platform, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines;
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19
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Zhao J, Yang B, Li W, Sun S, Peng L, Feng D, Li L, Di H, He Y, Wang Z. A genome-wide association study reveals that the glucosyltransferase OsIAGLU regulates root growth in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1119-1134. [PMID: 33130882 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Good root growth in the early post-germination stages is an important trait for direct seeding in rice, but its genetic control is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the genetic architecture of variation in primary root length using a diverse panel of 178 accessions. Four QTLs for root length (qRL3, qRL6, qRL7, and qRL11) were identified using genome-wide association studies. One candidate gene was validated for the major QTL qRL11, namely the glucosyltransferase OsIAGLU. Disruption of this gene in Osiaglu mutants reduced the primary root length and the numbers of lateral and crown roots. The natural allelic variations of OsIAGLU contributing to root growth were identified. Functional analysis revealed that OsIAGLU regulates root growth mainly via modulating multiple hormones in the roots, including levels of auxin, jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, and cytokinin. OsIAGLU also influences the expression of multiple hormone-related genes associated with root growth. The regulation of root growth through multiple hormone pathways by OsIAGLU makes it a potential target for future rice breeding for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhao
- The Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yang
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Li
- The Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Sun
- The Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liling Peng
- The Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Defeng Feng
- The Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Huzhou Agricultural Science and Technology Development Center, Huzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Di
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqi He
- The Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhoufei Wang
- The Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Li M, Geng L, Xie S, Wu D, Ye L, Zhang G. Genome-Wide Association Study on Total Starch, Amylose and Amylopectin in Barley Grain Reveals Novel Putative Alleles. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020553. [PMID: 33430526 PMCID: PMC7828029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The content and composition of starch in cereal grains are closely related to yield. Few studies have been done on the identification of the genes or loci associated with these traits in barley. This study was conducted to identify the genes or loci controlling starch traits in barley grains, including total starch (TS), amylose (AC) and amylopectin (AP) contents. A large genotypic variation was found in all examined starch traits. GWAS analysis detected 13, 2, 10 QTLs for TS, AC and AP, respectively, and 5 of them were commonly shared by AP and TS content. qTS-3.1, qAC-6.2 and qAP-5.1 may explain the largest variation of TS, AC and AP, respectively. Four putative candidate genes, i.e., HORVU6Hr1G087920, HORVU5Hr1G011230, HORVU5Hr1G011270 and HORVU5Hr1G011280, showed the high expression in the developing barley grains when starch accumulates rapidly. The examined 100 barley accessions could be divided into two groups based on the polymorphism of the marker S5H_29297679, with 93 accessions having allele GG and seven accessions having AA. Moreover, significantly positive correlation was found between the number of favorable alleles of the identified QTLs and TS, AC, AP content. In conclusion, the identified loci or genes in this study could be useful for genetic improvement of grains starch in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Li
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (M.L.); (L.G.); (S.X.); (D.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - La Geng
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (M.L.); (L.G.); (S.X.); (D.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Shanggeng Xie
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (M.L.); (L.G.); (S.X.); (D.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Dezhi Wu
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (M.L.); (L.G.); (S.X.); (D.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Lingzhen Ye
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (M.L.); (L.G.); (S.X.); (D.W.); (G.Z.)
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Guoping Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (M.L.); (L.G.); (S.X.); (D.W.); (G.Z.)
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China
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21
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Li SW. Molecular Bases for the Regulation of Adventitious Root Generation in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:614072. [PMID: 33584771 PMCID: PMC7876083 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.614072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The formation of adventitious roots (ARs) is an ecologically and economically important developmental process in plants. The evolution of AR systems is an important way for plants to cope with various environmental stresses. This review focuses on identified genes that have known to regulate the induction and initiation of ARs and offers an analysis of this process at the molecular level. The critical genes involved in adventitious rooting are the auxin signaling-responsive genes, including the AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF) and the LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES-DOMAIN (LOB) gene families, and genes associated with auxin transport and homeostasis, the quiescent center (QC) maintenance, and the root apical meristem (RAM) initiation. Several genes involved in cell wall modulation are also known to be involved in the regulation of adventitious rooting. Furthermore, the molecular processes that play roles in the ethylene, cytokinin, and jasmonic acid signaling pathways and their crosstalk modulate the generation of ARs. The crosstalk and interaction among many molecular processes generates complex networks that regulate AR generation.
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22
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Zhang H, San ML, Jang SG, Lee JH, Kim NE, Lee AR, Park SY, Cao FY, Chin JH, Kwon SW. Genome-Wide Association Study of Root System Development at Seedling Stage in Rice. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11121395. [PMID: 33255557 PMCID: PMC7760126 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Root network structure plays a crucial role in growth and development processes in rice. Longer, more branched root structures help plants to assimilate water and nutrition from soil, support robust plant growth, and improve resilience to stresses such as disease. Understanding the molecular basis of root development through screening of root-related traits in rice germplasms is critical to future rice breeding programs. This study used a small germplasm collection of 137 rice varieties chosen from the Korean rice core set (KRICE_CORE) to identify loci linked to root development. Two million high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used as the genotype, with maximum root length (MRL) and total root weight (TRW) in seedlings used as the phenotype. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) combined with Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Kinship matrix analysis identified four quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on chromosomes 3, 6, and 8. Two QTLs were linked to MRL and two were related to TRW. Analysis of Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) decay identified a 230 kb exploratory range for detection of candidate root-related genes. Candidates were filtered using RNA-seq data, gene annotations, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and five previously characterized genes related to root development were identified, as well as four novel candidate genes. Promoter analysis of candidate genes showed that LOC_Os03g08880 and LOC_Os06g13060 contained SNPs with the potential to impact gene expression in root-related promoter motifs. Haplotype analysis of candidate genes revealed diverse haplotypes that were significantly associated with phenotypic variation. Taken together, these results indicate that LOC_Os03g08880 and LOC_Os06g13060 are strong candidate genes for root development functions. The significant haplotypes identified in this study will be beneficial in future breeding programs for root improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjia Zhang
- Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (H.Z.); (M.L.S.); (S.-G.J.); (J.-H.L.); (N.-E.K.); (A.-R.L.)
| | - Mar Lar San
- Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (H.Z.); (M.L.S.); (S.-G.J.); (J.-H.L.); (N.-E.K.); (A.-R.L.)
| | - Seong-Gyu Jang
- Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (H.Z.); (M.L.S.); (S.-G.J.); (J.-H.L.); (N.-E.K.); (A.-R.L.)
| | - Ja-Hong Lee
- Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (H.Z.); (M.L.S.); (S.-G.J.); (J.-H.L.); (N.-E.K.); (A.-R.L.)
| | - Na-Eun Kim
- Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (H.Z.); (M.L.S.); (S.-G.J.); (J.-H.L.); (N.-E.K.); (A.-R.L.)
| | - Ah-Rim Lee
- Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (H.Z.); (M.L.S.); (S.-G.J.); (J.-H.L.); (N.-E.K.); (A.-R.L.)
| | - So-Yeon Park
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Miryang 50463, Korea;
| | - Fang-Yuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, School of Biology and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212008, China;
| | - Joong-Hyoun Chin
- Department of Integrative Biological Sciences and Industry, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-H.C.); (S.-W.K.); Tel.: +82-55-350-5506 (S.-W.K.)
| | - Soon-Wook Kwon
- Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (H.Z.); (M.L.S.); (S.-G.J.); (J.-H.L.); (N.-E.K.); (A.-R.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.-H.C.); (S.-W.K.); Tel.: +82-55-350-5506 (S.-W.K.)
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23
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Mao C, He J, Liu L, Deng Q, Yao X, Liu C, Qiao Y, Li P, Ming F. OsNAC2 integrates auxin and cytokinin pathways to modulate rice root development. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:429-442. [PMID: 31389120 PMCID: PMC6953191 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The rice root system is important for growth. The crosstalk between auxin and cytokinin mediates root initiation and elongation. However, it remains unclear how the transcriptional network upstream of the auxin and cytokinin signalling pathways determines root development. Here, we observed that the knockdown of OsNAC2, which encodes a NAC transcription factor, increased the primary root length and the number of crown roots. OsNAC2 predominantly expressed in primary root tips, crown roots and lateral root primordia, implying it influences root development. Molecular analyses revealed that the expressions of auxin- and cytokinin-responsive genes were affected in OsNAC2-overexpressing (OsNAC2-OX; ON7 and ON11), RNA interference (OsNAC2-RNAi; RNAi25 and RNAi31) and CRISPR/Cas9 plants. Additionally, OsNAC2 can directly bind to the promoters of IAA inactivation-related genes (GH3.6 and GH3.8), an IAA signalling-related gene (OsARF25), and a cytokinin oxidase gene (OsCKX4). Furthermore, genetic analysis of ON11/osgh3.6 and RNAi31/osckx4 homozygote confirmed that OsCKX4 and OsGH3.6 functioned downstream of OsNAC2. The mRNA levels of CROWN ROOTLESS (CRL) genes and cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) genes increased in OsNAC2-RNAi and OsNAC2-cas9 lines while reduced in OsNAC2-OX lines. Thus, we describe that OsNAC2 functions as an upstream integrator of auxin and cytokinin signals that affect CRL and CDK production to regulate cell division during root development. This novel auxin-OsNAC2-cytokinin model should provide a new insight into the understanding of NAC TFs and crosstalk of auxin and cytokinin pathway, and can be potentially applied in agriculture to enhance rice yields by genetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjuan Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular SciencesCollege of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic EngineeringInstitute of GeneticsInstitute of Plant BiologySchool of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jianmei He
- Institute of Rice ResearchSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Lina Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular SciencesCollege of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qiming Deng
- Institute of Rice ResearchSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xuefeng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular PhysiologyInstitute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chunming Liu
- Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yongli Qiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular SciencesCollege of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Peng Li
- The Biotechnology Research InstituteShanghai Academy of Agricultural SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Feng Ming
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular SciencesCollege of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic EngineeringInstitute of GeneticsInstitute of Plant BiologySchool of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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24
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Neogy A, Garg T, Kumar A, Dwivedi AK, Singh H, Singh U, Singh Z, Prasad K, Jain M, Yadav SR. Genome-Wide Transcript Profiling Reveals an Auxin-Responsive Transcription Factor, OsAP2/ERF-40, Promoting Rice Adventitious Root Development. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:2343-2355. [PMID: 31318417 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Unlike dicots, the robust root system in grass species largely originates from stem base during postembryonic development. The mechanisms by which plant hormone signaling pathways control the architecture of adventitious root remain largely unknown. Here, we studied the modulations in global genes activity in developing rice adventitious root by genome-wide RNA sequencing in response to external auxin and cytokinin signaling cues. We further analyzed spatiotemporal regulations of key developmental regulators emerged from our global transcriptome analysis. Interestingly, some of the key cell fate determinants such as homeodomain transcription factor (TF), OsHOX12, no apical meristem protein, OsNAC39, APETALA2/ethylene response factor, OsAP2/ERF-40 and WUSCHEL-related homeobox, OsWOX6.1 and OsWOX6.2, specifically expressed in adventitious root primordia. Functional analysis of one of these regulators, an auxin-induced TF containing AP2/ERF domain, OsAP2/ERF-40, demonstrates its sufficiency to confer the adventitious root fate. The ability to trigger the root developmental program is largely attributed to OsAP2/ERF-40-mediated dose-dependent transcriptional activation of genes that can facilitate generating effective auxin response, and OsERF3-OsWOX11-OsRR2 pathway. Our studies reveal gene regulatory network operating in response to hormone signaling pathways and identify a novel TF regulating adventitious root developmental program, a key agronomically important quantitative trait, upstream of OsERF3-OsWOX11-OsRR2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Neogy
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Tushar Garg
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Anuj K Dwivedi
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Harshita Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Urminder Singh
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Zeenu Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Kalika Prasad
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Mukesh Jain
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Shri Ram Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
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Wei K, Ruan L, Wang L, Cheng H. Auxin-Induced Adventitious Root Formation in Nodal Cuttings of Camellia sinensis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4817. [PMID: 31569758 PMCID: PMC6801801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adventitious root (AR) formation is essential for the successful propagation of Camellia sinensis and auxins play promotive effects on this process. Nowadays, the mechanism of auxin-induced AR formation in tea cuttings is widely studied. However, a lack of global view of the underlying mechanism has largely inhibited further studies. In this paper, recent advances including endogenous hormone changes, nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) signals, secondary metabolism, cell wall reconstruction, and mechanisms involved in auxin signaling are reviewed. A further time course analysis of transcriptome changes in tea cuttings during AR formation is also suggested to deepen our understanding. The purpose of this paper is to offer an overview on the most recent developments especially on those key aspects affected by auxins and that play important roles in AR formation in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Li Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Hao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China.
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Gonin M, Bergougnoux V, Nguyen TD, Gantet P, Champion A. What Makes Adventitious Roots? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E240. [PMID: 31336687 PMCID: PMC6681363 DOI: 10.3390/plants8070240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The spermatophyte root system is composed of a primary root that develops from an embryonically formed root meristem, and of different post-embryonic root types: lateral and adventitious roots. Adventitious roots, arising from the stem of the plants, are the main component of the mature root system of many plants. Their development can also be induced in response to adverse environmental conditions or stresses. Here, in this review, we report on the morphological and functional diversity of adventitious roots and their origin. The hormonal and molecular regulation of the constitutive and inducible adventitious root initiation and development is discussed. Recent data confirmed the crucial role of the auxin/cytokinin balance in adventitious rooting. Nevertheless, other hormones must be considered. At the genetic level, adventitious root formation integrates the transduction of external signals, as well as a core auxin-regulated developmental pathway that is shared with lateral root formation. The knowledge acquired from adventitious root development opens new perspectives to improve micropropagation by cutting in recalcitrant species, root system architecture of crops such as cereals, and to understand how plants adapted during evolution to the terrestrial environment by producing different post-embryonic root types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Gonin
- Université de Montpellier, IRD, UMR DIADE, 34,394 Montpellier, France
| | - Véronique Bergougnoux
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Thu D Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pascal Gantet
- Université de Montpellier, IRD, UMR DIADE, 34,394 Montpellier, France
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Antony Champion
- Université de Montpellier, IRD, UMR DIADE, 34,394 Montpellier, France
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Integration of Fungus-Specific CandA-C1 into a Trimeric CandA Complex Allowed Splitting of the Gene for the Conserved Receptor Exchange Factor of CullinA E3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Aspergilli. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.01094-19. [PMID: 31213557 PMCID: PMC6581859 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01094-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus species are important for biotechnological applications, like the production of citric acid or antibacterial agents. Aspergilli can cause food contamination or invasive aspergillosis to immunocompromised humans or animals. Specific treatment is difficult due to limited drug targets and emerging resistances. The CandA complex regulates, as a receptor exchange factor, the activity and substrate variability of the ubiquitin labeling machinery for 26S proteasome-mediated protein degradation. Only Aspergillus species encode at least two proteins that form a CandA complex. This study shows that Aspergillus species had to integrate a third component into the CandA receptor exchange factor complex that is unique to aspergilli and required for vegetative growth, sexual reproduction, and activation of the ubiquitin labeling machinery. These features have interesting implications for the evolution of protein complexes and could make CandA-C1 an interesting candidate for target-specific drug design to control fungal growth without affecting the human ubiquitin-proteasome system. E3 cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase (CRL) complexes recognize specific substrates and are activated by covalent modification with ubiquitin-like Nedd8. Deneddylation inactivates CRLs and allows Cand1/A to bind and exchange substrate recognition subunits. Human as well as most fungi possess a single gene for the receptor exchange factor Cand1, which is split and rearranged in aspergilli into two genes for separate proteins. Aspergillus nidulans CandA-N blocks the neddylation site, and CandA-C inhibits the interaction to the adaptor/substrate receptor subunits similar to the respective N-terminal and C-terminal parts of single Cand1. The pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus and related species express a CandA-C with a 190-amino-acid N-terminal extension domain encoded by an additional exon. This extension corresponds in most aspergilli, including A. nidulans, to a gene directly upstream of candA-C encoding a 20-kDa protein without human counterpart. This protein was named CandA-C1, because it is also required for the cellular deneddylation/neddylation cycle and can form a trimeric nuclear complex with CandA-C and CandA-N. CandA-C and CandA-N are required for asexual and sexual development and control a distinct secondary metabolism. CandA-C1 and the corresponding domain of A. fumigatus control spore germination, vegetative growth, and the repression of additional secondary metabolites. This suggests that the dissection of the conserved Cand1-encoding gene within the genome of aspergilli was possible because it allowed the integration of a fungus-specific protein required for growth into the CandA complex in two different gene set versions, which might provide an advantage in evolution.
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Lin C, Sauter M. Polar Auxin Transport Determines Adventitious Root Emergence and Growth in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:444. [PMID: 31024605 PMCID: PMC6465631 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Flooding is a severe limitation for crop production worldwide. Unlike other crop plants, rice (Oryza sativa L.) is well adapted to partial submergence rendering it a suitable crop plant to understand flooding tolerance. Formation of adventitious roots (ARs), that support or replace the main root system, is a characteristic response to flooding. In rice, AR emergence is induced by ethylene and in the dark where roots grow upward. We used the synthetic auxins 2,4-D and α-NAA, and the auxin transport inhibitor naphthylphtalamic acid (NPA) to study emergence, growth rate and growth angle of ARs. While α-NAA had no effect, NPA and 2,4-D reduced the root elongation rate and the angle with a stronger effect on root angle in the dark than in the light. Furthermore, NPA delayed emergence of AR primordia suggesting that efflux carrier-mediated auxin transport is required for all aspects of directed AR growth. Expression analysis using OsPIN:GUS reporter lines revealed that OsPIN1b and OsPIN1c promoters were active in the stele and root cap in accord with their predicted role in acropetal auxin transport. OsPIN2 was expressed at the root tip and was reduced in the presence of NPA. Auxin activity, detected with DR5:VENUS, increased in primordia following growth induction. By contrast, auxin activity was high in epidermal cells above primordia and declined following growth induction suggesting that auxin levels are antagonistically regulated in AR primordia and in epidermal cells above AR primordia suggesting that auxin signaling contributes to the coordinated processes of epidermal cell death and AR emergence.
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Meng F, Xiang D, Zhu J, Li Y, Mao C. Molecular Mechanisms of Root Development in Rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 12:1. [PMID: 30631971 PMCID: PMC6328431 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-018-0262-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Roots are fundamentally important for growth and development, anchoring the plant to its growth substrate, facilitating water and nutrient uptake from the soil, and sensing and responding to environmental signals such as biotic and abiotic stresses. Understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling root architecture is essential for improving nutrient uptake efficiency and crop yields. In this review, we describe the progress being made in the identification of genes and regulatory pathways involved in the development of root systems in rice (Oryza sativa L.), including crown roots, lateral roots, root hairs, and root length. Genes involved in the adaptation of roots to the environmental nutrient status are reviewed, and strategies for further study and agricultural applications are discussed. The growth and development of rice roots are controlled by both genetic factors and environmental cues. Plant hormones, especially auxin and cytokinin, play important roles in root growth and development. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating root architecture and response to environmental signals can contribute to the genetic improvement of crop root systems, enhancing their adaptation to stressful environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funing Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Dan Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jianshu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chuanzao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Shi J, Drummond BJ, Habben JE, Brugire N, Weers BP, Hakimi SM, Lafitte HR, Schussler JR, Mo H, Beatty M, Zastrow-Hayes G, O'Neill D. Ectopic expression of ARGOS8 reveals a role for ethylene in root-lodging resistance in maize. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:378-390. [PMID: 30326542 PMCID: PMC7379592 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene plays a critical role in many diverse processes in plant development. Recent studies have demonstrated that overexpression of the maize ARGOS8 gene reduces the plant's response to ethylene by decreasing ethylene signaling and enhances grain yield in transgenic maize plants. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of ethylene on the development of nodal roots, which are primarily responsible for root-lodging resistance in maize. Exogenous application of the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) was found to promote the emergence of nodal roots. Transcriptome analysis of nodal tissues revealed that the expression of genes involved in metabolic processes and cell wall biogenesis was upregulated in response to ACC treatment, supporting the notion that ethylene is a positive regulator for the outgrowth of young root primordia. In BSV::ARGOS8 transgenic plants with reduced ethylene sensitivity due to constitutive overexpression of ARGOS8, nodal root emergence was delayed and the promotional effect of ACC on nodal root emergence decreased. Field tests showed that the BSV::ARGOS8 plants had higher root lodging relative to non-transgenic controls. When ARGOS8 expression was controlled by the developmentally regulated promoter FTM1, which conferred ARGOS8 overexpression in adult plants but not in the nodal roots and nodes in juvenile plants, the FTM1::ARGOS8 plants had no significant difference in root lodging compared with the wild type but produced a higher grain yield. These results suggest that ethylene has a role in promoting nodal root emergence and that a delay in nodal root development has a negative effect on root-lodging resistance in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrui Shi
- Corteva Agriscience, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont, 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Bruce J Drummond
- Corteva Agriscience, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont, 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Habben
- Corteva Agriscience, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont, 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Norbert Brugire
- Corteva Agriscience, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont, 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Ben P Weers
- Corteva Agriscience, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont, 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Salim M Hakimi
- Corteva Agriscience, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont, 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - H Renee Lafitte
- Corteva Agriscience, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont, 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Schussler
- Corteva Agriscience, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont, 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Hua Mo
- Corteva Agriscience, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont, 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Mary Beatty
- Corteva Agriscience, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont, 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Gina Zastrow-Hayes
- Corteva Agriscience, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont, 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Dennis O'Neill
- Corteva Agriscience, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont, 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
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Moon S, Chandran AKN, Gho YS, Park SA, Kim SR, Yoo YH, Jung KH. Integrated omics analysis of root-preferred genes across diverse rice varieties including Japonica and indica cultivars. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 220:11-23. [PMID: 29132026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant root systems play essential roles in developmental processes, such as the absorption of water and inorganic nutrients, and structural support. Gene expression is affected by growth conditions and the genetic background of plants. To identify highly conserved root-preferred genes in rice across diverse growth conditions and varieties, we used two independent meta-anatomical expression profiles based on a large collection of Affymetrix and Agilent 44K microarray data sets available for public use. We then identified 684 loci with root-preferred expression, which were validated with in silico analysis using both meta-expression profiles. The expression patterns of four candidate genes were confirmed in vivo by monitoring expression of β-glucuronidase under control of the candidate-gene promoters, providing new tools to manipulate agronomic traits associated with roots. We also utilized real-time PCR to examine the root-preferential expression of 14 genes across four rice varieties, including japonica and indica cultivars. Using a database of rice genes with known functions, we identified the reported functions of 39 out of the 684 candidate genes. Sixteen genes are directly involved in root development, while the remaining are involved in processes indirectly related to root development (i.e., soil-stress tolerance or growth retardation). This indicates the importance of our candidate genes for studies on root development and function. Gene ontology enrichment analysis in the 'biological processes' category revealed that root-preferred genes in rice are closely associated with nutrient transport-related genes, indicating that the primary role of roots is the uptake of nutrients from soil. In addition, predicted protein-protein interaction analysis suggested a molecular network for root development composed of 215 interactions associated with 44 root-preferred or root development-related genes. Taken together, our data provide an important foundation for future research on root development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunok Moon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| | | | - Yun-Shil Gho
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| | - Sun-A Park
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| | - Sung-Ryul Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| | - Yo-Han Yoo
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| | - Ki-Hong Jung
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea.
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Zhang T, Li R, Xing J, Yan L, Wang R, Zhao Y. The YUCCA-Auxin-WOX11 Module Controls Crown Root Development in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:523. [PMID: 29740464 PMCID: PMC5925970 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A well-developed root system in rice and other crops can ensure plants to efficiently absorb nutrients and water. Auxin is a key regulator for various aspect of root development, but the detailed molecular mechanisms by which auxin controls crown root development in rice are not understood. We show that overexpression of a YUC gene, which encodes the rate-limiting enzyme in auxin biosynthesis, causes massive proliferation of crown roots. On the other hand, we find that disruption of TAA1, which functions upstream of YUC genes, greatly reduces crown root development. We find that YUC overexpression-induced crown root proliferation requires the presence of the transcription factor WOX11. Moreover, the crown rootless phenotype of taa1 mutants was partially rescued by overexpression of WOX11. Furthermore, we show that WOX11 expression is induced in OsYUC1 overexpression lines, but is repressed in the taa1 mutants. Our results indicate that auxin synthesized by the TAA/YUC pathway is necessary and sufficient for crown root development in rice. Auxin activates WOX11 transcription, which subsequently drives crown root initiation and development, establishing the YUC-Auxin-WOX11 module for crown root development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruonan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jialing Xing
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lang Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rongchen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunde Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Yunde Zhao, ;
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Wang Y, Wang D, Gan T, Liu L, Long W, Wang Y, Niu M, Li X, Zheng M, Jiang L, Wan J. CRL6, a member of the CHD protein family, is required for crown root development in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 105:185-194. [PMID: 27108205 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The root system in monocotyledonous plants is largely composed of postembryonic shoot-borne roots named crown roots, which are important for nutrients and water uptake. The molecular mechanism underlying regulation of crown root development is not fully explored. In this study, we characterized a rice (Oryza sativa) mutant defective in crown root formation, designated as crown rootless6 (crl6). Histological analysis showed that CRL6 influences crown root formation by regulating primordial initiation and development. Map-based cloning and subsequent complementation tests verified that the CRL6 gene encodes a member of the large chromodomain, helicase/ATPase, and DNA-binding domain (CHD) family protein. Realtime RT-PCR analysis showed that CRL6 was most highly expressed in the stem base region where crown roots initiated. In addition, auxin-action inhibited phenotype was observed during crl6 development. The expressions of OsIAA genes were down-regulated in crl6. Our results provide evidence that CRL6 plays an important role in crown root development in rice via auxin-related signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Di Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ting Gan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Linglong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wuhua Long
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yunlong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mei Niu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ming Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianmin Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Zhou Y, Dong G, Tao Y, Chen C, Yang B, Wu Y, Yang Z, Liang G, Wang B, Wang Y. Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Toot Traits Using Sequencing-Based Genotyping Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines Derived from 9311 and Nipponbare in Rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151796. [PMID: 27010823 PMCID: PMC4807085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with rice root morphology provides useful information for avoiding drought stress and maintaining yield production under the irrigation condition. In this study, a set of chromosome segment substitution lines derived from 9311 as the recipient and Nipponbare as donor, were used to analysis root morphology. By combining the resequencing-based bin-map with a multiple linear regression analysis, QTL identification was conducted on root number (RN), total root length (TRL), root dry weight (RDW), maximum root length (MRL), root thickness (RTH), total absorption area (TAA) and root vitality (RV), using the CSSL population grown under hydroponic conditions. A total of thirty-eight QTLs were identified: six for TRL, six for RDW, eight for the MRL, four for RTH, seven for RN, two for TAA, and five for RV. Phenotypic effect variance explained by these QTLs ranged from 2.23% to 37.08%, and four single QTLs had more than 10% phenotypic explanations on three root traits. We also detected the correlations between grain yield (GY) and root traits, and found that TRL, RTH and MRL had significantly positive correlations with GY. However, TRL, RDW and MRL had significantly positive correlations with biomass yield (BY). Several QTLs identified in our population were co-localized with some loci for grain yield or biomass. This information may be immediately exploited for improving rice water and fertilizer use efficiency for molecular breeding of root system architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guichun Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yajun Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zefeng Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guohua Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Baohe Wang
- Lixiahe Agricultural Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou 225007, China
| | - Yulong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Xiao G, Qin H, Zhou J, Quan R, Lu X, Huang R, Zhang H. OsERF2 controls rice root growth and hormone responses through tuning expression of key genes involved in hormone signaling and sucrose metabolism. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 90:293-302. [PMID: 26659593 PMCID: PMC4717165 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Root determines plant distribution, development progresses, stress response, as well as crop qualities and yields, which is under the tight control of genetic programs and environmental stimuli. Ethylene responsive factor proteins (ERFs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Here, the regulatory function of OsERF2 involved in root growth was investigated using the gain-function mutant of OsERF2 (nsf2857) and the artificial microRNA-mediated silenced lines of OsERF2 (Ami-OsERF2). nsf2857 showed short primary roots compared with the wild type (WT), while the primary roots of Ami-OsERF2 lines were longer than those of WT. Consistent with this phenotype, several auxin/cytokinin responsive genes involved in root growth were downregulated in nsf2857, but upregulated in Ami-OsERF2. Then, we found that nsf2857 seedlings exhibited decreased ABA accumulation and sensitivity to ABA and reduced ethylene-mediated root inhibition, while those were the opposite in Ami-ERF2 plants. Moreover, several key genes involved in ABA synthesis were downregulated in nsf2857, but unregulated in Ami-ERF2 lines. In addition, OsERF2 affected the accumulation of sucrose and UDPG by mediating expression of key genes involved in sucrose metabolism. These results indicate that OsERF2 is required for the control of root architecture and ABA- and ethylene-response by tuning expression of series genes involved in sugar metabolism and hormone signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqing Xiao
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Qin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahao Zhou
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruidang Quan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Lu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rongfeng Huang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haiwen Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
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37
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Mai CD, Phung NTP, To HTM, Gonin M, Hoang GT, Nguyen KL, Do VN, Courtois B, Gantet P. Genes controlling root development in rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 7:30. [PMID: 26224559 PMCID: PMC4884052 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-014-0030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we report on the recent developments made using both genetics and functional genomics approaches in the discovery of genes controlling root development in rice. QTL detection in classical biparental mapping populations initially enabled the identification of a very large number of large chromosomal segments carrying root genes. Two segments with large effects have been positionally cloned, allowing the identification of two major genes. One of these genes conferred a tolerance to low phosphate content in soil, while the other conferred a tolerance to drought by controlling root gravitropism, resulting in root system expansion deep in the soil. Findings based on the higher-resolution QTL detection offered by the development of association mapping are discussed. In parallel with genetics approaches, efforts have been made to screen mutant libraries for lines presenting alterations in root development, allowing for the identification of several genes that control different steps of root development, such as crown root and lateral root initiation and emergence, meristem patterning, and the control of root growth. Some of these genes are closely phylogenetically related to Arabidopsis genes involved in the control of lateral root initiation. This close relationship stresses the conservation among plant species of an auxin responsive core gene regulatory network involved in the control of post-embryonic root initiation. In addition, we report on several genetic regulatory pathways that have been described only in rice. The complementarities and the expected convergence of the direct and reverse genetic approaches used to decipher the genetic determinants of root development in rice are discussed in regards to the high diversity characterizing this species and to the adaptations of rice root system architecture to different edaphic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung D Mai
- />Agricultural Genetic Institute, LMI RICE, Hanoi, Vietnam
- />University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, LMI RICE, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nhung TP Phung
- />Agricultural Genetic Institute, LMI RICE, Hanoi, Vietnam
- />IRD, UMR DIADE, LMI RICE, Hanoi, Vietnam
- />CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
| | - Huong TM To
- />University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, LMI RICE, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Giang T Hoang
- />Agricultural Genetic Institute, LMI RICE, Hanoi, Vietnam
- />University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, LMI RICE, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Khanh L Nguyen
- />University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, LMI RICE, Hanoi, Vietnam
- />IRD, UMR DIADE, LMI RICE, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vinh N Do
- />Agricultural Genetic Institute, LMI RICE, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Pascal Gantet
- />University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, LMI RICE, Hanoi, Vietnam
- />IRD, UMR DIADE, LMI RICE, Hanoi, Vietnam
- />Université Montpellier 2, UMR DIADE, Montpellier, France
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Meister R, Rajani MS, Ruzicka D, Schachtman DP. Challenges of modifying root traits in crops for agriculture. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:779-88. [PMID: 25239776 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Roots play an essential role in the acquisition of water and minerals from soils. Measuring crop root architecture and assaying for changes in function can be challenging, but examples have emerged showing that modifications to roots result in higher yield and increased stress tolerance. In this review, we focus mainly on the molecular genetic advances that have been made in altering root system architecture and function in crop plants, as well as phenotyping methods. The future for the modification of crop plant roots looks promising based on recent advances, but there are also important challenges ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Meister
- Monsanto Company, 700 Chesterfield Parkway, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
| | - M S Rajani
- Monsanto Company, 700 Chesterfield Parkway, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
| | - Daniel Ruzicka
- Monsanto Company, 700 Chesterfield Parkway, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
| | - Daniel P Schachtman
- University of Nebraska Lincoln, Center for Plant Science Innovation, E243 Beadle, Lincoln, NE 68588-0660, USA.
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Gao S, Fang J, Xu F, Wang W, Sun X, Chu J, Cai B, Feng Y, Chu C. CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE4 Integrates Cytokinin and Auxin Signaling to Control Rice Crown Root Formation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:1035-1046. [PMID: 24808099 PMCID: PMC4081320 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.238584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Crown roots constitute the majority of the rice (Oryza sativa) root system and play an important role in rice growth and development. However, the molecular mechanism of crown root formation in rice is not well understood. Here, we characterized a rice dominant mutant, root enhancer1 (ren1-D), which was observed to exhibit a more robust root system, increased crown root number, and reduced plant height. Molecular and genetic analyses revealed that these phenotypes are caused by the activation of a cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) family gene, OsCKX4. Subcellular localization demonstrated that OsCKX4 is a cytosolic isoform of CKX. OsCKX4 is predominantly expressed in leaf blades and roots. It is the dominant CKX, preferentially expressed in the shoot base where crown root primordia are produced, underlining its role in root initiation. OsCKX4 is induced by exogenous auxin and cytokinin in the roots. Furthermore, one-hybrid assays revealed that OsCKX4 is a direct binding target of both the auxin response factor OsARF25 and the cytokinin response regulators OsRR2 and OsRR3. Overexpression and RNA interference of OsCKX4 confirmed that OsCKX4 plays a positive role in crown root formation. Moreover, expression analysis revealed a significant alteration in the expression of auxin-related genes in the ren1-D mutants, indicating that the OsCKX4 mediates crown root development by integrating the interaction between cytokinin and auxin. Transgenic plants harboring OsCKX4 under the control of the root-specific promoter RCc3 displayed enhanced root development without affecting their shoot parts, suggesting that this strategy could be a powerful tool in rice root engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China (S.G.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (S.G., J.F., F.X., W.W., X.S., J.C., C.C.); andKey Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China (B.C., Y.F.)
| | - Jun Fang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China (S.G.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (S.G., J.F., F.X., W.W., X.S., J.C., C.C.); andKey Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China (B.C., Y.F.)
| | - Fan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China (S.G.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (S.G., J.F., F.X., W.W., X.S., J.C., C.C.); andKey Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China (B.C., Y.F.)
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China (S.G.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (S.G., J.F., F.X., W.W., X.S., J.C., C.C.); andKey Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China (B.C., Y.F.)
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China (S.G.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (S.G., J.F., F.X., W.W., X.S., J.C., C.C.); andKey Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China (B.C., Y.F.)
| | - Jinfang Chu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China (S.G.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (S.G., J.F., F.X., W.W., X.S., J.C., C.C.); andKey Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China (B.C., Y.F.)
| | - Baodong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China (S.G.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (S.G., J.F., F.X., W.W., X.S., J.C., C.C.); andKey Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China (B.C., Y.F.)
| | - Yuqi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China (S.G.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (S.G., J.F., F.X., W.W., X.S., J.C., C.C.); andKey Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China (B.C., Y.F.)
| | - Chengcai Chu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China (S.G.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (S.G., J.F., F.X., W.W., X.S., J.C., C.C.); andKey Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China (B.C., Y.F.)
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Pacurar DI, Perrone I, Bellini C. Auxin is a central player in the hormone cross-talks that control adventitious rooting. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 151:83-96. [PMID: 24547793 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Vegetative propagation of economically important woody, horticultural and agricultural species rely on an efficient adventitious root (AR) formation. The formation of ARs is a complex genetic trait regulated by the interaction of environmental and endogenous factors among which the phytohormone auxin plays an essential role. This article summarizes the current knowledge related to the intricate network through which auxin controls adventitious rooting. How auxin and recently identified auxin-related compounds affect AR formation in different plant species is discussed. Particular attention is addressed to illustrate how auxin has a central role in the hormone cross-talk leading to AR development. In parallel, we describe the molecular players involved in the control of auxin homeostasis, transport and signaling, for a better understanding of the auxin action during adventitious rooting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ioan Pacurar
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90187, Sweden
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Wang X, Wang Y, Piñeros MA, Wang Z, Wang W, Li C, Wu Z, Kochian LV, Wu P. Phosphate transporters OsPHT1;9 and OsPHT1;10 are involved in phosphate uptake in rice. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1159-70. [PMID: 24344809 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We characterized the function of two rice phosphate (Pi) transporters: OsPHT1;9 (OsPT9) and OsPHT1;10 (OsPT10). OsPT9 and OsPT10 were expressed in the root epidermis, root hairs and lateral roots, with their expression being specifically induced by Pi starvation. In leaves, expression of the two genes was observed in both mesophyll and vasculature. High-affinity Km values for Pi transport of OsPT9 and OsPT10 were determined by yeast experiments and two-electrode voltage clamp analysis of anion transport in Xenopus oocytes expressing OsPT9 and OsPT10. Pi uptake and Pi concentrations in transgenic plants harbouring overexpressed OsPT9 and OsPT10 were determined by Pi concentration analysis and (33) P-labelled Pi uptake rate analysis. Significantly higher Pi uptake rates in transgenic plants compared with wild-type plants were observed under both high-Pi and low-Pi solution culture conditions. Conversely, although no alterations in Pi concentration were found in OsPT9 or OsPT10 knockdown plants, a significant reduction in Pi concentration in both shoots and roots was observed in double-knockdown plants grown under both high- and low-Pi conditions. Taken together, our results suggest that OsPT9 and OsPT10 redundantly function in Pi uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, 311300, China
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Candaele J, Demuynck K, Mosoti D, Beemster GT, Inzé D, Nelissen H. Differential methylation during maize leaf growth targets developmentally regulated genes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:1350-64. [PMID: 24488968 PMCID: PMC3938625 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.233312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation is an important and widespread epigenetic modification in plant genomes, mediated by DNA methyltransferases (DMTs). DNA methylation is known to play a role in genome protection, regulation of gene expression, and splicing and was previously associated with major developmental reprogramming in plants, such as vernalization and transition to flowering. Here, we show that DNA methylation also controls the growth processes of cell division and cell expansion within a growing organ. The maize (Zea mays) leaf offers a great tool to study growth processes, as the cells progressively move through the spatial gradient encompassing the division zone, transition zone, elongation zone, and mature zone. Opposite to de novo DMTs, the maintenance DMTs were transcriptionally regulated throughout the growth zone of the maize leaf, concomitant with differential CCGG methylation levels in the four zones. Surprisingly, the majority of differentially methylated sequences mapped on or close to gene bodies and not to repeat-rich loci. Moreover, especially the 5' and 3' regions of genes, which show overall low methylation levels, underwent differential methylation in a developmental context. Genes involved in processes such as chromatin remodeling, cell cycle progression, and growth regulation, were differentially methylated. The presence of differential methylation located upstream of the gene anticorrelated with transcript expression, while gene body differential methylation was unrelated to the expression level. These data indicate that DNA methylation is correlated with the decision to exit mitotic cell division and to enter cell expansion, which adds a new epigenetic level to the regulation of growth processes.
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Zhou J, Yu F, Wang X, Yang Y, Yu C, Liu H, Cheng Y, Yan C, Chen J. Specific expression of DR5 promoter in rice roots using a tCUP derived promoter-reporter system. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87008. [PMID: 24466314 PMCID: PMC3899362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation of transgene expression caused by either position effect at the insertion site or the promoter/enhancer elements employed for the expression of selectable marker genes has complicated phenotype characterization and caused misinterpretation. We have developed a reporter system in rice to analyze the influence of vector configuration, spacer and selectable marker gene promoter on the expression of the promoterless GUS reporter and DR5 promoter. Our results indicate that a spacer inserted between the reversed 35S promoter and the GUS reporter could reduce leaky expression of the reporter but was unable to block the nonspecific expression of DR5::GUS. Stacking the selectable marker unit in head to tail with the GUS reporter aided the gene specific expression of the GUS reporter under the DR5 promoter even when the 35S promoter is used for expression of the selectable marker. Compared to 35S under this configuration, a quick and distinctive expression of DR5::GUS was observed in the root cap, quiescent center and xylem cells in the root apical meristem by using the tCUP derived promoter (tCUP1) for selection, that is similar to the pattern obtained by a sensitive DR5 variant (DR5rev) in Arabidopsis. These data suggest a conserved property of the tCUP promoter in preventing enhancer-promoter interactions in rice as it does in Arabidopsis, and also demonstrate that an analogous distal auxin maximum exists in roots of rice. Therefore, the tCUP promoter based selection system provides a new strategy for specific expression of transgenes in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, MOA Key Laboratory for Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Feibo Yu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, P. R. China
| | - Xuming Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, MOA Key Laboratory for Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, MOA Key Laboratory for Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chulang Yu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, MOA Key Laboratory for Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hongjia Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, MOA Key Laboratory for Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ye Cheng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, MOA Key Laboratory for Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chengqi Yan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, MOA Key Laboratory for Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (JC); (CY)
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, MOA Key Laboratory for Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (JC); (CY)
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Mergner J, Schwechheimer C. The NEDD8 modification pathway in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:103. [PMID: 24711811 PMCID: PMC3968751 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
NEDD8, in plants and yeasts also known as RELATED TO UBIQUITIN (RUB), is an evolutionarily conserved 76 amino acid protein highly related to ubiquitin. Like ubiquitin, NEDD8 can be conjugated to and deconjugated from target proteins, but unlike ubiquitin, NEDD8 has not been reported to form chains similar to the different polymeric ubiquitin chains that have a role in a diverse set of cellular processes. NEDD8-modification is best known as a post-translational modification of the cullin subunits of cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases. In this context, structural analyses have revealed that neddylation induces a conformation change of the cullin that brings the ubiquitylation substrates into proximity of the interacting E2 conjugating enzyme. In turn, NEDD8 deconjugation destabilizes the cullin RING ligase complex allowing for the exchange of substrate recognition subunits via the exchange factor CAND1. In plants, components of the neddylation and deneddylation pathway were identified based on mutants with defects in auxin and light responses and the characterization of these mutants has been instrumental for the elucidation of the neddylation pathway. More recently, there has been evidence from animal and plant systems that NEDD8 conjugation may also regulate the behavior or fate of non-cullin substrates in a number of ways. Here, the current knowledge on NEDD8 processing, conjugation and deconjugation is presented, where applicable, in the context of specific signaling pathways from plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claus Schwechheimer
- *Correspondence: Claus Schwechheimer, Plant Systems Biology, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Straße 4, 85354 Freising, Germany e-mail:
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45
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Choi CM, Gray WM, Mooney S, Hellmann H. Composition, roles, and regulation of cullin-based ubiquitin e3 ligases. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2014; 12:e0175. [PMID: 25505853 PMCID: PMC4262284 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to their sessile nature, plants depend on flexible regulatory systems that allow them to adequately regulate developmental and physiological processes in context with environmental cues. The ubiquitin proteasome pathway, which targets a great number of proteins for degradation, is cellular tool that provides the necessary flexibility to accomplish this task. Ubiquitin E3 ligases provide the needed specificity to the pathway by selectively binding to particular substrates and facilitating their ubiquitylation. The largest group of E3 ligases known in plants is represented by CULLIN-REALLY INTERESTING NEW GENE (RING) E3 ligases (CRLs). In recent years, a great amount of knowledge has been generated to reveal the critical roles of these enzymes across all aspects of plant life. This review provides an overview of the different classes of CRLs in plants, their specific complex compositions, the variety of biological processes they control, and the regulatory steps that can affect their activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hanjo Hellmann
- Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
- Address correspondence to
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Orman-Ligeza B, Parizot B, Gantet PP, Beeckman T, Bennett MJ, Draye X. Post-embryonic root organogenesis in cereals: branching out from model plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 18:459-67. [PMID: 23727199 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The root architecture of higher plants is amazingly diverse. In this review, we compare the lateral root developmental programme in cereals and Arabidopsis thaliana. In cereals, cells in the endodermis are recruited to form the new root cap and overlying cortical cells divide to facilitate the emergence of the lateral root primordium. The TIR1/ABF2 auxin receptors and the AUX/IAA, ARF, and LBD transcriptional regulatory proteins are conserved in cereals and Arabidopsis. Several elements of this regulatory network are common to lateral and crown roots in cereals. Also, the ground meristem from which crown roots differentiate shows similarities with the root pericycle. Studies in cereals promise to give complementary insights into the mechanisms regulating the development of post-embryonic roots in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Orman-Ligeza
- Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Kang B, Zhang Z, Wang L, Zheng L, Mao W, Li M, Wu Y, Wu P, Mo X. OsCYP2, a chaperone involved in degradation of auxin-responsive proteins, plays crucial roles in rice lateral root initiation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 74:86-97. [PMID: 23289750 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Auxin plays a pivotal role in many facets of plant development. It acts by inducing the interaction between auxin-responsive [auxin (AUX)/indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)] proteins and the ubiquitin protein ligase SCF(TIR) to promote the degradation of the AUX/IAA proteins. Other cofactors and chaperones that participate in auxin signaling remain to be identified. Here, we characterized rice (Oryza sativa) plants with mutations in a cyclophilin gene (OsCYP2). cyp2 mutants showed defects in auxin responses and exhibited a variety of auxin-related growth defects in the root. In cyp2 mutants, lateral root initiation was blocked after nuclear migration but before the first anticlinal division of the pericycle cell. Yeast two-hybrid and in vitro pull-down results revealed an association between OsCYP2 and the co-chaperone Suppressor of G2 allele of skp1 (OsSGT1). Luciferase complementation imaging assays further supported this interaction. Similar to previous findings in an Arabidopsis thaliana SGT1 mutant (atsgt1b), degradation of AUX/IAA proteins was retarded in cyp2 mutants treated with exogenous 1-naphthylacetic acid. Our results suggest that OsCYP2 participates in auxin signal transduction by interacting with OsSGT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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48
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Abstract
Monocot cereals develop a complex root system comprising embryonic roots at an early seedling stage and postembryonic roots which make up the fibrous root system of adult crops. In the model cereals maize, rice, and barley a number of mutants affecting root development have been identified in the past and a subset of the affected genes have been recently cloned and functionally characterized. The present review summarizes genetic and molecular data of cereal root mutants impaired in the elongation or initiation of embryonic and postembryonic roots and the elongation of root hairs for which the affected genes have been recently cloned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Marcon
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Crop Functional Genomics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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49
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Stratmann JW, Gusmaroli G. Many jobs for one good cop - the COP9 signalosome guards development and defense. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 185-186:50-64. [PMID: 22325866 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is a multiprotein complex that regulates the activity of CULLIN-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases (CRLs). CRLs ubiquitinate substrate proteins and thus target them for proteasomal degradation. This post-translational modification of proteins is arguably as important as reversible protein phosphorylation. The number of putative CRLs that recognize specific substrate proteins is vast, and known CRL substrates are involved in many cellular plant processes such as hormone signaling, the cell cycle, and regulation of growth, development, and defenses. By controlling the activity of CRLs, the CSN may integrate and fine-tune all of these processes. Recent research has unraveled in great mechanistic detail how the two multiprotein complexes CSN and CRL interact. As a consequence of CSN pleiotropy, complete loss of CSN function results in seedling lethality. However, recent work on plants that exhibit a partial loss of CSN function, has uncovered a role of the CSN during later life stages in processes such as development and defenses against pathogens and herbivorous insects. Not all aspects of development and defense are affected equally by CSN silencing, probably due to the differential participation and importance of CSN-regulated CRLs in these processes. This review will provide an overview of the highly complex regulation of CRL activity by CSN, and the many roles of the CSN in plant development and defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes W Stratmann
- University of South Carolina, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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