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Chi C, Chen X, Zhu C, Cao J, Li H, Fu Y, Qin G, Zhao J, Yu J, Zhou J. Strigolactones positively regulate HY5-dependent autophagy and the degradation of ubiquitinated proteins in response to cold stress in tomato. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 39155750 DOI: 10.1111/nph.20058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy, involved in protein degradation and amino acid recycling, plays a key role in plant development and stress responses. However, the relationship between autophagy and phytohormones remains unclear. We used diverse methods, including CRISPR/Cas9, ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, chromatin immunoprecipitation, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and dual-luciferase assays to explore the molecular mechanism of strigolactones in regulating autophagy and the degradation of ubiquitinated proteins under cold stress in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). We show that cold stress induced the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins. Mutants deficient in strigolactone biosynthesis were more sensitive to cold stress with increased accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins. Conversely, treatment with the synthetic strigolactone analog GR245DS enhanced cold tolerance in tomato, with elevated levels of accumulation of autophagosomes and transcripts of autophagy-related genes (ATGs), and reduced accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins. Meanwhile, cold stress induced the accumulation of ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5), which was triggered by strigolactones. HY5 further trans-activated ATG18a transcription, resulting in autophagy formation. Mutation of ATG18a compromised strigolactone-induced cold tolerance, leading to decreased formation of autophagosomes and increased accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins. These findings reveal that strigolactones positively regulate autophagy in an HY5-dependent manner and facilitate the degradation of ubiquitinated proteins under cold conditions in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chi
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences at Weifang, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, 261200, China
| | - Xinlin Chen
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Changan Zhu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiajian Cao
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hui Li
- Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences at Weifang, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, 261200, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences at Weifang, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, 261200, China
| | - Guochen Qin
- Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences at Weifang, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, 261200, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences at Weifang, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, 261200, China
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572000, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572000, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi, 276000, China
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2
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Korek M, Uhrig RG, Marzec M. Strigolactone insensitivity affects differential shoot and root transcriptome in barley. J Appl Genet 2024:10.1007/s13353-024-00885-w. [PMID: 38877382 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-024-00885-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are plant hormones that play a crucial role in regulating various aspects of plant architecture, such as shoot and root branching. However, the knowledge of SL-responsive genes and transcription factors (TFs) that control the shaping of plant architecture remains elusive. Here, transcriptomic analysis was conducted using the SL-insensitive barley mutant hvd14.d (carried mutation in SL receptor DWARF14, HvD14) and its wild-type (WT) to unravel the differences in gene expression separately in root and shoot tissues. This approach enabled us to select more than six thousand SL-dependent genes that were exclusive to each studied organ or not tissue-specific. The data obtained, along with in silico analyses, found several TFs that exhibited changed expression between the analyzed genotypes and that recognized binding sites in promoters of other identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs). In total, 28 TFs that recognize motifs over-represented in DEG promoters were identified. Moreover, nearly half of the identified TFs were connected in a single network of known and predicted interactions, highlighting the complexity and multidimensionality of SL-related signalling in barley. Finally, the SL control on the expression of one of the identified TFs in HvD14- and dose-dependent manners was proved. Obtained results bring us closer to understanding the signalling pathways regulating SL-dependent plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Korek
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032, Katowice, Poland
| | - R Glen Uhrig
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Marek Marzec
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032, Katowice, Poland.
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3
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Park YJ, Nam BE, Park CM. Environmentally adaptive reshaping of plant photomorphogenesis by karrikin and strigolactone signaling. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:865-882. [PMID: 38116738 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Coordinated morphogenic adaptation of growing plants is critical for their survival and propagation under fluctuating environments. Plant morphogenic responses to light and warm temperatures, termed photomorphogenesis and thermomorphogenesis, respectively, have been extensively studied in recent decades. During photomorphogenesis, plants actively reshape their growth and developmental patterns to cope with changes in light regimes. Accordingly, photomorphogenesis is closely associated with diverse growth hormonal cues. Notably, accumulating evidence indicates that light-directed morphogenesis is profoundly affected by two recently identified phytochemicals, karrikins (KARs) and strigolactones (SLs). KARs and SLs are structurally related butenolides acting as signaling molecules during a variety of developmental steps, including seed germination. Their receptors and signaling mediators have been identified, and associated working mechanisms have been explored using gene-deficient mutants in various plant species. Of particular interest is that the KAR and SL signaling pathways play important roles in environmental responses, among which their linkages with photomorphogenesis are most comprehensively studied during seedling establishment. In this review, we focus on how the phytochemical and light signals converge on the optimization of morphogenic fitness. We also discuss molecular mechanisms underlying the signaling crosstalks with an aim of developing potential ways to improve crop productivity under climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Joon Park
- Department of Smart Farm Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| | - Bo Eun Nam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Chung-Mo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
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4
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Tripathi A, Chauhan N, Mukhopadhyay P. Recent advances in understanding the regulation of plant secondary metabolite biosynthesis by ethylene-mediated pathways. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 30:543-557. [PMID: 38737326 PMCID: PMC11087406 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-024-01441-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Plants produce a large repertoire of secondary metabolites. The pathways that lead to the biosynthesis of these metabolites are majorly conserved in the plant kingdom. However, a significant portion of these metabolites are specific to certain groups or species due to variations in the downstream pathways and evolution of the enzymes. These metabolites show spatiotemporal variation in their accumulation and are of great importance to plants due to their role in development, stress response and survival. A large number of these metabolites are in huge industrial demand due to their potential use as therapeutics, aromatics and more. Ethylene, as a plant hormone is long known, and its biosynthetic process, signaling mechanism and effects on development and response pathways have been characterized in many plants. Through exogenous treatments, ethylene and its inhibitors have been used to manipulate the production of various secondary metabolites. However, the research done on a limited number of plants in the last few years has only started to uncover the mechanisms through which ethylene regulates the accumulation of these metabolites. Often in association with other hormones, ethylene participates in fine-tuning the biosynthesis of the secondary metabolites, and brings specificity in the regulation depending on the plant, organ, tissue type and the prevailing conditions. This review summarizes the related studies, interprets the outcomes, and identifies the gaps that will help to breed better varieties of the related crops and produce high-value secondary metabolites for human benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Tripathi
- Plant Biotechnology division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015 India
| | - Nisha Chauhan
- Plant Biotechnology division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
| | - Pradipto Mukhopadhyay
- Plant Biotechnology division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
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Li S, Baldwin G, Yang C, Lu R, Meng S, Huang J, Wang M, Baldwin IT. Field-work reveals a novel function for MAX2 in a native tobacco's high-light adaptions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:230-245. [PMID: 37750501 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory studies have revealed that strigolatone (SL) and karrikin (KAR) signalling mediate responses to abiotic and biotic stresses, and reshape branching architecture that could increase reproductive performance and crop yields. To understand the ecological function of SL and KAR signalling, transgenic lines of wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata, silenced in SL/KAR biosynthesis/signalling were grown in the glasshouse and in two field plots in the Great Basin Desert in Utah over four field seasons. Of the lines silenced in SL and KAR signalling components (irMAX2, irD14, irKAI2 and irD14 × irKAI2 plants), which exhibited the expected increases in shoot branching, only irMAX2 plants showed a strong leaf-bleaching phenotype when grown in the field. In the field, irMAX2 plants had lower sugar and higher leaf amino acid contents, lower lifetime fitness and were more susceptible to herbivore attack compared to wild-type plants. These irMAX2 phenotypes were not observed in glasshouse-grown plants. Transcriptomic analysis revealed dramatic responses to high-light intensity in irMAX2 leaves in the field: lutein contents decreased, and transcriptional responses to high-intensity light, singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide increased. PAR and UV-B manipulations in the field revealed that the irMAX2 bleaching phenotype is reversed by decreasing PAR, but not UV-B fluence. We propose that NaMAX2 functions in high-light adaptation and fitness optimisation by regulating high-light responses independently of its roles in the SL and KAR signalling pathways. The work provides another example of the value of studying the function of genes in the complex environments in which plants evolved, namely nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhua Li
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Gundega Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Caiqiong Yang
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Ruirui Lu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuaishuai Meng
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianbei Huang
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Chen H, Wang W, Chen X, Niu Y, Qi Y, Yu Z, Xiong M, Xu P, Wang W, Guo T, Yang HQ, Mao Z. PIFs interact with SWI2/SNF2-related 1 complex subunit 6 to regulate H2A.Z deposition and photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis. J Genet Genomics 2023; 50:983-992. [PMID: 37120038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Light is an essential environmental signal perceived by a broad range of photoreceptors in plants. Among them, the red/far-red light receptor phytochromes function to promote photomorphogenesis, which is critical to the survival of seedlings after seeds germination. The basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factors phytochrome-interacting factors (PIFs) are the pivotal direct downstream components of phytochromes. H2A.Z is a highly conserved histone variant regulating gene transcription, and its incorporation into nucleosomes is catalyzed by SWI2/SNF2-related 1 complex, in which SWI2/SNF2-related 1 complex subunit 6 (SWC6) and actin-related protein 6 (ARP6) serve as core subunits. Here, we show that PIFs physically interact with SWC6 in vitro and in vivo, leading to the disassociation of HY5 from SWC6. SWC6 and ARP6 regulate hypocotyl elongation partly through PIFs in red light. PIFs and SWC6 coregulate the expression of auxin-responsive genes such as IAA6, IAA19, IAA20, and IAA29 and repress H2A.Z deposition at IAA6 and IAA19 in red light. Based on previous studies and our findings, we propose that PIFs inhibit photomorphogenesis, at least in part, through repression of H2A.Z deposition at auxin-responsive genes mediated by the interactions of PIFs with SWC6 and promotion of their expression in red light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiru Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Wanting Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Yake Niu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Ze Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Minyu Xiong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Pengbo Xu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wenxiu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Tongtong Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Hong-Quan Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Zhilei Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
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7
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Kanojia A, Bhola D, Mudgil Y. Light signaling as cellular integrator of multiple environmental cues in plants. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1485-1503. [PMID: 38076763 PMCID: PMC10709290 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01364-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants being sessile need to rapidly adapt to the constantly changing environment through modifications in their internal clock, metabolism, and gene expression. They have evolved an intricate system to perceive and transfer the signals from the primary environmental factors namely light, temperature and water to regulate their growth development and survival. Over past few decades rigorous research using molecular genetics approaches, especially in model plant Arabidopsis, has resulted in substantial progress in discovering various photoreceptor systems and light signaling components. In parallel several molecular pathways operating in response to other environmental cues have also been elucidated. Interestingly, the studies have shown that expression profiles of genes involved in photomorphogenesis can undergo modulation in response to other cues from the environment. Recently, the photoreceptor, PHYB, has been shown to function as a thermosensor. Downstream components of light signaling pathway like COP1 and PIF have also emerged as integrating hubs for various kinds of signals. All these findings indicate that light signaling components may act as central integrator of various environmental cues to regulate plant growth and development processes. In this review, we present a perspective on cross talk of signaling mechanisms induced in response to myriad array of signals and their integration with the light signaling components. By putting light signals on the central stage, we propose the possibilities of enhancing plant resilience to the changing environment by fine-tuning the genetic manipulation of its signaling components in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kanojia
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Diksha Bhola
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Yashwanti Mudgil
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007 India
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Kang Z, Yan Y, Lu R, Dong X, Xu J, Zheng D, Li S, Gao Q, Liu S. Synthesis and Biological Profiling of Novel Strigolactone Derivatives for Arabidopsis Growth and Development. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12859-12874. [PMID: 37602432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The artificially synthesized strigolactone (SL) analogue GR24 is currently the most widely used reference compound in studying the biological functions of SLs. To elucidate the structure-activity relationship and find more promising derivatives with unique molecular profiles, we design and synthesized three series of novel GR24 derivatives and explored their activities in hypocotyl and root development of Arabidopsis. Among the 50 synthesized compounds, A11a, A12a, and A20d were found to have high activities comparable to GR24 for hypocotyl and/or primary root elongation inhibition in Arabidopsis. Some new analogues have been discovered to exhibit unique activities: (1) A20c, A21e, and A21o are specific inhibitors in primary root elongation; (2) A21c, A26c, and A27a exhibit a high promotion effect on Arabidopsis primary root elongation; and (3) A27e possesses the most unique profiles completely opposite to GR24 that promotes both hypocotyl elongation and primary root development. Moreover, we revealed that the AtD14 receptor does not affect the inhibitory effect of SL analogues in Arabidopsis root development. The ligand-receptor interactions for the most representative analogues A11a and A27e were deciphered with a long time scale molecular dynamics simulation study, which provides the molecular basis of their distinct functions, and may help scientists design novel phytohormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyong Kang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Plus, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education of China), Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Plus, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education of China), Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Ruirui Lu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Agricultural Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqi Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Plus, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education of China), Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Plus, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education of China), Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Dong Zheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Agricultural Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, P. R. China
| | - Suhua Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Agricultural Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, P. R. China
| | - Qingzhi Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Plus, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education of China), Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Department of Biology, Gudui BioPharma Technology Inc., 5 Lanyuan Road, Huayuan Industrial Park, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Shengnan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Plus, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education of China), Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
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9
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Wang L, Li B, Dai C, Ding A, Wang W, Shi H, Cui M, Sun Y, Lv J. Genome-wide identification of MAXs genes for strigolactones synthesis/signaling in solanaceous plants and analysis of their potential functions in tobacco. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14669. [PMID: 36650839 PMCID: PMC9840856 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The more axillary growth (MAX) gene family is a group of key genes involved in the synthesis and signal transduction of strigolactones (SLs) in plants. Although MAX genes play vital roles in plant growth and development, characterization of the MAX gene family has been limited in solanaceous crops, especially in tobacco. In this study, 74 members of the MAX family were identified in representative Solanaceae crops and classified into four groups. The physicochemical properties, gene structure, conserved protein structural domains, cis-acting elements, and expression patterns could be clearly distinguished between the biosynthetic and signal transduction subfamilies; furthermore, MAX genes in tobacco were found to be actively involved in the regulation of meristem development by responding to hormones. MAX genes involved in SL biosynthesis were more responsive to abiotic stresses than genes involved in SL signaling. Tobacco MAX genes may play an active role in stress resistance. The results of this study provide a basis for future in-depth analysis of the molecular mechanisms of MAX genes in tobacco meristem development and stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixianqiu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China,Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GSCAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Bingjie Li
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China,Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GSCAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Changbo Dai
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Anming Ding
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Weifeng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Haoqi Shi
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China,Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GSCAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Cui
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuhe Sun
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Lv
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
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10
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Luo F, Zhang Q, Xin H, Liu H, Yang H, Doblin MS, Bacic A, Li L. A Phytochrome B-PIF4-MYC2/MYC4 module inhibits secondary cell wall thickening in response to shaded light. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100416. [PMID: 35927944 PMCID: PMC9700123 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Secondary cell walls (SCWs) in stem cells provide mechanical strength and structural support for growth. SCW thickening varies under different light conditions. Our previous study revealed that blue light enhances SCW thickening through the redundant function of MYC2 and MYC4 directed by CRYPTOCHROME1 (CRY1) signaling in fiber cells of the Arabidopsis inflorescence stem. In this study, we find that the Arabidopsis PHYTOCHROME B mutant phyB displays thinner SCWs in stem fibers, but thicker SCWs are deposited in the PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR (PIF) quadruple mutant pif1pif3pif4pif5 (pifq). The shaded light condition with a low ratio of red to far-red light inhibits stem SCW thickening. PIF4 interacts with MYC2 and MYC4 to affect their localization in nuclei, and this interaction results in inhibition of the MYCs' transactivation activity on the NST1 promoter. Genetic evidence shows that regulation of SCW thickening by PIFs is dependent on MYC2/MYC4 function. Together, the results of this study reveal a PHYB-PIF4-MYC2/MYC4 module that inhibits SCW thickening in fiber cells of the Arabidopsis stem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hu Xin
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest, State Forestry Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongquan Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Monika S Doblin
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Antony Bacic
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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11
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Lastochkina O, Aliniaeifard S, SeifiKalhor M, Bosacchi M, Maslennikova D, Lubyanova A. Novel Approaches for Sustainable Horticultural Crop Production: Advances and Prospects. HORTICULTURAE 2022; 8:910. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8100910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Reduction of plant growth, yield and quality due to diverse environmental constrains along with climate change significantly limit the sustainable production of horticultural crops. In this review, we highlight the prospective impacts that are positive challenges for the application of beneficial microbial endophytes, nanomaterials (NMs), exogenous phytohormones strigolactones (SLs) and new breeding techniques (CRISPR), as well as controlled environment horticulture (CEH) using artificial light in sustainable production of horticultural crops. The benefits of such applications are often evaluated by measuring their impact on the metabolic, morphological and biochemical parameters of a variety of cultures, which typically results in higher yields with efficient use of resources when applied in greenhouse or field conditions. Endophytic microbes that promote plant growth play a key role in the adapting of plants to habitat, thereby improving their yield and prolonging their protection from biotic and abiotic stresses. Focusing on quality control, we considered the effects of the applications of microbial endophytes, a novel class of phytohormones SLs, as well as NMs and CEH using artificial light on horticultural commodities. In addition, the genomic editing of plants using CRISPR, including its role in modulating gene expression/transcription factors in improving crop production and tolerance, was also reviewed.
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12
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Alvi AF, Sehar Z, Fatma M, Masood A, Khan NA. Strigolactone: An Emerging Growth Regulator for Developing Resilience in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11192604. [PMID: 36235470 PMCID: PMC9571818 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Improving plant resilience to changing environmental conditions is the primary focus of today's scientific research globally. It is essential to find various strategies for the better survival of plants with higher resistance potential to climate change. Strigolactones (SLs) are multifunctional β-carotene derivative molecules that determine a range of plant growth and development aspects, such as root architecture, shoot branching, chlorophyll synthesis, and senescence. SLs facilitate strong defense responses against drought, salinity, heavy metal, nutrient starvation, and heat stress. The SLs trigger other hormonal-responsive pathways and determine plant resilience against stressful environments. This review focuses on the mechanisms regulated by SLs and interaction with other plant hormones to regulate plant developmental processes and SLs' influence on the mitigation of plant damage under abiotic stresses. A better understanding of the signaling and perception of SLs may lead to the path for the sustainability of plants in the changing environmental scenario. The SLs may be considered as an opening door toward sustainable agriculture.
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13
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Si C, Yang S, Lou X, Zhang G, Zhong Q. Effects of light spectrum on the morphophysiology and gene expression of lateral branching in Pepino ( Solanum muricatum). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1012086. [PMID: 36212344 PMCID: PMC9540516 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1012086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we determined the morphological and physiological indicators of Pepino to elucidate its lateral branching responses to different light qualities using a full-spectrum lamp (F) as the control and eight different light ratios using blue light (B) and red light (R). In addition, correlation analysis revealed that the gene expression patterns correlated with lateral branching under various light treatments. Compared with the F treatment, the R treatment increased the plant height and inhibited the elongation of lateral branches, in contrast with the B treatment. The number of lateral branches did not change significantly under different light quality treatments. Moreover, correlation analysis showed that the ratio of blue light was significantly positively correlated with the length of lateral branches and significantly negatively correlated with plant height, aboveground dry weight, and other indicators. We conducted transcriptome sequencing of the sites of lateral branching at three periods under different light quality treatments. The gene related to photodynamic response, cryptochrome (CRY), was the most highly expressed under B treatment, negatively regulated lateral branch length, and positively correlated with plant height. Branched 1, a lateral branch regulation gene, was upregulated under R treatment and inhibited branching. Overall, the red light facilitated internode elongation, leaf area expansion, plant dry weight increase, and inhibition of lateral branching. Soluble sugar content increased, and the lateral branches elongated under blue light. Different light qualities regulated lateral branching by mediating different pathways involving strigolactones and CRY. Our findings laid a foundation for further clarifying the response mechanism of Pepino seedlings to light and provided a theoretical reference for elucidating the regulation of different light qualities on the lateral branching of Pepino.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Si
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Agriculture and Forestry Sciences Institute of Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Shipeng Yang
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Agriculture and Forestry Sciences Institute of Qinghai University, Xining, China
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Xining, China
| | - Xiangyun Lou
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Agriculture and Forestry Sciences Institute of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Guangnan Zhang
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Agriculture and Forestry Sciences Institute of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Qiwen Zhong
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Agriculture and Forestry Sciences Institute of Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Germplasm Resources in Qinghai Tibet Plateau, Xi’an, China
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14
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Park YJ, Kim JY, Park CM. SMAX1 potentiates phytochrome B-mediated hypocotyl thermomorphogenesis. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:2671-2687. [PMID: 35478037 PMCID: PMC9252492 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant thermosensors help optimize plant development and architecture for ambient temperatures, and morphogenic adaptation to warm temperatures has been extensively studied in recent years. Phytochrome B (phyB)-mediated thermosensing and the gene regulatory networks governing thermomorphogenic responses are well understood at the molecular level. However, it is unknown how plants manage their responsiveness to fluctuating temperatures in inducing thermomorphogenic behaviors. Here, we demonstrate that SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 1 (SMAX1), known as a karrikin signaling repressor, enhances the thermosensitivity of hypocotyl morphogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Hypocotyl thermomorphogenesis was largely disrupted in SMAX1-deficient mutants. SMAX1 interacts with phyB to alleviate its suppressive effects on the transcription factor activity of PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4), promoting hypocotyl thermomorphogenesis. Interestingly, the SMAX1 protein is slowly destabilized at warm temperatures, preventing hypocotyl overgrowth. Our findings indicate that the thermodynamic control of SMAX1 abundance serves as a molecular gatekeeper for phyB function in thermosensitizing PIF4-mediated hypocotyl morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Joon Park
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jae Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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15
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High Nitric Oxide Concentration Inhibits Photosynthetic Pigment Biosynthesis by Promoting the Degradation of Transcription Factor HY5 in Tomato. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116027. [PMID: 35682704 PMCID: PMC9181159 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic pigments in higher plants, including chlorophyll and carotenoid, are crucial for photosynthesis and photoprotection. Previous studies have shown that nitric oxide (NO) plays a dual role in plant photosynthesis. However, how pigment biosynthesis is suppressed by NO remains unclear. In this study, we generated NO-accumulated gsnor mutants, applied exogenous NO donors, and used a series of methods, including reverse transcription quantitative PCR, immunoblotting, chromatin immunoprecipitation, electrophoretic mobility shift, dual-luciferase, and NO content assays, to explore the regulation of photosynthetic pigment biosynthesis by NO in tomato. We established that both endogenous and exogenous NO inhibited pigment accumulation and photosynthetic capacities. High levels of NO stimulated the degradation of LONG HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) protein and further inactivated the transcription of genes encoding protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase C (PORC) and phytoene synthase 2 (PSY2)—two enzymes that catalyze the rate-limiting steps in chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis. Our findings provide a new insight into the mechanism of NO signaling in modulating HY5-mediated photosynthetic pigment biosynthesis at the transcriptional level in tomato plants.
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16
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Tal L, Palayam M, Ron M, Young A, Britt A, Shabek N. A conformational switch in the SCF-D3/MAX2 ubiquitin ligase facilitates strigolactone signalling. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:561-573. [PMID: 35484202 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are a class of plant hormones that regulate numerous processes of growth and development. SL perception and signal activation involves interaction between F-box E3 ubiquitin ligase D3/MAX2 and DWARF14 (D14) α/β-hydrolase in a SL-dependent manner and targeting of D53/SMXL6/7/8 transcriptional repressors (SMXLs) for proteasome-mediated degradation. D3/MAX2 has been shown to exist in multiple conformational states in which the C-terminal helix (CTH) undergoes a closed-to-open dynamics and regulates D14 binding and SL perception. Despite the multiple modes of D3-D14 interactions found in vitro, the residues that regulate the conformational switch of D3/MAX2 CTH in targeting D53/SMXLs and the subsequent effect on SL signalling remain unclear. Here we elucidate the functional dynamics of ASK1-D3/MAX2 in SL signalling by leveraging conformational switch mutants in vitro and in plants. We report the crystal structure of a dislodged CTH of the ASK1-D3 mutant and demonstrate that disruptions in CTH plasticity via either CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing or expression of point mutation mutants result in impairment of SL signalling. We show that the conformational switch in ASK1-D3/MAX2 CTH directly regulates ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation. A dislodged conformation involved in D53/SMXLs SL-dependent recruitment and ubiquitination and an engaged conformation are required for the release of polyubiquitinated D53/SMXLs and subsequently D14 for proteasomal degradation. Finally, we uncovered an organic acid metabolite that can directly trigger the D3/MAX2 CTH conformational switch. Our findings unravel a new regulatory function of a SKP1-CUL1-F-box ubiquitin ligase in plant signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Tal
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Malathy Palayam
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mily Ron
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Aleczander Young
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anne Britt
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nitzan Shabek
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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17
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Ge S, He L, Jin L, Xia X, Li L, Ahammed GJ, Qi Z, Yu J, Zhou Y. Light-dependent activation of HY5 promotes mycorrhizal symbiosis in tomato by systemically regulating strigolactone biosynthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1900-1914. [PMID: 34839530 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Light quality affects mutualisms between plant roots and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs), which modify nutrient acquisition in plants. However, the mechanisms by which light systemically modulates root colonization by AMFs and phosphate uptake in roots remain unclear. We used a range of approaches, including grafting techniques, protein immunoblot analysis, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and dual-luciferase assays, to unveil the molecular basis of light signal transmission from shoot to root that mediates arbuscule development and phosphate uptake in tomato. The results show that shoot phytochrome B (phyB) triggers shoot-derived mobile ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) protein accumulation in roots, and HY5 further positively regulates transcription of strigolactone (SL) synthetic genes, thus forming a shoot phyB-dependent systemic signaling pathway that regulates the synthesis and accumulation of SLs in roots. Further experiments with carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 7 mutants and supplementary red light confirm that SLs are indispensable in the red-light-regulated mycorrhizal symbiosis in roots. Our results reveal a phyB-HY5-SLs systemic signaling cascade that facilitates mycorrhizal symbiosis and phosphate utilization in plants. The findings provide new prospects for the potential application of AMFs and light manipulation to effectively improve nutrient utilization and minimize the use of chemical fertilizers and associated pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibei Ge
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Liqun He
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lijuan Jin
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaojian Xia
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth and Development, Agricultural Ministry of China, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lan Li
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, 471023, China
| | - Zhenyu Qi
- Agricultural Experiment Station, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth and Development, Agricultural Ministry of China, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth and Development, Agricultural Ministry of China, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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18
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Zhou X, Tan Z, Zhou Y, Guo S, Sang T, Wang Y, Shu S. Physiological mechanism of strigolactone enhancing tolerance to low light stress in cucumber seedlings. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:30. [PMID: 35027005 PMCID: PMC8756728 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03414-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactone is a newly discovered type of plant hormone that has multiple roles in modulating plant responses to abiotic stress. Herein, we aimed to investigate the effects of exogenous GR24 (a synthetic analogue of strigolactone) on plant growth, photosynthetic characteristics, carbohydrate levels, endogenous strigolactone content and antioxidant metabolism in cucumber seedlings under low light stress. The results showed that the application of 10 μM GR24 can increase the photosynthetic efficiency and plant biomass of low light-stressed cucumber seedlings. GR24 increased the accumulation of carbohydrates and the synthesis of sucrose-related enzyme activities, enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities and antioxidant substance contents, and reduced the levels of H2O2 and MDA in cucumber seedlings under low light stress. These results indicate that exogenous GR24 might alleviate low light stress-induced growth inhibition by regulating the assimilation of carbon and antioxidants and endogenous strigolactone contents, thereby enhancing the tolerance of cucumber seedlings to low light stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanming Tan
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Tarim University, Xinjiang, 843300, China
| | - Yaguang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Shirong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Sang
- Institute of Horticultural Research, NingXia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, YinChuan, 750002, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Shu
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Hu A, Zhao Q, Chen L, Zhao J, Wang Y, Feng K, Wu L, Xie M, Zhou X, Xiao L, Ming Z, Zhang M, Yao R. Identification of Conserved and Divergent Strigolactone Receptors in Sugarcane Reveals a Key Residue Crucial for Plant Branching Control. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:747160. [PMID: 34858455 PMCID: PMC8632500 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.747160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are a class of important plant hormones mainly regulating plant architecture such as branching, which is crucial for crop yield. It is valuable to study SL signaling pathway and its physiological function in sugarcane, the most important sugar crop, for further molecular breeding. Here, two putative SL receptors SsD14a/b and the interacting F-box protein SsMAX2 were identified in Saccharum spontaneum. SL induced both SsD14a and SsD14b to interact with SsMAX2 in yeast. SsD14a, but not SsD14b, could bind with AtMAX2 and AtSMXL7/SsSMXL7. Overexpression of SsD14a or SsMAX2 rescued the increased branching phenotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana d14-1 or max2-3 mutants, respectively. Moreover, the crystal structure of N-terminal truncated SsD14a was solved, with an overall structure identical to AtD14 and OsD14 in the open state, consistent with its conserved branching suppression capacity in Arabidopsis. In line with the biochemical observations, SsD14b could not completely complement in d14-1 although these two SsD14 proteins have almost identical primary sequences except for very few residues. Complement with the combination of SsD14b and SsMAX2 still failed to rescue the d14-1 max2-3 double mutant multi-branching phenotype, indicating SsD14b-AtSMXL7 complex formation is required for regulating branching. Mutagenesis analyses revealed that residue R310 at α10 helix of SsD14a was crucial for the binding with SsSMXL7/AtSMXL7 but not SsMAX2. The site-equivalent single-residue P304R substitution enabled SsD14b to bind with AtMAX2 and AtSMXL7/SsSMXL7 and to rescue the phenotype of d14-1 max2-3 together with SsMAX2. Moreover, this conserved Arg residue across species including rice and Arabidopsis determined the activity of SL receptors through maintaining their interaction with SMXL repressors. Taken together, our work identified conserved and divergent strigolactone receptors in sugarcane core SL signaling pathway and revealed a key residue crucial for plant branching control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bio Resources, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuehua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Kuiliang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Miao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuemei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Langtao Xiao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenhua Ming
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bio Resources, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruifeng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
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20
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Xu E, Chai L, Zhang S, Yu R, Zhang X, Xu C, Hu Y. Catabolism of strigolactones by a carboxylesterase. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:1495-1504. [PMID: 34764442 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-01011-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are carotenoid-derived plant hormones that control shoot branching and communications between host plants and symbiotic fungi or root parasitic plants. Extensive studies have identified the key components participating in SL biosynthesis and signalling, whereas the catabolism or deactivation of endogenous SLs in planta remains largely unknown. Here, we report that the Arabidopsis carboxylesterase 15 (AtCXE15) and its orthologues function as efficient hydrolases of SLs. We show that overexpression of AtCXE15 promotes shoot branching by dampening SL-inhibited axillary bud outgrowth. We further demonstrate that AtCXE15 could bind and efficiently hydrolyse SLs both in vitro and in planta. We also provide evidence that AtCXE15 is capable of catalysing hydrolysis of diverse SL analogues and that such CXE15-dependent catabolism of SLs is evolutionarily conserved in seed plants. These results disclose a catalytic mechanism underlying homoeostatic regulation of SLs in plants, which also provides a rational approach to spatial-temporally manipulate the endogenous SLs and thus architecture of crops and ornamental plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Chai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shiqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruixue Yu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xixi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Chongyi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- National Center for Plant Gene Research, Beijing, China.
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21
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Yoneyama K, Brewer PB. Strigolactones, how are they synthesized to regulate plant growth and development? CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:102072. [PMID: 34198192 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are multifunctional plant metabolites working not only as allelochemicals in the rhizosphere, but also as a novel class of hormones regulating growth and development in planta. To date, more than 30 SLs have been characterized, but the reason why plants produce structurally diverse SLs and the details of their biosynthetic pathway remain elusive. Recent studies using transcriptomics and reverse genetic techniques have paved the way to clarify the entire biosynthetic pathway of structurally diverse SLs. In this review, we discuss how various SLs are synthesized and what SL structural diversity means for plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Yoneyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan; PRESTO, JST, Japan.
| | - Philip B Brewer
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond SA 5064, Australia.
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22
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Bursch K, Niemann ET, Nelson DC, Johansson H. Karrikins control seedling photomorphogenesis and anthocyanin biosynthesis through a HY5-BBX transcriptional module. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:1346-1362. [PMID: 34160854 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The butenolide molecule, karrikin (KAR), emerging in smoke of burned plant material, enhances light responses such as germination, inhibition of hypocotyl elongation, and anthocyanin accumulation in Arabidopsis. The KAR signaling pathway consists of KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE 2 (KAI2) and MORE AXILLARY GROWTH 2 (MAX2), which, upon activation, act in an SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complex to target the downstream signaling components SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 1 (SMAX1) and SMAX1-LIKE 2 (SMXL2) for degradation. How degradation of SMAX1 and SMXL2 is translated into growth responses remains unknown. Although light clearly influences the activity of KAR, the molecular connection between the two pathways is still poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the KAR signaling pathway promotes the activity of a transcriptional module consisting of ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5), B-BOX DOMAIN PROTEIN 20 (BBX20), and BBX21. The bbx20 bbx21 mutant is largely insensitive to treatment with KAR2 , similar to a hy5 mutant, with regards to inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and anthocyanin accumulation. Detailed analysis of higher order mutants in combination with RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that anthocyanin accumulation downstream of SMAX1 and SMXL2 is fully dependent on the HY5-BBX module. However, the promotion of hypocotyl elongation by SMAX1 and SMXL2 is, in contrast to KAR2 treatment, only partially dependent on BBX20, BBX21, and HY5. Taken together, these results suggest that light- and KAR-dependent signaling intersect at the HY5-BBX transcriptional module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bursch
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Ella T Niemann
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - David C Nelson
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Henrik Johansson
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, 14195, Germany
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23
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Krasylenko Y, Komis G, Hlynska S, Vavrdová T, Ovečka M, Pospíšil T, Šamaj J. GR24, A Synthetic Strigolactone Analog, and Light Affect the Organization of Cortical Microtubules in Arabidopsis Hypocotyl Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:675981. [PMID: 34305975 PMCID: PMC8293678 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.675981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones are plant hormones regulating cytoskeleton-mediated developmental events in roots, such as lateral root formation and elongation of root hairs and hypocotyls. The latter process was addressed herein by the exogenous application of a synthetic strigolactone, GR24, and an inhibitor of strigolactone biosynthesis, TIS108, on hypocotyls of wild-type Arabidopsis and a strigolactone signaling mutant max2-1 (more axillary growth 2-1). Owing to the interdependence between light and strigolactone signaling, the present work was extended to seedlings grown under a standard light/dark regime, or under continuous darkness. Given the essential role of the cortical microtubules in cell elongation, their organization and dynamics were characterized under the conditions of altered strigolactone signaling using fluorescence microscopy methods with different spatiotemporal capacities, such as confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and structured illumination microscopy (SIM). It was found that GR24-dependent inhibition of hypocotyl elongation correlated with changes in cortical microtubule organization and dynamics, observed in living wild-type and max2-1 seedlings stably expressing genetically encoded fluorescent molecular markers for microtubules. Quantitative assessment of microscopic datasets revealed that chemical and/or genetic manipulation of strigolactone signaling affected microtubule remodeling, especially under light conditions. The application of GR24 in dark conditions partially alleviated cytoskeletal rearrangement, suggesting a new mechanistic connection between cytoskeletal behavior and the light-dependence of strigolactone signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Krasylenko
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - George Komis
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Sofiia Hlynska
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Tereza Vavrdová
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Pospíšil
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
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24
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Müller M, Munné-Bosch S. Hormonal impact on photosynthesis and photoprotection in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1500-1522. [PMID: 33793915 PMCID: PMC8133604 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is not only essential for plants, but it also sustains life on Earth. Phytohormones play crucial roles in developmental processes, from organ initiation to senescence, due to their role as growth and developmental regulators, as well as their central role in the regulation of photosynthesis. Furthermore, phytohormones play a major role in photoprotection of the photosynthetic apparatus under stress conditions. Here, in addition to discussing our current knowledge on the role of the phytohormones auxin, cytokinins, gibberellins, and strigolactones in promoting photosynthesis, we will also highlight the role of abscisic acid beyond stomatal closure in modulating photosynthesis and photoprotection under various stress conditions through crosstalk with ethylene, salicylates, jasmonates, and brassinosteroids. Furthermore, the role of phytohormones in controlling the production and scavenging of photosynthesis-derived reactive oxygen species, the duration and extent of photo-oxidative stress and redox signaling under stress conditions will be discussed in detail. Hormones have a significant impact on the regulation of photosynthetic processes in plants under both optimal and stress conditions, with hormonal interactions, complementation, and crosstalk being important in the spatiotemporal and integrative regulation of photosynthetic processes during organ development at the whole-plant level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Müller
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Author for communication:
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25
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Carbonnel S, Torabi S, Gutjahr C. MAX2-independent transcriptional responses to rac-GR24 in Lotus japonicus roots. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1840852. [PMID: 33126824 PMCID: PMC7781757 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1840852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) and smoke-derived Karrikins (KARs) are structurally similar butenolide compounds that control distinct aspects of plant development. They are perceived by two closely related α/β hydrolases D14 and KAI2, respectively. Responses to both molecules involve the F-box protein MAX2 that participates in the Skp1-Cullin-F-box (SCF) complex, which ubiquitylates developmental regulators of the SMXL family to mark them for degradation by the 26S proteasome, enabling SL and KAR responses. Current research on SL and KAR signaling uses the synthetic molecules rac-GR24, KAR1 and KAR2 for pharmacological treatments. In a previous microarray analysis, we observed transcriptional activation in response to rac-GR24 in Lotus japonicus seedling roots. We retested transcript accumulation of selected genes by quantitative PCR in the wild type and the max2-4 mutant, and found that surprisingly, a number of them respond to rac-GR24 in a MAX2-independent manner, and also respond in roots of d14 and kai2a kai2b double mutants. Thus, the synthetic compounds induce transcriptional responses independent of their perception by the canonical receptor complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy Carbonnel
- Faculty of Biology, Biocenter Martinsried, LMU Munich, Martinsried, Germany
- TUM School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Salar Torabi
- TUM School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Caroline Gutjahr
- Faculty of Biology, Biocenter Martinsried, LMU Munich, Martinsried, Germany
- TUM School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- CONTACT Caroline Gutjahr Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Emil Ramann Str. 4, 85354, Freising
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26
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Ponnu J, Hoecker U. Illuminating the COP1/SPA Ubiquitin Ligase: Fresh Insights Into Its Structure and Functions During Plant Photomorphogenesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:662793. [PMID: 33841486 PMCID: PMC8024647 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.662793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase in plants and animals. Discovered originally in Arabidopsis thaliana, COP1 acts in a complex with SPA proteins as a central repressor of light-mediated responses in plants. By ubiquitinating and promoting the degradation of several substrates, COP1/SPA regulates many aspects of plant growth, development and metabolism. In contrast to plants, human COP1 acts as a crucial regulator of tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss the recent important findings in COP1/SPA research including a brief comparison between COP1 activity in plants and humans.
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27
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Moreno JC, Mi J, Alagoz Y, Al‐Babili S. Plant apocarotenoids: from retrograde signaling to interspecific communication. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:351-375. [PMID: 33258195 PMCID: PMC7898548 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are isoprenoid compounds synthesized by all photosynthetic and some non-photosynthetic organisms. They are essential for photosynthesis and contribute to many other aspects of a plant's life. The oxidative breakdown of carotenoids gives rise to the formation of a diverse family of essential metabolites called apocarotenoids. This metabolic process either takes place spontaneously through reactive oxygen species or is catalyzed by enzymes generally belonging to the CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE family. Apocarotenoids include the phytohormones abscisic acid and strigolactones (SLs), signaling molecules and growth regulators. Abscisic acid and SLs are vital in regulating plant growth, development and stress response. SLs are also an essential component in plants' rhizospheric communication with symbionts and parasites. Other apocarotenoid small molecules, such as blumenols, mycorradicins, zaxinone, anchorene, β-cyclocitral, β-cyclogeranic acid, β-ionone and loliolide, are involved in plant growth and development, and/or contribute to different processes, including arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis, abiotic stress response, plant-plant and plant-herbivore interactions and plastid retrograde signaling. There are also indications for the presence of structurally unidentified linear cis-carotene-derived apocarotenoids, which are presumed to modulate plastid biogenesis and leaf morphology, among other developmental processes. Here, we provide an overview on the biology of old, recently discovered and supposed plant apocarotenoid signaling molecules, describing their biosynthesis, developmental and physiological functions, and role as a messenger in plant communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Moreno
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare PflanzenphysiologieAm Mühlenberg 1Potsdam14476Germany
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and EngineeringCenter for Desert Agriculturethe BioActives LabKing Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal23955‐6900Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jianing Mi
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and EngineeringCenter for Desert Agriculturethe BioActives LabKing Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal23955‐6900Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yagiz Alagoz
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and EngineeringCenter for Desert Agriculturethe BioActives LabKing Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal23955‐6900Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityLocked Bag 1797PenrithNSW2751Australia
| | - Salim Al‐Babili
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and EngineeringCenter for Desert Agriculturethe BioActives LabKing Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal23955‐6900Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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28
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Gaillochet C, Burko Y, Platre MP, Zhang L, Simura J, Willige BC, Kumar SV, Ljung K, Chory J, Busch W. HY5 and phytochrome activity modulate shoot-to-root coordination during thermomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis. Development 2020; 147:226051. [PMID: 33144393 DOI: 10.1242/dev.192625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is one of the most impactful environmental factors to which plants adjust their growth and development. Although the regulation of temperature signaling has been extensively investigated for the aerial part of plants, much less is known and understood about how roots sense and modulate their growth in response to fluctuating temperatures. Here, we found that shoot and root growth responses to high ambient temperature are coordinated during early seedling development in Arabidopsis A shoot signaling module that includes HY5, the phytochromes and the PIFs exerts a central function in coupling these growth responses and maintaining auxin levels in the root. In addition to the HY5/PIF-dependent shoot module, a regulatory axis composed of auxin biosynthesis and auxin perception factors controls root responses to high ambient temperature. Taken together, our findings show that shoot and root developmental responses to temperature are tightly coupled during thermomorphogenesis and suggest that roots integrate energy signals with local hormonal inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Gaillochet
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yogev Burko
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthieu Pierre Platre
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ling Zhang
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jan Simura
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Björn C Willige
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - S Vinod Kumar
- Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Joanne Chory
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wolfgang Busch
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Integrative Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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29
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Gupta MK, Gouda G, Donde R, Vadde R, Behera L. In silico characterization of the impact of mutation (LEU112PRO) on the structure and function of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 8 in Oryza sativa. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 175:112365. [PMID: 32247721 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mutation (p.LEU112PRO) in "carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 8" (CCD8) protein increases tiller formation in rice plants by cross-talking with auxin and cytokinins. However, owing to the nonexistence of a "three-dimension" structure of CCD8, detail information about its structure and function remain elusive until date. Hence, in the present study, computational approaches were adopted to predict "three-dimensional" (3D) structure of CCD8 protein through comparative modeling techniques and to study the effect of mutation (p.LEU112PRO) on its function as well as architecture through "molecular dynamics" simulation studies. The obtained result reveals that wild-type CCD8 protein is made up of 10 α-helix and 25 β-strands while mutant CCD8 is made up of 11 α-helix and 24 β-strands. Further, molecular docking studies reveals that the wild-type has a better binding affinity with auxin and cytokinin in comparison to mutant. Subsequent molecular dynamics simulation of these four complexes, separately, reveals that the movement of both wild-type as well as mutant CCD8 get reduced after binding with auxin, which in turn prevent auxin transport out of the bud and increases tiller number. However, when cytokinin binds with wild-type and mutant CCD8, it inhibits and enhance CCD8 activity, respectively. As cytokinin positively regulates tiller number formation, enhance activity of mutant CCD8 after binding with cytokinin might be the main reason for more tiller number in mutant than wild-type plant. In the near future, mutant CCD8 along with auxin and cytokinin may be utilized for increasing grain yield in rice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, 516005, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Gayatri Gouda
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753 006, India
| | - Ravindra Donde
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753 006, India
| | - Ramakrishna Vadde
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, 516005, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Lambodar Behera
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753 006, India.
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30
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Richter AS, Tohge T, Fernie AR, Grimm B. The genomes uncoupled-dependent signalling pathway coordinates plastid biogenesis with the synthesis of anthocyanins. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190403. [PMID: 32362259 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, it has become evident that plants perceive, integrate and communicate abiotic stress signals through chloroplasts. During the process of acclimation plastid-derived, retrograde signals control nuclear gene expression in response to developmental and environmental cues leading to complex genetic and metabolic reprogramming to preserve cellular homeostasis under challenging environmental conditions. Upon stress-induced dysfunction of chloroplasts, GENOMES UNCOUPLED (GUN) proteins participate in the repression of PHOTOSYNTHESIS-ASSOCIATED NUCLEAR GENES (PHANGs). Here, we show that the retrograde signal emitted by, or communicated through, GUN-proteins is also essential to induce the accumulation of photoprotective anthocyanin pigments when chloroplast development is attenuated. Comparative whole transcriptome sequencing and genetic analysis reveal GUN1 and GUN5-dependent signals as a source for the regulation of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. The signal transduction cascade includes well-known transcription factors for the control of anthocyanin biosynthesis, which are deregulated in gun mutants. We propose that regulation of PHANGs and genes contributing to anthocyanin biosynthesis are two, albeit oppositely, co-regulated processes during plastid biogenesis. This article is part of the theme issue 'Retrograde signalling from endosymbiotic organelles'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas S Richter
- Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany.,Physiology of Plant Cell Organelles, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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31
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Zhao Q, Zhu J, Li N, Wang X, Zhao X, Zhang X. Cryptochrome-mediated hypocotyl phototropism was regulated antagonistically by gibberellic acid and sucrose in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:614-630. [PMID: 30941890 PMCID: PMC7318699 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Both phototropins (phot1 and phot2) and cryptochromes (cry1 and cry2) were proven as the Arabidopsis thaliana blue light receptors. Phototropins predominately function in photomovement, and cryptochromes play a role in photomorphogenesis. Although cryptochromes have been proposed to serve as positive modulators of phototropic responses, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here, we report that depleting sucrose from the medium or adding gibberellic acids (GAs) can partially restore the defects in phototropic curvature of the phot1 phot2 double mutants under high-intensity blue light; this restoration does not occur in phot1 phot2 cry1 cry2 quadruple mutants and nph3 (nonphototropic hypocotyl 3) mutants which were impaired phototropic response in sucrose-containing medium. These results indicate that GAs and sucrose antagonistically regulate hypocotyl phototropism in a cryptochromes dependent manner, but it showed a crosstalk with phototropin signaling on NPH3. Furthermore, cryptochromes activation by blue light inhibit GAs synthesis, thus stabilizing DELLAs to block hypocotyl growth, which result in the higher GAs content in the shade side than the lit side of hypocotyl to support the asymmetric growth of hypocotyl. Through modulation of the abundance of DELLAs by sucrose depletion or added GAs, it revealed that cryptochromes have a function in mediating phototropic curvature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing‐Ping Zhao
- Key laboratory of Plant Stress BiologyState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologySchool of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifeng475004China
| | - Jin‐Dong Zhu
- Key laboratory of Plant Stress BiologyState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologySchool of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifeng475004China
| | - Nan‐Nan Li
- Key laboratory of Plant Stress BiologyState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologySchool of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifeng475004China
| | - Xiao‐Nan Wang
- Key laboratory of Plant Stress BiologyState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologySchool of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifeng475004China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Key laboratory of Plant Stress BiologyState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologySchool of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifeng475004China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Key laboratory of Plant Stress BiologyState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologySchool of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifeng475004China
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32
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Arabidopsis FHY3 and FAR1 integrate light and strigolactone signaling to regulate branching. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1955. [PMID: 32327664 PMCID: PMC7181604 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15893-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Branching/tillering is an important parameter of plant architecture and is tightly regulated by both internal factors (such as plant hormones) and external factors (such as light conditions). How the various signaling pathways converge to coordinately regulate branching is not well understood. Here, we report that in Arabidopsis, FHY3 and FAR1, two homologous transcription factors essential for phytochrome A-mediated light signaling, and SMXL6/SMXL7/SMXL8, three key repressors of the strigolactone (SL) signaling pathway, directly interact with SPL9 and SPL15 and suppress their transcriptional activation of BRC1, a key repressor of branching, thus promoting branching. In addition, FHY3 and FAR1 also directly up-regulate the expression of SMXL6 and SMXL7 to promote branching. Simulated shade treatment reduces the accumulation of FHY3 protein, leading to increased expression of BRC1 and reduced branching. Our results establish an integrated model of light and SL coordinately regulating BRC1 expression and branching through converging at the BRC1 promoter. In plants, branching is regulated by both hormones and external cues such as light. Here the authors show that in Arabidopsis, the phytochrome A-signaling components FHY3 and FAR1, and SMXL proteins that repress strigolactone signaling, both interact with SPL proteins to control expression of the branching regulator BRC1.
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33
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Ablazov A, Mi J, Jamil M, Jia KP, Wang JY, Feng Q, Al-Babili S. The Apocarotenoid Zaxinone Is a Positive Regulator of Strigolactone and Abscisic Acid Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:578. [PMID: 32477389 PMCID: PMC7240130 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are ubiquitous precursors of important metabolites including hormones, such as strigolactones (SLs) and abscisic acid (ABA), and signaling and regulatory molecules, such as the recently discovered zaxinone. Strigolactones and ABA are key regulators of plant growth and development, adaptation to environmental changes and response to biotic and abiotic stress. Previously, we have shown that zaxinone, an apocarotenoid produced in rice by the enzyme zaxinone synthase (ZAS) that is common in mycorrhizal plants, is required for normal rice growth and development, and a negative regulator of SL biosynthesis. Zaxinone is also formed in Arabidopsis, which lacks ZAS, via an unknown route. In the present study, we investigated the biological activity of zaxinone in Arabidopsis, focusing on its effect on SL and ABA biosynthesis. For this purpose, we quantified the content of both hormones and determined the levels of related transcripts in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), roots upon zaxinone treatment. For SL quantification, we also employed Striga seed germination bioassay. Results obtained show that zaxinone application to hydroponically grown Arabidopsis seedlings enhanced transcript levels of key biosynthetic genes of both hormones, led to higher root ABA and SL (methyl carlactonoate, MeCLA) content, and increased SL release, even under sufficient phosphate supply. Using the SL insensitive (max2-1) and the ABA deficient (aba1-6, aba2-1, and nced3) mutants, we also show that zaxinone application reduced hypocotyl growth and that this effect is caused by increasing ABA content. Our results suggest that zaxinone is a regulatory metabolite also in Arabidopsis, which triggers the biosynthesis of both carotenoid-derived hormones, SLs and ABA, in roots. In the non-mycotrophic plant Arabidopsis, zaxinone does not increase growth and may be perceived as a stress signal, while it acts as a growth-promoting metabolite and suppressor of SL biosynthesis in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdugaffor Ablazov
- The BioActives Lab, Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jianing Mi
- The BioActives Lab, Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Jamil
- The BioActives Lab, Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kun-Peng Jia
- The BioActives Lab, Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jian You Wang
- The BioActives Lab, Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qitong Feng
- The BioActives Lab, Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- The BioActives Lab, Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Salim Al-Babili,
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Yang T, Lian Y, Wang C. Comparing and Contrasting the Multiple Roles of Butenolide Plant Growth Regulators: Strigolactones and Karrikins in Plant Development and Adaptation to Abiotic Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246270. [PMID: 31842355 PMCID: PMC6941112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) and karrikins (KARs) are both butenolide molecules that play essential roles in plant growth and development. SLs are phytohormones, with SLs having known functions within the plant they are produced in, while KARs are found in smoke emitted from burning plant matter and affect seeds and seedlings in areas of wildfire. It has been suggested that SL and KAR signaling may share similar mechanisms. The α/β hydrolases DWARF14 (D14) and KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE 2 (KAI2), which act as receptors of SL and KAR, respectively, both interact with the F-box protein MORE AXILLARY GROWTH 2 (MAX2) in order to target SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 1 (SMAX1)-LIKE/D53 family members for degradation via the 26S proteasome. Recent reports suggest that SLs and/or KARs are also involved in regulating plant responses and adaptation to various abiotic stresses, particularly nutrient deficiency, drought, salinity, and chilling. There is also crosstalk with other hormone signaling pathways, including auxin, gibberellic acid (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinin (CK), and ethylene (ET), under normal and abiotic stress conditions. This review briefly covers the biosynthetic and signaling pathways of SLs and KARs, compares their functions in plant growth and development, and reviews the effects of any crosstalk between SLs or KARs and other plant hormones at various stages of plant development. We also focus on the distinct responses, adaptations, and regulatory mechanisms related to SLs and/or KARs in response to various abiotic stresses. The review closes with discussion on ways to gain additional insights into the SL and KAR pathways and the crosstalk between these related phytohormones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chongying Wang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0931-8914155; Fax: +86-0931-8914155
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Omoarelojie LO, Kulkarni MG, Finnie JF, Van Staden J. Strigolactones and their crosstalk with other phytohormones. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 124:749-767. [PMID: 31190074 PMCID: PMC6868373 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strigolactones (SLs) are a diverse class of butenolide-bearing phytohormones derived from the catabolism of carotenoids. They are associated with an increasing number of emerging regulatory roles in plant growth and development, including seed germination, root and shoot architecture patterning, nutrient acquisition, symbiotic and parasitic interactions, as well as mediation of plant responses to abiotic and biotic cues. SCOPE Here, we provide a concise overview of SL biosynthesis, signal transduction pathways and SL-mediated plant responses with a detailed discourse on the crosstalk(s) that exist between SLs/components of SL signalling and other phytohormones such as auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylene, jasmonates and salicylic acid. CONCLUSION SLs elicit their control on physiological and morphological processes via a direct or indirect influence on the activities of other hormones and/or integrants of signalling cascades of other growth regulators. These, among many others, include modulation of hormone content, transport and distribution within plant tissues, interference with or complete dependence on downstream signal components of other phytohormones, as well as acting synergistically or antagonistically with other hormones to elicit plant responses. Although much has been done to evince the effects of SL interactions with other hormones at the cell and whole plant levels, research attention must be channelled towards elucidating the precise molecular events that underlie these processes. More especially in the case of abscisic acid, cytokinins, gibberellin, jasmonates and salicylic acid for which very little has been reported about their hormonal crosstalk with SLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L O Omoarelojie
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - M G Kulkarni
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - J F Finnie
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - J Van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville, South Africa
- For correspondence. E-mail:
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Schneider A, Godin C, Boudon F, Demotes-Mainard S, Sakr S, Bertheloot J. Light Regulation of Axillary Bud Outgrowth Along Plant Axes: An Overview of the Roles of Sugars and Hormones. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1296. [PMID: 31681386 PMCID: PMC6813921 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Apical dominance, the process by which the growing apical zone of the shoot inhibits bud outgrowth, involves an intricate network of several signals in the shoot. Auxin originating from plant apical region inhibits bud outgrowth indirectly. This inhibition is in particular mediated by cytokinins and strigolactones, which move from the stem to the bud and that respectively stimulate and repress bud outgrowth. The action of this hormonal network is itself modulated by sugar levels as competition for sugars, caused by the growing apical sugar sink, may deprive buds from sugars and prevents bud outgrowth partly by their signaling role. In this review, we analyze recent findings on the interaction between light, in terms of quantity and quality, and apical dominance regulation. Depending on growth conditions, light may trigger different pathways of the apical dominance regulatory network. Studies pinpoint to the key role of shoot-located cytokinin synthesis for light intensity and abscisic acid synthesis in the bud for R:FR in the regulation of bud outgrowth by light. Our analysis provides three major research lines to get a more comprehensive understanding of light effects on bud outgrowth. This would undoubtedly benefit from the use of computer modeling associated with experimental observations to deal with a regulatory system that involves several interacting signals, feedbacks, and quantitative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schneider
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Christophe Godin
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, INRIA, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Soulaiman Sakr
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Jessica Bertheloot
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé, France
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Kumar M, Kim I, Kim YK, Heo JB, Suh MC, Kim HU. Strigolactone Signaling Genes Showing Differential Expression Patterns in Arabidopsis max Mutants. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8090352. [PMID: 31546850 PMCID: PMC6784243 DOI: 10.3390/plants8090352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Strigolactone (SL) is a recently discovered class of phytohormone that inhibits shoot branching. The molecular mechanism underlying SL biosynthesis, perception, and signal transduction is vital to the plant branching phenotype. Some aspects of their biosynthesis, perception, and signaling include the role of four MORE AXILLARY GROWTH genes, MAX3, MAX4, MAX1, and MAX2. It is important to identify downstream genes that are involved in SL signaling. To achieve this, we studied the genomic aspects of the strigolactone biosynthesis pathway using microarray analysis of four max mutants. We identified SL signaling candidate genes that showed differential expression patterns in max mutants. More specifically, 1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1-CARBOXYLATE SYNTHASE 4 (ACC4) and PROTEIN KINASE 3 (PKS3) displayed contrasting expression patterns, indicating a regulatory mechanism in SL signaling pathway to control different phenotypes apart from branching phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Kumar
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea.
| | - Inyoung Kim
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea.
| | - Yeon-Ki Kim
- Department of Biosciences and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin 17058, Korea.
| | - Jae Bok Heo
- Department of Molecular Genetic Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea.
| | - Mi Chung Suh
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea.
| | - Hyun Uk Kim
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea.
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Strigolactones Promote Leaf Elongation in Tall Fescue through Upregulation of Cell Cycle Genes and Downregulation of Auxin Transport Genes in Tall Fescue under Different Temperature Regimes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081836. [PMID: 31013928 PMCID: PMC6515303 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) have recently been shown to play roles in modulating plant architecture and improving plant tolerance to multiple stresses, but the underlying mechanisms for SLs regulating leaf elongation and the influence by air temperature are still unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effects of SLs on leaf elongation in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, cv. ‘Kentucky-31’) under different temperature regimes, and to determine the interactions of SLs and auxin in the regulation of leaf growth. Tall fescue plants were treated with GR24 (synthetic analog of SLs), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA, synthetic analog), or N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA, auxin transport inhibitor) (individually and combined) under normal temperature (22/18 °C) and high-temperature conditions (35/30 °C) in controlled-environment growth chambers. Exogenous application of GR24 stimulated leaf elongation and mitigated the heat inhibition of leaf growth in tall fescue. GR24-induced leaf elongation was associated with an increase in cell numbers, upregulated expression of cell-cycle-related genes, and downregulated expression of auxin transport-related genes in elongating leaves. The results suggest that SLs enhance leaf elongation by stimulating cell division and interference with auxin transport in tall fescue.
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Min Z, Li R, Chen L, Zhang Y, Li Z, Liu M, Ju Y, Fang Y. Alleviation of drought stress in grapevine by foliar-applied strigolactones. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 135:99-110. [PMID: 30529172 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Drought is one of the major abiotic stress factors that affect grape growth and yield, which in turn negatively affects the grape and wine production industry. Developing effective approaches to improve grapevine tolerance to drought stress is a priority for viticulture. Strigolactones, a newly discovered class of carotenoid-derived phytohormones, have been found to participate in various physiological processes. Herein, the effect of strigolactones (SLs) on grape seedlings under drought stress was investigated. Two-year-old grape seedlings (Vitis vinifera L.) were sprayed with 3 doses of rac-GR24 (1 μM, 3 μM and 5 μM), a synthesized strigolactone, and then were subjected to 7% (w/v) polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) to simulate the drought conditions. Synthetic GR24 treated plants showed higher tolerance to drought stress with regard to lower electrolyte leakage, stomatal opening, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and higher relative water content, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis rate and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. GR24 application also decreased the levels of indoleacetic acid (IAA) and zeatin riboside (ZR), while increasing the level of abscisic acid (ABA), both in the roots and leaves under drought stress. These results suggested that foliar application of GR24 could ameliorate the adverse effects of drought due to its regulation of stomatal closure through ABA or ROS, and modulation of chlorophyll components and photosynthesis, as well as activation of the antioxidant defense capacity. Cross-talk with other hormones, especially ABA, was also suggested to be one of the important mechanism during this process. This study contributes to our current understanding of GR24-induced drought tolerance in grapevines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Min
- College of Enology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Runyu Li
- College of Enology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Chen
- College of Enology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Enology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ziyu Li
- College of Enology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Min Liu
- College of Enology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanlun Ju
- College of Enology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yulin Fang
- College of Enology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Heyang Grape Station of Experimental Demonstration, Northwest A & F University, Weinan, 715300, Shaanxi, China.
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Wang W, Chen Q, Botella JR, Guo S. Beyond Light: Insights Into the Role of Constitutively Photomorphogenic1 in Plant Hormonal Signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:557. [PMID: 31156657 PMCID: PMC6532413 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Light is an important environmental factor with profound effects in plant growth and development. Constitutively photomorphogenic1 (COP1) is a vital component of the light signaling pathway as a negative regulator of photomorphogenesis. Although the role of COP1 in light signaling has been firmly established for some time, recent studies have proven that COP1 is also a crucial part of multiple plant hormonal regulatory pathways. In this article, we review the available evidence involving COP1 in hormone signaling, its molecular mechanisms, and its contribution to the complicated regulatory network linking light and plant hormone signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Department of Biology and Food Science, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Qingbin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - José Ramón Botella
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: José Ramón Botella,
| | - Siyi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Siyi Guo,
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Wang X, Lv S, Han X, Guan X, Shi X, Kang J, Zhang L, Cao B, Li C, Zhang W, Wang G, Zhang Y. The Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase CPK33 Mediates Strigolactone-Induced Stomatal Closure in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1630. [PMID: 31921270 PMCID: PMC6928132 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are known to mediate plant acclimation to environmental stress. We recently reported that SLs acted as prominent regulators in promotion of stomatal closure. However, the detailed mechanism by which SLs induce stomatal closure requires further investigation. Here we studied the essential role of the calcium (Ca2+) signal mediating by the calcium-dependent protein kinase (CPK) in SL-induced stomatal closure. SL-induced stomatal closure was strongly inhibited by a Ca2+ chelator and Ca2+ channel blockers, indicating that Ca2+ functions in SL promotion of stomatal closure. Through examining a collection of cpk mutants, we identified CPK33, potentially acting as a Ca2+ transducer, which is implicated in guard cell SL signaling. SL- and Ca2+-induced stomatal closure were impaired in cpk33 mutants. CPK33 kinase activity is essential for SL induction of stomatal closure as SL-induced stomatal closure is blocked in the dead kinase mutant of CPK33. The cpk33 mutant is impaired in H2O2-induced stomatal closure, but not in SL-mediated H2O2 production. Our study thus uncovers an important player CPK33 which functions as an essential Ca2+ signals mediator in Arabidopsis guard cell SL signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuening Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shuo Lv
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiangyu Han
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiongjuan Guan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiong Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jingke Kang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Luosha Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Bing Cao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chen Li
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environment Adapting Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Guodong Wang, ; Yonghong Zhang,
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- *Correspondence: Guodong Wang, ; Yonghong Zhang,
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Castillo MC, Coego A, Costa-Broseta Á, León J. Nitric oxide responses in Arabidopsis hypocotyls are mediated by diverse phytohormone pathways. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:5265-5278. [PMID: 30085082 PMCID: PMC6184486 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants are often exposed to high levels of nitric oxide (NO) that affects development and stress-triggered responses. However, the way in which plants sense NO is still largely unknown. Here we combine the analysis of early changes in the transcriptome of plants exposed to a short acute pulse of exogenous NO with the identification of transcription factors (TFs) involved in NO sensing. The NO-responsive transcriptome was enriched in hormone homeostasis- and signaling-related genes. To assess events involved in NO sensing in hypocotyls, we used a functional sensing assay based on the NO-induced inhibition of hypocotyl elongation in etiolated seedlings. Hormone-related mutants and the TRANSPLANTA collection of transgenic lines conditionally expressing Arabidopsis TFs were screened for NO-triggered hypocotyl shortening. These approaches allowed the identification of hormone-related TFs, ethylene perception and signaling, strigolactone biosynthesis and signaling, and salicylate production and accumulation that are essential for or modulate hypocotyl NO sensing. Moreover, NO inhibits hypocotyl elongation through the positive and negative regulation of some abscisic acid (ABA) receptors and transcripts encoding brassinosteroid signaling components thereby also implicating these hormones in NO sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari-Cruz Castillo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas–Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Coego
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas–Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Valencia, Spain
| | - Álvaro Costa-Broseta
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas–Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Valencia, Spain
| | - José León
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas–Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Lian H, Xu P, He S, Wu J, Pan J, Wang W, Xu F, Wang S, Pan J, Huang J, Yang HQ. Photoexcited CRYPTOCHROME 1 Interacts Directly with G-Protein β Subunit AGB1 to Regulate the DNA-Binding Activity of HY5 and Photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:1248-1263. [PMID: 30176372 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Light and the heterotrimeric G-protein are known to antagonistically regulate photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis. However, whether light and G-protein coordinate the regulation of photomorphogenesis is largely unknown. Here we show that the blue light photoreceptor cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) physically interacts with the G-protein β subunit, AGB1, in a blue light-dependent manner. We also show that AGB1 directly interacts with HY5, a basic leucine zipper transcriptional factor that acts as a critical positive regulator of photomorphogenesis, to inhibit its DNA-binding activity. Genetic studies suggest that CRY1 acts partially through AGB1, and AGB1 acts partially through HY5 to regulate photomorphogenesis. Moreover, we demonstrate that blue light-triggered interaction of CRY1 with AGB1 promotes the dissociation of HY5 from AGB1. Our results suggest that the CRY1 signaling mechanism involves positive regulation of the DNA-binding activity of HY5 mediated by the CRY1-AGB1 interaction, which inhibits the association of AGB1 with HY5. We propose that the antagonistic regulation of HY5 DNA-binding activity by CRY1 and AGB1 may allow plants to balance light and G-protein signaling and optimize photomorphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Lian
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Pengbo Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shengbo He
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jun Wu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jian Pan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wenxiu Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Feng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Junsong Pan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jirong Huang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Hong-Quan Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
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Moazzam-Jazi M, Ghasemi S, Seyedi SM, Niknam V. COP1 plays a prominent role in drought stress tolerance in Arabidopsis and Pea. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 130:678-691. [PMID: 30139551 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Constitutively photomorphogenic 1 (COP1) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that has been studied extensively in the photomorphogenesis- and light-related processes in Arabidopsis. However, the possible role of COP1 in plant drought stress response remains unknown. Hence, in the present study, the stomatal behavior as one of the key elements in plant dehydration response was investigated in Arabidopsis cop1-4 and pea light-independent photomorphogenesis (lip1) mutants. We observed that water loss rate in the cop1-4 and lip1 detached leaves was significantly much faster than wild-type, resulting from failing to reduce the stomatal aperture by the mutants. But, interestingly, the cop1-4 and lip1 isolated leaves treated with abscisic acid (ABA) as well as cop1-4 and lip1 soil-grown under drought stress could close their stomata as wild-type. Hence, COP1 plays a fundamental role in the regulation of stomatal movements in response to dehydration and its function was conserved during evolution in both Arabidopsis and pea. Further evaluations showed the cop1-4 mutant was not significantly damaged from the oxidative stress derived from soil water limiting conditions when compared to wild-type. Similarly, the up-regulation level of several key stress-responsive genes was relatively lower in cop1-4 than wild-type. Therefore, COP1 might be considered as a potential key regulator of both short-and long-term dehydration response. Multiple stress-related cis-elements were also detected in the COP1 promoter region, which supported its up-regulation in response to drought, salt, and cold stresses. Besides, we figured out the constitutively open stomata of cop1-4 in darkness can be as a result of the reduced AtMYB61 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Moazzam-Jazi
- Plant Biotechnology Department, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Ghasemi
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Biology, College of Sciences, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Seyedi
- Plant Biotechnology Department, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Vahid Niknam
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Biology, College of Sciences, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
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Cheng T, Wang D, Wang Y, Zhang S, Zhang C, Liu S, Xi Y, Sun F. Identification and functional characterization of a MAX2 ortholog from switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 128:106-114. [PMID: 29775862 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a sustainable cellulosic energy crop with high biomass yield on marginal soils. Tillering, an important agronomic characteristic related to biomass production in gramineous plants, is regulated by complex interacting factors, such as plant hormones. Strigolactones (SLs) comprise a novel class of plant hormones that inhibit shoot branching. The MORE AXILLARY GROWTH2 (MAX2)/DWARF 3 (D3)/RAMOSUS (RMS4) genes encode proteins involved in the SL signaling pathway in various plants. The switchgrass tetraploid genome likely contains two high-similarity MAX2 homologs, one of which is 6 bp longer than the other. The longest is named PvMAX2 and is the ortholog of MAX2 in Arabidopsis, D3 in rice, and RMS4 in petunia. PvMAX2 is expressed ubiquitously in switchgrass tissues, with higher expression levels observed in the stem and shoot. PvMAX2 gene expression is upregulated by GR24, a synthetic SL analog. Ectopic expression of PvMAX2 in the Arabidopsis max2 mutant rescued the dwarf and bushy phenotypes and small leaf size in the mutant, suggesting that functions of AtMAX2 in Arabidopsis are conserved in PvMAX2. Ectopic PvMAX2 expression also restored the wild-type primary root and hypocotyl length phenotypes and restored the response to GR24. These results indicate that PvMAX2 may play an important role in switchgrass tillering through the SL pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Cheng
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Donghua Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shumeng Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shudong Liu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yajun Xi
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fengli Sun
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Sun S, Wang T, Wang L, Li X, Jia Y, Liu C, Huang X, Xie W, Wang X. Natural selection of a GSK3 determines rice mesocotyl domestication by coordinating strigolactone and brassinosteroid signaling. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2523. [PMID: 29955063 PMCID: PMC6023860 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04952-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesocotyl is the crucial organ for pushing buds out of deep water or soil after germination in monocots. Deep direct seeding or mechanized dry seeding cultivation practice requires rice cultivars having long mesocotyl. However, the mechanisms of mesocotyl elongation and domestication remain unknown. Here, our genome-wide association study (GWAS) reveals that natural variations of OsGSK2, a conserved GSK3-like kinase involved in brassinosteroid signaling, determine rice mesocotyl length variation. Variations in the coding region of OsGSK2 alter its kinase activity. It is selected for mesocotyl length variation during domestication. Molecular analyses show that brassinosteroid-promoted mesocotyl elongation functions by suppressing the phosphorylation of an U-type cyclin, CYC U2, by OsGSK2. Importantly, the F-box protein D3, a major positive component in strigolactone signaling, can degrade the OsGSK2-phosphorylated CYC U2 to inhibit mesocotyl elongation. Together, these results suggest that OsGSK2 is selected to regulate mesocotyl length by coordinating strigolactone and brassinosteroid signaling during domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyong Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yancui Jia
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuehui Huang
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weibo Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuelu Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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Lv S, Zhang Y, Li C, Liu Z, Yang N, Pan L, Wu J, Wang J, Yang J, Lv Y, Zhang Y, Jiang W, She X, Wang G. Strigolactone-triggered stomatal closure requires hydrogen peroxide synthesis and nitric oxide production in an abscisic acid-independent manner. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:290-304. [PMID: 28940201 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating data indicate that strigolactones (SLs) are implicated in the response to environmental stress, implying a potential effect of SLs on stomatal response and thus stress acclimatization. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism underlying the effect of SLs on stomatal response and their interrelation with abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. The impact of SLs on the stomatal response was investigated by conducting SL-feeding experiments and by analyzing SL-related mutants. The involvement of endogenous ABA and ABA-signaling components in SL-mediated stomatal closure was physiologically evaluated using genetic mutants. Pharmacological and genetic approaches were employed to examine hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) and nitric oxide (NO) production. SL-related mutants exhibited larger stomatal apertures, while exogenous SLs were able to induce stomatal closure and rescue the more widely opening stomata of SL-deficient mutants. The SL-biosynthetic genes were induced by abiotic stress in shoot tissues. Disruption of ABA-biosynthetic genes, as well as genes that function in guard cell ABA signaling, resulted in no impairment in SL-mediated stomatal response. However, disruption of MORE AXILLARY GROWTH2 (MAX2), DWARF14 (D14), and the anion channel gene SLOW ANION CHANNEL-ASSOCIATED 1 (SLAC1) impaired SL-triggered stomatal closure. SLs stimulated a marked increase in H2 O2 and NO contents, which is required for stomatal closure. Our results suggest that SLs play a prominent role, together with H2 O2 /NO production and SLAC1 activation, in inducing stomatal closure in an ABA-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Lv
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plants, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China
| | - Chen Li
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plants, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Lixia Pan
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Jinbin Wu
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Jiajing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Jingwei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Yanting Lv
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Yutao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Wenqian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Xiaoping She
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
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48
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Zhao QP, Wang XN, Li NN, Zhu ZY, Mu SC, Zhao X, Zhang X. Functional Analysis of MAX2 in Phototropins-Mediated Cotyledon Flattening in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1507. [PMID: 30386362 PMCID: PMC6199895 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Phototropins (phot1 and phot2) are blue-light receptors that control cotyledon flattening and positioning under strong light; however, their functional redundancy restricts our understanding of the specific roles of phot2. To identify the factors responsible for phot2-dependent cotyledon flattening and growth, we screened for light-insensitive mutants among mutagenized phot1 mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana. The double mutant phot1 lea1 (leaf expansion associated 1), which is defective in cotyledon flattening and positioning but not the phototropic response was selected. This mutant phenotype could be alleviated by constitutively expressing MORE AXILLARY GROWTH 2 (MAX2), indicating that LEA1 was allelic to MAX2. The max2 mutants (max2-2 and max2-3) are defective in cotyledon flattening, which is similar to that of the phot1 phot2 mutants. Moreover, the amounts of MAX2 transcripts are inhibited in leaves of phot1 mutant. However, the additional disruption of PHOT1 gene in max2-2 or max2-3 did not affect their phenotype, including MAX2-mediated inhibition of hypocotyl elongation. By contrast, phototropins-mediated hypocotyl phototropism was not regulated by MAX2. Together, these results suggest that cotyledon flattening was mediated by both phototropins and MAX2 signaling, but the relationship between two pathways need further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiang Zhao
- *Correspondence: Xiao Zhang, Xiang Zhao,
| | - Xiao Zhang
- *Correspondence: Xiao Zhang, Xiang Zhao,
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49
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De Cuyper C, Struk S, Braem L, Gevaert K, De Jaeger G, Goormachtig S. Strigolactones, karrikins and beyond. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:1691-1703. [PMID: 28558130 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormones strigolactones are synthesized from carotenoids and signal via the α/β hydrolase DWARF 14 (D14) and the F-box protein MORE AXILLARY GROWTH 2 (MAX2). Karrikins, molecules produced upon fire, share MAX2 for signalling, but depend on the D14 paralog KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE 2 (KAI2) for perception with strong evidence that the MAX2-KAI2 protein complex might also recognize so far unknown plant-made karrikin-like molecules. Thus, the phenotypes of the max2 mutants are the complex consequence of a loss of both D14-dependent and KAI2-dependent signalling, hence, the reason why some biological roles, attributed to strigolactones based on max2 phenotypes, could never be observed in d14 or in the strigolactone-deficient max3 and max4 mutants. Moreover, the broadly used synthetic strigolactone analog rac-GR24 has been shown to mimic strigolactone as well as karrikin(-like) signals, providing an extra level of complexity in the distinction of the unique and common roles of both molecules in plant biology. Here, a critical overview is provided of the diverse biological processes regulated by strigolactones and/or karrikins. These two growth regulators are considered beyond their boundaries, and the importance of the yet unknown karrikin-like molecules is discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolien De Cuyper
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sylwia Struk
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lukas Braem
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert De Jaeger
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Goormachtig
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
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50
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Saeed W, Naseem S, Ali Z. Strigolactones Biosynthesis and Their Role in Abiotic Stress Resilience in Plants: A Critical Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1487. [PMID: 28894457 PMCID: PMC5581504 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs), being a new class of plant hormones, play regulatory roles against abiotic stresses in plants. There are multiple hormonal response pathways, which are adapted by the plants to overcome these stressful environmental constraints to reduce the negative impact on overall crop plant productivity. Genetic modulation of the SLs could also be applied as a potential approach in this regard. However, endogenous plant hormones play central roles in adaptation to changing environmental conditions, by mediating growth, development, nutrient allocation, and source/sink transitions. In addition, the hormonal interactions can fine-tune the plant response and determine plant architecture in response to environmental stimuli such as nutrient deprivation and canopy shade. Considerable advancements and new insights into SLs biosynthesis, signaling and transport has been unleashed since the initial discovery. In this review we present basic overview of SL biosynthesis and perception with a detailed discussion on our present understanding of SLs and their critical role to tolerate environmental constraints. The SLs and abscisic acid interplay during the abiotic stresses is particularly highlighted. Main Conclusion: More than shoot branching Strigolactones have uttermost capacity to harmonize stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zahid Ali
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information TechnologyIslamabad, Pakistan
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