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Teli P, Kale V, Vaidya A. Beyond animal models: revolutionizing neurodegenerative disease modeling using 3D in vitro organoids, microfluidic chips, and bioprinting. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 394:75-91. [PMID: 37572163 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03821-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are characterized by uncontrolled loss of neuronal cells leading to a progressive deterioration of brain functions. The transition rate of numerous neuroprotective drugs against Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease, leading to FDA approval, is only 8-14% in the last two decades. Thus, in spite of encouraging preclinical results, these drugs have failed in human clinical trials, demonstrating that traditional cell cultures and animal models cannot accurately replicate human pathophysiology. Hence, in vitro three-dimensional (3D) models have been developed to bridge the gap between human and animal studies. Such technological advancements in 3D culture systems, such as human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cells/organoids, organ-on-a-chip technique, and 3D bioprinting, have aided our understanding of the pathophysiology and underlying mechanisms of human NDs. Despite these recent advances, we still lack a 3D model that recapitulates all the key aspects of NDs, thus making it difficult to study the ND's etiology in-depth. Hence in this review, we propose developing a combinatorial approach that allows the integration of patient-derived iPSCs/organoids with 3D bioprinting and organ-on-a-chip technique as it would encompass the neuronal cells along with their niche. Such a 3D combinatorial approach would characterize pathological processes thoroughly, making them better suited for high-throughput drug screening and developing effective novel therapeutics targeting NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajakta Teli
- Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Pune, 412115, India
- Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Symbiosis Center for Stem Cell Research, Pune, 412115, India
| | - Vaijayanti Kale
- Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Pune, 412115, India
- Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Symbiosis Center for Stem Cell Research, Pune, 412115, India
| | - Anuradha Vaidya
- Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Pune, 412115, India.
- Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Symbiosis Center for Stem Cell Research, Pune, 412115, India.
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2
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Zhang P, Li Y, Wang K, Huang J, Su BB, Xu C, Wang Z, Tan S, Yang F, Tan Y. Altered DNA methylation of CYP2E1 gene in schizophrenia patients with tardive dyskinesia. BMC Med Genomics 2022; 15:253. [PMID: 36494682 PMCID: PMC9733323 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-022-01404-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND About 20-30% of patients with schizophrenia develop tardive dyskinesia (TD). Oxidative stress is one potential causes of TD. CYP2E1 is considered as an oxidative stress-related gene, however, no study has been reported on the DNA methylation levels of the CYP2E1 in schizophrenia or TD. METHODS A total of 35 schizophrenia patients with TD, 35 schizophrenia patients without TD (NTD), and 35 health controls (HCs) were collected in Beijing, China. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples. The promoter methylation levels of CYP2E1 were detected using pyrosequencing. The generalized linear model (GLM) was used to examine the methylation levels of three CpG sites among three diagnostic groups (TD vs. NTD vs. HC). RESULTS The average methylation levels were 8.8 ± 10.0, 14.5 ± 11.9 and 15.1 ± 11.3 in TD, NTD and HC groups, respectively. The F-test in GLM revealed overall differences in the average of methylation levels of three CpG sites among three diagnostic groups (p = 0.0227) and in the third CpG site (p = 0.0026). Furthermore, the TD group had lower average methylation levels than HC and NTD groups (p = 0.0115 and 0.0268, respectively). Specifically, TD group showed lower methylation levels in the third CpG site than HC and NTD groups (p = 0.0012 and 0.0072, respectively). Additionally, associations of the methylation levels with clinical features in the TD group were observed using Spearman correlation analysis. CONCLUSION This study provides the first evidence of DNA methylation levels in the promoter of CYP2E1 gene associated with schizophrenia and TD. The abnormal DNA methylation might serve as a potential mechanism for TD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, 100096 China
| | - Yanli Li
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, 100096 China
| | - Kesheng Wang
- grid.268154.c0000 0001 2156 6140Department of Family and Community Health, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, School of Nursing, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
| | - Junchao Huang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, 100096 China
| | - Brenda Bin Su
- grid.449717.80000 0004 5374 269XDepartment of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Affairs, University of Texas Rio Grande Valle, Brownsville, TX USA
| | - Chun Xu
- grid.449717.80000 0004 5374 269XDepartment of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Affairs, University of Texas Rio Grande Valle, Brownsville, TX USA
| | - Zhiren Wang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, 100096 China
| | - Shuping Tan
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, 100096 China
| | - Fude Yang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, 100096 China
| | - Yunlong Tan
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, 100096 China
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Wong TY, Menaga S, Huang CYF, Ho SHA, Gan SC, Lim YM. 2-Methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (MNQ) regulates cancer key genes of MAPK, PI3K, and NF-κB pathways in Raji cells. Genomics Inform 2022; 20:e7. [PMID: 35399006 PMCID: PMC9001993 DOI: 10.5808/gi.21041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (MNQ) has been shown to cause cytotoxic towards various cancer cell lines. This study is designed to investigate the regulatory effect of MNQ on the key cancer genes in mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, and nuclear factor кB signaling pathways. The expression levels of the genes were compared at different time point using polymerase chain reaction arrays and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was performed to identify gene networks that are most significant to key cancer genes. A total of 43 differentially expressed genes were identified with 21 up-regulated and 22 down-regulated genes. Up-regulated genes were involved in apoptosis, cell cycle and act as tumor suppressor while down-regulated genes were involved in anti-apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell cycle and act as transcription factor as well as proto-oncogenes. MNQ exhibited multiple regulatory effects on the cancer key genes that targeting at cell proliferation, cell differentiation, cell transformation, apoptosis, reduce inflammatory responses, inhibits angiogenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teck Yew Wong
- Centre for Cancer Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Subramaniam Menaga
- Centre for Cancer Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chi-Ying F Huang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Siong Hock Anthony Ho
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, Lakeside Campus 1, 47500 Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Seng Chiew Gan
- Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000 Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Yang Mooi Lim
- Centre for Cancer Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000 Kajang, Malaysia
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TRPC3 shapes the ER-mitochondria Ca 2+ transfer characterizing tumour-promoting senescence. Nat Commun 2022; 13:956. [PMID: 35177596 PMCID: PMC8854551 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28597-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is implicated in a great number of diseases including cancer. Although alterations in mitochondrial metabolism were reported as senescence drivers, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We report the mechanism altering mitochondrial function and OXPHOS in stress-induced senescent fibroblasts. We demonstrate that TRPC3 protein, acting as a controller of mitochondrial Ca2+ load via negative regulation of IP3 receptor-mediated Ca2+ release, is down regulated in senescence regardless of the type of senescence inducer. This remodelling promotes cytosolic/mitochondrial Ca2+ oscillations and elevates mitochondrial Ca2+ load, mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate and oxidative phosphorylation. Re-expression of TRPC3 in senescent cells diminishes mitochondrial Ca2+ load and promotes escape from OIS-induced senescence. Cellular senescence evoked by TRPC3 downregulation in stromal cells displays a proinflammatory and tumour-promoting secretome that encourages cancer epithelial cell proliferation and tumour growth in vivo. Altogether, our results unravel the mechanism contributing to pro-tumour behaviour of senescent cells. Mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis is reported to influence cellular senescence. Here the authors show that TRPC3 limits senescence by inhibiting IP3R-mediated Ca2+ release and ER mitochondria Ca2+ transfer and that the downregulation of TRPC3 in stromal cells affects SASP production and tumour progression.
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Kakinen A, Javed I, Davis TP, Ke PC. In vitro and in vivo models for anti-amyloidosis nanomedicines. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2021; 6:95-119. [PMID: 33438715 DOI: 10.1039/d0nh00548g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid diseases are global epidemics characterized by the accumulative deposits of cross-beta amyloid fibrils and plaques. Despite decades of intensive research, few solutions are available for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of these debilitating diseases. Since the early work on the interaction of human β2-microglobulin and nanoparticles by Linse et al. in 2007, the field of amyloidosis inhibition has gradually evolved into a new frontier in nanomedicine offering numerous interdisciplinary research opportunities, especially for materials, chemistry and biophysics. In this review we summarise, for the first time, the in vitro and in vivo models employed thus far in the field of anti-amyloidosis nanomedicines. Based on this systematic summary, we bring forth the notion that, due to the complex and often overlapping physiopathologies of amyloid diseases, there is a crucial need for the appropriate use of in vitro and in vivo models for validating novel anti-amyloidosis nanomedicines, and there is a crucial need for the development of new animal models that reflect the behavioural, symptomatic and cross-talk hallmarks of amyloid diseases such as Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD) diseases and type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Kakinen
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Du Y, Zhou M, Hu Y, Zhang S. Emerging roles of N6-methyladenosine (m 6A) modification in breast cancer. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:136. [PMID: 33292526 PMCID: PMC7690038 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00502-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant, dynamic, and reversible epigenetic RNA modification that is found in coding and non-coding RNAs. Emerging studies have shown that m6A and its regulators affect multiple steps in RNA metabolism and play broad roles in various cancers. Worldwide, breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in female. It is a very heterogeneous disease characterized by genetic and epigenetic variations in tumor cells. Increasing evidence has shown that the dysregulation of m6A-related effectors, as methyltransferases, demethylases, and m6A binding proteins, is pivotal in breast cancer pathogenesis. In this review, we have summarized the most up-to-date research on the biological functions of m6A modification in breast cancer and have discussed the potential clinical applications and future directions of m6A modification as a biomarker as well as a therapeutic target of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yushen Du
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Meiqi Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Suzhan Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
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7
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STAT3 Pathway in Gastric Cancer: Signaling, Therapeutic Targeting and Future Prospects. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9060126. [PMID: 32545648 PMCID: PMC7345582 DOI: 10.3390/biology9060126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Molecular signaling pathways play a significant role in the regulation of biological mechanisms, and their abnormal expression can provide the conditions for cancer development. The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a key member of the STAT proteins and its oncogene role in cancer has been shown. STAT3 is able to promote the proliferation and invasion of cancer cells and induces chemoresistance. Different downstream targets of STAT3 have been identified in cancer and it has also been shown that microRNA (miR), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and other molecular pathways are able to function as upstream mediators of STAT3 in cancer. In the present review, we focus on the role and regulation of STAT3 in gastric cancer (GC). miRs and lncRNAs are considered as potential upstream mediators of STAT3 and they are able to affect STAT3 expression in exerting their oncogene or onco-suppressor role in GC cells. Anti-tumor compounds suppress the STAT3 signaling pathway to restrict the proliferation and malignant behavior of GC cells. Other molecular pathways, such as sirtuin, stathmin and so on, can act as upstream mediators of STAT3 in GC. Notably, the components of the tumor microenvironment that are capable of targeting STAT3 in GC, such as fibroblasts and macrophages, are discussed in this review. Finally, we demonstrate that STAT3 can target oncogene factors to enhance the proliferation and metastasis of GC cells.
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8
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Slanzi A, Iannoto G, Rossi B, Zenaro E, Constantin G. In vitro Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:328. [PMID: 32528949 PMCID: PMC7247860 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are progressive degenerative conditions characterized by the functional deterioration and ultimate loss of neurons. These incurable and debilitating diseases affect millions of people worldwide, and therefore represent a major global health challenge with severe implications for individuals and society. Recently, several neuroprotective drugs have failed in human clinical trials despite promising pre-clinical data, suggesting that conventional cell cultures and animal models cannot precisely replicate human pathophysiology. To bridge the gap between animal and human studies, three-dimensional cell culture models have been developed from human or animal cells, allowing the effects of new therapies to be predicted more accurately by closely replicating some aspects of the brain environment, mimicking neuronal and glial cell interactions, and incorporating the effects of blood flow. In this review, we discuss the relative merits of different cerebral models, from traditional cell cultures to the latest high-throughput three-dimensional systems. We discuss their advantages and disadvantages as well as their potential to investigate the complex mechanisms of human neurodegenerative diseases. We focus on in vitro models of the most frequent age-related neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and prion disease, and on multiple sclerosis, a chronic inflammatory neurodegenerative disease affecting young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Slanzi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giulia Iannoto
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Barbara Rossi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Zenaro
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gabriela Constantin
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Center for Biomedical Computing (CBMC), University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Dou X, Tong P, Huang H, Zellmer L, He Y, Jia Q, Zhang D, Peng J, Wang C, Xu N, Liao DJ. Evidence for immortality and autonomy in animal cancer models is often not provided, which causes confusion on key issues of cancer biology. J Cancer 2020; 11:2887-2920. [PMID: 32226506 PMCID: PMC7086263 DOI: 10.7150/jca.41324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern research into carcinogenesis has undergone three phases. Surgeons and pathologists started the first phase roughly 250 years ago, establishing morphological traits of tumors for pathologic diagnosis, and setting immortality and autonomy as indispensable criteria for neoplasms. A century ago, medical doctors, biologists and chemists started to enhance "experimental cancer research" by establishing many animal models of chemical-induced carcinogenesis for studies of cellular mechanisms. In this second phase, the two-hit theory and stepwise carcinogenesis of "initiation-promotion" or "initiation-promotion-progression" were established, with an illustrious finding that outgrowths induced in animals depend on the inducers, and thus are not authentically neoplastic, until late stages. The last 40 years are the third incarnation, molecular biologists have gradually dominated the carcinogenesis research fraternity and have established numerous genetically-modified animal models of carcinogenesis. However, evidence has not been provided for immortality and autonomy of the lesions from most of these models. Probably, many lesions had already been collected from animals for analyses of molecular mechanisms of "cancer" before the lesions became autonomous. We herein review the monumental work of many predecessors to reinforce that evidence for immortality and autonomy is essential for confirming a neoplastic nature. We extrapolate that immortality and autonomy are established early during sporadic human carcinogenesis, unlike the late establishment in most animal models. It is imperative to resume many forerunners' work by determining the genetic bases for initiation, promotion and progression, the genetic bases for immortality and autonomy, and which animal models are, in fact, good for identifying such genetic bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Dou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Transmucosal and Transdermal Drug Delivery, Shandong Freda Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Jinan 250101, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Pingzhen Tong
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou Province, P.R. China
| | - Hai Huang
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou Province, P.R. China
| | - Lucas Zellmer
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 435 E. River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yan He
- Key Lab of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of The Ministry of Education of China in Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550004, P. R. China
| | - Qingwen Jia
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Transmucosal and Transdermal Drug Delivery, Shandong Freda Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Jinan 250101, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Daizhou Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Transmucosal and Transdermal Drug Delivery, Shandong Freda Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Jinan 250101, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Peng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- Tianjin LIPOGEN Gene Technology Ltd., #238 Baidi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Dezhong Joshua Liao
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou Province, P.R. China
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Qi H, Yang Z, Dai C, Wang R, Ke X, Zhang S, Xiang X, Chen K, Li C, Luo J, Shao J, Shen J. STAT3 activates MSK1-mediated histone H3 phosphorylation to promote NFAT signaling in gastric carcinogenesis. Oncogenesis 2020; 9:15. [PMID: 32041943 PMCID: PMC7010763 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-0195-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic abnormalities contribute significantly to the development and progression of gastric cancer. However, the underlying regulatory networks from oncogenic signaling pathway to epigenetic dysregulation remain largely unclear. Here we showed that STAT3 signaling, one of the critical links between inflammation and cancer, acted as a control pathway in gastric carcinogenesis. STAT3 aberrantly transactivates the epigenetic kinase mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1 (MSK1), thereby phosphorylating histone H3 serine10 (H3S10) and STAT3 itself during carcinogen-induced gastric tumorigenesis. We further identified the calcium pathway transcription factor NFATc2 as a novel downstream target of the STAT3-MSK1 positive-regulating loop. STAT3 forms a functional complex with MSK1 at the promoter of NFATc2 to promote its transcription in a H3S10 phosphorylation-dependent way, thus affecting NFATc2-related inflammatory pathways in gastric carcinogenesis. Inhibiting the STAT3/MSK1/NFATc2 signaling axis significantly suppressed gastric cancer cell proliferation and xenograft tumor growth, which provides a potential novel approach for gastric carcinogenesis intervention by regulating aberrant epigenetic and transcriptional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Qi
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Radiation Oncology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhiyi Yang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Medical Oncology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chujun Dai
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Medical Oncology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Runan Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Medical Oncology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xinxin Ke
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Medical Oncology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shuilian Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Medical Oncology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xueping Xiang
- Department of Pathology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kailin Chen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Medical Oncology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chen Li
- Institute of Genetics and Department of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jindan Luo
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jimin Shao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Jing Shen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Medical Oncology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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11
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Hinman SS, Kim R, Wang Y, Phillips KS, Attayek PJ, Allbritton NL. Microphysiological System Design: Simplicity Is Elegance. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020; 13:94-102. [PMID: 32095672 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Design parameters for microphysiological systems (MPS) are driven by the need for new tools to answer questions focusing on human physiology in a robust and reliable manner. Within this perspective, engineering benchmarks and principles are identified to guide the construction of new devices in the MPS field, with emphasis placed on the design principles common to all tissues, as well as those unique to a subset of tissues. Leading organ replica technologies that recapitulate various functions of the brain, heart, intestine, and lung are highlighted as examples that meet the identified benchmarks and standards, with current barriers for large scale production and commercialization discussed. To reach their full potential and achieve widespread use, MPS will have to be recognized officially by government agencies, and toward this end, considerations of MPS as a potential regulatory tool are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S Hinman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Raehyun Kim
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Yuli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - K Scott Phillips
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Office of Medical Products and Tobacco, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Division of Biology, Chemistry and Materials Science, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA
| | - Peter J Attayek
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Nancy L Allbritton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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12
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Zhang C, Lee HJ, Shrivastava A, Wang R, McQuiston TJ, Challberg SS, Pollok BA, Wang T. Long-Term In Vitro Expansion of Epithelial Stem Cells Enabled by Pharmacological Inhibition of PAK1-ROCK-Myosin II and TGF-β Signaling. Cell Rep 2019; 25:598-610.e5. [PMID: 30332641 PMCID: PMC6284236 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite substantial self-renewal capability in vivo, epithelial stem and progenitor cells located in various tissues expand for a few passages in vitro in feeder-free condition before they succumb to growth arrest. Here, we describe the EpiX method, which utilizes small molecules that inhibit PAK1-ROCK-Myosin II and TGF-β signaling to achieve over one trillion-fold expansion of human epithelial stem and progenitor cells from skin, airway, mammary, and prostate glands in the absence of feeder cells. Transcriptomic and epigenomic studies show that this condition helps epithelial cells to overcome stresses for continuous proliferation. EpiX-expanded basal epithelial cells differentiate into mature epithelial cells consistent with their tissue origins. Whole-genome sequencing reveals that the cells retain remarkable genome integrity after extensive in vitro expansion without acquiring tumorigenicity. EpiX technology provides a solution to exploit the potential of tissue-resident epithelial stem and progenitor cells for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkang Zhang
- Propagenix, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Suite 325, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Hyung Joo Lee
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Anura Shrivastava
- Propagenix, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Suite 325, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Ruipeng Wang
- Propagenix, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Suite 325, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Travis J McQuiston
- Propagenix, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Suite 325, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Sharon S Challberg
- Propagenix, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Suite 325, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Brian A Pollok
- Propagenix, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Suite 325, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
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BK Polyomavirus Activates the DNA Damage Response To Prolong S Phase. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00130-19. [PMID: 31043526 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00130-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (PyV) is a major source of kidney failure in transplant recipients. The standard treatment for patients with lytic BKPyV infection is to reduce immunosuppressive therapy, which increases the risk of graft rejection. PyVs are DNA viruses that rely upon host replication proteins for viral genome replication. A hallmark of PyV infection is activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) to prevent severe host and viral DNA damage that impairs viral production by an unknown mechanism. Therefore, we sought to better understand why BKPyV activates the DDR through the ATR and ATM pathways and how this prevents DNA damage and leads to increased viral production. When ATR was inhibited in BKPyV-infected primary kidney cells, severe DNA damage occurred due to premature Cdk1 activation, which resulted in mitosis of cells that were actively replicating host DNA in S phase. Conversely, ATM was required for efficient entry into S phase and to prevent normal mitotic entry after G2 phase. The synergistic activation of these DDR kinases promoted and maintained BKPyV-mediated S phase to enhance viral production. In contrast to BKPyV infection, DDR inhibition did not disrupt cell cycle control in uninfected cells. This suggests that DDR inhibitors may be used to specifically target BKPyV-infected cells.IMPORTANCE BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is an emerging pathogen that reactivates in immunosuppressed organ transplant patients. We wanted to understand why BKPyV-induced activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) enhances viral titers and prevents host DNA damage. Here, we show that the virus activates the DNA damage response in order to keep the infected cells in S phase to replicate the viral DNA. The source of DNA damage was due to actively replicating cells with uncondensed chromosomes entering directly into mitosis when the DDR was inhibited in BKPyV-infected cells. This study clarifies the previously enigmatic role of the DDR during BKPyV infection by demonstrating that the virus activates the DDR to maintain the cells in S phase in order to promote viral replication and that disruption of this cell cycle arrest can lead to catastrophic DNA damage for the host.
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14
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Kwon S, Kim SS, Nebeck HE, Ahn EH. Immortalization of Different Breast Epithelial Cell Types Results in Distinct Mitochondrial Mutagenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2813. [PMID: 31181796 PMCID: PMC6600575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Different phenotypes of normal cells might influence genetic profiles, epigenetic profiles, and tumorigenicities of their transformed derivatives. In this study, we investigate whether the whole mitochondrial genome of immortalized cells can be attributed to the different phenotypes (stem vs. non-stem) of their normal epithelial cell originators. To accurately determine mutations, we employed Duplex Sequencing, which exhibits the lowest error rates among currently-available DNA sequencing methods. Our results indicate that the vast majority of the observed mutations of the whole mitochondrial DNA occur at low-frequency (rare mutations). The most prevalent rare mutation types are C→T/G→A and A→G/T→C transitions. Frequencies and spectra of homoplasmic point mutations are virtually identical between stem cell-derived immortalized (SV1) cells and non-stem cell-derived immortalized (SV22) cells, verifying that both cell types were derived from the same woman. However, frequencies of rare point mutations are significantly lower in SV1 cells (5.79 × 10-5) than in SV22 cells (1.16 × 10-4). The significantly lower frequencies of rare mutations are aligned with a finding of longer average distances to adjacent mutations in SV1 cells than in SV22 cells. Additionally, the predicted pathogenicity for rare mutations in the mitochondrial tRNA genes tends to be lower (by 2.5-fold) in SV1 cells than in SV22 cells. While four known/confirmed pathogenic mt-tRNA mutations (m.5650 G>A, m.5521 G>A, m.5690 A>G, m.1630 A>G) were identified in SV22 cells, no such mutations were observed in SV1 cells. Our findings suggest that the immortalization of normal cells with stem cell features leads to decreased mitochondrial mutagenesis, particularly in RNA gene regions. The mutation spectra and mutations specific to stem cell-derived immortalized cells (vs. non-stem cell derived) have implications in characterizing the heterogeneity of tumors and understanding the role of mitochondrial mutations in the immortalization and transformation of human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Kwon
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Susan S Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Howard E Nebeck
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Eun Hyun Ahn
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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15
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Harrington L, Pucci F. In medio stat virtus: unanticipated consequences of telomere dysequilibrium. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2016.0444. [PMID: 29335368 PMCID: PMC5784064 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrity of chromosome ends, or telomeres, depends on myriad processes that must balance the need to compact and protect the telomeric, G-rich DNA from detection as a double-stranded DNA break, and yet still permit access to enzymes that process, replicate and maintain a sufficient reserve of telomeric DNA. When unable to maintain this equilibrium, erosion of telomeres leads to perturbations at or near the telomeres themselves, including loss of binding by the telomere protective complex, shelterin, and alterations in transcription and post-translational modifications of histones. Although the catastrophic consequences of full telomere de-protection are well described, recent evidence points to other, less obvious perturbations that arise when telomere length equilibrium is altered. For example, critically short telomeres also perturb DNA methylation and histone post-translational modifications at distal sites throughout the genome. In murine stem cells for example, this dysregulated chromatin leads to inappropriate suppression of pluripotency regulator factors such as Nanog. This review summarizes these recent findings, with an emphasis on how these genome-wide, telomere-induced perturbations can have profound consequences on cell function and fate. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Understanding diversity in telomere dynamics’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Harrington
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK
| | - Fabio Pucci
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK
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16
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Ravindranathan A, Cimini B, Diolaiti ME, Stohr BA. Preliminary development of an assay for detection of TERT expression, telomere length, and telomere elongation in single cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206525. [PMID: 30517099 PMCID: PMC6281304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The telomerase enzyme enables unlimited proliferation of most human cancer cells by elongating telomeres and preventing replicative senescence. Despite the critical importance of telomerase in cancer biology, challenges detecting telomerase activity and expression in individual cells have hindered the ability to study patterns of telomerase expression and function across heterogeneous cell populations. While sensitive assays to ascertain telomerase expression and function exist, these approaches have proven difficult to implement at the single cell level. Here, we validate in situ RNAscope detection of the telomerase TERT mRNA and couple this assay with our recently described TSQ1 method for in situ detection of telomere elongation. This approach enables detection of TERT expression, telomere length, and telomere elongation within individual cells of the population. Using this assay, we show that the heterogeneous telomere elongation observed across a HeLa cell population is in part driven by variable expression of the TERT gene. Furthermore, we show that the absence of detectable telomere elongation in some TERT-positive cells is the result of inhibition by the telomeric shelterin complex. This combined assay provides a new approach for understanding the integrated expression, function, and regulation of telomerase at the single cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Ravindranathan
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Beth Cimini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Morgan E Diolaiti
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Bradley A Stohr
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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17
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Korade Ž, Liu W, Warren EB, Armstrong K, Porter NA, Konradi C. Effect of psychotropic drug treatment on sterol metabolism. Schizophr Res 2017; 187:74-81. [PMID: 28202290 PMCID: PMC5554466 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol metabolism is vital for brain function. Previous work in cultured cells has shown that a number of psychotropic drugs inhibit the activity of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7), an enzyme that catalyzes the final steps in cholesterol biosynthesis. This leads to the accumulation of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC), a molecule that gives rise to oxysterols, vitamin D, and atypical neurosteroids. We examined levels of cholesterol and the cholesterol precursors desmosterol, lanosterol, 7DHC and its isomer 8-dehydrocholesterol (8DHC), in blood samples of 123 psychiatric patients on various antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs, and 85 healthy controls, to see if the observations in cell lines hold true for patients as well. Three drugs, aripiprazole, haloperidol and trazodone increased circulating 7DHC and 8DHC levels, while five other drugs, clozapine, escitalopram/citalopram, lamotrigine, olanzapine, and risperidone, did not. Studies in rat brain verified that haloperidol dose-dependently increased 7DHC and 8DHC levels, while clozapine had no effect. We conclude that further studies should investigate the role of 7DHC and 8DHC metabolites, such as oxysterols, vitamin D, and atypical neurosteroids, in the deleterious and therapeutic effects of psychotropic drugs. Finally, we recommend that drugs that increase 7DHC levels should not be prescribed during pregnancy, as children born with DHCR7 deficiency have multiple congenital malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željka Korade
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UNMC, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Emily B Warren
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, United States
| | - Kristan Armstrong
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, United States
| | - Ned A Porter
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Christine Konradi
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, United States.
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18
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Östreicher C, Bartenbacher S, Pischetsrieder M. Targeted proteome analysis with isotope-coded protein labels for monitoring the influence of dietary phytochemicals on the expression of cytoprotective proteins in primary human colon cells. J Proteomics 2017; 166:27-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Massie CE, Mills IG, Lynch AG. The importance of DNA methylation in prostate cancer development. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 166:1-15. [PMID: 27117390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
After briefly reviewing the nature of DNA methylation, its general role in cancer and the tools available to interrogate it, we consider the literature surrounding DNA methylation as relating to prostate cancer. Specific consideration is given to recurrent alterations. A list of frequently reported genes is synthesized from 17 studies that have reported on methylation changes in malignant prostate tissue, and we chart the timing of those changes in the diseases history through amalgamation of several previously published data sets. We also review associations with genetic alterations and hormone signalling, before the practicalities of investigating prostate cancer methylation using cell lines are assessed. We conclude by outlining the interplay between DNA methylation and prostate cancer metabolism and their regulation by androgen receptor, with a specific discussion of the mitochondria and their associations with DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Massie
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian G Mills
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine (Norway), University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospitals, Gaustadalleen, Oslo, Norway; Department of Molecular Oncology, Oslo University Hospitals, Oslo, Norway; PCUK/Movember Centre of Excellence for Prostate Cancer Research, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology (CCRCB), Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Andy G Lynch
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK.
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20
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Patrinostro X, O'Rourke AR, Chamberlain CM, Moriarity BS, Perrin BJ, Ervasti JM. Relative importance of β cyto- and γ cyto-actin in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:771-782. [PMID: 28077619 PMCID: PMC5349784 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-07-0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly homologous β (βcyto) and γ (γcyto) cytoplasmic actins are hypothesized to carry out both redundant and unique essential functions, but studies using targeted gene knockout and siRNA-mediated transcript knockdown to examine βcyto- and γcyto-isoform--specific functions in various cell types have yielded conflicting data. Here we quantitatively characterized actin transcript and protein levels, as well as cellular phenotypes, in both gene- and transcript-targeted primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts. We found that the smooth muscle αsm-actin isoform was the dominantly expressed actin isoform in WT primary fibroblasts and was also the most dramatically up-regulated in primary βcyto- or β/γcyto-actin double-knockout fibroblasts. Gene targeting of βcyto-actin, but not γcyto-actin, led to greatly decreased cell proliferation, decreased levels of cellular ATP, and increased serum response factor signaling in primary fibroblasts, whereas immortalization induced by SV40 large T antigen supported fibroblast proliferation in the absence of βcyto-actin. Consistent with in vivo gene-targeting studies in mice, both gene- and transcript-targeting approaches demonstrate that the loss of βcyto-actin protein is more disruptive to primary fibroblast function than is the loss of γcyto-actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobai Patrinostro
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Allison R O'Rourke
- Program in Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, and Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Christopher M Chamberlain
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | | | - Benjamin J Perrin
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46022
| | - James M Ervasti
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 .,Program in Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, and Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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21
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Construction and Analysis of an Adipose Tissue-Specific and Methylation-Sensitive Promoter of Leptin Gene. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 180:1213-1226. [PMID: 27299919 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation plays a very important role in the regulation of gene expression. Under general situations, methylation in a gene promoter region is frequently accompanied by transcriptional suppression, and those genes that are highly methylated display the phenomenon of low expression. In contrast, those genes whose methylation level is low display the phenomenon of active expression. In this study, we conducted DNA methylation analysis on the CpG sites within the promoter regions of five adipose tissue-specific transcriptional factors-Adiponectin, Chemerin, Leptin, Smaf-1, and Vaspin-and examined their messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels in different mouse tissues. We also performed analyses on the correlation between the DNA methylation levels of these genes and their mRNA expression levels in these tissues. The correlation coefficient for Leptin was the highest, and it displayed a high expression in an adipose tissue-specific manner. Thus, we cloned the regulatory region of Leptin gene and incorporated its promoter into the eukaryotic expression vector pEGFP-N1 and constructed a recombinant plasmid named pEGFP-N1-(p-Lep). This recombinant plasmid was first verified by DNA sequencing and then transfected into mouse pre-adipocytes via electroporation. Measurement of the activity of luciferase (reporter) indicated that p-Lep was capable of driving the expression of the reporter gene. This study has paved a solid basis for subsequent studies on generating transgenic animals.
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22
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Choi M, Lee J, Le MT, Nguyen DT, Park S, Soundrarajan N, Schachtschneider KM, Kim J, Park JK, Kim JH, Park C. Genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation in pigs using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing. DNA Res 2015; 22:343-55. [PMID: 26358297 PMCID: PMC4596400 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsv017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation plays a major role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Although a few DNA methylation profiling studies of porcine genome which is one of the important biomedical models for human diseases have been reported, the available data are still limited. We tried to study methylation patterns of diverse pig tissues as a study of the International Swine Methylome Consortium to generate the swine reference methylome map to extensively evaluate the methylation profile of the pig genome at a single base resolution. We generated and analysed the DNA methylome profiles of five different tissues and a cell line originated from pig. On average, 39.85 and 62.1% of cytosine and guanine dinucleotides (CpGs) of CpG islands and 2 kb upstream of transcription start sites were covered, respectively. We detected a low rate (an average of 1.67%) of non-CpG methylation in the six samples except for the neocortex (2.3%). The observed global CpG methylation patterns of pigs indicated high similarity to other mammals including humans. The percentage of CpG methylation associated with gene features was similar among the tissues but not for a 3D4/2 cell line. Our results provide essential information for future studies of the porcine epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyeung Choi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Jongin Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Min Thong Le
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Dinh Truong Nguyen
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Suhyun Park
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | | | - Kyle M Schachtschneider
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA Animal Breeding and Genomics Center, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaebum Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Jin-Ki Park
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
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23
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CYP2E1 epigenetic regulation in chronic, low-level toluene exposure: Relationship with oxidative stress and smoking habit. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 286:207-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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24
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Devailly G, Grandin M, Perriaud L, Mathot P, Delcros JG, Bidet Y, Morel AP, Bignon JY, Puisieux A, Mehlen P, Dante R. Dynamics of MBD2 deposition across methylated DNA regions during malignant transformation of human mammary epithelial cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:5838-54. [PMID: 26007656 PMCID: PMC4499136 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is thought to induce transcriptional silencing through the combination of two mechanisms: the repulsion of transcriptional activators unable to bind their target sites when methylated, and the recruitment of transcriptional repressors with specific affinity for methylated DNA. The Methyl CpG Binding Domain proteins MeCP2, MBD1 and MBD2 belong to the latter category. Here, we present MBD2 ChIPseq data obtained from the endogenous MBD2 in an isogenic cellular model of oncogenic transformation of human mammary cells. In immortalized (HMEC-hTERT) or transformed (HMLER) cells, MBD2 was found in a large proportion of methylated regions and associated with transcriptional silencing. A redistribution of MBD2 on methylated DNA occurred during oncogenic transformation, frequently independently of local DNA methylation changes. Genes downregulated during HMEC-hTERT transformation preferentially gained MBD2 on their promoter. Furthermore, depletion of MBD2 induced an upregulation of MBD2-bound genes methylated at their promoter regions, in HMLER cells. Among the 3,160 genes downregulated in transformed cells, 380 genes were methylated at their promoter regions in both cell lines, specifically associated by MBD2 in HMLER cells, and upregulated upon MBD2 depletion in HMLER. The transcriptional MBD2-dependent downregulation occurring during oncogenic transformation was also observed in two additional models of mammary cell transformation. Thus, the dynamics of MBD2 deposition across methylated DNA regions was associated with the oncogenic transformation of human mammary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Devailly
- Dependence Receptors, Cancer and Development Laboratory - Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Mélodie Grandin
- Dependence Receptors, Cancer and Development Laboratory - Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Laury Perriaud
- Institut Curie and INSERM U612, Centre Universitaire, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Pauline Mathot
- Dependence Receptors, Cancer and Development Laboratory - Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Guy Delcros
- Dependence Receptors, Cancer and Development Laboratory - Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Yannick Bidet
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre Jean Perrin, 63011 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Anne-Pierre Morel
- EMT and cancer cell plasticity Laboratory - Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, CRCL, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Yves Bignon
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre Jean Perrin, 63011 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alain Puisieux
- EMT and cancer cell plasticity Laboratory - Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, CRCL, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Patrick Mehlen
- Dependence Receptors, Cancer and Development Laboratory - Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Robert Dante
- Dependence Receptors, Cancer and Development Laboratory - Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
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25
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Abstract
HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1) is a multifunctional, ubiquitous protein located inside and outside cells that plays a critical role in various physiological and pathological processes including cell development, differentiation, inflammation, immunity, metastasis, metabolism, and death. Increasing evidence demonstrates that HMGB1-dependent autophagy promotes chemotherapy resistance, sustains tumor metabolism requirements and T cell survival, prevents polyglutamine aggregates and excitotoxicity, and protects against endotoxemia, bacterial infection, and ischemia-reperfusion injury in vitro or in vivo. In contrast, HMGB1 may not be required for autophagy in some organs such as the liver and heart. Understanding HMGB1-dependent and -independent autophagy in more detail will provide insight into the integrated stress response and guide HMGB1-based therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province; Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, PA USA
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