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Kumar D, Panda SK, Jena GR, Sethy K, Mishra SK, Swain BK, Naik PK, Beura CK, Behera R. Alternations of Fertility Parameters by Graded Dose of Inorganic Arsenic in Adult Male White Pekin Ducks. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:5358-5367. [PMID: 36800154 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03580-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
A significant health issue, reproductive toxicity is mostly linked to exposure to various environmental heavy metals. A pervasive toxin that occurs naturally in the environment is arsenic (As). This research was done to determine the effects of various doses of inorganic As supplements on the reproductive organs of adult male white Pekin ducks. A total of 240 numbers of 14-days-old male white Pekin ducks were weighed and randomly assigned into 4 experimental groups with six replicates (10 ducklings in each replicate). The experimental groups were as follows: (T-1) basal diet along with normal drinking water (control group); (T-2 to T-4) basal diet along with As in the form of sodium-meta-arsenite at 7, 14, and 28 ppm of drinking water respectively. The results showed reduction in body weight and testicular weight, disruption of spermatogenesis, reduction in follicular-stimulating hormone (FSH), leutinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone levels and histopathological alterations as compared to control. Additionally, there was not only a significant decrease in various antioxidant parameters in testis tissue, like catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), super oxide dismutase (SOD), and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), but also a significant increase in oxidative parameters of testis like lipid peroxidation (LPO), myloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide (NO), and super oxide anion radical (O2-) in As-treated groups, in comparison with T-1. A significantly higher level of As content in testis was observed in all the 3 As-treated groups, with highest level recorded in T-4 birds. Besides that, there was upregulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), heat shock proteins (Hsps) and pro-inflammatory cytokines like interlukin (IL) series, i.e., IL-2, IL-6, IL-18, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α) levels, whereas anti-inflammatory parameters like IL-4 and IL-10 levels showed downregulation in testis of As-treated groups. Together, these findings provide deeper understandings of the roles played by oxidative stress, NF-κB and Hsps in the progression of testicular injury, which may help to explain how the As induced male sterility, in ducks, due to exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhirendra Kumar
- ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research Regional Station Jokalundi, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751003, India.
| | - Santosh Kumar Panda
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Geeta Rani Jena
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Kamdev Sethy
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Surya Kanta Mishra
- ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research Regional Station Jokalundi, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751003, India
| | - Bijaya Kumar Swain
- ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research Regional Station Jokalundi, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751003, India
| | - Prafulla Kumar Naik
- ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research Regional Station Jokalundi, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751003, India
| | - Chandra Kant Beura
- ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research Regional Station Jokalundi, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751003, India
| | - Rajalaxmi Behera
- ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research Regional Station Jokalundi, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751003, India
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Saad-El-Din AA, El-Tanahy ZH, El-Sayed SN, Anees LM, Farroh HA. Study of electron spin resonance and viscosity for hemoglobin polymer after arsenic trioxide and gamma irradiation treatment. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrras.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aisha A. Saad-El-Din
- Biophys., Lab. Rad. Phys. Dep. National Center of Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), AEA, P.O. Box 29, Madinat Nasr, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Zinab H. El-Tanahy
- Nucl. Phys. Dep. Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Girls branch, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Suzan N. El-Sayed
- Solid Stat. Phys. Dep. Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Girls branch, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Laila M. Anees
- Health Res. Dep. National Center of Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), AEA, P.O. Box 29, Madinat Nasr, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hoda A. Farroh
- Health Res. Dep. National Center of Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), AEA, P.O. Box 29, Madinat Nasr, Cairo, Egypt
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Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Udensi UK, Pacurari M, Stevens JJ, Patlolla AK, Noubissi F, Kumar S. State of the science review of the health effects of inorganic arsenic: Perspectives for future research. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:188-202. [PMID: 30511785 PMCID: PMC6328315 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs) is a global health issue. Although there is strong evidence for iAs-induced toxicity at higher levels of exposure, many epidemiological studies evaluating its effects at low exposure levels have reported mixed results. We comprehensively reviewed the literature and evaluated the scientific knowledge on human exposure to arsenic, mechanisms of action, systemic and carcinogenic effects, risk characterization, and regulatory guidelines. We identified areas where additional research is needed. These priority areas include: (1) further development of animal models of iAs carcinogenicity to identify molecular events involved in iAs carcinogenicity; (2) characterization of underlying mechanisms of iAs toxicity; (3) assessment of gender-specific susceptibilities and other factors that modulate arsenic metabolism; (4) sufficiently powered epidemiological studies to ascertain relationship between iAs exposure and reproductive/developmental effects; (5) evaluation of genetic/epigenetic determinants of iAs effects in children; and (6) epidemiological studies of people chronically exposed to low iAs concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B. Tchounwou
- Cellomics and Toxicogenomics Research Laboratory, NIH/NIMHD-RCMI Center for Environmental Health.Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Box18750, Jackson, Mississippi, MS 39217, USA
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Box18750, Jackson, Mississippi, MS 39217, USA
| | - Clement G. Yedjou
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Box18750, Jackson, Mississippi, MS 39217, USA
| | - Udensi K. Udensi
- Cellomics and Toxicogenomics Research Laboratory, NIH/NIMHD-RCMI Center for Environmental Health.Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Box18750, Jackson, Mississippi, MS 39217, USA
| | - Maricica Pacurari
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Box18750, Jackson, Mississippi, MS 39217, USA
| | - Jacqueline J. Stevens
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Box18750, Jackson, Mississippi, MS 39217, USA
| | - Anita K. Patlolla
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Box18750, Jackson, Mississippi, MS 39217, USA
| | - Felicite Noubissi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Box18750, Jackson, Mississippi, MS 39217, USA
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Cellomics and Toxicogenomics Research Laboratory, NIH/NIMHD-RCMI Center for Environmental Health.Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Box18750, Jackson, Mississippi, MS 39217, USA
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Raza M, Mahjabeen I, Fahim M, Malik WA, Khan AU, Kayani MA, Khan A, Akram Z. Redox balance and DNA fragmentation in arsenic-exposed occupational workers from different industries of Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:33381-33390. [PMID: 30259327 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
AbstractOccupational exposure accounts for a contact between workers and different toxicants. Present study was designed to measure the arsenic-induced DNA fragmentation and oxidative stress in exposed workers. Blood, hair, and nail samples were collected from welding, brick kiln, furniture, pesticide, and paint industries (n = 50/industry) of Pakistan along with 200 controls. DNA damage was calculated using DNA fragmentation assay. Antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, GPx) were measured using ELISA. Results revealed that arsenic exposure induced DNA fragmentation in brick kiln, furniture, and welding industries. Enzyme activity was reduced in five industries compared to control. In exposed group, significant depletion of enzymes was observed in furniture, welding, and brick kiln workers. Based on age and time of exposure, significant difference was observed in welding and brick kiln group. Smokers of exposed group showed significantly reduced levels of enzymes compared to controls. Arsenic deposition was observed higher in the hair, nail, and blood samples of exposed group (P < 0.001) compared to control. Likewise, lead and cadmium contents were higher in the blood samples of industrial workers compared to control. This study suggests increased trend of cellular damage and oxidative stress in occupational workers profoundly in welding, furniture, and brick kiln industries. Moreover, this study recognizes the contribution of age, exposure time, and smoking status toward arsenic-induced oxidative stress and DNA fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Raza
- Cancer Genetics Research Group, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ishrat Mahjabeen
- Cancer Genetics Research Group, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Fahim
- Cancer Genetics Research Group, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Waqar Ahmad Malik
- Cancer Genetics Research Group, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Asad Ullah Khan
- Cancer Genetics Research Group, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mahmood Akhtar Kayani
- Cancer Genetics Research Group, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Khan
- Cancer Genetics Research Group, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zertashia Akram
- Cancer Genetics Research Group, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Ahangarpour A, Zeidooni L, Samimi A, Alboghobeish S, Khorsandi LS, Moradi M. Chronic exposure to arsenic and high fat diet additively induced cardiotoxicity in male mice. Res Pharm Sci 2018; 13:47-56. [PMID: 29387111 PMCID: PMC5772081 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.220967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet is one of the important risk factors that could potentially affect arsenic-induced cardiotoxicity. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of high fat diet on arsenic-induced cardiotoxicity in mice. Mice were divided into six different groups (n = 12), two control groups received either low fat diet (LFD) or high fat diet (HFD) along with deionized drinking water and four test groups given LFD + 25 ppm arsenic, LFD + 50 ppm arsenic, HFD + 25 ppm arsenic, and HFD + 50 ppm arsenic in drinking water for 5 months. The body weight, heart weight to body weight ratio, cardiac biochemical markers, lipid profile, and histological examination of heart were evaluated. The results demonstrated that arsenic exposure led to a significant decrease in heart glutathione level, catalase enzyme activity, and a significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde levels, and biochemical enzymes. The administration of HFD resulted in above-mentioned changes as well as an alteration in lipid profile; however, arsenic exposure alone or along with HFD caused a reduction in lipid profile factors, except HDL level. Our results revealed that HFD increased arsenic-induced heart injury in the mice. This effect may be because of reduction in antioxidant activities and/or increase in oxidative stress and ROS in mice heart tissues. These findings could be important for clinical intervention to protect against or prevent arsenic-induced cardiotoxicity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Ahangarpour
- Health Research Institute, Diabetes Research Center, Department of Physiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, I.R. Iran
| | - Leila Zeidooni
- Department of Toxicology and Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, I.R. Iran
| | - Azin Samimi
- Department of Toxicology and Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, I.R. Iran
| | - Soheila Alboghobeish
- Department of Pharmacology and Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, I.R. Iran
| | - Laya Sadat Khorsandi
- Cell and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, I.R. Iran
| | - Mitra Moradi
- Health Research Institute, Diabetes Research Center, Department of Physiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, I.R. Iran
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Wang ASS, Chou YT, Pu YS. Antagonistic effect of N-ethylmaleimide on arsenic-mediated oxidative stress-induced poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and cytotoxicity. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 37:573-582. [PMID: 27813108 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to arsenic has been known to induce neoplastic initiation and progression in several organs; however, the role of arsenic (As2 O3 ) in oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage remains elusive. One of the immediate cellular responses to DNA damage is poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation), which mediates DNA repair and enhances cell survival. In this study, we found that oxidative stress (H2 O2 )-induced PARylation was suppressed by As2 O3 exposure in different human cancer cells. Moreover, As2 O3 treatment promoted H2 O2 -induced DNA damage and apoptosis, leading to increased cell death. We found that N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), an organic compound derived from maleic acid, could reverse As2 O3 -mediated effects, thus enhancing PARylation with attenuated cell death and increased cell survival. Pharmacologic inhibition of glutathione with l-buthionine-sulfoximine blocked the antagonistic effect of NEM on As2 O3 , thereby continuing As2 O3 -mediated suppression of PARylation and causing DNA damage. Our findings identify NEM as a potential antidote against As2 O3 -mediated DNA damage in a glutathione-dependent manner. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sheng-Shin Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ting Chou
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yeong-Shiau Pu
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, People's Republic of China
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das Neves RNP, Carvalho F, Carvalho M, Fernandes E, Soares E, de Bastos ML, de Pereira ML. Protective Activity of Hesperidin and Lipoic Acid Against Sodium Arsenite Acute Toxicity in Mice. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 32:527-35. [PMID: 15603538 DOI: 10.1080/01926230490502566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present work was to evaluate the toxic effects of sodium arsenite, As(III), in mice and the protective effect of 2 antioxidants, hesperidin and lipoic acid, against the observed As(III)-induced toxicity. In each study, mice were assigned to 1 of 4 groups: control, antioxidant, antioxidant + arsenite, and arsenite. Animals were first injected with the vehicle or 25 mg antioxidant/kg BW. After 30 minutes they received an injection of 10 mg arsenite/kg BW or 0.9% NaCl. Two hours after the first injection, the liver, kidney, and testis were collected for histological evaluation. Liver samples were also taken for quantification of arsenic. In mice exposed only to As(III), various histopathological effects were observed in the liver, kidneys, and testes. In mice pretreated with either hesperidin or lipoic acid, a reduction of histopathologic effects on the liver and kidneys was observed. No protective effects were observed in the testes for either of the 2 studied antioxidants. In conclusion, hesperidin and lipoic acid provided protective effects against As(III)-induced acute toxicity in the liver and kidneys of mice. These compounds may potentially play an important role in the protection of populations chronically exposed to arsenic.
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Valko M, Jomova K, Rhodes CJ, Kuča K, Musílek K. Redox- and non-redox-metal-induced formation of free radicals and their role in human disease. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:1-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1579-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 535] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Meyer S, Raber G, Ebert F, Leffers L, Müller SM, Taleshi MS, Francesconi KA, Schwerdtle T. In vitro toxicological characterisation of arsenic-containing fatty acids and three of their metabolites. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015; 4:1289-1296. [PMID: 26744620 PMCID: PMC4690163 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00122f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic-containing fatty acids are bioavailable and toxic to human liver cells in culture.
Arsenic-containing fatty acids are a group of fat-soluble arsenic species (arsenolipids) which are present in marine fish and other seafood. Recently, it has been shown that arsenic-containing hydrocarbons, another group of arsenolipids, exert toxicity in similar concentrations comparable to arsenite although the toxic modes of action differ. Hence, a risk assessment of arsenolipids is urgently needed. In this study the cellular toxicity of a saturated (AsFA 362) and an unsaturated (AsFA 388) arsenic-containing fatty acid and three of their proposed metabolites (DMAV, DMAPr and thio-DMAPr) were investigated in human liver cells (HepG2). Even though both arsenic-containing fatty acids were less toxic as compared to arsenic-containing hydrocarbons and arsenite, significant effects were observable at μM concentrations. DMAV causes effects in a similar concentration range and it could be seen that it is metabolised to its highly toxic thio analogue thio-DMAV in HepG2 cells. Nevertheless, DMAPr and thio-DMAPr did not exert any cytotoxicity. In summary, our data indicate that risks to human health related to the presence of arsenic-containing fatty acids in marine food cannot be excluded. This stresses the need for a full in vitro and in vivo toxicological characterisation of these arsenolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Meyer
- Graduate School of Chemistry , University of Münster , Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 , 48149 Münster , Germany . ; Institute of Nutritional Science , University of Potsdam , Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116 , 14558 Nuthetal , Germany
| | - G Raber
- Institute of Chemistry - Analytical Chemistry , NAWI Graz , University of Graz , Universitätsplatz 1 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - F Ebert
- Institute of Nutritional Science , University of Potsdam , Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116 , 14558 Nuthetal , Germany
| | - L Leffers
- Graduate School of Chemistry , University of Münster , Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 , 48149 Münster , Germany .
| | - S M Müller
- Institute of Nutritional Science , University of Potsdam , Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116 , 14558 Nuthetal , Germany ; Heinrich-Stockmeyer-Stiftung , Parkstraße 44-46 , 49214 Bad Rothenfelde , Germany
| | - M S Taleshi
- Department of Marine Chemistry , Faculty of Marine Science , University of Mazandaran , Babolsar , Iran
| | - K A Francesconi
- Institute of Chemistry - Analytical Chemistry , NAWI Graz , University of Graz , Universitätsplatz 1 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - T Schwerdtle
- Graduate School of Chemistry , University of Münster , Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 , 48149 Münster , Germany . ; Institute of Nutritional Science , University of Potsdam , Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116 , 14558 Nuthetal , Germany
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Meyer S, Matissek M, Müller SM, Taleshi MS, Ebert F, Francesconi KA, Schwerdtle T. In vitro toxicological characterisation of three arsenic-containing hydrocarbons. Metallomics 2014; 6:1023-33. [PMID: 24718560 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00061g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic-containing hydrocarbons are one group of fat-soluble organic arsenic compounds (arsenolipids) found in marine fish and other seafood. A risk assessment of arsenolipids is urgently needed, but has not been possible because of the total lack of toxicological data. In this study the cellular toxicity of three arsenic-containing hydrocarbons was investigated in cultured human bladder (UROtsa) and liver (HepG2) cells. Cytotoxicity of the arsenic-containing hydrocarbons was comparable to that of arsenite, which was applied as the toxic reference arsenical. A large cellular accumulation of arsenic, as measured by ICP-MS/MS, was observed after incubation of both cell lines with the arsenolipids. Moreover, the toxic mode of action shown by the three arsenic-containing hydrocarbons seemed to differ from that observed for arsenite. Evidence suggests that the high cytotoxic potential of the lipophilic arsenicals results from a decrease in the cellular energy level. This first in vitro based risk assessment cannot exclude a risk to human health related to the presence of arsenolipids in seafood, and indicates the urgent need for further toxicity studies in experimental animals to fully assess this possible risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Meyer
- Graduate School of Chemistry, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Nichol JN, Garnier N, Miller WH. Triple A therapy: the molecular underpinnings of the unique sensitivity of leukemic promyelocytes to anthracyclines, all-trans-retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2014; 27:19-31. [PMID: 24907014 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
If looking for a mnemonic to remember the relevant facts about acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), one just has to remember that APL is a disease of A's. It is acute and it is highly sensitive to treatment with anthracyclines, all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO). The presence of fusions involving the retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARA) is without question the central player driving APL and dictating the response of this disease to these therapeutic agents. However, beyond this knowledge, the molecular mechanisms that contribute to the complicated pathogenesis and the response to treatment of APL are not completely defined. As more is understood about this hematological malignancy, there are more opportunities to refine and improve treatment based on this knowledge. In this review article, we discuss the response of APL to these "A" therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N Nichol
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Oncology, Segal Cancer Comprehensive Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B Davis Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Nicolas Garnier
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Oncology, Segal Cancer Comprehensive Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B Davis Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Wilson H Miller
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Oncology, Segal Cancer Comprehensive Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B Davis Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada.
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Romero A, Ramos E, de Los Ríos C, Egea J, Del Pino J, Reiter RJ. A review of metal-catalyzed molecular damage: protection by melatonin. J Pineal Res 2014; 56:343-70. [PMID: 24628077 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Metal exposure is associated with several toxic effects; herein, we review the toxicity mechanisms of cadmium, mercury, arsenic, lead, aluminum, chromium, iron, copper, nickel, cobalt, vanadium, and molybdenum as these processes relate to free radical generation. Free radicals can be generated in cells due to a wide variety of exogenous and endogenous processes, causing modifications in DNA bases, enhancing lipid peroxidation, and altering calcium and sulfhydryl homeostasis. Melatonin, an ubiquitous and pleiotropic molecule, exerts efficient protection against oxidative stress and ameliorates oxidative/nitrosative damage by a variety of mechanisms. Also, melatonin has a chelating property which may contribute in reducing metal-induced toxicity as we postulate here. The aim of this review was to highlight the protective role of melatonin in counteracting metal-induced free radical generation. Understanding the physicochemical insights of melatonin related to the free radical scavenging activity and the stimulation of antioxidative enzymes is of critical importance for the development of novel therapeutic strategies against the toxic action of these metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Romero
- Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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High fat diet aggravates arsenic induced oxidative stress in rat heart and liver. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 66:262-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Cheng Y, Xue J, Jiang H, Wang M, Gao L, Ma D, Zhang Z. Neuroprotective effect of resveratrol on arsenic trioxide–induced oxidative stress in feline brain. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; 33:737-47. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327113506235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) is a known environmental toxicant and potent chemotherapeutic agent. Significant correlation has been reported between arsenic exposure (including consumption of arsenic-contaminated water and clinical use of As2O3) and dysfunction in the nervous system. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the effect of resveratrol with neuroprotective activities on As2O3-induced oxidative damage and cerebral cortex injury. Twenty-four healthy Chinese Dragon Li cats of either sex were randomly divided into four groups: control (1 ml/kg physiological saline), As2O3 (1 mg/kg), resveratrol (3 mg/kg) and As2O3 (1 mg/kg) + resveratrol (3 mg/kg). As2O3+resveratrol-treated group were given resveratrol (3 mg/kg) 1 h before As2O3 (1 mg/kg) administration. Pretreatment with resveratrol upregulated the activities of antioxidant enzymes and attenuated As2O3-induced increases in reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde production. In addition, resveratrol attenuated the As2O3-induced reduction in the level of reduced glutathione and the ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidised glutathione, and accumulation of arsenic in the cerebral cortex. These findings support neuroprotective effect of resveratrol on As2O3 toxicity in feline brain and provide a better understanding of the mechanism that resveratrol modulates As2O3-induced oxidative damage and a stronger rational for clinical use of resveratrol to protect brain against the toxicity of arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - J Xue
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, China
| | - H Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - M Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - L Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - D Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Z Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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15
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Leffers L, Ebert F, Taleshi MS, Francesconi KA, Schwerdtle T. In vitro toxicological characterization of two arsenosugars and their metabolites. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:1270-82. [PMID: 23564523 PMCID: PMC3739928 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE In their recently published Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, the European Food Safety Authority concluded that a risk assessment for arsenosugars is currently not possible, largely because of the lack of relevant toxicological data. To address this issue, we carried out a toxicological in vitro characterization of two arsenosugars and six arsenosugar metabolites. METHODS AND RESULTS The highly pure synthesized arsenosugars, DMA(V) -sugar-glycerol and DMA(V) -sugar-sulfate, investigated in this study, as well as four metabolites, oxo-dimethylarsenoacetic acid (oxo-DMAA(V) ), oxo-dimethylarsenoethanol (oxo-DMAE(V) ), thio-DMAA(V) and thio-DMAE(V) , exerted neither cytotoxicity nor genotoxicity up to 500 μM exposure in cultured human bladder cells. However, two arsenosugar metabolites, namely dimethyl-arsinic acid (DMA(V) ) and thio-dimethylarsinic acid (thio-DMA(V) ), were toxic to the cells; thio-DMA(V) was even slightly more cytotoxic than arsenite. Additionally, intestinal bioavailability of the arsenosugars was assessed applying the Caco-2 intestinal barrier model. The observed low, but significant transfer rates of the arsenosugars across the barrier model provide further evidence that arsenosugars are intestinally bioavailable. CONCLUSION In a cellular system that metabolizes arsenosugars, cellular toxicity likely arises. Thus, in strong contrast to arsenobetaine, arsenosugars cannot be categorized as nontoxic for humans and a risk to human health cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Leffers
- Graduate School of Chemistry, University of MünsterMünster, Germany
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Franziska Ebert
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Mojtaba S Taleshi
- Institute of Chemistry – Analytical Chemistry, University of GrazGraz, Austria
| | - Kevin A Francesconi
- Institute of Chemistry – Analytical Chemistry, University of GrazGraz, Austria
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of MünsterMünster, Germany
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16
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Majumdar S, Maiti A, Karmakar S, Das AS, Mukherjee S, Das D, Mitra C. Antiapoptotic efficacy of folic acid and vitamin B₁₂ against arsenic-induced toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2012; 27:351-363. [PMID: 22566245 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 07/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Earlier, we proposed that the ability of folic acid and vitamin B₁₂ to preserve systemic and mitochondrial function after short-term exposure to arsenic may prevent further progression to more permanent injury and pathological changes leading to cell death. To elucidate its mechanism, the present study examined the antiapoptotic efficacy of folic acid and vitamin B₁₂ against short-term arsenic exposure-induced hepatic mitochondria oxidative stress and dysfunction. Sixteen to eighteen weeks old male albino rats weighing 140-150 × g were divided into five groups: Control (A), Arsenic-treated (B), Arsenic + folic acid (C), Arsenic +vitamin B₁₂ (D), and Arsenic + folic acid + vitamin B₁₂ (E). Data generated indicated that folic acid and vitamin B₁₂ separately or in combination can give significant protection against alterations in oxidative stress and apoptotic marker parameters and downstream changes in mitochondria, namely pro-oxidative (NO, TBARS, OH⁻) and antioxidative defense (SOD, CAT, GSH) markers, iNOS protein expression, mitochondrial swelling, cytochrome c oxidase and Ca²⁺-ATPase activity, Ca²⁺ content, caspase-3 activity. Additionally, results of hepatic cell DNA fragmentation, arsenic load of blood, hepatic tissue and urine, and histological observations, all strongly support that both these supplements have efficacy in preventing apoptotic changes and cellular damage. As the mechanisms of actions of both of these supplements are methylation related, a combined application was more effective. Results further reveal new molecular targets through which folic acid and vitamin B₁₂ separately or in combination work to alleviate one critical component of arsenic-induced liver injury: mitochondria dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Majumdar
- Institute of Genetic Medicine and Genomic Science, Madhyamgram, Kolkata, India
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17
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Chatterjee A, Chatterji U. All-trans retinoic acid protects against arsenic-induced uterine toxicity in female Sprague–Dawley rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 257:250-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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Tsangaris C, Vergolyas M, Fountoulaki E, Nizheradze K. Oxidative stress and genotoxicity biomarker responses in grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) from a polluted environment in Saronikos Gulf, Greece. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 61:482-490. [PMID: 21165613 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-010-9629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess oxidative stress and genotoxicity biomarkers in grey mullet Mugil cephalus from a site receiving discharges from industrial and harbor activities and a reference site in Saronikos Gulf, Greece. Cellular antioxidant defenses, i.e., antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, selenium [Se]-dependent glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase) and oxidative damage, i.e., lipid peroxidation (measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) were used as biomarkers of oxidative stress. The micronucleus test was used for evaluation of chromosome damage, and the frequency of cells with double nuclei was used as an indication of damage to cell divisions. Antioxidant enzyme activities were lower in fish from the polluted site compared with fish from the reference site, suggesting deficiency of the antioxidant system to compensate for oxidative stress. This is further supported by the higher lipid peroxidation levels in fish from the polluted site, which represent oxidative damage. Micronuclei and double-nuclei frequencies were higher in fish from the polluted site compared with fish from the reference site, indicating genotoxic effects. Correlations between biomarkers suggest that observed effects were due to contaminants exhibiting oxidative stress potential that can also induce genotoxicity. Results suggest that the selected biomarkers in M. cephalus are useful for the assessment of pollution impacts in coastal environments influenced by multiple pollution sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Tsangaris
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Center for Marine Research, 46.7 km Athens-Sounio Ave, PO Box 712, 19013 Anavyssos Attiki, Greece.
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19
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Carpenter RL, Jiang Y, Jing Y, He J, Rojanasakul Y, Liu LZ, Jiang BH. Arsenite induces cell transformation by reactive oxygen species, AKT, ERK1/2, and p70S6K1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 414:533-8. [PMID: 21971544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.09.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is naturally occurring element that exists in both organic and inorganic formulations. The inorganic form arsenite has a positive association with development of multiple cancer types. There are significant populations throughout the world with high exposure to arsenite via drinking water. Thus, human exposure to arsenic has become a significant public health problem. Recent evidence suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediate multiple changes to cell behavior after acute arsenic exposure, including activation of proliferative signaling and angiogenesis. However, the role of ROS in mediating cell transformation by chronic arsenic exposure is unknown. We found that cells chronically exposed to sodium arsenite increased proliferation and gained anchorage-independent growth. This cell transformation phenotype required constitutive activation of AKT, ERK1/2, mTOR, and p70S6K1. We also observed these cells constitutively produce ROS, which was required for the constitutive activation of AKT, ERK1/2, mTOR, and p70S6K1. Suppression of ROS levels by forced expression of catalase also reduced cell proliferation and anchorage-independent growth. These results indicate cell transformation induced by chronic arsenic exposure is mediated by increased cellular levels of ROS, which mediates activation of AKT, ERK1/2, and p70S6K1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Carpenter
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
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20
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Flora SJS. Arsenic-induced oxidative stress and its reversibility. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:257-81. [PMID: 21554949 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 536] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the literature describing the molecular mechanisms of arsenic-induced oxidative stress, its relevant biomarkers, and its relation to various diseases, including preventive and therapeutic strategies. Arsenic alters multiple cellular pathways including expression of growth factors, suppression of cell cycle checkpoint proteins, promotion of and resistance to apoptosis, inhibition of DNA repair, alterations in DNA methylation, decreased immunosurveillance, and increased oxidative stress, by disturbing the pro/antioxidant balance. These alterations play prominent roles in disease manifestation, such as carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, diabetes, cardiovascular and nervous systems disorders. The exact molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in arsenic toxicity are rather unrevealed. Arsenic alters cellular glutathione levels either by utilizing this electron donor for the conversion of pentavalent to trivalent arsenicals or directly binding with it or by oxidizing glutathione via arsenic-induced free radical generation. Arsenic forms oxygen-based radicals (OH(•), O(2)(•-)) under physiological conditions by directly binding with critical thiols. As a carcinogen, it acts through epigenetic mechanisms rather than as a classical mutagen. The carcinogenic potential of arsenic may be attributed to activation of redox-sensitive transcription factors and other signaling pathways involving nuclear factor κB, activator protein-1, and p53. Modulation of cellular thiols for protection against reactive oxygen species has been used as a therapeutic strategy against arsenic. N-acetylcysteine, α-lipoic acid, vitamin E, quercetin, and a few herbal extracts show prophylactic activity against the majority of arsenic-mediated injuries in both in vitro and in vivo models. This review also updates the reader on recent advances in chelation therapy and newer therapeutic strategies suggested to treat arsenic-induced oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaran J S Flora
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India.
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21
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Gomes CC, Moreira LM, Santos VJSV, Ramos AS, Lyon JP, Soares CP, Santos FV. Assessment of the genetic risks of a metallic alloy used in medical implants. Genet Mol Biol 2011; 34:116-21. [PMID: 21637553 PMCID: PMC3085356 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572010005000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of artificial implants provides a palliative or permanent solution for individuals who have lost some bodily function through disease, an accident or natural wear. This functional loss can be compensated for by the use of medical devices produced from special biomaterials. Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) is a well-established primary metallic biomaterial for orthopedic implants, but the toxicity of the chemical components of this alloy has become an issue of concern. In this work, we used the MTT assay and micronucleus assay to examine the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, respectively, of an extract obtained from this alloy. The MTT assay indicated that the mitochondrial activity and cell viability of CHO-K1 cells were unaffected by exposure to the extract. However, the micronucleus assay revealed DNA damage and an increase in micronucleus frequency at all of the concentrations tested. These results show that ions released from Ti-6Al-4V alloy can cause DNA and nuclear damage and reinforce the importance of assessing the safety of metallic medical devices constructed from biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano C Gomes
- Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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Chavan H, Oruganti M, Krishnamurthy P. The ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCB6 is induced by arsenic and protects against arsenic cytotoxicity. Toxicol Sci 2011; 120:519-28. [PMID: 21266531 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic, an environmental carcinogen, remains a major public health problem. Arsenic damages biological systems through multiple mechanisms, including the generation of reactive oxygen species. ABCB6 is an ATP-binding cassette transporter that is highly expressed in cells resistant to arsenic. We have recently demonstrated that ABCB6 expression protects against cellular stressors. In the present study, we evaluated the significance of ABCB6 expression to arsenic toxicity both in mice and in cell culture. We show that sodium arsenite induces ABCB6 expression in a dose-dependent manner both in mice fed sodium arsenite in drinking water and in cells exposed to sodium arsenite in vitro. Arsenite-induced ABCB6 expression was transcriptionally regulated, but this induction was not mediated by the redox-sensitive transcription factor nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). We demonstrate that, in HepG2 and Hep3B cells, knockdown of ABCB6 expression using ABCB6-specific small interfering RNA sensitized the cells to arsenite toxicity. In contrast, stable overexpression of ABCB6 conferred a strong survival advantage toward arsenite-induced oxidative stress. Collectively, these results, obtained by both loss of function and gain of function analysis, suggest that ABCB6 expression in response to sodium arsenite might be an endogenous protective mechanism activated to protect cells against arsenite-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemantkumar Chavan
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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23
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Balakumar B, Suresh R, Venugopal R. Modulatory Effects of Ascorbic Acid and α-tocopherol on Arsenic Induced Micronuclei Formation. INT J PHARMACOL 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2010.676.680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Paiva L, Hernández A, Martínez V, Creus A, Quinteros D, Marcos R. Association between GSTO2 polymorphism and the urinary arsenic profile in copper industry workers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2010; 110:463-468. [PMID: 20045512 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Two members of the recently identified Omega class glutathione S-transferase enzymes (GSTO1 and GSTO2) have been proposed to play a role in the response to arsenic exposure. Therefore, polymorphisms in these genes could be related with variations in the arsenic excretion profile and, consequently, with the individual response to chronic exposure. Exons and flanking regions of GSTO2 gene have been screened in two different ethnic groups (20 Europeans and 20 Chilean Indians), and the urinary arsenic patterns and the GSTO2 Asn142Asp polymorphism have been investigated in 207 copper mine workers occupationally exposed to arsenic. Three polymorphisms of GSTO2 already described were detected in Europeans and Chilean Indians, although with significant different allele frequencies. The genotyping for the Asn142Asp polymorphism revealed that almost no significant association exists between this change and the arsenic excretion profile. However, 142Asp change seems to be correlated with an increase in DMA excretion after age and total urinary arsenic adjustment (OR=3.61; P=0.05). Altogether, our findings indicate that ethnical differences should be taken into account for correlation studies between GST Omega polymorphisms and arsenic susceptibility, and that the 142Asp allozyme could modulate arsenic biotransformation and thereby arsenic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiliane Paiva
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Edifici Cn, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, Spain
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25
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Dopp E, von Recklinghausen U, Diaz-Bone R, Hirner AV, Rettenmeier AW. Cellular uptake, subcellular distribution and toxicity of arsenic compounds in methylating and non-methylating cells. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2010; 110:435-42. [PMID: 19758587 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a known human carcinogen, inducing tumors of the skin, urinary bladder, liver and lung. Inorganic arsenic, existing in highly toxic trivalent and significantly less toxic pentavalent forms, is methylated to mono- and di-methylated species mainly in the liver. Due to the low toxicity of pentavalent methylated species, methylation has been regarded as a detoxification process for many years; however, recent findings of a high toxicity of trivalent methylated species have indicated the contrary. In order to elucidate the role of speciation and methylation for the toxicity and carcinogenicity of arsenic, systematic studies were conducted comparing cellular uptake, subcellular distribution as well as toxic and genotoxic effects of organic and inorganic pentavalent and trivalent arsenic species in both non-methylating (urothelial cells and fibroblasts) and methylating cells (hepatocytes). The membrane permeability was found to be dependent upon both the arsenic species and the cell type. Uptake rates of trivalent methylated species were highest and exceeded those of their pentavalent counterparts by several orders of magnitude. Non-methylating cells (urothelial cells and fibroblasts) seem to accumulate higher amounts of arsenic within the cell than the methylating hepatocytes. Cellular uptake and extrusion seem to be faster in hepatocytes than in urothelial cells. The correlation of uptake with toxicity indicates a significant role of membrane permeability towards toxicity. Furthermore, cytotoxic effects are more distinct in hepatocytes. Differential centrifugation studies revealed that elevated concentrations of arsenic are present in the ribosomal fraction of urothelial cells and in nucleic and mitochondrial fractions of hepatic cells. Further studies are needed to define the implications of the observed enrichment of arsenic in specific cellular organelles for its carcinogenic activity. This review summarizes our recent research on cellular uptake, distribution and toxicity of arsenic compounds in methylating and non-methylating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dopp
- Institute of Hygiene and Occupational Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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26
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Genotoxicity of sodium arsenite and DNA fragmentation in ovarian cells of rat. Toxicol Lett 2009; 190:81-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Majumdar S, Mukherjee S, Maiti A, Karmakar S, Das AS, Mukherjee M, Nanda A, Mitra C. Folic acid or combination of folic acid and vitamin B(12) prevents short-term arsenic trioxide-induced systemic and mitochondrial dysfunction and DNA damage. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2009; 24:377-387. [PMID: 18825727 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The effect of folic acid and folic acid + vitamin B(12) supplementation upon short-term arsenic-induced systemic and pancreatic islet cell mitochondria oxidative stress was investigated in male rats. Arsenic trioxide was administered orally at a dose of 3 mg kg body weight(-1) day(-1) for 30 days, and folic acid and vitamin B(12) were administered at a dose of 36 and 0.63 microg kg body weight(-1) day(-1), respectively, for 30 days. Compared to control, arsenic-treated group showed a significant increase in the levels of systemic oxidative markers, malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and hydroxyl radical (OH(-)) formation, which were found decreased significantly after supplementation either with folic acid or a combination of folic acid + vitamin B(12). Similar supplementations were found effective against arsenic-induced oxidative marker changes (MDA, NO, and OH(-)) in pancreatic islet cell mitochondria. Also, low activities of antioxidant defense enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase, and level of antioxidant glutathione, all could regain significantly on supplementations both against systemic and islet cell mitochondria oxidative stress. Results of agarose-gel electrophoresis of DNA from lymphocytes and islet cells of arsenic-exposed rats showed DNA smearing, which could be reduced with simultaneous administration either with folic acid or a combination of folic acid + vitamin B(12). Significantly, similar supplementations were found effective in increasing the urinary clearance of arsenic. Together, these results indicate that folic acid and vitamin B(12) may be effective to reduce the arsenic-induced damage at molecular target level.
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Harada H, Sugimoto R, Watanabe A, Taketani S, Okada K, Warabi E, Siow R, Itoh K, Yamamoto M, Harada H, Sugimoto R, Watanabe A, Taketani S, Okada K, Warabi E, Siow R, Itoh K, Yamamoto M, Ishii T. Differential roles for Nrf2 and AP-1 in upregulation of HO-1 expression by arsenite in murine embryonic fibroblasts. Free Radic Res 2009; 42:297-304. [DOI: 10.1080/10715760801975735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Chakraborty T, De M. Clastogenic effects of inorganic arsenic salts on human chromosomesin vitro. Drug Chem Toxicol 2009; 32:169-73. [DOI: 10.1080/01480540802594509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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30
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Cohen SM, Arnold LL, Eldan M, Lewis AS, Beck BD. Methylated Arsenicals: The Implications of Metabolism and Carcinogenicity Studies in Rodents to Human Risk Assessment. Crit Rev Toxicol 2008; 36:99-133. [PMID: 16736939 DOI: 10.1080/10408440500534230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Monomethylarsonic acid (MMA(V)) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)) are active ingredients in pesticidal products used mainly for weed control. MMA(V) and DMA(V) are also metabolites of inorganic arsenic, formed intracellularly, primarily in liver cells in a metabolic process of repeated reductions and oxidative methylations. Inorganic arsenic is a known human carcinogen, inducing tumors of the skin, urinary bladder, and lung. However, a good animal model has not yet been found. Although the metabolic process of inorganic arsenic appears to enhance the excretion of arsenic from the body, it also involves formation of methylated compounds of trivalent arsenic as intermediates. Trivalent arsenicals (whether inorganic or organic) are highly reactive compounds that can cause cytotoxicity and indirect genotoxicity in vitro. DMA(V) was found to be a bladder carcinogen only in rats and only when administered in the diet or drinking water at high doses. It was negative in a two-year bioassay in mice. MMA(V) was negative in 2-year bioassays in rats and mice. The mode of action for DMA(V)-induced bladder cancer in rats appears to not involve DNA reactivity, but rather involves cytotoxicity with consequent regenerative proliferation, ultimately leading to the formation of carcinoma. This critical review responds to the question of whether DMA(V)-induced bladder cancer in rats can be extrapolated to humans, based on detailed comparisons between inorganic and organic arsenicals, including their metabolism and disposition in various animal species. The further metabolism and disposition of MMA(V) and DMA(V) formed endogenously during the metabolism of inorganic arsenic is different from the metabolism and disposition of MMA(V) and DMA(V) from exogenous exposure. The trivalent arsenicals that are cytotoxic and indirectly genotoxic in vitro are hardly formed in an organism exposed to MMA(V) or DMA(V) because of poor cellular uptake and limited metabolism of the ingested compounds. Furthermore, the evidence strongly supports a nonlinear dose-response relationship for the biologic processes involved in the carcinogenicity of arsenicals. Based on an overall review of the evidence, using a margin-of-exposure approach for MMA(V) and DMA(V) risk assessment is appropriate. At anticipated environmental exposures to MMA(V) and DMA(V), there is not likely to be a carcinogenic risk to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Cohen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology and Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-3135, USA.
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Wen W, Che W, Lu L, Yang J, Gao X, Wen J, Heng Z, Cao S, Cheng H. Increased damage of exon 5 of p53 gene in workers from an arsenic plant. Mutat Res 2008; 643:36-40. [PMID: 18621066 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2007] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Mutagenesis is a multistage process. Substitution mutations can be induced by base modified through alteration of pairing property. Mutations of exon 5 and 8 of p53 gene have been found in most arsenicosis patients with precarcinomas and carcinomas, but never in arsenicosis individuals without precarcinomas and carcinomas. This study investigates whether base modification exists in exon 5 and 8 of p53 gene, and explores the dose-effect relationship between damage of exon 5 of p53 gene and urinary arsenic. Concentrations of urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanine (8-OHdG) are analyzed to identify the occurrence of DNA damage. The real-time PCR developed by Sikorsky et al. is applied to detect base modification in exon 5 and 8 of p53 gene for apparently healthy participants. Our results show that the mean total arsenic concentrations of two exposed groups from an arsenic plant are significantly elevated compared with the control group, and the damage level of exon 5 of the high-exposed group is significantly higher than that of the control group, but which does not happen in exon 8. The closely correlation between the damage index of exon 5 and urinary organic arsenic concentration are found. Concentration of 8-OHdG of the high-exposed group is significantly higher than that of the control group. These results imply that base modification in exon 5 of p53 gene can be induced by arsenic. In addition, our study suggests that the damage level of exon 5 is a useful biomarker to assess adverse health effect levels caused by chronic exposure to arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Wen
- Department of Occupational Health, Yunnan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 158, Dongsi Street, Xishan District, Kunming, Yunnan 650022, People's Republic of China.
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Mishra D, Flora SJS. Differential oxidative stress and DNA damage in rat brain regions and blood following chronic arsenic exposure. Toxicol Ind Health 2008; 24:247-56. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233708093355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic arsenic poisoning caused by contaminated drinking water is a wide spread and worldwide problem particularly in India and Bangladesh. One of the possible mechanisms suggested for arsenic toxicity is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The present study was planned 1) to evaluate if chronic exposure to arsenic leads to oxidative stress in blood and brain – parts of male Wistar rats and 2) to evaluate which brain region of the exposed animals was more sensitive to oxidative injury. Male Wistar rats were exposed to arsenic (50 ppm sodium arsenite in drinking water) for 10 months. The brain was dissected into five major parts, pons medulla, corpus striatum, cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. A number of biochemical variables indicative of oxidative stress were studied in blood and different brain regions. Single-strand DNA damage using comet assay was also assessed in lymphocytes. We observed a significant increase in blood and brain ROS levels accompanied by the depletion of GSH/GSSG ratio and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity in different brain regions of arsenic-exposed rats. Chronic arsenic exposure also caused significant single-strand DNA damage in lymphocytes as depicted by comet with a tail in arsenic-exposed cells compared with the control cells. On the basis of results, we concluded that the cortex region of the brain was more sensitive to oxidative injury compared with the other regions studied. The present study, thus, leads us to suggest that arsenic induces differential oxidative stress in brain regions with cortex followed by hippocampus and causes single-strand DNA damage in lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mishra
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - SJS Flora
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
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Flora SJS, Gupta R. Beneficial effects of Centella asiatica aqueous extract against arsenic-induced oxidative stress and essential metal status in rats. Phytother Res 2008; 21:980-8. [PMID: 17600859 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of an aqueous extract of Centella asiatica (100, 200 and 500 mg/kg for 5 consecutive days) was studied in the depletion of arsenic and in the recovery of a few altered biochemical variables in arsenic pre-exposed rats (20 ppm in drinking water for 5 weeks). Exposure to arsenic significantly depleted delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity, reduced glutathione (GSH) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) activity in red blood cells. Significant depletion of ALAD activity, GSH level, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), SOD and catalase (CAT) activities and an increase in TBARS levels in liver tissues was also noted. There was a significant depletion of SOD, CAT and GPx activities in kidneys and an increased TBARS levels in kidney and brain accompanied by increased arsenic concentration in blood and soft tissues. Treatment with aqueous extract of Centella asiatica provided significant protection against ALAD, GSH and TBARS levels, particularly at doses of 200 and 500 mg. Centella asiatica also provided significant recovery in the inhibited liver ALAD and G6PD activities. Arsenic concentration in blood and soft tissues remained uninfluenced after Centella asiatica administration. The present study thus suggests a beneficial effect of Centella asiatica against arsenic-induced oxidative stress but possesses no chelating property.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J S Flora
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India.
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Mahata J, Argos M, Verret W, Kibriya MG, Santella RM, Ahsan H. Effect of Selenium and Vitamin E Supplementation on Plasma Protein Carbonyl Levels in Patients With Arsenic-Related Skin Lesions. Nutr Cancer 2007; 60:55-60. [DOI: 10.1080/01635580701761282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Yi H, Wu L, Jiang L. Genotoxicity of arsenic evaluated by Allium-root micronucleus assay. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2007; 383:232-6. [PMID: 17574654 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Revised: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic exposure is associated with various diseases and cancers. By using Allium-root micronucleus (MN) assay, possible genotoxicity of sodium arsenite (0.3-100 mg/l) and arsenic trioxide (0.05-50 mg/l) was evaluated in this study. Our results showed that arsenic compounds induced MN formation concentration-dependently. Exposure to 0.5-20 mg/l arsenic trioxide or to 1-100 mg/l sodium arsenite caused MN significantly in meristematic cells and daughter cells of Allium roots. A time-course study revealed that MN increased significantly after a short term (1 h) exposure to 10 mg/l sodium arsenite, demonstrating an effective rapid response. Arsenic compounds also caused mitotic delay and a concentration-dependent decrease in mitotic index. Results of the present study suggest that Allium-root MN assay is a simple, efficient and reproducible method for the genotoxicity monitoring of arsenic water contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilan Yi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.
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Gultekin F, Hicyilmaz H. Renal deterioration caused by carcinogens as a consequence of free radical mediated tissue damage: a review of the protective action of melatonin. Arch Toxicol 2007; 81:675-81. [PMID: 17823789 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-007-0242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This brief review summarizes some of the publications that document the preventive role of melatonin in kidney damage caused by carcinogens such as 2-nitropropane, arsenic, carbon tetrachloride, nitrilotriacetic acid and potassium bromate. Numerous chemicals generate excessive free radicals that eventually induce renal worsening. Melatonin partially or totally prevents free radical mediated tissue damages induced by many carcinogens. Protective actions of melatonin against the harmful effects of carcinogens are believed to stem from its direct free radical scavenging and indirect antioxidant activities. Dietary or pharmacologically given melatonin may attenuate the oxidative stress, thereby mitigating the subsequent renal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Gultekin
- School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Suleyman Demirel University, Tip Fakultesi, Biyokimya AD, 32260 Isparta, Turkey.
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Kligerman AD, Tennant AH. Insights into the carcinogenic mode of action of arsenic. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 222:281-8. [PMID: 17118416 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Revised: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
That arsenic can induce cancer in humans has been known since the late 17th century, yet how arsenic induces cancer has been the subject of numerous scientific publications. Various modes of action (MOA) have been proposed for arsenic's carcinogenicity. In this paper we review our previous studies on the ability of arsenicals to cause DNA damage, the relative inability of these arsenicals to induce point mutations, and the involvement of arsenicals in spindle disruption. We present new evidence that shows that reduced glutathione (GSH) can chemically reduce inactive pentavalent arsenicals to trivalent arsenicals which can disrupt tubulin polymerization, and show that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are most likely not involved in tubulin disruption. A hypothesis is also presented on how arsenic may induce stable chromosome aberrations (CAs) that can lead to cancer, thus supporting a role for genetic damage in the MOA for arsenic. We then propose promising areas of research that might give insight into the MOA of arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Kligerman
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, B143-06 US Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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Partridge MA, Huang SXL, Hernandez-Rosa E, Davidson MM, Hei TK. Arsenic induced mitochondrial DNA damage and altered mitochondrial oxidative function: implications for genotoxic mechanisms in mammalian cells. Cancer Res 2007; 67:5239-47. [PMID: 17545603 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is a well-established human carcinogen that is chronically consumed in drinking water by millions of people worldwide. Recent evidence has suggested that arsenic is a genotoxic carcinogen. Furthermore, we have shown that mitochondria mediate the mutagenic effects of arsenic in mammalian cells, as arsenic did not induce nuclear mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-depleted cells. Using the human-hamster hybrid A(L) cells, we show here that arsenic alters mitochondrial function by decreasing cytochrome c oxidase function and oxygen consumption but increasing citrate synthase function. These alterations correlated with depletion in mtDNA copy number and increase in large heteroplasmic mtDNA deletions. In addition, mtDNA isolated periodically from cultures treated continuously with arsenic did not consistently display the same deletion pattern, indicating that the mitochondrial genome was subjected to repeated and continuous damage. These data support the theory that the mitochondria, and particularly mtDNA, are important targets of the mutagenic effects of arsenic in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Partridge
- Center for Radiological Research, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Chung JS, Haque R, Guha Mazumder DN, Moore LE, Ghosh N, Samanta S, Mitra S, Hira-Smith MM, von Ehrenstein O, Basu A, Liaw J, Smith AH. Blood concentrations of methionine, selenium, beta-carotene, and other micronutrients in a case-control study of arsenic-induced skin lesions in West Bengal, India. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2006; 101:230-7. [PMID: 16332366 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2005.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2005] [Revised: 10/15/2005] [Accepted: 10/20/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that susceptibility to arsenic toxicity could be influenced by micronutrients, in particular selenium, methionine, and beta-carotene. A case-control study was conducted in West Bengal, India, in a region known to have groundwater arsenic contamination, to determine whether differences in micronutrient status contribute to susceptibility to arsenic-induced skin lesions. Micronutrient status was assessed by blood levels of specific micronutrients and metabolic indicators. Blood was obtained from 180 cases with skin lesions and 192 controls. Blood assays measured micronutrients and carotenoids (folate, selenium, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, retinol, alpha-tocopherol, lutein/zeaxanthin, beta-carotene, lycopene, beta-cryptoxanthin) and metabolic indicators such as glucose, cholesterol, transthyretin, amino acids, and proteins potentially associated with methylation (cysteine, homocysteine, methionine, glutathione). The distributions of nutrient concentrations were similar in cases and controls. The median selenium concentrations in cases and controls were both 1.15 micromol/L, and there was little evidence of differences in other micronutrients. Odds ratios (ORs) for arsenic-induced skin lesions were estimated for each quartile of nutrient concentrations, using the quartile with the highest nutrient level as the referent group. There were no clear trends associated with deficiencies of any micronutrient or metabolic indicator. For decreasing quartiles of selenium, the OR estimates were 1.00, 0.67, 0.99, 0.80; P=0.81; for methionine, the OR estimates were 1.00, 0.83, 0.78, 0.72; P=0.29. For beta-carotene, the ORs were 1.00, 0.53, 0.51, 0.96, demonstrating no increased risk at the lower quartiles. The measured micronutrients and metabolic indicators investigated do not appear to modify the risk of developing arsenic-induced skin lesions. The lack of any trend of increasing risk with lower selenium, vitamin E, and beta-carotene concentrations has important implications for proposed therapeutic interventions. The emphasis of interventions should be on reducing arsenic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce S Chung
- Arsenic Health Effects Research Program, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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40
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Wu MM, Chiou HY, Hsueh YM, Hong CT, Su CL, Chang SF, Huang WL, Wang HT, Wang YH, Hsieh YC, Chen CJ. Effect of plasma homocysteine level and urinary monomethylarsonic acid on the risk of arsenic-associated carotid atherosclerosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 216:168-75. [PMID: 16806340 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2006] [Revised: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic-contaminated well water has been shown to increase the risk of atherosclerosis. Because of involving S-adenosylmethionine, homocysteine may modify the risk by interfering with the biomethylation of ingested arsenic. In this study, we assessed the effect of plasma homocysteine level and urinary monomethylarsonic acid (MMA(V)) on the risk of atherosclerosis associated with arsenic. In total, 163 patients with carotid atherosclerosis and 163 controls were studied. Lifetime cumulative arsenic exposure from well water for study subjects was measured as index of arsenic exposure. Homocysteine level was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Proportion of MMA(V) (MMA%) was calculated by dividing with total arsenic species in urine, including arsenite, arsenate, MMA(V), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)). Results of multiple linear regression analysis show a positive correlation of plasma homocysteine levels to the cumulative arsenic exposure after controlling for atherosclerosis status and nutritional factors (P < 0.05). This correlation, however, did not change substantially the effect of arsenic exposure on the risk of atherosclerosis as analyzed in a subsequent logistic regression model. Logistic regression analyses also show that elevated plasma homocysteine levels did not confer an independent risk for developing atherosclerosis in the study population. However, the risk of having atherosclerosis was increased to 5.4-fold (95% CI, 2.0-15.0) for the study subjects with high MMA% (> or =16.5%) and high homocysteine levels (> or =12.7 micromol/l) as compared to those with low MMA% (<9.9%) and low homocysteine levels (<12.7 micromol/l). Elevated homocysteinemia may exacerbate the formation of atherosclerosis related to arsenic exposure in individuals with high levels of MMA% in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meei-Maan Wu
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan, ROC
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Li JP, Lin JC, Yang JL. ERK activation in arsenite-treated G1-enriched CL3 cells contributes to survival, DNA repair inhibition, and micronucleus formation. Toxicol Sci 2005; 89:164-72. [PMID: 16207941 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenite is known to induce chromosomal damage and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK) signaling transduction pathway. Arsenite also perturbs mitotic spindle and induces G2/M prolongation, leading to genomic instability. However, little is known concerning whether G1 phase is susceptible to arsenite in causing genomic instability and ERK activation. In this study, we investigate the roles of ERK activation in survival, micronucleus formation, and nucleotide excision repair (NER) synthesis in arsenite-treated G1-enriched CL3 human non-small-cell lung carcinoma cells. We found that G1 was the most insensitive phase to arsenite cytotoxicity, yet it was highly susceptible to arsenite in micronucleus induction. After arsenite exposure, the G1 cells exhibited a marked retard in the formation of binucleated cells when they were cultured in cytochalasin B, an inhibitor of cytokinesis, suggesting that arsenite delays the cell cycle progression. Arsenite activated sustained-ERK signal in G1 cells whose suppression further decreased cell proliferation and survival and could lower the micronucleus induction. The NER synthesis activity of G1 cells was inhibited by arsenite as a function of the extent of ERK activation. Intriguingly, blockage of ERK activation recovered NER synthesis activity in the arsenite-treated G1 cells. Together, these results suggest that ERK activation in arsenite-treated G1 cells counteracts cytotoxicity and contributes to genomic instability via NER synthesis inhibition and micronucleus induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Pi Li
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Life Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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Mukherjee S, Das D, Mukherjee M, Das AS, Mitra C. Synergistic effect of folic acid and vitamin B12 in ameliorating arsenic-induced oxidative damage in pancreatic tissue of rat. J Nutr Biochem 2005; 17:319-27. [PMID: 16214333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2005] [Revised: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The efficacies of two nutritional factors, folic acid and vitamin B12, were assessed in this study against arsenic-induced islet cellular toxicity. Rats were divided into four groups consisting of five rats in each group: Group A, control; Group B, arsenic-treated; Group C, arsenic+folic acid; and Group D, arsenic+folic acid+vitamin B12. The dose of arsenic, folic acid and vitamin B12, respectively, was 3 mg, 36 microg and 0.63 microg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) for 30 days. Results showed that, compared to control group, there was a significant increase in the levels of nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydroxyl radical (OH-) formation in the pancreatic tissue of arsenic-treated rats, while the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and cellular content of antioxidant glutathione (GSH) were low in these animals. The serum level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-6 was significantly high in these animals. Light microscopic examination showed a marked fall in the number of islet cells. Concomitant administration of either folic acid or folic acid and vitamin B12 with arsenic significantly restored all these parameters. Although folic acid alone could not restore the normal level of TNF-alpha and IL-6, combined folic acid and vitamin B12 could restore it. Folic acid and vitamin B12 combined also could recover islet cell count. These results suggest that folic acid+vitamin B12 are capable of reducing arsenic-induced cellular oxidative and inflammatory toxic changes. Thus, supplement with vitamin B12+folic acid may be predicted as a possible nutritional management strategy against arsenic-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Mukherjee
- Department of Physiology, Presidency College, Calcutta 700 073, India
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Pal S, Chatterjee AK. Prospective protective role of melatonin against arsenic-induced metabolic toxicity in Wistar rats. Toxicology 2005; 208:25-33. [PMID: 15664430 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2004.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2004] [Revised: 11/02/2004] [Accepted: 11/02/2004] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Subchronic exposure to arsenic is associated with alteration of glucose homeostasis. Arsenic treatment (as sodium arsenite) of male Wistar rats (weighing 130-150 g) at a dose of 5.55 mg kg(-1) body weight (equivalent to 35% of LD(50)) (i.p.) per day for a period of 30 days produced hypoglycemia, with associated increased urinary excretion of glucose and depletion of liver glycogen and pyruvic acid contents. Mobilization of free amino acids from kidney to liver was facilitated by arsenic treatment. Arsenic exposure significantly decreased the glutamate-pyruvate transaminase activity in kidney. Glucose 6-phosphatase activity in liver tissue was also significantly decreased after arsenic treatment. In addition to these, liver lactate dehydrogenase activity was elevated due to arsenic treatment. Melatonin supplementation (i.p.) at a dose of 10 mg kg(-1) day(-1) for last five days prior to sacrifice reversed most of the above changes caused by arsenic. Melatonin, being a potent free radical scavenger may reduce arsenic-induced free radical production, and thereby, eliminating its toxic effects. So, arsenic-induced hypoglycemia, with associated glycogenolytic as well as glycolytic activities of liver can be partially counteracted by melatonin supplementation. Accordingly, it may be suggested that melatonin can serve as a prospective protective agent against arsenic-induced metabolic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Pal
- Biochemistry and Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, West Bengal, Kolkata 700009, India
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Sugden KD, Rigby KM, Martin BD. Oxidative activation of the human carcinogen chromate by arsenite: A model for synergistic metal activation leading to oxidative DNA damage. Toxicol In Vitro 2004; 18:741-8. [PMID: 15465638 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2004.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2004] [Accepted: 03/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure to toxic metals and metalloids in the environment seldom occurs from a single pure compound. Most environmental exposure profiles are heterogeneous with co-exposure occurring coincident with multiple toxic metal species. This co-exposure to metals and metalloids in complex mixtures can result in a synergistic, additive or even depletive toxic response. The complexity of interactions presented by metal mixtures presents a need for convenient and sensitive methods to determine potential toxic responses from such co-exposure. We have studied the reaction between the two commonly associated toxic metals of chromate, Cr(VI), and arsenite, As(III), with regards to the ability of As(III) to reductively activate Cr(VI) to generate oxidative stress and DNA damage. Using a DCF-based fluorescent dye assay we have demonstrated that the redox reaction between As(III) and Cr(VI) yields high valent intermediates of chromium, Cr(V), that are highly oxidizing. This induction of oxidizing potential was dose dependent and did not occur with As(III) or Cr(VI) alone or, with the other major oxidation state of arsenic, arsenate, As(V). The mechanism of oxidation of DCFH to the fluorescent species, DCF, in this reaction was through a direct, metal-based oxidation since addition of radical scavengers did not significantly decrease oxidation of the dye in this system. The addition of a ligand that stabilizes the high valent Cr(V) oxidation state, 2-ethyl-2-hydroxybutyric acid (EHBA), to the chromate and arsenite mixture resulted in an enhancement of DCF fluorescence. The DCF fluorescence observed with the Cr(VI) and As(III) mixture was also found to correlate with oxidative DNA damage as measured by a plasmid nicking assay. These data show how metal-metal interactions in environmental mixtures could result in the synergistic induction of oxidative stress and DNA damage. Further, these data demonstrate the utility of the DCF fluorescence assay as a sensitive method for screening synergistic redox interactions in metal mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent D Sugden
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
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Chien CW, Chiang MC, Ho IC, Lee TC. Association of chromosomal alterations with arsenite-induced tumorigenicity of human HaCaT keratinocytes in nude mice. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2004; 112:1704-10. [PMID: 15579417 PMCID: PMC1253663 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic is a well-documented human carcinogen. Chronic low-dose exposure to inorganic arsenic is associated with an increased incidence of a variety of cancers, including skin, lung, bladder, and liver cancer. Because genetic alterations often occur during cancer development, the objective of this study was to explore what types of genetic alterations were induced by chronic exposure of human HaCaT cells to arsenic. After 20 passages in the presence of inorganic trivalent arsenite at concentrations of 0.5 or 1 microM, HaCaT cells had higher intracellular levels of glutathione, became more resistance to arsenite, and showed an increased frequency of micronuclei. Furthermore, the previously nontumorigenic HaCaT cells became tumorigenic, as shown by subcutaneous injection into Balb/c nude mice. Cell lines derived from the tumors formed by injection of arsenite-exposed HaCaT cells into nude mice expressed higher levels of keratin 6, a proliferation marker of keratinocytes, than did parental HaCaT cells, whereas the expression of keratins 5, 8, and 10 was significantly decreased. Comparative genomic hybridization demonstrated chromosomal alterations in the 11 cell lines derived from these tumors; all 11 showed significant loss of chromosome 9q, and seven showed significant gain of chromosome 4q. The present results show that long-term exposure to low doses of arsenite transformed nontumorigenic human keratinocytes to cells that were tumorigenic in nude mice and that chromosomal alterations were observed in all cell lines established from the tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wen Chien
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Science, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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46
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Abstract
Arsenic is a metalloid compound that is widely distributed in the environment. Human exposure of this compound has been associated with increased cancer incidence. Although the exact mechanisms remain to be investigated, numerous carcinogenic pathways have been proposed. Potential carcinogenic actions for arsenic include oxidative stress, genotoxic damage, DNA repair inhibition, epigenetic events, and activation of certain signal transduction pathways leading to abberrant gene expression. In this article, we summarize current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of arsenic carcinogenesis with an emphasis on ROS and signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanshu Huang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA.
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47
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Abstract
Arsenic is a known toxin and carcinogen that is present in industrial settings and in the environment. The mechanisms of disease initiation and progression are not fully understood. In the last a few years, there has been increasing evidence of the correlation between the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA damage, tumor promotion, and arsenic exposure. This article summarizes the current literature on the arsenic mediated generation of ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in various biological systems. This article also discusses the role of ROS and RNS in arsenic-induced DNA damage and activation of oxidative sensitive gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglian Shi
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Wanibuchi H, Salim EI, Kinoshita A, Shen J, Wei M, Morimura K, Yoshida K, Kuroda K, Endo G, Fukushima S. Understanding arsenic carcinogenicity by the use of animal models. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 198:366-76. [PMID: 15276416 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2003.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2003] [Accepted: 10/08/2003] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although numerous epidemiological studies have indicated that human arsenic exposure is associated with increased incidences of bladder, liver, skin, and lung cancers, limited attempts have been made to understand mechanisms of carcinogenicity using animal models. Dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), an organic arsenic compound, is a major metabolite of ingested inorganic arsenics in mammals. Recent in vitro studies have proven DMA to be a potent clastogenic agent, capable of inducing DNA damage including double strand breaks and cross-link formation. In our attempts to clarify DMA carcinogenicity, we have recently shown carcinogenic effects of DMA and its related metabolites using various experimental protocols in rats and mice: (1) a multi-organ promotion bioassay in rats; (2) a two-stage promotion bioassay by DMA of rat urinary bladder and liver carcinogenesis; (3) a 2-year carcinogenicity test of DMA in rats; (4) studies on the effects of DMA on lung carcinogenesis in rats; (5) promotion of skin carcinogenesis by DMA in keratin (K6)/ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) transgenic mice; (6) carcinogenicity of DMA in p53(+/-) knockout and Mmh/8-OXOG-DNA glycolase (OGG1) mutant mice; (7) promoting effects of DMA and related organic arsenicals in rat liver; (8) promoting effects of DMA and related organic arsenicals in a rat multi-organ carcinogenesis test; and (9) 2-year carcinogenicity tests of monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO) in rats. The results revealed that the adverse effects of arsenic occurred either by promoting and initiating carcinogenesis. These data, as covered in the present review, suggest that several mechanisms may be involved in arsenic carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Wanibuchi
- Department of Pathology, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
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Shi H, Hudson LG, Liu KJ. Oxidative stress and apoptosis in metal ion-induced carcinogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37:582-93. [PMID: 15288116 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2003] [Accepted: 03/19/2004] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence suggests that exposure to certain metals causes carcinogenesis. The mechanisms of metal-induced carcinogenesis have been pursued in chemical, biochemical, cellular, and animal models. Significant evidence has accumulated that oxidative stress may be a common pathway in cellular responses to exposure to different metals. For example, in the last few years evidence in support of a correlation between the generation of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, tumor promotion, and arsenic exposure has strengthened. This article summarizes the current literature on metal-mediated oxidative stress, apoptosis, and their relation to metal-mediated carcinogenesis, concentrating on arsenic and chromium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglian Shi
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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50
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Hei TK, Filipic M. Role of oxidative damage in the genotoxicity of arsenic. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37:574-81. [PMID: 15288115 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2003] [Revised: 01/15/2004] [Accepted: 02/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is a well-established human carcinogen and is ubiquitous in the environment. For decades, arsenic has been considered to be a nongenotoxic carcinogen because it is only weakly active or, more often, completely inactive in bacterial and mammalian cell mutation assays. In this review, evidence is presented that when assayed using model systems in which both intragenic and multilocus mutations can readily be detected, arsenic is, indeed, found to be a strong, dose-dependent mutagen which induces mostly multilocus deletions. Furthermore, the roles of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species in mediating the genotoxic response are presented in a systematic and logical fashion in support of a working model. The data suggest that antioxidants may be a useful interventional treatment in reducing the deleterious effects of arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom K Hei
- Center for Radiological Research, College of Physician and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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