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Gao J, Lu C, Wei Y, Xie Q, Jin J, Li J, Yang F, Zhu G. Phosphorylation of 399S at CsHsp70 of Cymbidium sinense is essential to maintain chlorophyll stability. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 211:108518. [PMID: 38744085 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The Chinese orchids symbolise nobility and gentility in China, and the variation of leaf color makes Cymbidium sinense more diversified and valuable. However, its color variations especially at the protein level still remain largely unexplored. In this study, the proteomics and phosphoproteomics of Cymbidium sinense leaf color variation mutants were studied. A total of 1059 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) and 1127 differentially abundant phosphorylation sites belonging to 644 phosphoproteins (DAPPs) were identified in the yellow section of leaf variegation mutant of Cymbidium sinense (MY) compared with the green section (MG). Moreover, 349 co-expressing proteins were found in both omics' datasets, while only 26 proteins showed the same expression patterns in the two omics. The interaction network analysis of kinases and phosphatases showed that DAPs and DAPPs in photosynthesis, response to hormones, pigment metabolic process, phosphorylation, glucose metabolic process, and dephosphorylation might contribute to leaf color variation. The abundance of 28 Hsps and 28 phosphorylation sites belonging to 10 Hsps showed significant differences between MG and MY. CsHsp70 was selected to explore the function in Cymbidium sinense leaf variegation. The results showed CsHsp70 is essential for maintaining photosynthetic pigment content and the 399S phosphorylation site is crucial to the function of CsHsp70. Collectively, our findings construct a comprehensive coverage of protein and protein phosphorylation in leaf variegation of C. sinense, providing valuable insights into its formation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Chuqiao Lu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yonglu Wei
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Qi Xie
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Jianpeng Jin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Jie Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Fengxi Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Genfa Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Wang J, Luo Q, Liang X, Liu H, Wu C, Fang H, Zhang X, Ding S, Yu J, Shi K. Glucose-G protein signaling plays a crucial role in tomato resilience to high temperature and elevated CO2. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:1025-1037. [PMID: 38447060 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Global climate change is accompanied by carbon dioxide (CO2) enrichment and high temperature (HT) stress; however, how plants adapt to the combined environments and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. In this study, we show that elevated CO2 alleviated plant sensitivity to HT stress, with significantly increased apoplastic glucose (Glc) levels in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaves. Exogenous Glc treatment enhanced tomato resilience to HT stress under ambient CO2 conditions. Cell-based biolayer interferometry, subcellular localization, and Split-luciferase assays revealed that Glc bound to the tomato regulator of G protein signaling 1 (RGS1) and induced RGS1 endocytosis and thereby RGS1-G protein α subunit (GPA1) dissociation in a concentration-dependent manner. Using rgs1 and gpa1 mutants, we found that RGS1 negatively regulated thermotolerance and was required for elevated CO2-Glc-induced thermotolerance. GPA1 positively regulated the elevated CO2-Glc-induced thermotolerance. A combined transcriptome and chlorophyll fluorescence parameter analysis further revealed that GPA1 integrated photosynthesis- and photoprotection-related mechanisms to regulate thermotolerance. These results demonstrate that Glc-RGS1-GPA1 signaling plays a crucial role in the elevated CO2-induced thermotolerance in tomato. This information enhances our understanding of the Glc-G protein signaling function in stress resilience in response to global climate change and will be helpful for genetic engineering approaches to improve plant resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qian Luo
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Changqi Wu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hanmo Fang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuanbo Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shuting Ding
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China
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3
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Jain P. Climate-ready crops: Unveiling the molecular dynamics of CO2 and glucose in plant thermotolerance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:906-907. [PMID: 38445755 PMCID: PMC11142332 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Jain
- Assistant Features Editor, Plant Physiology, American Society of Plant Biologists
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
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4
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Mahapatra K, Mukherjee A, Suyal S, Dar MA, Bhagavatula L, Datta S. Regulation of chloroplast biogenesis, development, and signaling by endogenous and exogenous cues. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 30:167-183. [PMID: 38623168 PMCID: PMC11016055 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-024-01427-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are one of the defining features in most plants, primarily known for their unique property to carry out photosynthesis. Besides this, chloroplasts are also associated with hormone and metabolite productions. For this, biogenesis and development of chloroplast are required to be synchronized with the seedling growth to corroborate the maximum rate of photosynthesis following the emergence of seedlings. Chloroplast biogenesis and development are dependent on the signaling to and from the chloroplast, which are in turn regulated by several endogenous and exogenous cues. Light and hormones play a crucial role in chloroplast maturation and development. Chloroplast signaling involves a coordinated two-way connection between the chloroplast and nucleus, termed retrograde and anterograde signaling, respectively. Anterograde and retrograde signaling are involved in regulation at the transcriptional level and downstream modifications and are modulated by several metabolic and external cues. The communication between chloroplast and nucleus is essential for plants to develop strategies to cope with various stresses including high light or high heat. In this review, we have summarized several aspects of chloroplast development and its regulation through the interplay of various external and internal factors. We have also discussed the involvement of chloroplasts as sensors of various external environment stress factors including high light and temperature, and communicate via a series of retrograde signals to the nucleus, thus playing an essential role in plants' abiotic stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Mahapatra
- Plant Cell and Developmental Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066 India
| | - Arpan Mukherjee
- Plant Cell and Developmental Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066 India
| | - Shikha Suyal
- Plant Cell and Developmental Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066 India
| | - Mansoor Ali Dar
- Plant Cell and Developmental Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066 India
| | | | - Sourav Datta
- Plant Cell and Developmental Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066 India
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5
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Telli M, Ünlü ES. Comparative de novo transcriptome analysis and random UV mutagenesis: application in high biomass and astaxanthin production enhancement for Haematococcus pluvialis. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:8133-8143. [PMID: 37550538 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08722-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astaxanthin is a natural carotenoid with strong antioxidant capacity. The high demand on astaxanthin by cosmetic, food, pharmaceutical and aquaculture industries promote its value in the biotechnological research. Haematococcus pluvialis Flotow 1844 has been characterized as one of the most promising species for natural astaxanthin biosynthesis. Even though H. pluvialis as an advantage in producing astaxanthin, its slow grow-yield limits usage of the species for large-scale production. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study we generated mutated H. pluvialis strain by using one-step random UV mutagenesis approach for higher biomass production in the green flagellated period and in turn higher astaxanthin accumulation in red stage per unit algae harvest. Isolated mutant strains were tested for the astaxanthin accumulation and yield of biomass. Among tested strains only mutant strain designated as only MT-3-7-2 showed a consistent and higher growth pattern, the rest had shown a fluctuated and then decreased growth rate than wild type. To demonstrate the phenotypical changes in MT-3-7-2 is associated with transcriptome, we carried out comparative analysis of transcriptome profiles between MT-3-7-2 and the wild type strains. De novo assembly was carried out to obtain the transcripts. Differential expression levels for the transcripts were evaluated by functional annotation analysis. CONCLUSIONS Data showed that increased biomass for the MT-3-7-2 strain was different from wild type with expression of transcripts upregulated in carbohydrate metabolism and downregulated in lipid metabolisms. Our data suggests a switching mechanism is enrolled between carbohydrate and lipid metabolism to regulate cell proliferation and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Telli
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Biology, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, 14280, Bolu, Turkey.
| | - Ercan Selçuk Ünlü
- Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, 14280, Bolu, Turkey
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6
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Sun Z, Zhao X, Li G, Yang J, Chen Y, Xia M, Hwang I, Hou H. Metabolic flexibility during a trophic transition reveals the phenotypic plasticity of greater duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza 7498). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:1386-1402. [PMID: 36856336 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The greater duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza 7498) exhibits trophic diversity (photoautotrophic, heterotrophic, photoheterotrophic, and mixotrophic growth) depending on the availability of exogenous organic carbon sources and light. Here, we show that the ability to transition between various trophic growth conditions is an advantageous trait, providing great phenotypic plasticity and metabolic flexibility in S. polyrhiza 7498. By comparing S. polyrhiza 7498 growth characteristics, metabolic acclimation, and cellular ultrastructure across these trophic modes, we show that mixotrophy decreases photosynthetic performance and relieves the CO2 limitation of photosynthesis by enhancing the CO2 supply through the active respiration pathway. Proteomic and metabolomic analyses corroborated that S. polyrhiza 7498 increases its intracellular CO2 and decreases reactive oxygen species under mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions, which substantially suppressed the wasteful photorespiration and oxidative-damage pathways. As a consequence, mixotrophy resulted in a higher biomass yield than the sum of photoautotrophy and heterotrophy. Our work provides a basis for using trophic transitions in S. polyrhiza 7498 for the enhanced accumulation of value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoliang Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xuyao Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Gaojie Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Manli Xia
- The State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Hongwei Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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7
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Huang W, Krishnan A, Plett A, Meagher M, Linka N, Wang Y, Ren B, Findinier J, Redekop P, Fakhimi N, Kim RG, Karns DA, Boyle N, Posewitz MC, Grossman AR. Chlamydomonas mutants lacking chloroplast TRIOSE PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER3 are metabolically compromised and light-sensitive. THE PLANT CELL 2023:koad095. [PMID: 36970811 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of photoassimilate export from the chloroplast is essential for controlling the distribution of fixed carbon in the cell and maintaining optimum photosynthetic rates. In this study we identified chloroplast TRIOSE PHOSPHATE/PHOSPHATE TRANSLOCATOR2 (CreTPT2) and CreTPT3 in the green alga Chlamydomonas (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii), which exhibit similar substrate specificities but whose encoding genes are differentially expressed over the diurnal cycle. We focused mostly on CreTPT3 because of its high level of expression and the severe phenotype exhibited by tpt3 relative to tpt2 mutants. Null mutants for CreTPT3 had a pleiotropic phenotype that affected growth, photosynthetic activities, metabolite profiles, carbon partitioning, and organelle-specific accumulation of H2O2. These analyses demonstrated that CreTPT3 is a dominant conduit on the chloroplast envelope for the transport of photoassimilates. In addition, CreTPT3 can serve as a safety valve that moves excess reductant out of the chloroplast and appears to be essential for preventing cells from experiencing oxidative stress and accumulating reactive oxygen species, even under low/moderate light intensities. Finally, our studies indicate subfunctionalization of the CreTPT transporters and suggest that there are differences in managing the export of photoassimilates from the chloroplasts of Chlamydomonas and vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichao Huang
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anagha Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Anastasija Plett
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michelle Meagher
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Nicole Linka
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Bijie Ren
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Justin Findinier
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Petra Redekop
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Neda Fakhimi
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rick G Kim
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Devin A Karns
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Nanette Boyle
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Matthew C Posewitz
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Arthur R Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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8
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Wang J, Wang A, Luo Q, Hu Z, Ma Q, Li Y, Lin T, Liang X, Yu J, Foyer CH, Shi K. Glucose sensing by regulator of G protein signaling 1 (RGS1) plays a crucial role in coordinating defense in response to environmental variation in tomato. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:561-575. [PMID: 35789001 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Low light intensities affect the outbreak of plant diseases. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) revealed that apoplastic glucose (Glc) levels decreased in response to low light. Conversely, low-light-induced susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pst) DC3000 was significantly alleviated by exogenous Glc treatment. Using cell-based biolayer interferometry assays, we found that Glc specifically binds to the tomato regulator of G protein signaling 1 (RGS1). Laser scanning confocal microscopy imaging revealed that Glc triggers RGS1 endocytosis, which influences the uncoupling of the RGS1-Gα (GPA1) and GPA1-Gβ (SlGB1) proteins, in a dose- and duration-dependent manner. Analysis of G protein single and double mutants revealed that RGS1 negatively regulates disease resistance under low light and is required for Glc-enhanced defense. Downstream of RGS1-Glc binding, GPA1 negatively mediates the light-intensity-regulated defense, whereas SlGB1 positively regulates this process. These results reveal a novel light-intensity-responsive defense system that is mediated by a Glc-RGS1-G protein signaling pathway. This information will be critical for future investigations of how plant cells sense extracellular sugars and adjust defense under different environments, as well as for genetic engineering approaches to improve stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Anran Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qian Luo
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhangjian Hu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qiaomei Ma
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yimei Li
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Teng Lin
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Hainan Insitute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Christine H Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Hainan Insitute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572025, China
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9
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Flütsch S, Horrer D, Santelia D. Starch biosynthesis in guard cells has features of both autotrophic and heterotrophic tissues. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:541-556. [PMID: 35238373 PMCID: PMC9157084 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The pathway of starch synthesis in guard cells (GCs), despite the crucial role starch plays in stomatal movements, is not well understood. Here, we characterized starch dynamics in GCs of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants lacking enzymes of the phosphoglucose isomerase-phosphoglucose mutase-ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase starch synthesis pathway in leaf mesophyll chloroplasts or sugar transporters at the plastid membrane, such as glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate translocators, which are active in heterotrophic tissues. We demonstrate that GCs have metabolic features of both photoautotrophic and heterotrophic cells. GCs make starch using different carbon precursors depending on the time of day, which can originate both from GC photosynthesis and/or sugars imported from the leaf mesophyll. Furthermore, we unravel the major enzymes involved in GC starch synthesis and demonstrate that they act in a temporal manner according to the fluctuations of stomatal aperture, which is unique for GCs. Our work substantially enhances our knowledge on GC starch metabolism and uncovers targets for manipulating GC starch dynamics to improve stomatal behavior, directly affecting plant productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Flütsch
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Horrer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Diana Santelia
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
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10
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Deryabin AN, Trunova TI. Colligative Effects of Solutions of Low-Molecular Sugars and Their Role in Plants under Hypothermia. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359021060042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Song Y, Feng L, Alyafei MAM, Jaleel A, Ren M. Function of Chloroplasts in Plant Stress Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413464. [PMID: 34948261 PMCID: PMC8705820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The chloroplast has a central position in oxygenic photosynthesis and primary metabolism. In addition to these functions, the chloroplast has recently emerged as a pivotal regulator of plant responses to abiotic and biotic stress conditions. Chloroplasts have their own independent genomes and gene-expression machinery and synthesize phytohormones and a diverse range of secondary metabolites, a significant portion of which contribute the plant response to adverse conditions. Furthermore, chloroplasts communicate with the nucleus through retrograde signaling, for instance, reactive oxygen signaling. All of the above facilitate the chloroplast’s exquisite flexibility in responding to environmental stresses. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the involvement of chloroplasts in plant regulatory responses to various abiotic and biotic stresses including heat, chilling, salinity, drought, high light environmental stress conditions, and pathogen invasions. This review will enrich the better understanding of interactions between chloroplast and environmental stresses, and will lay the foundation for genetically enhancing plant-stress acclimatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Song
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China;
| | - Li Feng
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China;
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mohammed Abdul Muhsen Alyafei
- Department of Integrative Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.M.A.); (A.J.)
| | - Abdul Jaleel
- Department of Integrative Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.M.A.); (A.J.)
| | - Maozhi Ren
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China;
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-(13)-527313471
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12
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Kanojia A, Shrestha DK, Dijkwel PP. Primary metabolic processes as drivers of leaf ageing. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6351-6364. [PMID: 34279698 PMCID: PMC8558203 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03896-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ageing in plants is a highly coordinated and complex process that starts with the birth of the plant or plant organ and ends with its death. A vivid manifestation of the final stage of leaf ageing is exemplified by the autumn colours of deciduous trees. Over the past decades, technological advances have allowed plant ageing to be studied on a systems biology level, by means of multi-omics approaches. Here, we review some of these studies and argue that these provide strong support for basic metabolic processes as drivers for ageing. In particular, core cellular processes that control the metabolism of chlorophyll, amino acids, sugars, DNA and reactive oxygen species correlate with leaf ageing. However, while multi-omics studies excel at identifying correlative processes and pathways, molecular genetic approaches can provide proof that such processes and pathways control ageing, by means of knock-out and ectopic expression of predicted regulatory genes. Therefore, we also review historic and current molecular evidence to directly test the hypotheses unveiled by the systems biology approaches. We found that the molecular genetic approaches, by and large, confirm the multi-omics-derived hypotheses with notable exceptions, where there is scant evidence that chlorophyll and DNA metabolism are important drivers of leaf ageing. We present a model that summarises the core cellular processes that drive leaf ageing and propose that developmental processes are tightly linked to primary metabolism to inevitably lead to ageing and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakansha Kanojia
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Ruski 139 Blvd., Plovdiv, 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Deny K Shrestha
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul P Dijkwel
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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13
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Gjindali A, Herrmann HA, Schwartz JM, Johnson GN, Calzadilla PI. A Holistic Approach to Study Photosynthetic Acclimation Responses of Plants to Fluctuating Light. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:668512. [PMID: 33936157 PMCID: PMC8079764 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.668512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants in natural environments receive light through sunflecks, the duration and distribution of these being highly variable across the day. Consequently, plants need to adjust their photosynthetic processes to avoid photoinhibition and maximize yield. Changes in the composition of the photosynthetic apparatus in response to sustained changes in the environment are referred to as photosynthetic acclimation, a process that involves changes in protein content and composition. Considering this definition, acclimation differs from regulation, which involves processes that alter the activity of individual proteins over short-time periods, without changing the abundance of those proteins. The interconnection and overlapping of the short- and long-term photosynthetic responses, which can occur simultaneously or/and sequentially over time, make the study of long-term acclimation to fluctuating light in plants challenging. In this review we identify short-term responses of plants to fluctuating light that could act as sensors and signals for acclimation responses, with the aim of understanding how plants integrate environmental fluctuations over time and tailor their responses accordingly. Mathematical modeling has the potential to integrate physiological processes over different timescales and to help disentangle short-term regulatory responses from long-term acclimation responses. We review existing mathematical modeling techniques for studying photosynthetic responses to fluctuating light and propose new methods for addressing the topic from a holistic point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armida Gjindali
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Helena A. Herrmann
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Evolution & Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Marc Schwartz
- Division of Evolution & Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Giles N. Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo I. Calzadilla
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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14
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Zhang Z, Sun D, Cheng KW, Chen F. Investigation of carbon and energy metabolic mechanism of mixotrophy in Chromochloris zofingiensis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:36. [PMID: 33541405 PMCID: PMC7863362 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01890-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mixotrophy can confer a higher growth rate than the sum of photoautotrophy and heterotrophy in many microalgal species. Thus, it has been applied to biodiesel production and wastewater utilization. However, its carbon and energy metabolic mechanism is currently poorly understood. RESULTS To elucidate underlying carbon and energy metabolic mechanism of mixotrophy, Chromochloris zofingiensis was employed in the present study. Photosynthesis and glucose metabolism were found to operate in a dynamic balance during mixotrophic cultivation, the enhancement of one led to the lowering of the other. Furthermore, compared with photoautotrophy, non-photochemical quenching and photorespiration, considered by many as energy dissipation processes, were significantly reduced under mixotrophy. Comparative transcriptome analysis suggested that the intermediates of glycolysis could directly enter the chloroplast and replace RuBisCO-fixed CO2 to provide carbon sources for chloroplast organic carbon metabolism under mixotrophy. Therefore, the photosynthesis rate-limiting enzyme, RuBisCO, was skipped, allowing for more efficient utilization of photoreaction-derived energy. Besides, compared with heterotrophy, photoreaction-derived ATP reduced the need for TCA-derived ATP, so the glucose decomposition was reduced, which led to higher biomass yield on glucose. Based on these results, a mixotrophic metabolic mechanism was identified. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that the intermediates of glycolysis could directly enter the chloroplast and replace RuBisCO-fixed CO2 to provide carbon for photosynthesis in mixotrophy. Therefore, the photosynthesis rate-limiting enzyme, RuBisCO, was skipped in mixotrophy, which could reduce energy waste of photosynthesis while promote cell growth. This finding provides a foundation for future studies on mixotrophic biomass production and photosynthetic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
- Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Dongzhe Sun
- Nutrition & Health Research Institute, China National Cereals, Oils and Foodstuffs Corporation (COFCO), Beijing, 102209, People's Republic of China
| | - Ka-Wing Cheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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15
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Zafar N, Mujib A, Ali M, Tonk D, Gulzar B, Malik MQ, Mamgain J, Sayeed R. Cadmium chloride (CdCl 2) elicitation improves reserpine and ajmalicine yield in Rauvolfia serpentina as revealed by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). 3 Biotech 2020; 10:344. [PMID: 32714739 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02339-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro cultures play a promising role for production of pharmaceutically important plant secondary metabolites and the use of elicitation can mitigate the low productivity of active compounds. In the present study, the influence of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) elicitation on alkaloid yield was investigated in Rauvolfia serpentina. This heavy metal was employed to enhance the yield of reserpine and ajmalicine in leaf derived callus, leaves, stems and roots of in vitro grown cultures. Different concentrations [0.05 mM (C1), 0.10 mM (C2), 0.15 mM (C3) and 0.20 mM (C4)] of CdCl2 were added to the MS medium. The elicitor's influence on callus biomass, biochemical attributes and the yield of alkaloids was monitored at regular intervals. The amendment of CdCl2 improved growth and maximum callus biomass (1.29 g fresh weight and 0.16 g dry weight) was noted at 0.15 mM (C3) after 6 days of elicitation. The addition of elicitor in medium caused cellular stress and to analyse the role of CdCl2 in plant defence responses various antioxidant enzymes, i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities were measured in treated and non-treated cultures. The antioxidant enzyme activity increased linearly with elevated levels of CdCl2 in medium; highest APX (0.88 EU min-1 mg-1protein), SOD (5.40 EU min-1 mg-1protein) and CAT (4.21 EU min-1 mg-1protein) activity were observed in leaves of in vitro regenerated plants at C4. The quantitative analyses of reserpine and ajmalicine were conducted in different elicitated tissues using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method. The study reveals enriched level of reserpine and ajmalicine in cultivated tissues and the enhancement was noted up to C3 (0.15 mM) elicitor level. Reserpine yield was maximum (0.191 mg g-1 DW) in roots of in vitro regenerated plants. The accumulation of ajmalicine was, however, better in leaf derived callus at C3 (0.131 mg g-1 DW). Higher elicitor dose (0.20 mM) inhibited callus biomass growth and subsequent alkaloid accumulation. The present study indicates the use of CdCl2 as a propitious method in enhancing reserpine and ajmalicine yield in R. serpentina.
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16
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Wang Y, Selinski J, Mao C, Zhu Y, Berkowitz O, Whelan J. Linking mitochondrial and chloroplast retrograde signalling in plants. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190410. [PMID: 32362265 PMCID: PMC7209950 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrograde signalling refers to the regulation of nuclear gene expression in response to functional changes in organelles. In plants, the two energy-converting organelles, mitochondria and chloroplasts, are tightly coordinated to balance their activities. Although our understanding of components involved in retrograde signalling has greatly increased in the last decade, studies on the regulation of the two organelle signalling pathways have been largely independent. Thus, the mechanism of how mitochondrial and chloroplastic retrograde signals are integrated is largely unknown. Here, we summarize recent findings on the function of mitochondrial signalling components and their links to chloroplast retrograde responses. From this, a picture emerges showing that the major regulators are integrators of both organellar retrograde signalling pathways. This article is part of the theme issue 'Retrograde signalling from endosymbiotic organelles'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer Selinski
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chunli Mao
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Animal Science and Technology, Grassland Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqiao Zhu
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Animal Science and Technology, Grassland Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Oliver Berkowitz
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - James Whelan
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Armarego-Marriott T, Sandoval-Ibañez O, Kowalewska Ł. Beyond the darkness: recent lessons from etiolation and de-etiolation studies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:1215-1225. [PMID: 31854450 PMCID: PMC7031072 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The state of etiolation is generally defined by the presence of non-green plastids (etioplasts) in plant tissues that would normally contain chloroplasts. In the commonly used dark-grown seedling system, etiolation is coupled with a type of growth called skotomorphogenesis. Upon illumination, de-etiolation occurs, marked by the transition from etioplast to chloroplast, and, at the seedling level, a switch to photomorphogenic growth. Etiolation and de-etiolation systems are therefore important for understanding both the acquisition of photosynthetic capacity during chloroplast biogenesis and plant responses to light-the most relevant signal in the life and growth of the organism. In this review, we discuss recent discoveries (within the past 2-3 years) in the field of etiolation and de-etiolation, with a particular focus on post-transcriptional processes and ultrastructural changes. We further discuss ambiguities in definitions of the term 'etiolation', and benefits and biases of common etiolation/de-etiolation systems. Finally, we raise several open questions and future research possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Łucja Kowalewska
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
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18
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Samuolienė G, Viršilė A, Miliauskienė J, Haimi PJ, Laužikė K, Brazaitytė A, Duchovskis P. The Physiological Response of Lettuce to Red and Blue Light Dynamics Over Different Photoperiods. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:610174. [PMID: 33643330 PMCID: PMC7907654 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.610174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dynamic red and blue light parameters on the physiological responses and key metabolites in lettuce and also the subsequent impact of varying light spectra on nutritive value. We explored the metabolic changes in carotenes, xanthophylls, soluble sugars, organic acids, and antioxidants; the response of photosynthetic indices [photosynthetic (Pr) and transpiration (Tr) rates]; and the intracellular to ambient CO2 concentration ratios (C i /C a ) in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. "Lobjoits Green Cos"). They were cultivated under constant (con) or parabolic (dyn) blue (B, 452 nm) and/or red (R, 662 nm) light-emitting diode (LED) photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFDs) at 12, 16, and 20 h photoperiods, maintaining consistent daily light integrals (DLIs) for each light component in all treatments, at 2.3 and 9.2 mol m-2 per day for blue and red light, respectively. The obtained results and principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed a significant impact of the light spectrum, photoperiod, and parabolic profiles of PPFD on the physiological response of lettuce. The 16 h photoperiod resulted in significantly higher content of xanthophylls (neoxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin) in lettuce leaves under both constant and parabolic blue light treatments (BconRdyn 16 h and BdynRdyn 16 h, respectively). Lower PPFD levels under a 20 h photoperiod (BdynRdyn 20 h) as well as higher PPFD levels under a 12 h photoperiod (BdynRdyn 12 h) had a pronounced impact on leaf gas exchange indices (Pr, Tr, C i /C a ), xanthophylls, soluble sugar contents, and antioxidant properties of lettuce leaves. The parabolic PPFD lighting profile over a 16 h photoperiod (BdynRdyn 16 h) led to a significant decrease in C i /C a , which resulted in decreased Pr and Tr, compared with constant blue or red light treatments with the same photoperiod (BconRdyn and BdynRcon 16 h). Additionally, constant blue lighting produced higher α + β-carotene and anthocyanin (ARI) content and increased carotenoid to chlorophyll ratio (CRI) but decreased biomass accumulation and antioxidant activity.
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19
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Ma LY, Zhang N, Liu JT, Zhai XY, Lv Y, Lu FF, Yang H. Uptake of atrazine in a paddy crop activates an epigenetic mechanism for degrading the pesticide in plants and environment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:105014. [PMID: 31351384 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is a rising public concern on accumulation of harmful pesticides in environment and crops. Epigenetic alteration caused by environmental contaminants is one of the key factors in the etiology of environmentally-associated diseases. Growing evidence shows that harmful pesticide atrazine (ATZ) has a profound effect on DNA methylation in human genome, however, little is known about the epigenetic mechanism underlying ATZ accumulation and degradation in plants, particularly in edible plants growing in the ATZ-contaminated areas. This study investigated the atrazine elimination that was mediated by DNA methylation and histone modification in the food crop rice. Studies with two mutant Osmet1-1/2 defective in the genomic CG DNA methylation show significantly lower accumulation of atrazine than its wild-types. Profiling methylome and transcriptome of ATZ-exposed Osmet1 and wild-type identified many differentially methylated loci (≥2 fold change, p < 0.05), which were associated with activation of genes responsible for atrazine degradation in plants. Three demethylated loci OsGTF, OsHPL1 and OsGLH were expressed in eukaryotic yeast cells and found to eliminate a marked proportion of ATZ in growth environments by 48%, 43% and 32%, respectively, whereas the increased ATZ-degraded products were characterized using UPLC/Q-TOF-MS/MS. These results suggest that activation of the loci mediated by ATZ-induced hypomethylation could be responsible for the removal of ATZ in rice. Our work helps understand a new regulatory mechanism underlying the atrazine degradation in crops which may potentially reduce the environmental risks to human health through food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ya Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jin Tong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiao Yan Zhai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yun Lv
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Feng Fan Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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20
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Fabiańska I, Bucher M, Häusler RE. Intracellular phosphate homeostasis - A short way from metabolism to signaling. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 286:57-67. [PMID: 31300142 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus in plant cells occurs in inorganic form as both ortho- and pyrophosphate or bound to organic compounds, like e.g., nucleotides, phosphorylated metabolites, phospholipids, phosphorylated proteins, or phytate as P storage in the vacuoles of seeds. Individual compartments of the cell are surrounded by membranes that are selective barriers to avoid uncontrolled solute exchange. A controlled exchange of phosphate or phosphorylated metabolites is accomplished by specific phosphate transporters (PHTs) and the plastidial phosphate translocator family (PTs) of the inner envelope membrane. Plastids, in particular chloroplasts, are the site of various anabolic sequences of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Apart from their role in metabolism PHTs and PTs are presumed to be also involved in communication between organelles and plant organs. Here we will focus on the integration of phosphate transport and homeostasis in signaling processes. Recent developments in this field will be critically assessed and potential future developments discussed. In particular, the occurrence of various plastid types in one organ (i.e. the leaf) with different functions with respect to metabolism or sensing, as has been documented recently following a tissue-specific proteomics approach (Beltran et al., 2018), will shed new light on functional aspects of phosphate homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Fabiańska
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Marcel Bucher
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Rainer E Häusler
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
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21
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Guo J, Zhang G, Song Y, Ma S, Niu N, Wang J. Comparative transcriptome profiling of multi-ovary wheat under heterogeneous cytoplasm suppression. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8301. [PMID: 31165748 PMCID: PMC6549160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43277-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DUOII is a multi-ovary wheat line with two or three pistils and three stamens in each floret. The multi-ovary trait of DUOII is controlled by a dominant gene, whose expression can be suppressed by the heterogeneous cytoplasm of TeZhiI (TZI), a line with the nucleus of common wheat and the cytoplasm of Aegilops. DUOII (♀) × TZI (♂) shows multi-ovary trait, while TZI (♀) × DUOII (♂) shows mono-ovary. Observing the developmental process, we found that the critical stage of additional pistil primordium development was when the young spikes were 2–6 mm long. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for the heterogeneous cytoplasmic suppression of the multi-ovary gene, we RNA-sequenced the entire transcriptome of 2–6 mm long young spikes obtained from the reciprocal crosses between DUOII and TZI. A total of 600 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was identified. Functional annotation of these DEGs showed that the heterogeneous cytoplasmic suppression of additional pistil development mainly involved four pathways, i.e., chloroplast metabolism, DNA replication and repair, hormone signal transduction, and trehalose-6-phosphate in the primordium development stage, which cooperated to modulate the multi-ovary gene expression under heterogeneous cytoplasmic suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Guo
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China.,National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China.,Yangling Branch of State Wheat Improvement Centre, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China.,Wheat Breeding Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Gaisheng Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China. .,National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China. .,Yangling Branch of State Wheat Improvement Centre, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China. .,Wheat Breeding Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China.
| | - Yulong Song
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China.,National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China.,Yangling Branch of State Wheat Improvement Centre, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China.,Wheat Breeding Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Shoucai Ma
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China.,National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China.,Yangling Branch of State Wheat Improvement Centre, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China.,Wheat Breeding Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Na Niu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China.,National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China.,Yangling Branch of State Wheat Improvement Centre, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China.,Wheat Breeding Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Junwei Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China.,National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China.,Yangling Branch of State Wheat Improvement Centre, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China.,Wheat Breeding Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
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Guo J, Zhang G, Song Y, Li Z, Ma S, Niu N, Wang J. Comparative proteomic analysis of multi-ovary wheat under heterogeneous cytoplasm suppression. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:175. [PMID: 31046676 PMCID: PMC6498644 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1778-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DUOII is a multi-ovary wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) line with two or three pistils and three stamens in each floret. The multi-ovary trait of DUOII is controlled by a dominant gene, whose expression can be suppressed by the heterogeneous cytoplasm of TeZhiI (TZI), a line with the nucleus of common wheat and the cytoplasm of Aegilops. Crosses between female DUOII plants and male TZI plants resulted in multi-ovary F1s; whereas, the reciprocal crosses resulted in mono-ovary F1s. Although the multi-ovary trait is inherited as single trait controlled by a dominant allele in lines with a Triticum cytoplasm, the mechanism by which the special heterogeneous cytoplasm suppresses the expression of multi-ovary is not well understood. RESULTS Observing the developmental process, we found that the critical stage of additional pistil primordium development was when the young spikes were 2-6 mm long. Then, we compared the quantitative proteomic profiles of 2-6 mm long young spikes obtained from the reciprocal crosses between DUOII and TZI. A total of 90 differentially expressed proteins were identified and analyzed based on their biological functions. These proteins had obvious functional pathways mainly implicated in chloroplast metabolism, nuclear and cell division, plant respiration, protein metabolism, and flower development. Importantly, we identified two key proteins, Flowering Locus K Homology Domain and PEPPER, which are known to play an essential role in the specification of pistil organ identity. By drawing relationships between the 90 differentially expressed proteins, we found that these proteins revealed a complex network which is associated with multi-ovary gene expression under heterogeneous cytoplasmic suppression. CONCLUSIONS Our proteomic analysis has identified certain differentially expressed proteins in 2-6 mm long young spikes, which was the critical stage of additional primordium development. This paper provided a universal proteomic profiling involved in the cytoplasmic suppression of wheat floral meristems; and our findings have laid a solid foundation for further mechanistic studies on the underlying mechanisms that control the heterogeneous cytoplasm-induced suppression of the nuclear multi-ovary gene in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Guo
- College of Agronomy, National Yangling Agriculture Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Yangling Branch of State Wheat Improvement Centre, Wheat Breeding Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis of Shaanxi Province, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Gaisheng Zhang
- College of Agronomy, National Yangling Agriculture Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Yangling Branch of State Wheat Improvement Centre, Wheat Breeding Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis of Shaanxi Province, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Yulong Song
- College of Agronomy, National Yangling Agriculture Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Yangling Branch of State Wheat Improvement Centre, Wheat Breeding Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis of Shaanxi Province, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Agronomy, National Yangling Agriculture Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Yangling Branch of State Wheat Improvement Centre, Wheat Breeding Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis of Shaanxi Province, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Shoucai Ma
- College of Agronomy, National Yangling Agriculture Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Yangling Branch of State Wheat Improvement Centre, Wheat Breeding Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis of Shaanxi Province, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Na Niu
- College of Agronomy, National Yangling Agriculture Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Yangling Branch of State Wheat Improvement Centre, Wheat Breeding Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis of Shaanxi Province, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Junwei Wang
- College of Agronomy, National Yangling Agriculture Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Yangling Branch of State Wheat Improvement Centre, Wheat Breeding Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis of Shaanxi Province, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
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Oliveira PMR, Rodrigues MA, Gonçalves AZ, Kerbauy GB. Exposure of Catasetum fimbriatum aerial roots to light coordinates carbon partitioning between source and sink organs in an auxin dependent manner. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 135:341-347. [PMID: 30605871 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Light energy is essential for carbon metabolism in plants, as well as controlling the transport of metabolites between the organs. While terrestrial plants have a distinct structural and functional separation between the light exposed aerial parts and the non-exposed roots, epiphytic plants, such as orchids, have shoots and roots simultaneously fully exposed to light. The roots of orchids differ mainly from non-orchidaceous plants in their ability to photosynthesize. Since the roots of Catasetum fimbriatum can synthesize auxin which is acropetally transported to the shoot region, we decided to investigate whether: (1) light treatment of C. fimbriatum roots raises the auxin levels in the plant; and (2) distinct auxin concentrations can change the source-sink relationships, altering the amounts of sugars and organic acids in leaves, pseudobulbs and roots. Among the organs studied, the roots accumulated the highest concentrations of indole-3-acetic-acid (IAA); and when roots were exposed to light, IAA accumulated in the leaves. However, when polar auxin transport (PAT) was blocked with N-(1-Naphthyl)phthalamic acid (NPA) treatment, a significant accumulation of sugars and organic acids occurred in the pseudobulbs and leaves, respectively, suggesting that auxin flux from roots to shoots was involved in carbon partitioning of the aerial organs. Considering that C. fimbriatum plants lose all their leaves seasonally, it is possible the roots are a substituting influence on the growth and development of this orchid during its leafless period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Aurineide Rodrigues
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Zangirolame Gonçalves
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Barbante Kerbauy
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Weise SE, Liu T, Childs KL, Preiser AL, Katulski HM, Perrin-Porzondek C, Sharkey TD. Transcriptional Regulation of the Glucose-6-Phosphate/Phosphate Translocator 2 Is Related to Carbon Exchange Across the Chloroplast Envelope. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:827. [PMID: 31316533 PMCID: PMC6609314 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The exchange of reduced carbon across the inner chloroplast envelope has a large impact on photosynthesis and growth. Under steady-state conditions it is thought that glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) does not cross the chloroplast membrane. However, growth at high CO2, or disruption of starch metabolism can result in the GPT2 gene for a G6P/Pi translocator to be expressed presumably allowing G6P exchange across the chloroplast envelope. We found that after an increase in light, the transcript for GPT2 transiently increases several 100-fold within 2 h in both the Col-0 and WS ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana. The increase in transcript for GPT2 is preceded by an increase in transcript for many transcription factors including Redox Responsive Transcription Factor 1 (RRTF1). The increase in GPT2 transcript after exposure to high light is suppressed in a mutant lacking the RRTF1 transcription factor. The GPT2 response was also suppressed in a mutant with a T-DNA insert in the gene for the triose-phosphate/Pi translocator (TPT). However, plants lacking TPT still had a robust rise in RRTF1 transcript in response to high light. From this, we conclude that both RRTF1 (and possibly other transcription factors) and high amounts of cytosolic triose phosphate are required for induction of the expression of GPT2. We hypothesize that transient GPT2 expression and subsequent translation is adaptive, allowing G6P to move into the chloroplast from the cytosol. The imported G6P can be used for starch synthesis or may flow directly into the Calvin-Benson cycle via an alternative pathway (the G6P shunt), which could be important for regulating and stabilizing photosynthetic electron transport and carbon metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean E. Weise
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Tiffany Liu
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Kevin L. Childs
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Alyssa L. Preiser
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Hailey M. Katulski
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | | | - Thomas D. Sharkey
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Thomas D. Sharkey,
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25
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Wu W, Yan Y. Chloroplast proteome analysis of Nicotiana tabacum overexpressing TERF1 under drought stress condition. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2018; 59:26. [PMID: 30374844 PMCID: PMC6206318 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-018-0239-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chloroplast is indispensable for plant response to environmental stresses, growth and development, whose function is regulated by different plant hormones. The chloroplast proteome is encoded by chloroplast genome and nuclear genome, which play essential roles in plant photosynthesis, metabolism and other biological processes. Ethylene response factors (ERFs) are key transcription factors in activating the ethylene signaling pathway and plant response to abiotic stress. But we know little about how ethylene regulates plastid function under drought stress condition. In this study we utilized tobacco overexpressing tomato ethylene responsive factor 1 (TERF1), an ERF transcription factor isolated from tomato, to investigate its effects on the plastid proteome under drought stress condition by method of iTRAQ technology. RESULTS Results show that TERF1 represses the genes encoding the photosynthetic apparatus at both transcriptional and translational level, but the genes involved in carbon fixation are significantly induced by TERF1. TERF1 regulates multiple retrograde signaling pathways, providing a new mechanism for regulating nuclear gene expression. TERF1 also regulates plant utilization of phosphorus (Pi) and nitrogen (N). We find that several metabolic and signaling pathways related with Pi are significantly repressed and gene expression analysis shows that TERF1 significantly represses the Pi transport from root to shoot. However, the N metabolism is upregulated by TERF1 as shown by the activation of different amino acids biosynthesis pathways due to the induction of glutamine synthetase and stabilization of nitrate reductase although the root-to-shoot N transport is also reduced. TERF1 also regulates other core metabolic pathways and secondary metabolic pathways that are important for plant growth, development and response to environmental stresses. Gene set linkage analysis was applied for the upregulated proteins by TERF1, showing some new potential for regulating plant response to drought stress by TERF1. CONCLUSIONS Our research reveals effects of ethylene signaling on plastid proteome related with two key biological processes, including photosynthesis and nutrition utilization. We also provide a new mechanism to regulate nuclear gene expression by ERF1 transcription factor through retrograde signals in chloroplast. These results can enrich our knowledge about ERF1 transcription factor and function of ethylene signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanchun Yan
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
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Hilgers EJA, Schöttler MA, Mettler-Altmann T, Krueger S, Dörmann P, Eicks M, Flügge UI, Häusler RE. The Combined Loss of Triose Phosphate and Xylulose 5-Phosphate/Phosphate Translocators Leads to Severe Growth Retardation and Impaired Photosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana tpt/xpt Double Mutants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1331. [PMID: 30333839 PMCID: PMC6175978 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The xylulose 5-phosphate/phosphate translocator (XPT) represents the fourth functional member of the phosphate translocator (PT) family residing in the plastid inner envelope membrane. In contrast to the other three members, little is known on the physiological role of the XPT. Based on its major transport substrates (i.e., pentose phosphates) the XPT has been proposed to act as a link between the plastidial and extraplastidial branches of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP). As the XPT is also capable of transporting triose phosphates, it might as well support the triose phosphate PT (TPT) in exporting photoassimilates from the chloroplast in the light ('day path of carbon') and hence in supplying the whole plant with carbohydrates. Two independent knockout mutant alleles of the XPT (xpt-1 and xpt-2) lacked any specific phenotype, suggesting that the XPT function is redundant. However, double mutants generated from crossings of xpt-1 to different mutant alleles of the TPT (tpt-1 and tpt-2) were severely retarded in size, exhibited a high chlorophyll fluorescence phenotype, and impaired photosynthetic electron transport rates. In the double mutant the export of triose phosphates from the chloroplasts is completely blocked. Hence, precursors for sucrose biosynthesis derive entirely from starch turnover ('night path of carbon'), which was accompanied by a marked accumulation of maltose as a starch breakdown product. Moreover, pentose phosphates produced by the extraplastidial branch of the OPPP also accumulated in the double mutants. Thus, an active XPT indeed retrieves excessive pentose phosphates from the extra-plastidial space and makes them available to the plastids. Further metabolic profiling revealed that phosphorylated intermediates remained largely unaffected, whereas fumarate and glycine contents were diminished in the double mutants. The assessment of C/N-ratios suggested co-limitations of C- and N-metabolism as possible cause for growth retardation of the double mutants. Feeding of sucrose partially rescued the growth and photosynthesis phenotypes of the double mutants. Immunoblots of thylakoid proteins, spectroscopic determinations of photosynthesis complexes, and chlorophyll a fluorescence emission spectra at 77 Kelvin could only partially explain constrains in photosynthesis observed in the double mutants. The data are discussed together with aspects of the OPPP and central carbon metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke J. A. Hilgers
- Department of Biology, Cologne Biocenter, Botanical Institute II and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Stephan Krueger
- Department of Biology, Cologne Biocenter, Botanical Institute II and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Molecular Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Ulf-Ingo Flügge
- Department of Biology, Cologne Biocenter, Botanical Institute II and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rainer E. Häusler
- Department of Biology, Cologne Biocenter, Botanical Institute II and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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27
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Wu W, Liu LL, Yang T, Wang JH, Wang JY, Lv P, Yan YC. Gene expression analysis reveals function of TERF1 in plastid-nucleus retrograde signaling under drought stress conditions. BIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s10535-018-0771-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
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28
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Pommerrenig B, Ludewig F, Cvetkovic J, Trentmann O, Klemens PAW, Neuhaus HE. In Concert: Orchestrated Changes in Carbohydrate Homeostasis Are Critical for Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1290-1299. [PMID: 29444312 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The sessile lifestyle of higher plants is accompanied by their remarkable ability to tolerate unfavorable environmental conditions. This is because, during evolution, plants developed a sophisticated repertoire of molecular and metabolic reactions to cope with changing biotic and abiotic challenges. In particular, the abiotic factors light intensity and ambient temperature are characterized by altering their amplitude within comparably short periods of time and are causative for onset of dynamic plant responses. These rapid responses in plants are also classified as 'acclimation reactions' which differ, due to their reversibility and duration, from non-reversible 'adaptation reactions'. In this review, we demonstrate the remarkable importance of stress-induced changes in carbohydrate homeostasis of plants exposed to high light or low temperatures. These changes represent a co-ordinated process comprising modifications of (i) the concentrations of selected sugars; (ii) starch turnover; (iii) intracellular sugar compartmentation; and (iv) corresponding gene expression patterns. The critical importance of these individual processes has been underlined in the recent past by the analyses of a large number of mutant plants. The outcome of these analyses raised our understanding of acclimation processes in plants per se but might even become instrumental to develop new concepts for directed breeding approaches with the aim to increase abiotic stress tolerance of crop species, which in most cases have high stress sensitivity. The latter direction of plant research is of special importance since abiotic stress stimuli strongly impact on crop productivity and are expected to become even more pronounced because of human activities which alter environmental conditions rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pommerrenig
- University of Kaiserslautern, Plant Physiology, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Frank Ludewig
- Department of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jelena Cvetkovic
- University of Kaiserslautern, Plant Physiology, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Oliver Trentmann
- University of Kaiserslautern, Plant Physiology, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Patrick A W Klemens
- University of Kaiserslautern, Plant Physiology, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - H Ekkehard Neuhaus
- University of Kaiserslautern, Plant Physiology, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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29
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Zhao C, Haigh AM, Holford P, Chen ZH. Roles of Chloroplast Retrograde Signals and Ion Transport in Plant Drought Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E963. [PMID: 29570668 PMCID: PMC5979362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, drought affects crop yields; therefore, understanding plants' strategies to adapt to drought is critical. Chloroplasts are key regulators of plant responses, and signals from chloroplasts also regulate nuclear gene expression during drought. However, the interactions between chloroplast-initiated retrograde signals and ion channels under stress are still not clear. In this review, we summarise the retrograde signals that participate in regulating plant stress tolerance. We compare chloroplastic transporters that modulate retrograde signalling through retrograde biosynthesis or as critical components in retrograde signalling. We also discuss the roles of important plasma membrane and tonoplast ion transporters that are involved in regulating stomatal movement. We propose how retrograde signals interact with ion transporters under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Zhao
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Anthony M Haigh
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Paul Holford
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
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30
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Study on the synthesis and physicochemical properties of starch acetate with low substitution under microwave assistance. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 103:316-326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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31
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Miller MAE, O’Cualain R, Selley J, Knight D, Karim MF, Hubbard SJ, Johnson GN. Dynamic Acclimation to High Light in Arabidopsis thaliana Involves Widespread Reengineering of the Leaf Proteome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1239. [PMID: 28775726 PMCID: PMC5517461 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana transferred from low to high light increase their capacity for photosynthesis, a process of dynamic acclimation. A mutant, gpt2, lacking a chloroplast glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate translocator, is deficient in its ability to acclimate to increased light. Here, we have used a label-free proteomics approach, to perform relative quantitation of 1993 proteins from Arabidopsis wild type and gpt2 leaves exposed to increased light. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD006598. Acclimation to light is shown to involve increases in electron transport and carbon metabolism but no change in the abundance of photosynthetic reaction centers. The gpt2 mutant shows a similar increase in total protein content to wild type but differences in the extent of change of certain proteins, including in the relative abundance of the cytochrome b6f complex and plastocyanin, the thylakoid ATPase and selected Benson-Calvin cycle enzymes. Changes in leaf metabolite content as plants acclimate can be explained by changes in the abundance of enzymes involved in metabolism, which were reduced in gpt2 in some cases. Plants of gpt2 invest more in stress-related proteins, suggesting that their reduced ability to acclimate photosynthetic capacity results in increased stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. E. Miller
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of ManchesterManchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ronan O’Cualain
- School of Biological Sciences, University of ManchesterManchester, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Selley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of ManchesterManchester, United Kingdom
| | - David Knight
- School of Biological Sciences, University of ManchesterManchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mohd F. Karim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of ManchesterManchester, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Hubbard
- School of Biological Sciences, University of ManchesterManchester, United Kingdom
| | - Giles N. Johnson
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of ManchesterManchester, United Kingdom
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32
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Kucharewicz W, Distelfeld A, Bilger W, Müller M, Munné-Bosch S, Hensel G, Krupinska K. Acceleration of leaf senescence is slowed down in transgenic barley plants deficient in the DNA/RNA-binding protein WHIRLY1. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:983-996. [PMID: 28338757 PMCID: PMC5441857 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
WHIRLY1 in barley was isolated as a potential regulator of the senescence-associated gene HvS40. In order to investigate whether the plastid-nucleus-located DNA/RNA-binding protein WHIRLY1 plays a role in regulation of leaf senescence, primary foliage leaves from transgenic barley plants with an RNAi-mediated knockdown of the WHIRLY1 gene were characterized by typical senescence parameters, namely pigment contents, function and composition of the photosynthetic apparatus, as well as expression of selected genes known to be either down- or up-regulated during leaf senescence. When the plants were grown at low light intensity, senescence progression was similar between wild-type and RNAi-W1 plants. Likewise, dark-induced senescence of detached leaves was not affected by reduction of WHIRLY1. When plants were grown at high light intensity, however, senescence was induced prematurely in wild-type plants but was delayed in RNAi-W1 plants. This result suggests that WHIRLY1 plays a role in light sensing and/or stress communication between chloroplasts and the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Assaf Distelfeld
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, University of Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Wolfgang Bilger
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Maren Müller
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Götz Hensel
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland/OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Karin Krupinska
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Landi L, De Miccolis Angelini RM, Pollastro S, Feliziani E, Faretra F, Romanazzi G. Global Transcriptome Analysis and Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes in Strawberry after Preharvest Application of Benzothiadiazole and Chitosan. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:235. [PMID: 28286508 PMCID: PMC5323413 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of resistance inducers is a novel strategy to elicit defense responses in strawberry fruit to protect against preharvest and postharvest decay. However, the mechanisms behind the specific resistance inducers are not completely understood. Here, global transcriptional changes in strawberry fruit were investigated using RNA-Seq technology. Preharvest, benzothiadiazole (BTH) and chitosan were applied to the plant canopy, and the fruit were harvested at 6, 12, and 24 h post-treatment. Overall, 5,062 and 5,210 differentially expressed genes (fold change ≥ 2) were identified in these fruits under the BTH and chitosan treatments, respectively, as compared to the control expression. About 80% of these genes were differentially expressed by both elicitors. Comprehensive functional enrichment analysis highlighted different gene modulation over time for transcripts associated with photosynthesis and heat-shock proteins, according to elicitor. Up-regulation of genes associated with reprogramming of protein metabolism was observed in fruit treated with both elicitors, which led to increased storage proteins. Several genes associated with the plant immune system, hormone metabolism, systemic acquired resistance, and biotic and abiotic stresses were differentially expressed in treated versus untreated plants. The RNA-Seq output was confirmed using RT-qPCR for 12 selected genes. This study demonstrates that these two elicitors affect cell networks associated with plant defenses in different ways, and suggests a role for chloroplasts as the primary target in this modulation of the plant defense responses, which actively communicate these signals through changes in redox status. The genes identified in this study represent markers to better elucidate plant/pathogen/resistance-inducer interactions, and to plan novel sustainable disease management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Landi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic UniversityAncona, Italy
| | | | - Stefania Pollastro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’Bari, Italy
| | - Erica Feliziani
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic UniversityAncona, Italy
| | - Franco Faretra
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’Bari, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Romanazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic UniversityAncona, Italy
- *Correspondence: Gianfranco Romanazzi,
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Campa C, Urban L, Mondolot L, Fabre D, Roques S, Lizzi Y, Aarrouf J, Doulbeau S, Breitler JC, Letrez C, Toniutti L, Bertrand B, La Fisca P, Bidel LPR, Etienne H. Juvenile Coffee Leaves Acclimated to Low Light Are Unable to Cope with a Moderate Light Increase. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1126. [PMID: 28769937 PMCID: PMC5509796 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The understorey origin of coffee trees and the strong plasticity of Coffea arabica leaves in relation to contrasting light environments have been largely shown. The adaptability of coffee leaves to changes in light was tested under controlled conditions by increasing the illumination rate on C. arabica var. Naryelis seedlings acclimated to low light conditions and observing leaf responses at three different developmental stages (juvenile, growing and mature). Only mature leaves proved capable of adapting to new light conditions. In these leaves, different major mechanisms were found to contribute to maintaining a good photosynthetic level. With increased illumination, a high photosynthetic response was conserved thanks to fast nitrogen remobilization, as indicated by SPAD values and the photorespiration rate. Efficient photoprotection was accompanied by a great ability to export sucrose, which prevented excessive inhibition of the Calvin cycle by hexose accumulation. In contrast, in younger leaves, increased illumination caused photodamage, observable even after 9 days of treatment. One major finding was that young coffee leaves rely on the accumulation of chlorogenic acids, powerful antioxidant phenolic compounds, to deal with the accumulation of reactive oxygen species rather than on antioxidant enzymes. Due to a lack of efficient photoprotection, a poor ability to export sucrose and inadequate antioxidant protection, younger leaves seemed to be unable to cope with increased illumination. In these leaves, an absence of induced antioxidant enzyme activity was accompanied, in growing leaves, by an absence of antioxidant synthesis or, in juvenile leaves, inefficient synthesis of flavonoids because located in some epidermis cells. These observations showed that coffee leaves, at the beginning of their development, are not equipped to withstand quick switches to higher light levels. Our results confirm that coffee trees, even selected for full sunlight conditions, remain shade plants possessing leaves able to adapt to higher light levels only when mature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Campa
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unité Mixte de Recherche-Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement, IRD, CIRAD, Université de MontpellierMontpellier, France
- *Correspondence: Claudine Campa,
| | - Laurent Urban
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre d’Avignon, UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture HorticolesAvignon, France
| | - Laurence Mondolot
- Laboratoire de Botanique, Phytochimie et Mycologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5175 Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Montpellier, France
| | - Denis Fabre
- CIRAD, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes Méditérranéennes et TropicalesMontpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Roques
- CIRAD, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes Méditérranéennes et TropicalesMontpellier, France
| | - Yves Lizzi
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre d’Avignon, UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture HorticolesAvignon, France
| | - Jawad Aarrouf
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre d’Avignon, UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture HorticolesAvignon, France
| | - Sylvie Doulbeau
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unité Mixte de Recherche-Diversité Adaptation et Développement des Plantes, IRD, Université de MontpellierMontpellier, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Breitler
- CIRAD, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement, IRD, CIRAD, Université de MontpellierMontpellier, France
| | - Céline Letrez
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unité Mixte de Recherche-Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement, IRD, CIRAD, Université de MontpellierMontpellier, France
| | - Lucile Toniutti
- CIRAD, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement, IRD, CIRAD, Université de MontpellierMontpellier, France
| | - Benoit Bertrand
- CIRAD, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement, IRD, CIRAD, Université de MontpellierMontpellier, France
| | - Philippe La Fisca
- Laboratoire de Botanique, Phytochimie et Mycologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5175 Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Montpellier, France
| | - Luc P. R. Bidel
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche-Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes Méditerranéennes et TropicalesMontpellier, France
| | - Hervé Etienne
- CIRAD, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement, IRD, CIRAD, Université de MontpellierMontpellier, France
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Li L, Sheen J. Dynamic and diverse sugar signaling. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 33:116-125. [PMID: 27423125 PMCID: PMC5050104 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sugars fuel life and exert numerous regulatory actions that are fundamental to all life forms. There are two principal mechanisms underlie sugar 'perception and signal transduction' in biological systems. Direct sensing and signaling is triggered via sugar-binding sensors with a broad range of affinity and specificity, whereas sugar-derived bioenergetic molecules and metabolites modulate signaling proteins and indirectly relay sugar signals. This review discusses the emerging sugar signals and potential sugar sensors discovered in plant systems. The findings leading to informative understanding of physiological regulation by sugars are considered and assessed. Comparative transcriptome analyses highlight the primary and dynamic sugar responses and reveal the convergent and specific regulators of key biological processes in the sugar-signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jen Sheen
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA 02114, USA.
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36
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Chuang HW, Feng JH, Feng YL. The role of arabidopsis WDR protein in plant growth and defense strategies. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1217376. [PMID: 27472469 PMCID: PMC5022410 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1217376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that the mechanisms controlling photosynthesis efficiency also regulate plant response to biotic and abiotic stress. Light-induced cell death is genetically maintained for the control of innate immunity. In a recent study we showed that the expression of AtWDR26 was induced by light, multiple plant hormones, and abiotic stress; increased AtWDR26 strongly upregulated gene groups related to chloroplast metabolism, disease resistance, and abiotic stress tolerance. Gain- and loss-of-function analyses in transgenic plants demonstrated the involvement of AtWDR26 in signaling pathways; these controls were osmotic as well as salt stress tolerance. More detailed transcriptome evidence suggested that AtWDR26 was a powerful inducer of gene expression associated with chloroplast metabolism. This included the electron transport chain of the photosystem, carbohydrate synthesis, and enzymatic activity involved in photorespiration. Moreover, genes in auxin synthesis (and perception) constituted a significant portion of those that were upregulated. Gene expression involved in disease resistance, control of cell wall flexibility, Zn uptake, and AP2/ERF transcription factors was also be upregulated. We concluded that AtWDR26 is one component in the regulatory network between light-regulated plant growth and the adaptation response to disease resistance and abiotic stress. Auxin signal acts downstream for AtWDR26 regulation and the adaptation response to biotic and abiotic stress: this occurs through modulating cell wall flexibility, Zn homeostasis, and controlling stress-related transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-wen Chuang
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
- CONTACT Huey-wen Chuang Department of Bioagricultural Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Huan Feng
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Lin Feng
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
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37
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Borland AM, Guo HB, Yang X, Cushman JC. Orchestration of carbohydrate processing for crassulacean acid metabolism. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 31:118-124. [PMID: 27101569 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The production of phosphoenolpyruvate as a substrate for nocturnal CO2 uptake represents a significant sink for carbohydrate in CAM plants which has to be balanced with the provisioning of carbohydrate for growth and maintenance. In starch-storing CAM species, diversification in chloroplast metabolite transporters, and the deployment of both phosphorolytic and hydrolytic routes of starch degradation accommodate a division of labour in directing C-skeletons towards nocturnal carboxylation or production of sucrose for growth. In soluble-sugar storing CAM plants, the vacuole plays a central role in managing carbon homeostasis. The molecular identities of various types of vacuolar sugar transporters have only been identified for C3 species within the last 10 years. The recent availability of CAM genomes enables the identification of putative orthologues of vacuolar sugar transporters which represent strategic targets for orchestrating the diel provisioning of substrate for nocturnal carboxylation and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Borland
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE17 RU, UK; Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6407, USA.
| | - Hao-Bo Guo
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6407, USA
| | - John C Cushman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, MS330, Reno, NV 89557-0330, USA
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38
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Chan KX, Phua SY, Crisp P, McQuinn R, Pogson BJ. Learning the Languages of the Chloroplast: Retrograde Signaling and Beyond. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 67:25-53. [PMID: 26735063 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-111854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast can act as an environmental sensor, communicating with the cell during biogenesis and operation to change the expression of thousands of proteins. This process, termed retrograde signaling, regulates expression in response to developmental cues and stresses that affect photosynthesis and yield. Recent advances have identified many signals and pathways-including carotenoid derivatives, isoprenes, phosphoadenosines, tetrapyrroles, and heme, together with reactive oxygen species and proteins-that build a communication network to regulate gene expression, RNA turnover, and splicing. However, retrograde signaling pathways have been viewed largely as a means of bilateral communication between organelles and nuclei, ignoring their potential to interact with hormone signaling and the cell as a whole to regulate plant form and function. Here, we discuss new findings on the processes by which organelle communication is initiated, transmitted, and perceived, not only to regulate chloroplastic processes but also to intersect with cellular signaling and alter physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xun Chan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia; , , , ,
| | - Su Yin Phua
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia; , , , ,
| | - Peter Crisp
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia; , , , ,
| | - Ryan McQuinn
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia; , , , ,
| | - Barry J Pogson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia; , , , ,
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39
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Chuang HW, Feng JH, Feng YL, Wei MJ. An Arabidopsis WDR protein coordinates cellular networks involved in light, stress response and hormone signals. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 241:23-31. [PMID: 26706055 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The WD-40 repeat (WDR) protein acts as a scaffold for protein interactions in various cellular events. An Arabidopsis WDR protein exhibited sequence similarity with human WDR26, a scaffolding protein implicated in H2O2-induced cell death in neural cells. The AtWDR26 transcript was induced by auxin, abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ET), osmostic stress and salinity. The expression of AtWDR26 was regulated by light, and seed germination of the AtWDR26 overexpression (OE) and seedling growth of the T-DNA knock-out (KO) exhibited altered sensitivity to light. Root growth of the OE seedlings increased tolerance to ZnSO4 and NaCl stresses and were hypersensitive to inhibition of osmotic stress. Seedlings of OE and KO altered sensitivities to multiple hormones. Transcriptome analysis of the transgenic plants overexpressing AtWDR26 showed that genes involved in the chloroplast-related metabolism constituted the largest group of the up-regulated genes. AtWDR26 overexpression up-regulated a large number of genes related to defense cellular events including biotic and abiotic stress response. Furthermore, several members of genes functioning in the regulation of Zn homeostasis, and hormone synthesis and perception of auxin and JA were strongly up-regulated in the transgenic plants. Our data provide physiological and transcriptional evidence for AtWDR26 role in hormone, light and abiotic stress cellular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Wen Chuang
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan.
| | - Ji-Huan Feng
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Lin Feng
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Miam-Ju Wei
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
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40
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Plessis A, Hafemeister C, Wilkins O, Gonzaga ZJ, Meyer RS, Pires I, Müller C, Septiningsih EM, Bonneau R, Purugganan M. Multiple abiotic stimuli are integrated in the regulation of rice gene expression under field conditions. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26609814 PMCID: PMC4718725 DOI: 10.7554/elife.08411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants rely on transcriptional dynamics to respond to multiple climatic fluctuations and contexts in nature. We analyzed the genome-wide gene expression patterns of rice (Oryza sativa) growing in rainfed and irrigated fields during two distinct tropical seasons and determined simple linear models that relate transcriptomic variation to climatic fluctuations. These models combine multiple environmental parameters to account for patterns of expression in the field of co-expressed gene clusters. We examined the similarities of our environmental models between tropical and temperate field conditions, using previously published data. We found that field type and macroclimate had broad impacts on transcriptional responses to environmental fluctuations, especially for genes involved in photosynthesis and development. Nevertheless, variation in solar radiation and temperature at the timescale of hours had reproducible effects across environmental contexts. These results provide a basis for broad-based predictive modeling of plant gene expression in the field. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08411.001 Plants need to be able to sense and respond to changes in temperature, light levels and other aspects of their environment. One way in which plants can rapidly respond to these changes is to modify how genes involved in growth and other processes are expressed. Therefore, understanding how this happens may help us to improve the ability of crops to grow when exposed to drought or other extreme environmental conditions. Most previous studies into the effect of the environment on plant gene expression have been carried out under controlled conditions in a laboratory. These findings cannot reflect the full range of gene expression patterns that occur in the natural environment, where multiple factors (e.g. sunlight, water, nutrients) may vary at the same time. Therefore, it is important to also analyze the effect of fluctuations in multiple environmental factors in more complex field experiments. Plessis et al. developed mathematical models to analyze the gene expression patterns of rice plants grown in the tropical environment of the Philippines using two different farming practices. One field of rice was flooded and constantly supplied with fresh water (referred to as the irrigated field), while the other field was dry and only received water from rainfall (the rainfed field). The experiments show that temperature and levels of sunlight (including UV radiation) have a strong impact on gene expression in the rice plants. Short-term variations in temperature and sunlight levels also have the most consistent effect across the different fields and seasons tested. However, for many genes, the plants grown in the irrigated field responded to the changes in environmental conditions in a different way to the plants grown in the rainfed field. Further analysis identified groups of genes whose expression combined responses to several environmental factors at the same time. For example, certain genes that responded to increases in sunlight in the absence of drought responded to both sunlight levels and the shortage of water when a drought occurred. The next step is to test more types of environments and climates to be able to predict gene expression responses under future climatic conditions. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08411.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Plessis
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, United States.,Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Christoph Hafemeister
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, United States.,Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Olivia Wilkins
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, United States.,Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, United States
| | | | - Rachel Sarah Meyer
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, United States.,Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Inês Pires
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, United States.,Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Christian Müller
- Simons Center for Data Analysis, Simons Foundation, New York, United States
| | | | - Richard Bonneau
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, United States.,Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, United States.,Simons Center for Data Analysis, Simons Foundation, New York, United States
| | - Michael Purugganan
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, United States.,Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, United States
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41
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Petrillo E, Godoy Herz MA, Barta A, Kalyna M, Kornblihtt AR. Let there be light: regulation of gene expression in plants. RNA Biol 2015; 11:1215-20. [PMID: 25590224 PMCID: PMC4615654 DOI: 10.4161/15476286.2014.972852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression regulation relies on a variety of molecular mechanisms affecting different steps of a messenger RNA (mRNA) life: transcription, processing, splicing, alternative splicing, transport, translation, storage and decay. Light induces massive reprogramming of gene expression in plants. Differences in alternative splicing patterns in response to environmental stimuli suggest that alternative splicing plays an important role in plant adaptation to changing life conditions. In a recent publication, our laboratories showed that light regulates alternative splicing of a subset of Arabidopsis genes encoding proteins involved in RNA processing by chloroplast retrograde signals. The light effect on alternative splicing is also observed in roots when the communication with the photosynthetic tissues is not interrupted, suggesting that a signaling molecule travels through the plant. These results point at alternative splicing regulation by retrograde signals as an important mechanism for plant adaptation to their environment.
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Key Words
- DBMIB, 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-benzoquinone
- DCMU, 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea
- PQ, plastoquinone
- PS, photosystem
- Pol II, RNA polymerase II
- RNA
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- alternative splicing
- chloroplast
- light
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- photoreceptors
- retrograde signaling
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Petrillo
- a Max F. Perutz Laboratories ; Medical University of Vienna ; Vienna , Austria
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42
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Körner C. Paradigm shift in plant growth control. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 25:107-14. [PMID: 26037389 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
For plants to grow they need resources and appropriate conditions that these resources are converted into biomass. While acknowledging the importance of co-drivers, the classical view is still that carbon, that is, photosynthetic CO2 uptake, ranks above any other drivers of plant growth. Hence, theory and modelling of growth traditionally is carbon centric. Here, I suggest that this view is not reflecting reality, but emerged from the availability of methods and process understanding at leaf level. In most cases, poorly understood processes of tissue formation and cell growth are governing carbon demand, and thus, CO2 uptake. Carbon can only be converted into biomass to the extent chemical elements other than carbon, temperature or cell turgor permit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Körner
- Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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43
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Schöttler MA, Tóth SZ, Boulouis A, Kahlau S. Photosynthetic complex stoichiometry dynamics in higher plants: biogenesis, function, and turnover of ATP synthase and the cytochrome b6f complex. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:2373-400. [PMID: 25540437 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
During plant development and in response to fluctuating environmental conditions, large changes in leaf assimilation capacity and in the metabolic consumption of ATP and NADPH produced by the photosynthetic apparatus can occur. To minimize cytotoxic side reactions, such as the production of reactive oxygen species, photosynthetic electron transport needs to be adjusted to the metabolic demand. The cytochrome b6f complex and chloroplast ATP synthase form the predominant sites of photosynthetic flux control. Accordingly, both respond strongly to changing environmental conditions and metabolic states. Usually, their contents are strictly co-regulated. Thereby, the capacity for proton influx into the lumen, which is controlled by electron flux through the cytochrome b6f complex, is balanced with proton efflux through ATP synthase, which drives ATP synthesis. We discuss the environmental, systemic, and metabolic signals triggering the stoichiometry adjustments of ATP synthase and the cytochrome b6f complex. The contribution of transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of subunit synthesis, and the importance of auxiliary proteins required for complex assembly in achieving the stoichiometry adjustments is described. Finally, current knowledge on the stability and turnover of both complexes is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Aurel Schöttler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Szilvia Z Tóth
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alix Boulouis
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Sabine Kahlau
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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44
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Dietz KJ. Efficient high light acclimation involves rapid processes at multiple mechanistic levels. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:2401-14. [PMID: 25573858 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Like no other chemical or physical parameter, the natural light environment of plants changes with high speed and jumps of enormous intensity. To cope with this variability, photosynthetic organisms have evolved sensing and response mechanisms that allow efficient acclimation. Most signals originate from the chloroplast itself. In addition to very fast photochemical regulation, intensive molecular communication is realized within the photosynthesizing cell, optimizing the acclimation process. Current research has opened up new perspectives on plausible but mostly unexpected complexity in signalling events, crosstalk, and process adjustments. Within seconds and minutes, redox states, levels of reactive oxygen species, metabolites, and hormones change and transmit information to the cytosol, modifying metabolic activity, gene expression, translation activity, and alternative splicing events. Signalling pathways on an intermediate time scale of several minutes to a few hours pave the way for long-term acclimation. Thereby, a new steady state of the transcriptome, proteome, and metabolism is realized within rather short time periods irrespective of the previous acclimation history to shade or sun conditions. This review provides a time line of events during six hours in the 'stressful' life of a plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Josef Dietz
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, W5-134, Bielefeld University, University Street 25, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
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45
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Feng J, Zhao S, Chen X, Wang W, Dong W, Chen J, Shen JR, Liu L, Kuang T. Biochemical and structural study of Arabidopsis hexokinase 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 71:367-75. [PMID: 25664748 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004714026091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hexokinase 1 from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtHXK1) plays a dual role in glycolysis and sugar sensing for vital metabolic and physiological processes. The uncoupling of glucose signalling from glucose metabolism was demonstrated by the analysis of two mutants (AtHXK1(G104D) and AtHXK1(S177A)) that are catalytically inactive but still functional in signalling. In this study, substrate-binding experiments indicate that the two catalytically inactive mutants have a high affinity for glucose, and an ordered substrate-binding mechanism has been observed for wild-type AtHXK1. The structure of AtHXK1 was determined both in its inactive unliganded form and in its active glucose-bound form at resolutions of 1.8 and 2.0 Å, respectively. These structures reveal a domain rearrangement of AtHXK1 upon glucose binding. The 2.1 Å resolution structure of AtHXK1(S177A) in the glucose-bound form shows similar glucose-binding interactions as the wild type. A glucose-sensing network has been proposed based on these structures. Taken together, the results provide a structural explanation for the dual functions of AtHXK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Feng
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Haidian District, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Shun Zhao
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Haidian District, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemin Chen
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Haidian District, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenda Wang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Haidian District, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Dong
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Haidian District, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghua Chen
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Haidian District, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ren Shen
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Haidian District, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Liu
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Haidian District, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingyun Kuang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Haidian District, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China
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Moore M, Vogel MO, Dietz KJ. The acclimation response to high light is initiated within seconds as indicated by upregulation of AP2/ERF transcription factor network in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:976479. [PMID: 25482793 PMCID: PMC4622746 DOI: 10.4161/15592324.2014.976479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
High light acclimation implicates mechanisms on various molecular levels and time scales. The recently identified small transcription factor network of APETALA 2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) transcription factors is triggered upon transfer of Arabidopsis to high light and depends on metabolite export and mitogen activated protein kinase activation. An experimental design was developed consisting of a low light to high light and back to low light illumination. This allowed the determination of the time point of no return post high light transfer which activates transcription of the AP2/ERF network. Within 10 seconds of high light treatment transcript levels of ERF6, ERF104, ERF105 and RRTF were triggered to increase from low to high levels within the next 10 minutes witnessing an ultrafast retrograde pathway with a very early time point of no return. This response differed profoundly from other high light-responsive transcripts such as stromal ascorbate peroxidase (sAPX) which accumulated in a dose-dependent manner or COR47.
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Key Words
- A. thaliana, Arabidopsis thaliana
- ABA, Abscisic Acid
- AP2/ERF, APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR
- ETC, electron transport chain
- H-light, High Light (800 μmol quanta m−2 s−1)
- L-light, Low Light (8 μmol quanta m−2 s−1)
- LH→L, Low Light to High Light to Low Light transfer
- Low Light to High Light transfer
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SA, Salicylic Acid
- TF, Transcription Factor; L→H
- WWC, water-water cycle
- acclimation
- chloroplast
- light
- log2, logarithmic fold change to base 2
- photosynthesis
- transcription factor
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Affiliation(s)
- M Moore
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants; Bielefeld University; Bielefeld, Germany
| | - MO Vogel
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants; Bielefeld University; Bielefeld, Germany
| | - KJ Dietz
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants; Bielefeld University; Bielefeld, Germany
- Correspondence to: KJ Dietz;
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