1
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Bonanno SL, Sanfilippo P, Eamani A, Sampson MM, Kandagedon B, Li K, Burns GD, Makar ME, Zipursky SL, Krantz DE. Constitutive and Conditional Epitope Tagging of Endogenous G-Protein-Coupled Receptors in Drosophila. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e2377232024. [PMID: 38937100 PMCID: PMC11326870 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2377-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
To visualize the cellular and subcellular localization of neuromodulatory G-protein-coupled receptors in Drosophila, we implement a molecular strategy recently used to add epitope tags to ionotropic receptors at their endogenous loci. Leveraging evolutionary conservation to identify sites more likely to permit insertion of a tag, we generated constitutive and conditional tagged alleles for Drosophila 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, Oct β 1R, Oct β 2R, two isoforms of OAMB, and mGluR The conditional alleles allow for the restricted expression of tagged receptor in specific cell types, an option not available for any previous reagents to label these proteins. We show expression patterns for these receptors in female brains and that 5-HT1A and 5-HT2B localize to the mushroom bodies (MBs) and central complex, respectively, as predicted by their roles in sleep. By contrast, the unexpected enrichment of Octβ1R in the central complex and of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A to nerve terminals in lobular columnar cells in the visual system suggest new hypotheses about their functions at these sites. Using an additional tagged allele of the serotonin transporter, a marker of serotonergic tracts, we demonstrate diverse spatial relationships between postsynaptic 5-HT receptors and presynaptic 5-HT neurons, consistent with the importance of both synaptic and volume transmission. Finally, we use the conditional allele of 5-HT1A to show that it localizes to distinct sites within the MBs as both a postsynaptic receptor in Kenyon cells and a presynaptic autoreceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivan L Bonanno
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Piero Sanfilippo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Aditya Eamani
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Maureen M Sampson
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Binu Kandagedon
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Kenneth Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Giselle D Burns
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Marylyn E Makar
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - S Lawrence Zipursky
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - David E Krantz
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
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2
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Diao F, Vasudevan D, Heckscher ES, White BH. Hox gene-specific cellular targeting using split intein Trojan exons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2317083121. [PMID: 38602904 PMCID: PMC11047080 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2317083121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The Trojan exon method, which makes use of intronically inserted T2A-Gal4 cassettes, has been widely used in Drosophila to create thousands of gene-specific Gal4 driver lines. These dual-purpose lines provide genetic access to specific cell types based on their expression of a native gene while simultaneously mutating one allele of the gene to enable loss-of-function analysis in homozygous animals. While this dual use is often an advantage, the truncation mutations produced by Trojan exons are sometimes deleterious in heterozygotes, perhaps by creating translation products with dominant negative effects. Such mutagenic effects can cause developmental lethality as has been observed with genes encoding essential transcription factors. Given the importance of transcription factors in specifying cell type, alternative techniques for generating specific Gal4 lines that target them are required. Here, we introduce a modified Trojan exon method that retains the targeting fidelity and plug-and-play modularity of the original method but mitigates its mutagenic effects by exploiting the self-splicing capabilities of split inteins. "Split Intein Trojan exons" (siTrojans) ensure that the two truncation products generated from the interrupted allele of the native gene are trans-spliced to create a full-length native protein. We demonstrate the efficacy of siTrojans by generating a comprehensive toolkit of Gal4 and Split Gal4 lines for the segmentally expressed Hox transcription factors and illustrate their use in neural circuit mapping by targeting neurons according to their position along the anterior-posterior axis. Both the method and the Hox gene-specific toolkit introduced here should be broadly useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqiu Diao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Section on Neural Function, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Deeptha Vasudevan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL60637
| | - Ellie S. Heckscher
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL60637
| | - Benjamin H. White
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Section on Neural Function, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
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3
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Mallick A, Tan HL, Epstein JM, Gaudry Q, Dacks AM. Serotonin acts through multiple cellular targets during an olfactory critical period. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.14.589413. [PMID: 38645269 PMCID: PMC11030346 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.14.589413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is known to modulate early development during critical periods when experience drives heightened levels of plasticity in neurons. Here, we take advantage of the genetically tractable olfactory system of Drosophila to investigate how 5-HT modulates critical period plasticity in the CO2 sensing circuit of fruit flies. Our study reveals that 5HT modulation of multiple neuronal targets is necessary for experience-dependent structural changes in an odor processing circuit. The olfactory CPP is known to involve local inhibitory networks and consistent with this we found that knocking down 5-HT7 receptors in a subset of GABAergic local interneurons was sufficient to block CPP, as was knocking down GABA receptors expressed by olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). Additionally, direct modulation of OSNs via 5-HT2B expression in the cognate OSNs sensing CO2 is also essential for CPP. Furthermore, 5-HT1B expression by serotonergic neurons in the olfactory system is also required during the critical period. Our study reveals that 5-HT modulation of multiple neuronal targets is necessary for experience-dependent structural changes in an odor processing circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahana Mallick
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Hua Leonhard Tan
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | | | - Quentin Gaudry
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Senior Author: These authors contributed equally
| | - Andrew M Dacks
- Departments of Biology and Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
- Senior Author: These authors contributed equally
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4
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Zirin J, Jusiak B, Lopes R, Ewen-Campen B, Bosch JA, Risbeck A, Forman C, Villalta C, Hu Y, Perrimon N. Expanding the Drosophila toolkit for dual control of gene expression. eLife 2024; 12:RP94073. [PMID: 38569007 PMCID: PMC10990484 DOI: 10.7554/elife.94073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability to independently control gene expression in two different tissues in the same animal is emerging as a major need, especially in the context of inter-organ communication studies. This type of study is made possible by technologies combining the GAL4/UAS and a second binary expression system such as the LexA system or QF system. Here, we describe a resource of reagents that facilitate combined use of the GAL4/UAS and a second binary system in various Drosophila tissues. Focusing on genes with well-characterized GAL4 expression patterns, we generated a set of more than 40 LexA-GAD and QF2 insertions by CRISPR knock-in and verified their tissue specificity in larvae. We also built constructs that encode QF2 and LexA-GAD transcription factors in a single vector. Following successful integration of this construct into the fly genome, FLP/FRT recombination is used to isolate fly lines that express only QF2 or LexA-GAD. Finally, using new compatible shRNA vectors, we evaluated both LexA and QF systems for in vivo gene knockdown and are generating a library of such RNAi fly lines as a community resource. Together, these LexA and QF system vectors and fly lines will provide a new set of tools for researchers who need to activate or repress two different genes in an orthogonal manner in the same animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Zirin
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Barbara Jusiak
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Raphael Lopes
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | | | - Justin A Bosch
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | | | - Corey Forman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | | | - Yanhui Hu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteBostonUnited States
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5
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Zirin J, Jusiak B, Lopes R, Ewen-Campen B, Bosch JA, Risbeck A, Forman C, Villalta C, Hu Y, Perrimon N. Expanding the Drosophila toolkit for dual control of gene expression. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.08.15.553399. [PMID: 37645802 PMCID: PMC10461983 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.15.553399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The ability to independently control gene expression in two different tissues in the same animal is emerging as a major need, especially in the context of inter-organ communication studies. This type of study is made possible by technologies combining the GAL4/UAS and a second binary expression system such as the LexA-system or QF-system. Here, we describe a resource of reagents that facilitate combined use of the GAL4/UAS and a second binary system in various Drosophila tissues. Focusing on genes with well-characterizsed GAL4 expression patterns, we generated a set of more than 40 LexA-GAD and QF2 insertions by CRISPR knock-in and verified their tissue-specificity in larvae. We also built constructs that encode QF2 and LexA-GAD transcription factors in a single vector. Following successful integration of this construct into the fly genome, FLP/FRT recombination is used to isolate fly lines that express only QF2 or LexA-GAD. Finally, using new compatible shRNA vectors, we evaluated both LexA and QF systems for in vivo gene knockdown and are generating a library of such RNAi fly lines as a community resource. Together, these LexA and QF system vectors and fly lines will provide a new set of tools for researchers who need to activate or repress two different genes in an orthogonal manner in the same animal.
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6
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Sutton DC, Andrews JC, Dolezal DM, Park YJ, Li H, Eberl DF, Yamamoto S, Groves AK. Comparative exploration of mammalian deafness gene homologues in the Drosophila auditory organ shows genetic correlation between insect and vertebrate hearing. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297846. [PMID: 38412189 PMCID: PMC10898740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Johnston's organ, the Drosophila auditory organ, is anatomically very different from the mammalian organ of Corti. However, recent evidence indicates significant cellular and molecular similarities exist between vertebrate and invertebrate hearing, suggesting that Drosophila may be a useful platform to determine the function of the many mammalian deafness genes whose underlying biological mechanisms are poorly characterized. Our goal was a comprehensive screen of all known orthologues of mammalian deafness genes in the fruit fly to better understand conservation of hearing mechanisms between the insect and the fly and ultimately gain insight into human hereditary deafness. We used bioinformatic comparisons to screen previously reported human and mouse deafness genes and found that 156 of them have orthologues in Drosophila melanogaster. We used fluorescent imaging of T2A-GAL4 gene trap and GFP or YFP fluorescent protein trap lines for 54 of the Drosophila genes and found 38 to be expressed in different cell types in Johnston's organ. We phenotypically characterized the function of strong loss-of-function mutants in three genes expressed in Johnston's organ (Cad99C, Msp-300, and Koi) using a courtship assay and electrophysiological recordings of sound-evoked potentials. Cad99C and Koi were found to have significant courtship defects. However, when we tested these genes for electrophysiological defects in hearing response, we did not see a significant difference suggesting the courtship defects were not caused by hearing deficiencies. Furthermore, we used a UAS/RNAi approach to test the function of seven genes and found two additional genes, CG5921 and Myo10a, that gave a statistically significant delay in courtship but not in sound-evoked potentials. Our results suggest that many mammalian deafness genes have Drosophila homologues expressed in the Johnston's organ, but that their requirement for hearing may not necessarily be the same as in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Sutton
- Graduate Program in Genetics & Genomics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jonathan C. Andrews
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dylan M. Dolezal
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Ye Jin Park
- Graduate Program in Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Huffington Center on Aging, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hongjie Li
- Graduate Program in Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Huffington Center on Aging, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Daniel F. Eberl
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Graduate Program in Genetics & Genomics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrew K. Groves
- Graduate Program in Genetics & Genomics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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7
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Bonanno SL, Sanfilippo P, Eamani A, Sampson MM, Binu K, Li K, Burns GD, Makar ME, Zipursky SL, Krantz DE. Constitutive and conditional epitope-tagging of endogenous G protein coupled receptors in Drosophila. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.27.573472. [PMID: 38234787 PMCID: PMC10793450 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.27.573472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
To visualize the cellular and subcellular localization of neuromodulatory G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in Drosophila , we implement a molecular strategy recently used to add epitope tags to ionotropic receptors at their endogenous loci. Leveraging evolutionary conservation to identify sites more likely to permit insertion of a tag, we generated constitutive and conditional tagged alleles for Drosophila 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, Octβ1R, Octβ2R, two isoforms of OAMB, and mGluR. The conditional alleles allow for the restricted expression of tagged receptor in specific cell types, an option not available for any previous reagents to label these proteins. We show that 5-HT1A and 5-HT2B localize to the mushroom bodies and central complex respectively, as predicted by their roles in sleep. By contrast, the unexpected enrichment of Octβ1R in the central complex and of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A to nerve terminals in lobular columnar cells in the visual system suggest new hypotheses about their function at these sites. Using an additional tagged allele of the serotonin transporter, a marker of serotonergic tracts, we demonstrate diverse spatial relationships between postsynaptic 5-HT receptors and presynaptic 5-HT neurons, consistent with the importance of both synaptic and volume transmission. Finally, we use the conditional allele of 5-HT1A to show that it localizes to distinct sites within the mushroom bodies as both a postsynaptic receptor in Kenyon cells and a presynaptic autoreceptor. Significance Statement In Drosophila , despite remarkable advances in both connectomic and genomic studies, antibodies to many aminergic GPCRs are not available. We have overcome this obstacle using evolutionary conservation to identify loci in GPCRs amenable to epitope-tagging, and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to generated eight novel lines. This method also may be applied to other GPCRs and allows cell-specific expression of the tagged locus. We have used the tagged alleles we generated to address several questions that remain poorly understood. These include the relationship between pre- and post-synaptic sites that express the same receptor, and the use of relatively distant targets by pre-synaptic release sites that may employ volume transmission as well as standard synaptic signaling.
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8
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Kim ES, Rajan A, Chang K, Govindarajan S, Gulick C, English E, Rodriguez B, Bloomfield O, Nakada S, Beard C, O’Connor S, Mastroianni S, Downey E, Feigenbaum M, Tolentino C, Pace A, Khan M, Moon S, DiPrima J, Syed A, Lin F, Abukhadra Y, Bacon I, Beckerle J, Cho S, Donkor NE, Garberg L, Harrington A, Hoang M, Lawani N, Noori A, Park E, Parsons E, Oravitan P, Chen M, Molina C, Richmond C, Reddi A, Huang J, Shugrue C, Coviello R, Unver S, Indelicarto M, Islamovic E, McIlroy R, Yang A, Hamad M, Griffin E, Ahmed Z, Alla A, Fitzgerald P, Choi A, Das T, Cheng Y, Yu J, Roderiques T, Lee E, Liu L, Harper J, Wang J, Suhr C, Tan M, Luque J, Tam AR, Chen E, Triff M, Zimmermann L, Zhang E, Wood J, Clark K, Kpodonu N, Dey A, Ecker A, Chuang M, López RKS, Sun H, Wei Z, Stone H, Chi CYJ, Silvestri A, Orloff P, Nedumaran N, Zou A, Ünver L, Page O, Kim M, Chan TYT, Tulloch A, Hernandez A, Pillai A, Chen C, Chowdhury N, Huang L, Mudide A, Paik G, Wingate A, Quinn L, Conybere C, Baumgardt LL, Buckley R, Kolberg Z, Pattison R, Shazli AA, Ganske P, Sfragara L, Strub A, Collier B, Tamana H, Ravindran D, Howden J, Stewart M, Shimizu S, Braniff J, Fong M, Gutman L, Irvine D, Malholtra S, Medina J, Park J, Yin A, Abromavage H, Barrett B, Chen J, Cho R, Dilatush M, Gaw G, Gu C, Huang J, Kilby H, Markel E, McClure K, Phillips W, Polaski B, Roselli A, Saint-Cyr S, Shin E, Tatum K, Tumpunyawat T, Wetherill L, Ptaszynska S, Zeleznik M, Pesendorfer A, Nolan A, Tao J, Sammeta D, Nicholson L, Dinh GV, Foltz M, Vo A, Ross M, Tokarski A, Hariharan S, Wang E, Baziuk M, Tay A, Wong YHM, Floyd J, Cui A, Pierre K, Coppisetti N, Kutam M, Khurjekar D, Gadzi A, Gubbay B, Pedretti S, Belovich S, Yeung T, Fey M, Shaffer L, Li A, Beritela G, Huyghue K, Foster G, Durso-Finley G, Thierfelder Q, Kiernan H, Lenkowsky A, Thomas T, Cheng N, Chao O, L’Etoile-Goga P, King A, McKinley P, Read N, Milberg D, Lin L, Wong M, Gilman I, Brown S, Chen L, Kosai J, Verbinsky M, Belshaw-Hood A, Lee H, Zhou C, Lobo M, Tse A, Tran K, Lewis K, Sonawane P, Ngo J, Zuzga S, Chow L, Huynh V, Yang W, Lim S, Stites B, Chang S, Cruz-Balleza R, Pelta M, Kujawski S, Yuan C, Standen-Bloom E, Witt O, Anders K, Duane A, Huynh N, Lester B, Fung-Lee S, Fung M, Situ M, Canigiula P, Dijkgraaf M, Romero W, Baula SK, Wong K, Xu I, Martinez B, Nuygen R, Norris L, Nijensohn N, Altman N, Maajid E, Burkhardt O, Chanda J, Doscher C, Gopal A, Good A, Good J, Herrera N, Lanting L, Liem S, Marks A, McLaughlin E, Lee A, Mohr C, Patton E, Pyarali N, Oczon C, Richards D, Good N, Goss S, Khan A, Madonia R, Mitchell V, Sun N, Vranka T, Garcia D, Arroyo F, Morales E, Camey S, Cano G, Bernabe A, Arroyo J, Lopez Y, Gonzalez E, Zumba B, Garcia J, Vargas E, Trinidad A, Candelaria N, Valdez V, Campuzano F, Pereznegron E, Medrano J, Gutierrez J, Gutierrez E, Abrego ET, Gutierrez D, Ortiz C, Barnes A, Arms E, Mitchell L, Balanzá C, Bradford J, Detroy H, Ferguson D, Guillermo E, Manapragada A, Nanula D, Serna B, Singh K, Sramaty E, Wells B, Wiggins M, Dowling M, Schmadeke G, Cafferky S, Good S, Reese M, Fleig M, Gannett A, Cain C, Lee M, Oberto P, Rinehart J, Pan E, Mathis SA, Joiner J, Barr L, Evans CJ, Baena-Lopez A, Beatty A, Collette J, Smullen R, Suttie J, Chisholm T, Rotondo C, Lewis G, Turner V, Stark L, Fox E, Amirapu A, Park S, Lantz N, Rankin AE, Kim SK, Kockel L. Generation of LexA enhancer-trap lines in Drosophila by an international scholastic network. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad124. [PMID: 37279923 PMCID: PMC10468311 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Conditional gene regulation in Drosophila through binary expression systems like the LexA-LexAop system provides a superb tool for investigating gene and tissue function. To increase the availability of defined LexA enhancer trap insertions, we present molecular, genetic, and tissue expression studies of 301 novel Stan-X LexA enhancer traps derived from mobilization of the index SX4 line. This includes insertions into distinct loci on the X, II, and III chromosomes that were not previously associated with enhancer traps or targeted LexA constructs, an insertion into ptc, and seventeen insertions into natural transposons. A subset of enhancer traps was expressed in CNS neurons known to produce and secrete insulin, an essential regulator of growth, development, and metabolism. Fly lines described here were generated and characterized through studies by students and teachers in an international network of genetics classes at public, independent high schools, and universities serving a diversity of students, including those underrepresented in science. Thus, a unique partnership between secondary schools and university-based programs has produced and characterized novel resources in Drosophila, establishing instructional paradigms devoted to unscripted experimental science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella S Kim
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Arjun Rajan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kathleen Chang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | - Eva English
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Sarah O’Connor
- Commack High School, 1 Scholar Ln, Commack, NY 11725, USA
| | | | - Emma Downey
- Commack High School, 1 Scholar Ln, Commack, NY 11725, USA
| | | | | | - Abigail Pace
- Commack High School, 1 Scholar Ln, Commack, NY 11725, USA
| | - Marina Khan
- Commack High School, 1 Scholar Ln, Commack, NY 11725, USA
| | - Soyoun Moon
- Commack High School, 1 Scholar Ln, Commack, NY 11725, USA
| | - Jordan DiPrima
- Commack High School, 1 Scholar Ln, Commack, NY 11725, USA
| | - Amber Syed
- Commack High School, 1 Scholar Ln, Commack, NY 11725, USA
| | - Flora Lin
- Commack High School, 1 Scholar Ln, Commack, NY 11725, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sophia Cho
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mai Hoang
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Nosa Lawani
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Ayush Noori
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Euwie Park
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Adith Reddi
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Jason Huang
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | | | - Selma Unver
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alana Yang
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Mahdi Hamad
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | - Zara Ahmed
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Asha Alla
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | - Audrey Choi
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Tanya Das
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | - Joshua Yu
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | - Ethan Lee
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | | | - Jason Wang
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Chris Suhr
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Max Tan
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | | | - Emma Chen
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Max Triff
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | - Eric Zhang
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Jackie Wood
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | - Nat Kpodonu
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Antar Dey
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | | | | | - Harry Sun
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Zijing Wei
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Henry Stone
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Leyla Ünver
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Oscair Page
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Minseo Kim
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lina Huang
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lily Quinn
- Haileybury School, Hertford SG13 7NU, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pia Ganske
- Haileybury School, Hertford SG13 7NU, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Julia Braniff
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Melanie Fong
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Lucy Gutman
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Danny Irvine
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Sahil Malholtra
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Jillian Medina
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - John Park
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Alicia Yin
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | | | - Breanna Barrett
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Jacqueline Chen
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Rachelle Cho
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Mac Dilatush
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Gabriel Gaw
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Caitlin Gu
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Jupiter Huang
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Houston Kilby
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Ethan Markel
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Katie McClure
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - William Phillips
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Benjamin Polaski
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Amelia Roselli
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Soleil Saint-Cyr
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Ellie Shin
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Kylan Tatum
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Tai Tumpunyawat
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Lucia Wetherill
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Sara Ptaszynska
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Maddie Zeleznik
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | | | - Anna Nolan
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Jeffrey Tao
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Divya Sammeta
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Laney Nicholson
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Giao Vu Dinh
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Merrin Foltz
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - An Vo
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Maggie Ross
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Andrew Tokarski
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Samika Hariharan
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Elaine Wang
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Martha Baziuk
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Ashley Tay
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | | | - Jax Floyd
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Aileen Cui
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Kieran Pierre
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Nikita Coppisetti
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Matthew Kutam
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Dhruv Khurjekar
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Anthony Gadzi
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Ben Gubbay
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Sophia Pedretti
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Sofiya Belovich
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Tiffany Yeung
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Mercy Fey
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Layla Shaffer
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Arthur Li
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | | | - Kyle Huyghue
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Greg Foster
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | | | - Quinn Thierfelder
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Holly Kiernan
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Andrew Lenkowsky
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Tesia Thomas
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Nicole Cheng
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Olivia Chao
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Pia L’Etoile-Goga
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Alexa King
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Paris McKinley
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Nicole Read
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - David Milberg
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Leila Lin
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Melinda Wong
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Io Gilman
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Samantha Brown
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Lila Chen
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Jordyn Kosai
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Mark Verbinsky
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | | | - Honon Lee
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Cathy Zhou
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Maya Lobo
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Asia Tse
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Kyle Tran
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Kira Lewis
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Pratmesh Sonawane
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Jonathan Ngo
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Sophia Zuzga
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Lillian Chow
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Vianne Huynh
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Wenyi Yang
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Samantha Lim
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Brandon Stites
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Shannon Chang
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | | | - Michaela Pelta
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Stella Kujawski
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Christopher Yuan
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | | | - Oliver Witt
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Karina Anders
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Audrey Duane
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Nancy Huynh
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Benjamin Lester
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Samantha Fung-Lee
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Melanie Fung
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Mandy Situ
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Paolo Canigiula
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Matijs Dijkgraaf
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Wilbert Romero
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | | | - Kimberly Wong
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Ivana Xu
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | | | - Reena Nuygen
- Latin School of Chicago, 59 W North Blvd, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
| | - Lucy Norris
- Latin School of Chicago, 59 W North Blvd, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
| | - Noah Nijensohn
- Latin School of Chicago, 59 W North Blvd, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
| | - Naomi Altman
- Latin School of Chicago, 59 W North Blvd, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
| | - Elise Maajid
- Latin School of Chicago, 59 W North Blvd, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alex Gopal
- Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA
| | - Aaron Good
- Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA
| | - Jonah Good
- Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA
| | | | | | - Sophia Liem
- Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA
| | - Anila Marks
- Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA
| | | | - Audrey Lee
- Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA
| | - Collin Mohr
- Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA
| | - Emma Patton
- Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA
| | | | | | | | - Nathan Good
- Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA
| | | | - Adeeb Khan
- Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA
| | | | | | - Natasha Sun
- Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bryan Zumba
- Pritzker College Prep, Chicago, IL 60639, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jake Bradford
- Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Khushi Singh
- Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA
| | - Emily Sramaty
- Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA
| | - Brian Wells
- Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA
| | | | - Melissa Dowling
- Latin School of Chicago, 59 W North Blvd, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cory Cain
- Pritzker College Prep, Chicago, IL 60639, USA
| | - Melody Lee
- Harvard-Westlake School, Los Angeles, CA 90077, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Leslie Barr
- Westtown School, West Chester, PA 19382, USA
| | - Cory J Evans
- Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA
| | | | - Andrea Beatty
- Commack High School, 1 Scholar Ln, Commack, NY 11725, USA
| | | | - Robert Smullen
- Commack High School, 1 Scholar Ln, Commack, NY 11725, USA
| | - Jeanne Suttie
- Commack High School, 1 Scholar Ln, Commack, NY 11725, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elizabeth Fox
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Anjana Amirapu
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Sangbin Park
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nicole Lantz
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | | | - Seung K Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lutz Kockel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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9
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Gendron CM, Chakraborty TS, Duran C, Dono T, Pletcher SD. Ring neurons in the Drosophila central complex act as a rheostat for sensory modulation of aging. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002149. [PMID: 37310911 PMCID: PMC10263353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory perception modulates aging, yet we know little about how. An understanding of the neuronal mechanisms through which animals orchestrate biological responses to relevant sensory inputs would provide insight into the control systems that may be important for modulating lifespan. Here, we provide new awareness into how the perception of dead conspecifics, or death perception, which elicits behavioral and physiological effects in many different species, affects lifespan in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Previous work demonstrated that cohousing Drosophila with dead conspecifics decreases fat stores, reduces starvation resistance, and accelerates aging in a manner that requires both sight and the serotonin receptor 5-HT2A. In this manuscript, we demonstrate that a discrete, 5-HT2A-expressing neural population in the ellipsoid body (EB) of the Drosophila central complex, identified as R2/R4 neurons, acts as a rheostat and plays an important role in transducing sensory information about the presence of dead individuals to modulate lifespan. Expression of the insulin-responsive transcription factor foxo in R2/R4 neurons and insulin-like peptides dilp3 and dilp5, but not dilp2, are required, with the latter likely altered in median neurosecretory cells (MNCs) after R2/R4 neuronal activation. These data generate new insights into the neural underpinnings of how perceptive events may impact aging and physiology across taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christi M. Gendron
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Tuhin S. Chakraborty
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Cathryn Duran
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Thomas Dono
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Scott D. Pletcher
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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10
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Venken KJ, Matinyan N, Gonzalez Y, Sarrion-Perdigones A, Dierick HA. Synthetic Assembly DNA Cloning to Build Plasmids for Multiplexed Transgenic Selection, Counterselection or Any Other Genetic Strategies Using Drosophila melanogaster. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e653. [PMID: 36757602 PMCID: PMC10281009 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We recently described a drug-based selectable and counterselectable genetic platform for the animal model system Drosophila melanogaster, consisting of four resistance and two sensitivity markers that allow direct selection for, or counterselection against, a desired genotype. This platform eliminates the need to identify modified progeny by traditional laborious screening using the dominant eye and body color markers, white+ and yellow+ , respectively. The four resistance markers permit selection of animals using G418 sulfate, puromycin HCl, blasticidin S, or hygromycin B, while the two sensitivity markers allow counterselection of animals against ganciclovir or acyclovir and 5-fluorocytosine. The six markers can be used alone or in combination to perform co-selection, combination selection, and counterselection, as well as co-counterselection. To make this novel selection and counterselection genetics platform easily accessible to and rapidly implementable by the scientific community, we used a synthetic assembly DNA cloning platform, GoldenBraid 2.0 (GB2.0). GB2.0 relies on two Type IIs restriction enzymes that are alternatingly used during successive cloning steps to make increasingly complex genetic constructs. Here we describe, as an example, how to perform synthetic assembly DNA cloning using GB2.0 to build such complex plasmids via the assembly of both components of the binary LexA/LexA-Op overexpression system, a G418 sulfate-selectable LexA transactivator plasmid, and a blasticidin S-selectable LexA-Op responder plasmid. We demonstrate the functionality of these plasmids by including the expression pattern obtained after co-injection, followed by co-selection using G418 sulfate and blasticidin S, resulting in co-transgenesis of both plasmids. Protocols are provided on how to obtain, adapt, and clone DNA parts for synthetic assembly cloning after de novo DNA synthesis or PCR amplification of desired DNA parts and how to assemble those DNA parts into multipartite transcription units, followed by how to further assemble multiple transcription units into genetic constructs of increasing complexity to perform multiplexed transgenic selection and counterselection, or any other genetic strategies using Drosophila melanogaster. The protocols we present can be easily adapted to incorporate any of the six selectable and counterselectable markers, or any other, markers, to generate plasmids of unmatched complexity for various genetic applications. A protocol on how to generate transgenic animals using these synthetically assembled plasmids is described in an accompanying Current Protocols article (Venken, Matinyan, Gonzalez, & Dierick, 2023). © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Obtaining and cloning a de novo-synthesized DNA part for synthetic assembly DNA cloning Basic Protocol 2: Obtaining and cloning a DNA part amplified by PCR from existing DNA resources for synthetic assembly DNA cloning Alternate Protocol: Obtaining, adapting, and cloning a DNA part amplified by PCR from existing DNA resources for synthetic assembly DNA cloning Basic Protocol 3: Synthetic assembly DNA cloning of individual DNA parts into a multipartite transcription unit Basic Protocol 4: Synthetic assembly DNA cloning of multiple transcription units into genetic constructs of increasing complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen J.T. Venken
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Integrative Molecular Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- McNair Medical Institute at The Robert and Janice McNair Foundation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nick Matinyan
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Integrative Molecular Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yezabel Gonzalez
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Alejandro Sarrion-Perdigones
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Herman A. Dierick
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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11
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Venken KJ, Matinyan N, Gonzalez Y, Dierick HA. Serial Recombineering Cloning to Build Selectable and Tagged Genomic P[acman] BAC Clones for Selection Transgenesis and Functional Gene Analysis using Drosophila melanogaster. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e675. [PMID: 36757632 PMCID: PMC9923880 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Transgenes with genomic DNA fragments that encompass genes of interest are the gold standard for complementing null alleles in rescue experiments in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Of particular interest are genomic DNA clones available as bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) or fosmids from publicly available genomic DNA libraries. Genes contained within BAC and fosmid clones can be easily modified by recombineering cloning to insert peptide or protein tags to localize, visualize, or manipulate gene products, and to create point mutations or deletions for structure-function analysis of the inserted genes. However, since transgenesis efficiency is inversely correlated with transgene size, obtaining transgenic animals for increasingly larger BAC and fosmid clones requires increasingly laborious screening efforts using the transgenesis marker commonly used for these transgenes, the dominant eye color marker white+ . We recently described a drug-based selectable genetic platform for Drosophila melanogaster, which included four resistance markers that allow direct selection of transgenic animals, eliminating the need to identify transgenic progeny by laborious phenotypic screening. By integrating these resistance markers into BAC transgenes, we were able to isolate animals containing large transgenes by direct selection, avoiding laborious screening. Here we present procedures on how to upgrade BAC clones by serial recombineering cloning to build both selectable and tagged BAC transgenes, for selection transgenesis and functional gene analysis, respectively. We illustrate these procedures using a BAC clone encompassing the gene encoding the synaptic vesicle protein, cysteine string protein. We demonstrate that the modified BAC clone, serially recombineered with a selectable marker for selection transgenesis and an N-terminal green fluorescent protein tag for gene expression analysis, is functional by showing the expression pattern obtained after successful selection transgenesis. The protocols cover: (1) cloning and preparation of the recombineering templates needed for serial recombineering cloning to incorporate selectable markers and protein tags; (2) preparing electrocompetent cells needed to perform serial recombineering cloning; and (3) the serial recombineering workflow to generate both selectable and tagged genomic BAC reporter transgenes for selection transgenesis and functional gene analysis in Drosophila melanogaster. The protocols we describe can be easily adapted to incorporate any of four selectable markers, protein tags, or any other modification for structure-function analysis of the genes present within any of the BAC or fosmid clones. A protocol for generating transgenic animals using serially recombineered BAC clones is presented in an accompanying Current Protocols article (Venken, Matinyan, Gonzalez, & Dierick, 2023a). © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Cloning and preparation of recombineering templates used for serial recombineering cloning. Basic Protocol 2: Making electrocompetent cells of the bacterial strains used to perform serial recombineering cloning or induction of plasmid copy number. Basic Protocol 3: Serial recombineering cloning to generate both selectable and tagged genomic P[acman] BAC reporter transgenes for selection transgenesis and gene expression analysis in Drosophila melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen J.T. Venken
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Integrative Molecular Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- McNair Medical Institute at The Robert and Janice McNair Foundation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nick Matinyan
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Integrative Molecular Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yezabel Gonzalez
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Herman A. Dierick
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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12
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Venken KJ, Matinyan N, Gonzalez Y, Dierick HA. Multiplexed Transgenic Selection and Counterselection Strategies to Expedite Genetic Manipulation Workflows Using Drosophila melanogaster. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e652. [PMID: 36757287 PMCID: PMC9923875 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
We recently described a set of four selectable and two counterselectable markers that provide resistance and sensitivity, respectively, against their corresponding drugs using the model organism Drosophila melanogaster. The four selectable markers provide animals with resistance against G418 sulfate, puromycin HCl, blasticidin S, or hygromycin B, whereas the two counterselection markers make animals sensitive to ganciclovir/acyclovir or 5-fluorocytosine. Unlike classical phenotypic markers, whether visual or fluorescent, which require extensive screening of progeny of a genetic cross for desired genotypes, resistance and sensitivity markers eliminate this laborious procedure by directly selecting for, or counterselecting against, the desired genotypes. We demonstrated the usefulness of these markers with three applications: 1) generating dual transgenic animals for binary overexpression (e.g., GAL4/UAS) analysis in a single step through the process of co-injection, followed by co-selection resulting in co-transgenesis; 2) obtaining balancer chromosomes that are both selectable and counterselectable to manipulate crossing schemes for, or against, the presence of the modified balancer chromosome; and 3) making both selectable and fluorescently tagged P[acman] BAC transgenic animals for gene expression and proteomic analysis. Here, we describe detailed procedures for how to use these drug-based selection and counterselection markers in the fruit fly D. melanogaster when making dual transgenic animals for binary overexpression as an example. Dual transgenesis integrates site-specifically into two sites in the genome in a single step, namely both components of the binary GAL4/UAS overexpression system, via a G418 sulfate-selectable GAL4 transactivator plasmid and a blasticidin S-selectable UAS responder plasmid. The process involves co-injecting the two plasmids, followed by co-selection using G418 sulfate and blasticidin S, resulting in co-transgenesis of the two plasmids in the fly genome. We demonstrate the functionality of the procedure based on the expression pattern obtained after dual transgenesis of the two plasmids. We provide protocols on how to prepare drugged fly food vials, determine the effective drug concentration for markers used during transgenic selection and counterselection strategies, and prepare and confirm plasmid DNA for microinjection, followed by the microinjection procedure itself and setting up crossing schemes to isolate desired progeny through selection and/or counterselection. These protocols can be easily adapted to any combination of the six selectable and counterselectable markers we described or any new marker that is resistant or sensitive to a novel drug. Protocols on how to build plasmids by synthetic-assembly DNA cloning or modify plasmids by serial recombineering to perform a plethora of selection, counterselection, or any other genetic strategies are presented in two accompanying Current Protocols articles. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Preparing drugged fly food vials for transgenic selection and counterselection strategies using D. melanogaster Basic Protocol 2: Determining the effective drug concentration for resistance and sensitivity markers used during transgenic selection and counterselection strategies using D. melanogaster Basic Protocol 3: Preparing and confirming plasmid DNA for microinjection to perform transgenic selection and counterselection strategies using D. melanogaster Basic Protocol 4: Microinjecting plasmid DNA into fly embryos to perform transgenic selection and counterselection strategies using D. melanogaster Basic Protocol 5: Crossing schemes to isolate desired progeny through transgenic selection and counterselection strategies using D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen J.T. Venken
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Integrative Molecular Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- McNair Medical Institute at The Robert and Janice McNair Foundation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nick Matinyan
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Integrative Molecular Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yezabel Gonzalez
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Herman A. Dierick
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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13
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Munneke AS, Chakraborty TS, Porter SS, Gendron CM, Pletcher SD. The serotonin receptor 5-HT2A modulates lifespan and protein feeding in Drosophila melanogaster. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:1068455. [PMID: 36531741 PMCID: PMC9751412 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.1068455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The conserved neurotransmitter serotonin has been shown to be an important modulator of lifespan in specific nutritional contexts; however, it remained unclear how serotonin signaling influences lifespan under normal conditions. Here, we show that serotonin signaling through the 5-HT2A receptor influences lifespan, behavior, and physiology in Drosophila. Loss of the 5-HT2A receptor extends lifespan and induces a resistance to changes in dietary protein that are normally detrimental to lifespan. 5-HT2A -/- null mutant flies also display decreased protein feeding and protein content in the body. Therefore, serotonin signaling through receptor 5-HT2A is likely recruited to promote motivation for protein intake, and chronic reduction of protein-drive through loss of 5-HT2A signaling leads to a lower protein set-point adaptation, which influences physiology, decreases feeding, and increases lifespan. Our findings reveal insights into the mechanisms by which organisms physiologically adapt in response to perceived inability to satisfy demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson S. Munneke
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Tuhin S. Chakraborty
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Saige S. Porter
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Christi M. Gendron
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Scott D. Pletcher
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Gertiatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,*Correspondence: Scott D. Pletcher,
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14
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Dissel S, Klose MK, van Swinderen B, Cao L, Ford M, Periandri EM, Jones JD, Li Z, Shaw PJ. Sleep-promoting neurons remodel their response properties to calibrate sleep drive with environmental demands. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001797. [PMID: 36173939 PMCID: PMC9521806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Falling asleep at the wrong time can place an individual at risk of immediate physical harm. However, not sleeping degrades cognition and adaptive behavior. To understand how animals match sleep need with environmental demands, we used live-brain imaging to examine the physiological response properties of the dorsal fan-shaped body (dFB) following interventions that modify sleep (sleep deprivation, starvation, time-restricted feeding, memory consolidation) in Drosophila. We report that dFB neurons change their physiological response-properties to dopamine (DA) and allatostatin-A (AstA) in response to different types of waking. That is, dFB neurons are not simply passive components of a hard-wired circuit. Rather, the dFB neurons intrinsically regulate their response to the activity from upstream circuits. Finally, we show that the dFB appears to contain a memory trace of prior exposure to metabolic challenges induced by starvation or time-restricted feeding. Together, these data highlight that the sleep homeostat is plastic and suggests an underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Dissel
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SD); (PJS)
| | - Markus K. Klose
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bruno van Swinderen
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Lijuan Cao
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Melanie Ford
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Erica M. Periandri
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Joseph D. Jones
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Zhaoyi Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Shaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SD); (PJS)
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15
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Hermanns T, Graf-Boxhorn S, Poeck B, Strauss R. Octopamine mediates sugar relief from a chronic-stress-induced depression-like state in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4048-4056.e3. [PMID: 35914533 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic, uncontrollable stress can result in psychiatric syndromes, including anxiety and major depressive disorder, in humans and mammalian disease models.1,2 Similarly, several days of chronic stress can induce depression-associated behavioral alteration in Drosophila accompanied by changes in biogenic amine levels in the adult brain.3-6 In our chronic stress paradigm, flies are subjected to 3 days of repetitive phases of 300 Hz vibrations combined with overcrowding and food deprivation. This treatment reduces voluntary behavioral activity, including the motivation to climb wide gaps (risk taking) and to stop for sweets (anhedonia), suggesting a depression-like state (DLS). These behavioral changes correlate with decreased serotonin release to the mushroom body (MB), a major behavioral control center in the central brain of the fly.7,8 Stressed flies are relieved from the DLS by feeding the anti-depressant serotonin precursor 5-HTP or the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine. Notably, feeding sucrose to stressed flies results in elevated serotonin levels in the brain and ameliorates the DLS.3 Here, we show that this sugar relief is mediated by the neurotransmitter octopamine signaled from ventral unpaired medial neurons located in the subesophageal ganglion. The octopamine signaling of sweet sensation is transmitted to the MB via the dopaminergic PAM neurons. In addition, neuronal-silencing experiments reveal that the serotonergic dorsal paired medial (DPM) neurons innervating the MB are essential for sugar relief. Conversely, thermogenetic or optogenetic activation of DPMs can replace sweet sensation, elucidating that serotonergic signaling from DPMs takes part in positively modulating DLS-related behavioral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hermanns
- Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie und Neurobiologie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 15, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sonja Graf-Boxhorn
- Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie und Neurobiologie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 15, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Burkhard Poeck
- Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie und Neurobiologie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 15, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Roland Strauss
- Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie und Neurobiologie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 15, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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16
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Kanca O, Zirin J, Hu Y, Tepe B, Dutta D, Lin WW, Ma L, Ge M, Zuo Z, Liu LP, Levis RW, Perrimon N, Bellen HJ. An expanded toolkit for Drosophila gene tagging using synthesized homology donor constructs for CRISPR-mediated homologous recombination. eLife 2022; 11:e76077. [PMID: 35723254 PMCID: PMC9239680 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we described a large collection of Drosophila strains that each carry an artificial exon containing a T2AGAL4 cassette inserted in an intron of a target gene based on CRISPR-mediated homologous recombination. These alleles permit numerous applications and have proven to be very useful. Initially, the homologous recombination-based donor constructs had long homology arms (>500 bps) to promote precise integration of large constructs (>5 kb). Recently, we showed that in vivo linearization of the donor constructs enables insertion of large artificial exons in introns using short homology arms (100-200 bps). Shorter homology arms make it feasible to commercially synthesize homology donors and minimize the cloning steps for donor construct generation. Unfortunately, about 58% of Drosophila genes lack a suitable coding intron for integration of artificial exons in all of the annotated isoforms. Here, we report the development of new set of constructs that allow the replacement of the coding region of genes that lack suitable introns with a KozakGAL4 cassette, generating a knock-out/knock-in allele that expresses GAL4 similarly as the targeted gene. We also developed custom vector backbones to further facilitate and improve transgenesis. Synthesis of homology donor constructs in custom plasmid backbones that contain the target gene sgRNA obviates the need to inject a separate sgRNA plasmid and significantly increases the transgenesis efficiency. These upgrades will enable the targeting of nearly every fly gene, regardless of exon-intron structure, with a 70-80% success rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguz Kanca
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Jonathan Zirin
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Yanhui Hu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Burak Tepe
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Debdeep Dutta
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Wen-Wen Lin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Liwen Ma
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Ming Ge
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Zhongyuan Zuo
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Lu-Ping Liu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Robert W Levis
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for ScienceBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
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17
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Task D, Lin CC, Vulpe A, Afify A, Ballou S, Brbic M, Schlegel P, Raji J, Jefferis GSXE, Li H, Menuz K, Potter CJ. Chemoreceptor co-expression in Drosophila melanogaster olfactory neurons. eLife 2022; 11:e72599. [PMID: 35442190 PMCID: PMC9020824 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster olfactory neurons have long been thought to express only one chemosensory receptor gene family. There are two main olfactory receptor gene families in Drosophila, the odorant receptors (ORs) and the ionotropic receptors (IRs). The dozens of odorant-binding receptors in each family require at least one co-receptor gene in order to function: Orco for ORs, and Ir25a, Ir8a, and Ir76b for IRs. Using a new genetic knock-in strategy, we targeted the four co-receptors representing the main chemosensory families in D. melanogaster (Orco, Ir8a, Ir76b, Ir25a). Co-receptor knock-in expression patterns were verified as accurate representations of endogenous expression. We find extensive overlap in expression among the different co-receptors. As defined by innervation into antennal lobe glomeruli, Ir25a is broadly expressed in 88% of all olfactory sensory neuron classes and is co-expressed in 82% of Orco+ neuron classes, including all neuron classes in the maxillary palp. Orco, Ir8a, and Ir76b expression patterns are also more expansive than previously assumed. Single sensillum recordings from Orco-expressing Ir25a mutant antennal and palpal neurons identify changes in olfactory responses. We also find co-expression of Orco and Ir25a in Drosophila sechellia and Anopheles coluzzii olfactory neurons. These results suggest that co-expression of chemosensory receptors is common in insect olfactory neurons. Together, our data present the first comprehensive map of chemosensory co-receptor expression and reveal their unexpected widespread co-expression in the fly olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Task
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Center for Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Chun-Chieh Lin
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Center for Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Mortimer B. Zuckermann Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Alina Vulpe
- Physiology & Neurobiology Department, University of ConnecticutMansfieldUnited States
| | - Ali Afify
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Center for Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Sydney Ballou
- Physiology & Neurobiology Department, University of ConnecticutMansfieldUnited States
| | - Maria Brbic
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Philipp Schlegel
- Drosophila Connectomics Group, Department of Zoology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Joshua Raji
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Center for Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Gregory SXE Jefferis
- Drosophila Connectomics Group, Department of Zoology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Hongjie Li
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Karen Menuz
- Physiology & Neurobiology Department, University of ConnecticutMansfieldUnited States
| | - Christopher J Potter
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Center for Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
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18
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Marcogliese PC, Deal SL, Andrews J, Harnish JM, Bhavana VH, Graves HK, Jangam S, Luo X, Liu N, Bei D, Chao YH, Hull B, Lee PT, Pan H, Bhadane P, Huang MC, Longley CM, Chao HT, Chung HL, Haelterman NA, Kanca O, Manivannan SN, Rossetti LZ, German RJ, Gerard A, Schwaibold EMC, Fehr S, Guerrini R, Vetro A, England E, Murali CN, Barakat TS, van Dooren MF, Wilke M, van Slegtenhorst M, Lesca G, Sabatier I, Chatron N, Brownstein CA, Madden JA, Agrawal PB, Keren B, Courtin T, Perrin L, Brugger M, Roser T, Leiz S, Mau-Them FT, Delanne J, Sukarova-Angelovska E, Trajkova S, Rosenhahn E, Strehlow V, Platzer K, Keller R, Pavinato L, Brusco A, Rosenfeld JA, Marom R, Wangler MF, Yamamoto S. Drosophila functional screening of de novo variants in autism uncovers damaging variants and facilitates discovery of rare neurodevelopmental diseases. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110517. [PMID: 35294868 PMCID: PMC8983390 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit an increased burden of de novo mutations (DNMs) in a broadening range of genes. While these studies have implicated hundreds of genes in ASD pathogenesis, which DNMs cause functional consequences in vivo remains unclear. We functionally test the effects of ASD missense DNMs using Drosophila through "humanization" rescue and overexpression-based strategies. We examine 79 ASD variants in 74 genes identified in the Simons Simplex Collection and find 38% of them to cause functional alterations. Moreover, we identify GLRA2 as the cause of a spectrum of neurodevelopmental phenotypes beyond ASD in 13 previously undiagnosed subjects. Functional characterization of variants in ASD candidate genes points to conserved neurobiological mechanisms and facilitates gene discovery for rare neurodevelopmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Marcogliese
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Samantha L Deal
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jonathan Andrews
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - J Michael Harnish
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - V Hemanjani Bhavana
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hillary K Graves
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sharayu Jangam
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xi Luo
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX 77021, USA
| | - Danqing Bei
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yu-Hsin Chao
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Brooke Hull
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pei-Tseng Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hongling Pan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pradnya Bhadane
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mei-Chu Huang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Colleen M Longley
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hsiao-Tuan Chao
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; McNair Medical Institute, The Robert and Janice McNair Foundation, Houston, TX 77030, USA; TCH, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hyung-Lok Chung
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nele A Haelterman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Oguz Kanca
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sathiya N Manivannan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Linda Z Rossetti
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ryan J German
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amanda Gerard
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; TCH, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Sarah Fehr
- Praxis für Humangenetik Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital Meyer-University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Annalisa Vetro
- Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital Meyer-University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Eleina England
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Chaya N Murali
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; TCH, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tahsin Stefan Barakat
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke F van Dooren
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martina Wilke
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjon van Slegtenhorst
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gaetan Lesca
- Department of Medical Genetics, Lyon University Hospital, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR 5310 - INSERM U1217, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Sabatier
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Lyon University Hospitals, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Chatron
- Department of Medical Genetics, Lyon University Hospital, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR 5310 - INSERM U1217, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Catherine A Brownstein
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jill A Madden
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pankaj B Agrawal
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Boris Keren
- Genetic Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, APHP.Sorbonne Université, Paris 75013, France
| | - Thomas Courtin
- Genetic Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, APHP.Sorbonne Université, Paris 75013, France
| | - Laurence Perrin
- Genetic Department, Robert Debré Hospital, APHP.Nord-Université de Paris, Paris 75019, France
| | - Melanie Brugger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Roser
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Developmental Medicine and Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstraße 4, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Steffen Leiz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hospital Dritter Orden, Munich, Germany
| | - Frederic Tran Mau-Them
- INSERM U1231, LNC UMR1231 GAD, Burgundy University, 21000 Dijon, France; Laboratoire de Génétique, Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des Maladies Rares UF6254, Plateau Technique de Biologie, CHU Dijon, 14 Rue Paul Gaffarel, BP 77908, 21079 Dijon, France
| | - Julian Delanne
- INSERM U1231, LNC UMR1231 GAD, Burgundy University, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Elena Sukarova-Angelovska
- Department of Endocrinology and Genetics, University Clinic for Children's Diseases, Medical Faculty, University Sv. Kiril i Metodij, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Slavica Trajkova
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Erik Rosenhahn
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vincent Strehlow
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Konrad Platzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roberto Keller
- Adult Autism Center, Mental Health Department, Health Unit ASL Città di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Lisa Pavinato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alfredo Brusco
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy; Medical Genetics Unit, Città della Salute e della Scienza, University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX 77021, USA
| | - Ronit Marom
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; TCH, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael F Wangler
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA; TCH, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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19
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Yao Z, Scott K. Serotonergic neurons translate taste detection into internal nutrient regulation. Neuron 2022; 110:1036-1050.e7. [PMID: 35051377 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The nervous and endocrine systems coordinately monitor and regulate nutrient availability to maintain energy homeostasis. Sensory detection of food regulates internal nutrient availability in a manner that anticipates food intake, but sensory pathways that promote anticipatory physiological changes remain unclear. Here, we identify serotonergic (5-HT) neurons as critical mediators that transform gustatory detection by sensory neurons into the activation of insulin-producing cells and enteric neurons in Drosophila. One class of 5-HT neurons responds to gustatory detection of sugars, excites insulin-producing cells, and limits consumption, suggesting that they anticipate increased nutrient levels and prevent overconsumption. A second class of 5-HT neurons responds to gustatory detection of bitter compounds and activates enteric neurons to promote gastric motility, likely to stimulate digestion and increase circulating nutrients upon food rejection. These studies demonstrate that 5-HT neurons relay acute gustatory detection to divergent pathways for longer-term stabilization of circulating nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zepeng Yao
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Kristin Scott
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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20
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Dierick HA, Ben-Shahar Y, Raman B, Gabbiani F. Genetic and viral approaches to record or manipulate neurons in insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 48:79-88. [PMID: 34710643 PMCID: PMC8648980 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of genetically encoded tools to record and manipulate neurons in vivo has greatly increased our understanding of how neuronal activity affects behavior. Recent advances enable the use of these tools in species not typically considered genetically tractable. This progress is revolutionizing neuroscience in general, and insect neuroethology in particular. Here we cover the latest innovations and some of their applications in phylogenetically diverse insect species. We discuss the importance and implications of these approaches for both basic and translational research. We focus on genetically encoded and virally encoded tools used for calcium imaging, optogenetics, and synaptic silencing. Finally, we discuss potential future developments of universally applicable, modular, and user-friendly genetic toolkits for neuroethological studies of insect behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman A Dierick
- Dep. of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, United States
| | | | - Baranidharan Raman
- Dep. of Bioengineering, Washington University in St. Louis, United States
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21
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Rosenthal JS, Yuan Q. Constructing and Tuning Excitatory Cholinergic Synapses: The Multifaceted Functions of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Drosophila Neural Development and Physiology. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:720560. [PMID: 34650404 PMCID: PMC8505678 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.720560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAchRs) are widely distributed within the nervous system across most animal species. Besides their well-established roles in mammalian neuromuscular junctions, studies using invertebrate models have also proven fruitful in revealing the function of nAchRs in the central nervous system. During the earlier years, both in vitro and animal studies had helped clarify the basic molecular features of the members of the Drosophila nAchR gene family and illustrated their utility as targets for insecticides. Later, increasingly sophisticated techniques have illuminated how nAchRs mediate excitatory neurotransmission in the Drosophila brain and play an integral part in neural development and synaptic plasticity, as well as cognitive processes such as learning and memory. This review is intended to provide an updated survey of Drosophila nAchR subunits, focusing on their molecular diversity and unique contributions to physiology and plasticity of the fly neural circuitry. We will also highlight promising new avenues for nAchR research that will likely contribute to better understanding of central cholinergic neurotransmission in both Drosophila and other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S Rosenthal
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Quan Yuan
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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22
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Matinyan N, Karkhanis MS, Gonzalez Y, Jain A, Saltzman A, Malovannaya A, Sarrion-Perdigones A, Dierick HA, Venken KJT. Multiplexed drug-based selection and counterselection genetic manipulations in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109700. [PMID: 34525356 PMCID: PMC8480232 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The power of Drosophila melanogaster as a model system relies on tractable germline genetic manipulations. Despite Drosophila's expansive genetics toolbox, such manipulations are still accomplished one change at a time and depend predominantly on phenotypic screening. We describe a drug-based genetic platform consisting of four selection and two counterselection markers, eliminating the need to screen for modified progeny. These markers work reliably individually or in combination to produce specific genetic outcomes. We demonstrate three example applications of multiplexed drug-based genetics by generating (1) transgenic animals, expressing both components of binary overexpression systems in a single transgenesis step; (2) dual selectable and counterselectable balancer chromosomes; and (3) selectable, fluorescently tagged P[acman] bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) strains. We perform immunoprecipitation followed by proteomic analysis on one tagged BAC line, demonstrating our platform's applicability to biological discovery. Lastly, we provide a plasmid library resource to facilitate custom transgene design and technology transfer to other model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Matinyan
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Integrative Molecular Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mansi S Karkhanis
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yezabel Gonzalez
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Antrix Jain
- Advanced Technology Cores, Mass Spectrometry Proteomics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alexander Saltzman
- Advanced Technology Cores, Mass Spectrometry Proteomics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anna Malovannaya
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Advanced Technology Cores, Mass Spectrometry Proteomics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alejandro Sarrion-Perdigones
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Herman A Dierick
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Koen J T Venken
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Integrative Molecular Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; McNair Medical Institute at The Robert and Janice McNair Foundation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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23
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Lyu Y, Weaver KJ, Shaukat HA, Plumoff ML, Tjilos M, Promislow DE, Pletcher SD. Drosophila serotonin 2A receptor signaling coordinates central metabolic processes to modulate aging in response to nutrient choice. eLife 2021; 10:59399. [PMID: 33463526 PMCID: PMC7909950 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been recognized for nearly a century that diet modulates aging. Despite early experiments suggesting that reduced caloric intake augmented lifespan, accumulating evidence indicates that other characteristics of the diet may be equally or more influential in modulating aging. We demonstrate that behavior, metabolism, and lifespan in Drosophila are affected by whether flies are provided a choice of different nutrients or a single, complete medium, largely independent of the amount of nutrients that are consumed. Meal choice elicits a rapid metabolic reprogramming that indicates a potentiation of TCA cycle and amino acid metabolism, which requires serotonin 2A receptor. Knockdown of glutamate dehydrogenase, a key TCA pathway component, abrogates the effect of dietary choice on lifespan. Our results reveal a mechanism of aging that applies in natural conditions, including our own, in which organisms continuously perceive and evaluate nutrient availability to promote fitness and well-being. The foods we eat can affect our lifespan, but it is also possible that thinking about food may have effects on our health. Choosing what to eat is one of the main ways we think about food, and most animals, including the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, choose their foods. The effects of these choices can affect health via a chemical in the brain called serotonin. This chemical interacts with proteins called serotonin 2A receptors in the brain, which then likely primes the body to process nutrients. To understand how serotonin affected the lifespan and health of fruit flies, Lyu et al. compared flies that were offered a single food to those that could choose between several foods. The flies that had a choice of foods lived shorter lives and produced more serotonin, but these effects were reversed when Lyu et al. limited the amount of a protein called glutamate dehydrogenase, which helps cells process nutrients. These results suggest that choosing what we eat can impact lifespan, ageing and health. Human and fly brains share many similarities, but human brain chemistry is more complex, as is our experience of food. This work demonstrates that food choices can affect lifespan. More research into this phenomenon may shed further light onto how our thoughts and decision-making impact our health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lyu
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Geriatrics Center, Biomedical Sciences and Research Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Kristina J Weaver
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Geriatrics Center, Biomedical Sciences and Research Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Humza A Shaukat
- College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Marta L Plumoff
- College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Maria Tjilos
- College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Daniel El Promislow
- Department of Lab Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Scott D Pletcher
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Geriatrics Center, Biomedical Sciences and Research Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
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24
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Serotonergic modulation of visual neurons in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009003. [PMID: 32866139 PMCID: PMC7485980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory systems rely on neuromodulators, such as serotonin, to provide flexibility for information processing as stimuli vary, such as light intensity throughout the day. Serotonergic neurons broadly innervate the optic ganglia of Drosophila melanogaster, a widely used model for studying vision. It remains unclear whether serotonin modulates the physiology of interneurons in the optic ganglia. To address this question, we first mapped the expression patterns of serotonin receptors in the visual system, focusing on a subset of cells with processes in the first optic ganglion, the lamina. Serotonin receptor expression was found in several types of columnar cells in the lamina including 5-HT2B in lamina monopolar cell L2, required for spatiotemporal luminance contrast, and both 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B in T1 cells, whose function is unknown. Subcellular mapping with GFP-tagged 5-HT2B and 5-HT1A constructs indicated that these receptors localize to layer M2 of the medulla, proximal to serotonergic boutons, suggesting that the medulla neuropil is the primary site of serotonergic regulation for these neurons. Exogenous serotonin increased basal intracellular calcium in L2 terminals in layer M2 and modestly decreased the duration of visually induced calcium transients in L2 neurons following repeated dark flashes, but otherwise did not alter the calcium transients. Flies without functional 5-HT2B failed to show an increase in basal calcium in response to serotonin. 5-HT2B mutants also failed to show a change in amplitude in their response to repeated light flashes but other calcium transient parameters were relatively unaffected. While we did not detect serotonin receptor expression in L1 neurons, they, like L2, underwent serotonin-induced changes in basal calcium, presumably via interactions with other cells. These data demonstrate that serotonin modulates the physiology of interneurons involved in early visual processing in Drosophila. Serotonergic neurons innervate the Drosophila melanogaster eye, but it was not known whether serotonin signaling could induce acute physiological responses in visual interneurons. We found serotonin receptors expressed in all neuropils of the optic lobe and identified specific neurons involved in visual information processing that express serotonin receptors. Activation of these receptors increased intracellular calcium in first order interneurons L1 and L2 and may enhance visually induced calcium transients in L2 neurons. These data support a role for the serotonergic neuromodulation of interneurons in the Drosophila visual system.
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25
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Suzuki Y, Schenk JE, Tan H, Gaudry Q. A Population of Interneurons Signals Changes in the Basal Concentration of Serotonin and Mediates Gain Control in the Drosophila Antennal Lobe. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1110-1118.e4. [PMID: 32142699 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) represents a quintessential neuromodulator, having been identified in nearly all animal species [1] where it functions in cognition [2], motor control [3], and sensory processing [4]. In the olfactory circuits of flies and mice, serotonin indirectly inhibits odor responses in olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) via GABAergic local interneurons (LNs) [5, 6]. However, the effects of 5-HT in olfaction are likely complicated, because multiple receptor subtypes are distributed throughout the olfactory bulb (OB) and antennal lobe (AL), the first layers of olfactory neuropil in mammals and insects, respectively [7]. For example, serotonin has a non-monotonic effect on odor responses in Drosophila projection neurons (PNs), where low concentrations suppress odor-evoked activity and higher concentrations boost PN responses [8]. Serotonin reaches the AL via the diffusion of paracrine 5-HT through the fly hemolymph [8] and by activation of the contralaterally projecting serotonin-immunoreactive deuterocerebral interneurons (CSDns): the only serotonergic cells that innervate the AL [9, 10]. Concentration-dependent effects could arise by either the expression of multiple 5-HT receptors (5-HTRs) on the same cells or by populations of neurons dedicated to detecting serotonin at different concentrations. Here, we identify a population of LNs that express 5-HT7Rs exclusively to detect basal concentrations of 5-HT. These LNs inhibit PNs via GABAB receptors and mediate subtractive gain control. LNs expressing 5-HT7Rs are broadly tuned to odors and target every glomerulus in the antennal lobe. Our results demonstrate that serotonergic modulation at low concentrations targets a specific population of LNs to globally downregulate PN odor responses in the AL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Suzuki
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Jonathan E Schenk
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Hua Tan
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Quentin Gaudry
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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26
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Wang H, Foquet B, Dewell RB, Song H, Dierick HA, Gabbiani F. Molecular characterization and distribution of the voltage-gated sodium channel, Para, in the brain of the grasshopper and vinegar fly. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2020; 206:289-307. [PMID: 31902005 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-019-01396-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels, encoded by the gene para, play a critical role in the rapid processing and propagation of visual information related to collision avoidance behaviors. We investigated their localization by immunostaining the optic lobes and central brain of the grasshopper Schistocerca americana and the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster with an antibody that recognizes the channel peptide domain responsible for fast inactivation gating. NaV channels were detected at high density at all stages of development. In the optic lobe, they revealed stereotypically repeating fascicles consistent with the regular structure of the eye. In the central brain, major axonal tracts were strongly labeled, particularly in the grasshopper olfactory system. We used the NaV channel sequence of Drosophila to identify an ortholog in the transcriptome of Schistocerca. The grasshopper, vinegar fly, and human NaV channels exhibit a high degree of conservation at gating and ion selectivity domains. Comparison with three species evolutionarily close to Schistocerca identified splice variants of Para and their relation to those of Drosophila. The anatomical distribution of NaV channels molecularly analogous to those of humans in grasshoppers and vinegar flies provides a substrate for rapid signal propagation and visual processing in the context of visually-guided collision avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Bert Foquet
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Richard B Dewell
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Hojun Song
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Herman A Dierick
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Fabrizio Gabbiani
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA. .,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, USA.
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27
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Howard CE, Chen CL, Tabachnik T, Hormigo R, Ramdya P, Mann RS. Serotonergic Modulation of Walking in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2019; 29:4218-4230.e8. [PMID: 31786064 PMCID: PMC6935052 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To navigate complex environments, animals must generate highly robust, yet flexible, locomotor behaviors. For example, walking speed must be tailored to the needs of a particular environment. Not only must animals choose the correct speed and gait, they must also adapt to changing conditions and quickly respond to sudden and surprising new stimuli. Neuromodulators, particularly the small biogenic amine neurotransmitters, have the ability to rapidly alter the functional outputs of motor circuits. Here, we show that the serotonergic system in the vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, can modulate walking speed in a variety of contexts and also change how flies respond to sudden changes in the environment. These multifaceted roles of serotonin in locomotion are differentially mediated by a family of serotonergic receptors with distinct activities and expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare E Howard
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Chin-Lin Chen
- Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tanya Tabachnik
- Advanced Instrumentation Group, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Rick Hormigo
- Advanced Instrumentation Group, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Pavan Ramdya
- Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Richard S Mann
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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28
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Protein trap: a new Swiss army knife for geneticists? Mol Biol Rep 2019; 47:1445-1458. [PMID: 31728729 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05181-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The protein trap is a powerful tool for genetic and biochemical studies of gene function in the animal kingdom. Although the original protein trap was developed for flies, it can be easily adapted to other multicellular organisms, both known models and ones with an unsequenced genome. The protein trap has been successfully applied to the fruit fly, crustaceans Parhyale hawaiensis, zebrafish, and insect and animal cell cultures. This approach is based on the integration into genes of an artificial exon that carries DNA encoding a fluorescent marker, standardized immunoepitopes, an integrase docking site, and splice acceptor and donor sites. The protein trap for cell cultures additionally contains an antibiotic resistance gene, which facilitates the selection of trapped clones. Resulting chimeric tagged mRNAs can be interfered by dsRNA against GFP (iGFPi-in vivo GFP interference), or the chimeric proteins can be efficiently knocked down by deGradFP technology. Both RNA and protein knockdowns produce a strong loss of function phenotype in tagged cells. The fluorescent and protein affinity tags can be used for tagged protein localisation within the cell and for identifying their binding partners in their native complexes. Insertion into protein trap integrase docking sites allows the replacement of trap contents by any new constructs, including other markers, cell toxins, stop-codons, and binary expression systems such as GAL4/UAS, LexA/LexAop and QF/QUAS, that reliably reflect endogenous gene expression. A distinctive feature of the protein trap approach is that all manipulations with a gene or its product occur only in the endogenous locus, which cannot be achieved by any other method.
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29
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Kanca O, Zirin J, Garcia-Marques J, Knight SM, Yang-Zhou D, Amador G, Chung H, Zuo Z, Ma L, He Y, Lin WW, Fang Y, Ge M, Yamamoto S, Schulze KL, Hu Y, Spradling AC, Mohr SE, Perrimon N, Bellen HJ. An efficient CRISPR-based strategy to insert small and large fragments of DNA using short homology arms. eLife 2019; 8:e51539. [PMID: 31674908 PMCID: PMC6855806 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported a CRISPR-mediated knock-in strategy into introns of Drosophila genes, generating an attP-FRT-SA-T2A-GAL4-polyA-3XP3-EGFP-FRT-attP transgenic library for multiple uses (Lee et al., 2018a). The method relied on double stranded DNA (dsDNA) homology donors with ~1 kb homology arms. Here, we describe three new simpler ways to edit genes in flies. We create single stranded DNA (ssDNA) donors using PCR and add 100 nt of homology on each side of an integration cassette, followed by enzymatic removal of one strand. Using this method, we generated GFP-tagged proteins that mark organelles in S2 cells. We then describe two dsDNA methods using cheap synthesized donors flanked by 100 nt homology arms and gRNA target sites cloned into a plasmid. Upon injection, donor DNA (1 to 5 kb) is released from the plasmid by Cas9. The cassette integrates efficiently and precisely in vivo. The approach is fast, cheap, and scalable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguz Kanca
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Jonathan Zirin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of GeneticsHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | | | - Shannon Marie Knight
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of GeneticsHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Donghui Yang-Zhou
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of GeneticsHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Gabriel Amador
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of GeneticsHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Hyunglok Chung
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Zhongyuan Zuo
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Liwen Ma
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Yuchun He
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Wen-Wen Lin
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Ming Ge
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Program in Developmental BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Karen L Schulze
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Yanhui Hu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of GeneticsHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Allan C Spradling
- Department of EmbryologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Carnegie Institution for ScienceBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Stephanie E Mohr
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of GeneticsHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of GeneticsHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Program in Developmental BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
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30
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Liu C, Meng Z, Wiggin TD, Yu J, Reed ML, Guo F, Zhang Y, Rosbash M, Griffith LC. A Serotonin-Modulated Circuit Controls Sleep Architecture to Regulate Cognitive Function Independent of Total Sleep in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2019; 29:3635-3646.e5. [PMID: 31668619 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Both the structure and the amount of sleep are important for brain function. Entry into deep, restorative stages of sleep is time dependent; short sleep bouts selectively eliminate these states. Fragmentation-induced cognitive dysfunction is a feature of many common human sleep pathologies. Whether sleep structure is normally regulated independent of the amount of sleep is unknown. Here, we show that in Drosophila melanogaster, activation of a subset of serotonergic neurons fragments sleep without major changes in the total amount of sleep, dramatically reducing long episodes that may correspond to deep sleep states. Disruption of sleep structure results in learning deficits that can be rescued by pharmacologically or genetically consolidating sleep. We identify two reciprocally connected sets of ellipsoid body neurons that form the heart of a serotonin-modulated circuit that controls sleep architecture. Taken together, these findings define a circuit essential for controlling the structure of sleep independent of its amount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA; Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Meng
- Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA; Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | | | - Junwei Yu
- Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Martha L Reed
- Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Fang Guo
- Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang province 310058, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhang
- Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Michael Rosbash
- Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
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31
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Guo H, Bettella E, Marcogliese PC, Zhao R, Andrews JC, Nowakowski TJ, Gillentine MA, Hoekzema K, Wang T, Wu H, Jangam S, Liu C, Ni H, Willemsen MH, van Bon BW, Rinne T, Stevens SJC, Kleefstra T, Brunner HG, Yntema HG, Long M, Zhao W, Hu Z, Colson C, Richard N, Schwartz CE, Romano C, Castiglia L, Bottitta M, Dhar SU, Erwin DJ, Emrick L, Keren B, Afenjar A, Zhu B, Bai B, Stankiewicz P, Herman K, Mercimek-Andrews S, Juusola J, Wilfert AB, Abou Jamra R, Büttner B, Mefford HC, Muir AM, Scheffer IE, Regan BM, Malone S, Gecz J, Cobben J, Weiss MM, Waisfisz Q, Bijlsma EK, Hoffer MJV, Ruivenkamp CAL, Sartori S, Xia F, Rosenfeld JA, Bernier RA, Wangler MF, Yamamoto S, Xia K, Stegmann APA, Bellen HJ, Murgia A, Eichler EE. Disruptive mutations in TANC2 define a neurodevelopmental syndrome associated with psychiatric disorders. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4679. [PMID: 31616000 PMCID: PMC6794285 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Postsynaptic density (PSD) proteins have been implicated in the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Here, we present detailed clinical and genetic data for 20 patients with likely gene-disrupting mutations in TANC2-whose protein product interacts with multiple PSD proteins. Pediatric patients with disruptive mutations present with autism, intellectual disability, and delayed language and motor development. In addition to a variable degree of epilepsy and facial dysmorphism, we observe a pattern of more complex psychiatric dysfunction or behavioral problems in adult probands or carrier parents. Although this observation requires replication to establish statistical significance, it also suggests that mutations in this gene are associated with a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders consistent with its postsynaptic function. We find that TANC2 is expressed broadly in the human developing brain, especially in excitatory neurons and glial cells, but shows a more restricted pattern in Drosophila glial cells where its disruption affects behavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Guo
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Elisa Bettella
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Neurodevelopment, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128, Padua, Italy
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35129, Padua, Italy
| | - Paul C Marcogliese
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Rongjuan Zhao
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jonathan C Andrews
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Tomasz J Nowakowski
- UCSF Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- UCSF Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Madelyn A Gillentine
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Kendra Hoekzema
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Tianyun Wang
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huidan Wu
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Sharayu Jangam
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Cenying Liu
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hailun Ni
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Marjolein H Willemsen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bregje W van Bon
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tuula Rinne
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Servi J C Stevens
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tjitske Kleefstra
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Han G Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Helger G Yntema
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Min Long
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjing Zhao
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhengmao Hu
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Cindy Colson
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Department of Genetics, EA7450 BioTARGen, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Nicolas Richard
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Department of Genetics, EA7450 BioTARGen, 14000, Caen, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Shweta U Dhar
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Deanna J Erwin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lisa Emrick
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Boris Keren
- Département de génétique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Afenjar
- APHP, Centre de référence des malformations et maladies congénitales du cervelet Département de génétique et embryologie médicale, GRCn°19, pathologies Congénitales du Cervelet-LeucoDystrophies, AP-HP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Baosheng Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, 650032, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650032, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Bing Bai
- Department of Pediatrics, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, 650032, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650032, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Pawel Stankiewicz
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kristin Herman
- Section of Medical Genomics, Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Saadet Mercimek-Andrews
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | | | - Amy B Wilfert
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Rami Abou Jamra
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Benjamin Büttner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heather C Mefford
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Alison M Muir
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- Departments of Medicine and Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Brigid M Regan
- Departments of Medicine and Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Stephen Malone
- Department of Neurosciences, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia
| | - Jozef Gecz
- School of Medicine and the Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide at the Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia
| | - Jan Cobben
- Emma Children's Hospital AUMC, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- North West Thames Genetics Service NHS, London, UK
| | - Marjan M Weiss
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Quinten Waisfisz
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Emilia K Bijlsma
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte J V Hoffer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia A L Ruivenkamp
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Sartori
- Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padua, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Raphael A Bernier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Michael F Wangler
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kun Xia
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Alexander P A Stegmann
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Alessandra Murgia
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Neurodevelopment, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128, Padua, Italy.
| | - Evan E Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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32
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Kockel L, Griffin C, Ahmed Y, Fidelak L, Rajan A, Gould EP, Haigney M, Ralston B, Tercek RJ, Galligani L, Rao S, Huq L, Bhargava HK, Dooner AC, Lemmerman EG, Malusa RF, Nguyen TH, Chung JS, Gregory SM, Kuwana KM, Regenold JT, Wei A, Ashton J, Dickinson P, Martel K, Cai C, Chen C, Price S, Qiao J, Shepley D, Zhang J, Chalasani M, Nguyen K, Aalto A, Kim B, Tazawa-Goodchild E, Sherwood A, Rahman A, Wu SYC, Lotzkar J, Michaels S, Aristotle H, Clark A, Gasper G, Xiang E, Schlör FL, Lu M, Haering K, Friberg J, Kuwana A, Lee J, Liu A, Norton E, Hamad L, Lee C, Okeremi D, diTullio H, Dumoulin K, Chi SYG, Derossi GS, Horowitch RE, Issa EC, Le DT, Morales BC, Noori A, Shao J, Cho S, Hoang MN, Johnson IM, Lee KC, Lee M, Madamidola EA, Schmitt KE, Byan G, Park T, Chen J, Monovoukas A, Kang MJ, McGowan T, Walewski JJ, Simon B, Zu SJ, Miller GP, Fitzpatrick KB, Lantz N, Fox E, Collette J, Kurtz R, Duncan C, Palmer R, Rotondo C, Janicki E, Chisholm T, Rankin A, Park S, Kim SK. An Interscholastic Network To Generate LexA Enhancer Trap Lines in Drosophila. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2019; 9:2097-2106. [PMID: 31040111 PMCID: PMC6643891 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Binary expression systems like the LexA-LexAop system provide a powerful experimental tool kit to study gene and tissue function in developmental biology, neurobiology, and physiology. However, the number of well-defined LexA enhancer trap insertions remains limited. In this study, we present the molecular characterization and initial tissue expression analysis of nearly 100 novel StanEx LexA enhancer traps, derived from the StanEx1 index line. This includes 76 insertions into novel, distinct gene loci not previously associated with enhancer traps or targeted LexA constructs. Additionally, our studies revealed evidence for selective transposase-dependent replacement of a previously-undetected KP element on chromosome III within the StanEx1 genetic background during hybrid dysgenesis, suggesting a molecular basis for the over-representation of LexA insertions at the NK7.1 locus in our screen. Production and characterization of novel fly lines were performed by students and teachers in experiment-based genetics classes within a geographically diverse network of public and independent high schools. Thus, unique partnerships between secondary schools and university-based programs have produced and characterized novel genetic and molecular resources in Drosophila for open-source distribution, and provide paradigms for development of science education through experience-based pedagogy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Kockel
- Dept. of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sagar Rao
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833
| | - Lutfi Huq
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Connie Cai
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Evan Xiang
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833
| | | | - Melissa Lu
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833
| | | | | | | | | | - Alan Liu
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833
| | | | | | - Clara Lee
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dan T Le
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833
| | | | | | | | - Sophia Cho
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833
| | | | | | | | - Maria Lee
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicole Lantz
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, NJ 08648
| | | | | | - Richard Kurtz
- Commack High School, 1 Scholar Ln, Commack, NY 11725
| | - Chris Duncan
- Pritzker College Prep, 4131 W Cortland St, Chicago, IL 60639
| | - Ryan Palmer
- Pritzker College Prep, 4131 W Cortland St, Chicago, IL 60639
| | - Cheryl Rotondo
- Science Department, Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833
| | - Eric Janicki
- Science Department, Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833
| | | | - Anne Rankin
- Science Department, Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833
| | - Sangbin Park
- Dept. of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
| | - Seung K Kim
- Dept. of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, CA 94305
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33
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Omoto JJ, Nguyen BCM, Kandimalla P, Lovick JK, Donlea JM, Hartenstein V. Neuronal Constituents and Putative Interactions Within the Drosophila Ellipsoid Body Neuropil. Front Neural Circuits 2018; 12:103. [PMID: 30546298 PMCID: PMC6278638 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The central complex (CX) is a midline-situated collection of neuropil compartments in the arthropod central brain, implicated in higher-order processes such as goal-directed navigation. Here, we provide a systematic genetic-neuroanatomical analysis of the ellipsoid body (EB), a compartment which represents a major afferent portal of the Drosophila CX. The neuropil volume of the EB, along with its prominent input compartment, called the bulb, is subdivided into precisely tessellated domains, distinguishable based on intensity of the global marker DN-cadherin. EB tangential elements (so-called ring neurons), most of which are derived from the DALv2 neuroblast lineage, predominantly interconnect the bulb and EB domains in a topographically organized fashion. Using the DN-cadherin domains as a framework, we first characterized this connectivity by Gal4 driver lines expressed in different DALv2 ring neuron (R-neuron) subclasses. We identified 11 subclasses, 6 of which correspond to previously described projection patterns, and 5 novel patterns. These subclasses both spatially (based on EB innervation pattern) and numerically (cell counts) summate to the total EB volume and R-neuron cell number, suggesting that our compilation of R-neuron subclasses approaches completion. EB columnar elements, as well as non-DALv2 derived extrinsic ring neurons (ExR-neurons), were also incorporated into this anatomical framework. Finally, we addressed the connectivity between R-neurons and their targets, using the anterograde trans-synaptic labeling method, trans-Tango. This study demonstrates putative interactions of R-neuron subclasses and reveals general principles of information flow within the EB network. Our work will facilitate the generation and testing of hypotheses regarding circuit interactions within the EB and the rest of the CX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaison Jiro Omoto
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Bao-Chau Minh Nguyen
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Pratyush Kandimalla
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer Kelly Lovick
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey Michael Donlea
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Volker Hartenstein
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Olesnicky EC, Wright EG. Drosophila as a Model for Assessing the Function of RNA-Binding Proteins during Neurogenesis and Neurological Disease. J Dev Biol 2018; 6:E21. [PMID: 30126171 PMCID: PMC6162566 DOI: 10.3390/jdb6030021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An outstanding question in developmental neurobiology is how RNA processing events contribute to the regulation of neurogenesis. RNA processing events are increasingly recognized as playing fundamental roles in regulating multiple developmental events during neurogenesis, from the asymmetric divisions of neural stem cells, to the generation of complex and diverse neurite morphologies. Indeed, both asymmetric cell division and neurite morphogenesis are often achieved by mechanisms that generate asymmetric protein distributions, including post-transcriptional gene regulatory mechanisms such as the transport of translationally silent messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and local translation of mRNAs within neurites. Additionally, defects in RNA splicing have emerged as a common theme in many neurodegenerative disorders, highlighting the importance of RNA processing in maintaining neuronal circuitry. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play an integral role in splicing and post-transcriptional gene regulation, and mutations in RBPs have been linked with multiple neurological disorders including autism, dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), Fragile X syndrome (FXS), and X-linked intellectual disability disorder. Despite their widespread nature and roles in neurological disease, the molecular mechanisms and networks of regulated target RNAs have been defined for only a small number of specific RBPs. This review aims to highlight recent studies in Drosophila that have advanced our knowledge of how RBP dysfunction contributes to neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia C Olesnicky
- Department of Biology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA.
| | - Ethan G Wright
- Department of Biology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA.
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35
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Li-Kroeger D, Kanca O, Lee PT, Cowan S, Lee MT, Jaiswal M, Salazar JL, He Y, Zuo Z, Bellen HJ. An expanded toolkit for gene tagging based on MiMIC and scarless CRISPR tagging in Drosophila. eLife 2018; 7:e38709. [PMID: 30091705 PMCID: PMC6095692 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We generated two new genetic tools to efficiently tag genes in Drosophila. The first, Double Header (DH) utilizes intronic MiMIC/CRIMIC insertions to generate artificial exons for GFP mediated protein trapping or T2A-GAL4 gene trapping in vivo based on Cre recombinase to avoid embryo injections. DH significantly increases integration efficiency compared to previous strategies and faithfully reports the expression pattern of genes and proteins. The second technique targets genes lacking coding introns using a two-step cassette exchange. First, we replace the endogenous gene with an excisable compact dominant marker using CRISPR making a null allele. Second, the insertion is replaced with a protein::tag cassette. This sequential manipulation allows the generation of numerous tagged alleles or insertion of other DNA fragments that facilitates multiple downstream applications. Both techniques allow precise gene manipulation and facilitate detection of gene expression, protein localization and assessment of protein function, as well as numerous other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Li-Kroeger
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Oguz Kanca
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Pei-Tseng Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Sierra Cowan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyRice University HoustonHoustonUnited States
| | - Michael T Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyRice University HoustonHoustonUnited States
| | - Manish Jaiswal
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Jose Luis Salazar
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Program in Developmental BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Yuchun He
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Zhongyuan Zuo
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Program in Developmental BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research InstituteHoustonUnited States
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36
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Marcogliese PC, Shashi V, Spillmann RC, Stong N, Rosenfeld JA, Koenig MK, Martínez-Agosto JA, Herzog M, Chen AH, Dickson PI, Lin HJ, Vera MU, Salamon N, Graham JM, Ortiz D, Infante E, Steyaert W, Dermaut B, Poppe B, Chung HL, Zuo Z, Lee PT, Kanca O, Xia F, Yang Y, Smith EC, Jasien J, Kansagra S, Spiridigliozzi G, El-Dairi M, Lark R, Riley K, Koeberl DD, Golden-Grant K, Yamamoto S, Wangler MF, Mirzaa G, Hemelsoet D, Lee B, Nelson SF, Goldstein DB, Bellen HJ, Pena LDM. IRF2BPL Is Associated with Neurological Phenotypes. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 103:245-260. [PMID: 30057031 PMCID: PMC6081494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 2 binding protein-like (IRF2BPL) encodes a member of the IRF2BP family of transcriptional regulators. Currently the biological function of this gene is obscure, and the gene has not been associated with a Mendelian disease. Here we describe seven individuals who carry damaging heterozygous variants in IRF2BPL and are affected with neurological symptoms. Five individuals who carry IRF2BPL nonsense variants resulting in a premature stop codon display severe neurodevelopmental regression, hypotonia, progressive ataxia, seizures, and a lack of coordination. Two additional individuals, both with missense variants, display global developmental delay and seizures and a relatively milder phenotype than those with nonsense alleles. The IRF2BPL bioinformatics signature based on population genomics is consistent with a gene that is intolerant to variation. We show that the fruit-fly IRF2BPL ortholog, called pits (protein interacting with Ttk69 and Sin3A), is broadly detected, including in the nervous system. Complete loss of pits is lethal early in development, whereas partial knockdown with RNA interference in neurons leads to neurodegeneration, revealing a requirement for this gene in proper neuronal function and maintenance. The identified IRF2BPL nonsense variants behave as severe loss-of-function alleles in this model organism, and ectopic expression of the missense variants leads to a range of phenotypes. Taken together, our results show that IRF2BPL and pits are required in the nervous system in humans and flies, and their loss leads to a range of neurological phenotypes in both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Marcogliese
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vandana Shashi
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rebecca C Spillmann
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nicholas Stong
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mary Kay Koenig
- Division of Child & Adolescent Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Julián A Martínez-Agosto
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Resnick Neuropsychiatric Hospital, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Matthew Herzog
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Agnes H Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Patricia I Dickson
- Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Henry J Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Moin U Vera
- Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Noriko Salamon
- Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - John M Graham
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Damara Ortiz
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Elena Infante
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Wouter Steyaert
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Dermaut
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruce Poppe
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hyung-Lok Chung
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhongyuan Zuo
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pei-Tseng Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Oguz Kanca
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yaping Yang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Edward C Smith
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Joan Jasien
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sujay Kansagra
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Gail Spiridigliozzi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mays El-Dairi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert Lark
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kacie Riley
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dwight D Koeberl
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Katie Golden-Grant
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael F Wangler
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ghayda Mirzaa
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Dimitri Hemelsoet
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Brendan Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stanley F Nelson
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David B Goldstein
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Loren D M Pena
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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37
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Tan KL, Haelterman NA, Kwartler CS, Regalado ES, Lee PT, Nagarkar-Jaiswal S, Guo DC, Duraine L, Wangler MF, Bamshad MJ, Nickerson DA, Lin G, Milewicz DM, Bellen HJ. Ari-1 Regulates Myonuclear Organization Together with Parkin and Is Associated with Aortic Aneurysms. Dev Cell 2018; 45:226-244.e8. [PMID: 29689197 PMCID: PMC5920516 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nuclei are actively positioned and anchored to the cytoskeleton via the LINC (Linker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton) complex. We identified mutations in the Parkin-like E3 ubiquitin ligase Ariadne-1 (Ari-1) that affect the localization and distribution of LINC complex members in Drosophila. ari-1 mutants exhibit nuclear clustering and morphology defects in larval muscles. We show that Ari-1 mono-ubiquitinates the core LINC complex member Koi. Surprisingly, we discovered functional redundancy between Parkin and Ari-1: increasing Parkin expression rescues ari-1 mutant phenotypes and vice versa. We further show that rare variants in the human homolog of ari-1 (ARIH1) are associated with thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections, conditions resulting from smooth muscle cell (SMC) dysfunction. Human ARIH1 rescues fly ari-1 mutant phenotypes, whereas human variants found in patients fail to do so. In addition, SMCs obtained from patients display aberrant nuclear morphology. Hence, ARIH1 is critical in anchoring myonuclei to the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li Tan
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nele A Haelterman
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Callie S Kwartler
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ellen S Regalado
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pei-Tseng Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sonal Nagarkar-Jaiswal
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dong-Chuan Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lita Duraine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael F Wangler
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael J Bamshad
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Deborah A Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Guang Lin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dianna M Milewicz
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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38
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Lee PT, Zirin J, Kanca O, Lin WW, Schulze KL, Li-Kroeger D, Tao R, Devereaux C, Hu Y, Chung V, Fang Y, He Y, Pan H, Ge M, Zuo Z, Housden BE, Mohr SE, Yamamoto S, Levis RW, Spradling AC, Perrimon N, Bellen HJ. A gene-specific T2A-GAL4 library for Drosophila. eLife 2018; 7:35574. [PMID: 29565247 PMCID: PMC5898912 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We generated a library of ~1000 Drosophila stocks in which we inserted a construct in the intron of genes allowing expression of GAL4 under control of endogenous promoters while arresting transcription with a polyadenylation signal 3’ of the GAL4. This allows numerous applications. First, ~90% of insertions in essential genes cause a severe loss-of-function phenotype, an effective way to mutagenize genes. Interestingly, 12/14 chromosomes engineered through CRISPR do not carry second-site lethal mutations. Second, 26/36 (70%) of lethal insertions tested are rescued with a single UAS-cDNA construct. Third, loss-of-function phenotypes associated with many GAL4 insertions can be reverted by excision with UAS-flippase. Fourth, GAL4 driven UAS-GFP/RFP reports tissue and cell-type specificity of gene expression with high sensitivity. We report the expression of hundreds of genes not previously reported. Finally, inserted cassettes can be replaced with GFP or any DNA. These stocks comprise a powerful resource for assessing gene function. Determining what role newly discovered genes play in the body is an important part of genetics. This task requires a lot of extra information about each gene, such as the specific cells where the gene is active, or what happens when the gene is deleted. To answer these questions, researchers need tools and methods to manipulate genes within a living organism. The fruit fly Drosophila is useful for such experiments because a toolbox of genetic techniques is already available. Gene editing in fruit flies allows small pieces of genetic information to be removed from or added to anywhere in the animal’s DNA. Another tool, known as GAL4-UAS, is a two-part system used to study gene activity. The GAL4 component is a protein that switches on genes. GAL4 alone does very little in Drosophila cells because it only recognizes a DNA sequence called UAS. However, if a GAL4-producing cell is also engineered to contain a UAS-controlled gene, GAL4 will switch the gene on. Lee et al. used gene editing to insert a small piece of DNA, containing the GAL4 sequence followed by a ‘stop’ signal, into many different fly genes. The insertion made the cells where each gene was normally active produce GAL4, but – thanks to the stop signal – rendered the rest of the original gene non-functional. This effectively deleted the proteins encoded by each gene, giving information about the biological processes they normally control. Lee et al. went on to use their insertion approach to make a Drosophila genetic library. This is a collection of around 1,000 different strains of fly, each carrying the GAL4/stop combination in a single gene. The library allows any gene in the collection to be studied in detail simply by combining the GAL4 with different UAS-controlled genetic tools. For example, introducing a UAS-controlled marker would pinpoint where in the body the original gene was active. Alternatively, adding UAS-controlled human versions of the gene would create humanized flies, which are a valuable tool to study potential disease-causing genes in humans. This Drosophila library is a resource that contributes new experimental tools to fly genetics. Insights gained from flies can also be applied to more complex animals like humans, especially since around 65% of genes are similar across humans and Drosophila. As such, Lee et al. hope that this resource will help other researchers shed new light on the role of many different genes in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Tseng Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Jonathan Zirin
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Oguz Kanca
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Wen-Wen Lin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Karen L Schulze
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - David Li-Kroeger
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Rong Tao
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Colby Devereaux
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Yanhui Hu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Verena Chung
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Yuchun He
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Hongling Pan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Ming Ge
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Zhongyuan Zuo
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States
| | | | - Stephanie E Mohr
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States.,Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Robert W Levis
- Department of Embryology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, United States
| | - Allan C Spradling
- Department of Embryology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, United States
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States.,Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
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39
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Salazar JL, Yamamoto S. Integration of Drosophila and Human Genetics to Understand Notch Signaling Related Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1066:141-185. [PMID: 30030826 PMCID: PMC6233323 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-89512-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling research dates back to more than one hundred years, beginning with the identification of the Notch mutant in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Since then, research on Notch and related genes in flies has laid the foundation of what we now know as the Notch signaling pathway. In the 1990s, basic biological and biochemical studies of Notch signaling components in mammalian systems, as well as identification of rare mutations in Notch signaling pathway genes in human patients with rare Mendelian diseases or cancer, increased the significance of this pathway in human biology and medicine. In the 21st century, Drosophila and other genetic model organisms continue to play a leading role in understanding basic Notch biology. Furthermore, these model organisms can be used in a translational manner to study underlying mechanisms of Notch-related human diseases and to investigate the function of novel disease associated genes and variants. In this chapter, we first briefly review the major contributions of Drosophila to Notch signaling research, discussing the similarities and differences between the fly and human pathways. Next, we introduce several biological contexts in Drosophila in which Notch signaling has been extensively characterized. Finally, we discuss a number of genetic diseases caused by mutations in genes in the Notch signaling pathway in humans and we expand on how Drosophila can be used to study rare genetic variants associated with these and novel disorders. By combining modern genomics and state-of-the art technologies, Drosophila research is continuing to reveal exciting biology that sheds light onto mechanisms of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Salazar
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, USA.
- Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, BCM, Houston, TX, USA.
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
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40
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Qian Y, Cao Y, Deng B, Yang G, Li J, Xu R, Zhang D, Huang J, Rao Y. Sleep homeostasis regulated by 5HT2b receptor in a small subset of neurons in the dorsal fan-shaped body of drosophila. eLife 2017; 6:26519. [PMID: 28984573 PMCID: PMC5648528 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying sleep homeostasis is limited. We have taken a systematic approach to study neural signaling by the transmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in drosophila. We have generated knockout and knockin lines for Trh, the 5-HT synthesizing enzyme and all five 5-HT receptors, making it possible for us to determine their expression patterns and to investigate their functional roles. Loss of the Trh, 5HT1a or 5HT2b gene decreased sleep time whereas loss of the Trh or 5HT2b gene diminished sleep rebound after sleep deprivation. 5HT2b expression in a small subset of, probably a single pair of, neurons in the dorsal fan-shaped body (dFB) is functionally essential: elimination of the 5HT2b gene from these neurons led to loss of sleep homeostasis. Genetic ablation of 5HT2b neurons in the dFB decreased sleep and impaired sleep homeostasis. Our results have shown that serotonergic signaling in specific neurons is required for the regulation of sleep homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Qian
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute For Brain Research, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Cao
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute For Brain Research, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bowen Deng
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute For Brain Research, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute For Brain Research, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayun Li
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute For Brain Research, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Rao
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute For Brain Research, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
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41
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Kanca O, Bellen HJ, Schnorrer F. Gene Tagging Strategies To Assess Protein Expression, Localization, and Function in Drosophila. Genetics 2017; 207:389-412. [PMID: 28978772 PMCID: PMC5629313 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.199968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of gene function in complex organisms relies extensively on tools to detect the cellular and subcellular localization of gene products, especially proteins. Typically, immunostaining with antibodies provides these data. However, due to cost, time, and labor limitations, generating specific antibodies against all proteins of a complex organism is not feasible. Furthermore, antibodies do not enable live imaging studies of protein dynamics. Hence, tagging genes with standardized immunoepitopes or fluorescent tags that permit live imaging has become popular. Importantly, tagging genes present in large genomic clones or at their endogenous locus often reports proper expression, subcellular localization, and dynamics of the encoded protein. Moreover, these tagging approaches allow the generation of elegant protein removal strategies, standardization of visualization protocols, and permit protein interaction studies using mass spectrometry. Here, we summarize available genomic resources and techniques to tag genes and discuss relevant applications that are rarely, if at all, possible with antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguz Kanca
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Frank Schnorrer
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM), UMR 7288, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288, France
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42
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Serotonin modulates a depression-like state in Drosophila responsive to lithium treatment. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15738. [PMID: 28585544 PMCID: PMC5467214 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) affects millions of patients; however, the pathophysiology is poorly understood. Rodent models have been developed using chronic mild stress or unavoidable punishment (learned helplessness) to induce features of depression, like general inactivity and anhedonia. Here we report a three-day vibration-stress protocol for Drosophila that reduces voluntary behavioural activity. As in many MDD patients, lithium-chloride treatment can suppress this depression-like state in flies. The behavioural changes correlate with reduced serotonin (5-HT) release at the mushroom body (MB) and can be relieved by feeding the antidepressant 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan or sucrose, which results in elevated 5-HT levels in the brain. This relief is mediated by 5-HT-1A receptors in the α-/β-lobes of the MB, whereas 5-HT-1B receptors in the γ-lobes control behavioural inactivity. The central role of serotonin in modulating stress responses in flies and mammals indicates evolutionary conserved pathways that can provide targets for treatment and strategies to induce resilience. Features of major depressive disorder including lack of motivation, sleep disruption and cognitive deficit have been modelled in rodents. Here, the authors develop a new method to elicit a depression-like state in Drosophila, and uncover separable roles for different serotonin receptors in depression-like behaviour.
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43
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Blenau W, Daniel S, Balfanz S, Thamm M, Baumann A. Dm5-HT 2B: Pharmacological Characterization of the Fifth Serotonin Receptor Subtype of Drosophila melanogaster. Front Syst Neurosci 2017; 11:28. [PMID: 28553207 PMCID: PMC5425475 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is an important regulator of physiological and behavioral processes in both protostomes (e.g., insects) and deuterostomes (e.g., mammals). In insects, serotonin has been found to modulate the heart rate and to control secretory processes, development, circadian rhythms, aggressive behavior, as well as to contribute to learning and memory. Serotonin exerts its activity by binding to and activating specific membrane receptors. The clear majority of these receptors belong to the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors. In Drosophila melanogaster, a total of five genes have been identified coding for 5-HT receptors. From this family of proteins, four have been pharmacologically examined in greater detail, so far. While Dm5-HT1A, Dm5-HT1B, and Dm5-HT7 couple to cAMP signaling cascades, the Dm5-HT2A receptor leads to Ca2+ signaling in an inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent manner. Based on sequence similarity to homologous genes in other insects, a fifth D. melanogaster gene was uncovered coding for a Dm5-HT2B receptor. Knowledge about this receptor’s pharmacological properties is very limited. This is quite surprising because Dm5-HT2B has been attributed to distinct physiological functions based on genetic interference with its gene expression. Mutations were described reducing the response of the larval heart to 5-HT, and specific knockdown of Dm5-HT2B mRNA in hemocytes resulted in a higher susceptibility of the flies to bacterial infection. To gain deeper understanding of Dm5-HT2B’s pharmacology, we evaluated the receptor’s response to a series of established 5-HT receptor agonists and antagonists in a functional cell-based assay. Metoclopramide and mianserin were identified as two potent antagonists that may allow pharmacological interference with Dm5-HT2B signaling in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Blenau
- Cologne Biocenter and Zoological Institute, University of CologneCologne, Germany
| | - Stöppler Daniel
- Department of NMR-Supported Structural Biology, Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare PharmakologieBerlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Balfanz
- Institute of Complex Systems - Cellular Biophysics (ICS-4), Forschungszentrum JülichJülich, Germany
| | - Markus Thamm
- Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology (Zoology II), Biocenter, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
| | - Arnd Baumann
- Institute of Complex Systems - Cellular Biophysics (ICS-4), Forschungszentrum JülichJülich, Germany
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44
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Siddall NA, Hime GR. A Drosophila toolkit for defining gene function in spermatogenesis. Reproduction 2017; 153:R121-R132. [PMID: 28073824 DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Expression profiling and genomic sequencing methods enable the accumulation of vast quantities of data that relate to the expression of genes during the maturation of male germ cells from primordial germ cells to spermatozoa and potential mutations that underlie male infertility. However, the determination of gene function in specific aspects of spermatogenesis or linking abnormal gene function with infertility remain rate limiting, as even in an era of CRISPR analysis of gene function in mammalian models, this still requires considerable resources and time. Comparative developmental biology studies have shown the remarkable conservation of spermatogenic developmental processes from insects to vertebrates and provide an avenue of rapid assessment of gene function to inform the potential roles of specific genes in rodent and human spermatogenesis. The vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has been used as a model organism for developmental genetic studies for over one hundred years, and research with this organism produced seminal findings such as the association of genes with chromosomes, the chromosomal basis for sexual identity, the mutagenic properties of X-irradiation and the isolation of the first tumour suppressor mutations. Drosophila researchers have developed an impressive array of sophisticated genetic techniques for analysis of gene function and genetic interactions. This review focuses on how these techniques can be utilised to study spermatogenesis in an organism with a generation time of 9 days and the capacity to introduce multiple mutant alleles into an individual organism in a relatively short time frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Siddall
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceThe University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - G R Hime
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceThe University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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45
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Chao HT, Davids M, Burke E, Pappas JG, Rosenfeld JA, McCarty AJ, Davis T, Wolfe L, Toro C, Tifft C, Xia F, Stong N, Johnson TK, Warr CG, Yamamoto S, Adams DR, Markello TC, Gahl WA, Bellen HJ, Wangler MF, Malicdan MCV, Adams DR, Adams CJ, Alejandro ME, Allard P, Ashley EA, Bacino CA, Balasubramanyam A, Barseghyan H, Beggs AH, Bellen HJ, Bernstein JA, Bick DP, Birch CL, Boone BE, Briere LC, Brown DM, Brush M, Burrage LC, Chao KR, Clark GD, Cogan JD, Cooper CM, Craigen WJ, Davids M, Dayal JG, Dell'Angelica EC, Dhar SU, Dipple KM, Donnell-Fink LA, Dorrani N, Dorset DC, Draper DD, Dries AM, Eckstein DJ, Emrick LT, Eng CM, Esteves C, Estwick T, Fisher PG, Frisby TS, Frost K, Gahl WA, Gartner V, Godfrey RA, Goheen M, Golas GA, Goldstein DB, Gordon M“GG, Gould SE, Gourdine JPF, Graham BH, Groden CA, Gropman AL, Hackbarth ME, Haendel M, Hamid R, Hanchard NA, Handley LH, Hardee I, Herzog MR, Holm IA, Howerton EM, Jacob HJ, Jain M, Jiang YH, Johnston JM, Jones AL, Koehler AE, Koeller DM, Kohane IS, Kohler JN, Krasnewich DM, Krieg EL, Krier JB, Kyle JE, Lalani SR, Latham L, Latour YL, Lau CC, Lazar J, Lee BH, Lee H, Lee PR, Levy SE, Levy DJ, Lewis RA, Liebendorder AP, Lincoln SA, Loomis CR, Loscalzo J, Maas RL, Macnamara EF, MacRae CA, Maduro VV, Malicdan MCV, Mamounas LA, Manolio TA, Markello TC, Mashid AS, Mazur P, McCarty AJ, McConkie-Rosell A, McCray AT, Metz TO, Might M, Moretti PM, Mulvihill JJ, Murphy JL, Muzny DM, Nehrebecky ME, Nelson SF, Newberry JS, Newman JH, Nicholas SK, Novacic D, Orange JS, Pallais JC, Palmer CG, Papp JC, Pena LD, Phillips JA, Posey JE, Postlethwait JH, Potocki L, Pusey BN, Ramoni RB, Rodan LH, Sadozai S, Schaffer KE, Schoch K, Schroeder MC, Scott DA, Sharma P, Shashi V, Silverman EK, Sinsheimer JS, Soldatos AG, Spillmann RC, Splinter K, Stoler JM, Stong N, Strong KA, Sullivan JA, Sweetser DA, Thomas SP, Tift CJ, Tolman NJ, Toro C, Tran AA, Valivullah ZM, Vilain E, Waggott DM, Wahl CE, Walley NM, Walsh CA, Wangler MF, Warburton M, Ward PA, Waters KM, Webb-Robertson BJM, Weech AA, Westerfield M, Wheeler MT, Wise AL, Worthe LA, Worthey EA, Yamamoto S, Yang Y, Yu G, Zornio PA. A Syndromic Neurodevelopmental Disorder Caused by De Novo Variants in EBF3. Am J Hum Genet 2017; 100:128-137. [PMID: 28017372 PMCID: PMC5223093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Early B cell factor 3 (EBF3) is a member of the highly evolutionarily conserved Collier/Olf/EBF (COE) family of transcription factors. Prior studies on invertebrate and vertebrate animals have shown that EBF3 homologs are essential for survival and that loss-of-function mutations are associated with a range of nervous system developmental defects, including perturbation of neuronal development and migration. Interestingly, aristaless-related homeobox (ARX), a homeobox-containing transcription factor critical for the regulation of nervous system development, transcriptionally represses EBF3 expression. However, human neurodevelopmental disorders related to EBF3 have not been reported. Here, we describe three individuals who are affected by global developmental delay, intellectual disability, and expressive speech disorder and carry de novo variants in EBF3. Associated features seen in these individuals include congenital hypotonia, structural CNS malformations, ataxia, and genitourinary abnormalities. The de novo variants affect a single conserved residue in a zinc finger motif crucial for DNA binding and are deleterious in a fly model. Our findings indicate that mutations in EBF3 cause a genetic neurodevelopmental syndrome and suggest that loss of EBF3 function might mediate a subset of neurologic phenotypes shared by ARX-related disorders, including intellectual disability, abnormal genitalia, and structural CNS malformations.
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46
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Abstract
The ability to image and manipulate specific cell populations in Drosophila enables the investigation of how neural circuits develop and coordinate appropriate motor behaviors. Gal4 lines give genetic access to many types of neurons, but the expression patterns of these reagents are often complex. Here, we present the generation and expression patterns of LexA lines based on the vesicular neurotransmitter transporters and Hox transcription factors. Intersections between these LexA lines and existing Gal4 collections provide a strategy for rationally subdividing complex expression patterns based on neurotransmitter or segmental identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Simpson
- a Janelia Research Campus , Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Ashburn , VA , USA.,b Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department , University of California, Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , CA , USA
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47
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Sizemore TR, Dacks AM. Serotonergic Modulation Differentially Targets Distinct Network Elements within the Antennal Lobe of Drosophila melanogaster. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37119. [PMID: 27845422 PMCID: PMC5109230 DOI: 10.1038/srep37119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromodulation confers flexibility to anatomically-restricted neural networks so that animals are able to properly respond to complex internal and external demands. However, determining the mechanisms underlying neuromodulation is challenging without knowledge of the functional class and spatial organization of neurons that express individual neuromodulatory receptors. Here, we describe the number and functional identities of neurons in the antennal lobe of Drosophila melanogaster that express each of the receptors for one such neuromodulator, serotonin (5-HT). Although 5-HT enhances odor-evoked responses of antennal lobe projection neurons (PNs) and local interneurons (LNs), the receptor basis for this enhancement is unknown. We used endogenous reporters of transcription and translation for each of the five 5-HT receptors (5-HTRs) to identify neurons, based on cell class and transmitter content, that express each receptor. We find that specific receptor types are expressed by distinct combinations of functional neuronal classes. For instance, the excitatory PNs express the excitatory 5-HTRs, while distinct classes of LNs each express different 5-HTRs. This study therefore provides a detailed atlas of 5-HT receptor expression within a well-characterized neural network, and enables future dissection of the role of serotonergic modulation of olfactory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R Sizemore
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26505, United States of America
| | - Andrew M Dacks
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26505, United States of America
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48
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A Drosophila LexA Enhancer-Trap Resource for Developmental Biology and Neuroendocrine Research. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2016; 6:3017-3026. [PMID: 27527793 PMCID: PMC5068927 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.031229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Novel binary gene expression tools like the LexA-LexAop system could powerfully enhance studies of metabolism, development, and neurobiology in Drosophila However, specific LexA drivers for neuroendocrine cells and many other developmentally relevant systems remain limited. In a unique high school biology course, we generated a LexA-based enhancer trap collection by transposon mobilization. The initial collection provides a source of novel LexA-based elements that permit targeted gene expression in the corpora cardiaca, cells central for metabolic homeostasis, and other neuroendocrine cell types. The collection further contains specific LexA drivers for stem cells and other enteric cells in the gut, and other developmentally relevant tissue types. We provide detailed analysis of nearly 100 new LexA lines, including molecular mapping of insertions, description of enhancer-driven reporter expression in larval tissues, and adult neuroendocrine cells, comparison with established enhancer trap collections and tissue specific RNAseq. Generation of this open-resource LexA collection facilitates neuroendocrine and developmental biology investigations, and shows how empowering secondary school science can achieve research and educational goals.
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49
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Lin CC, Potter CJ. Editing Transgenic DNA Components by Inducible Gene Replacement in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2016; 203:1613-28. [PMID: 27334272 PMCID: PMC4981265 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.191783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene conversions occur when genomic double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) trigger unidirectional transfer of genetic material from a homologous template sequence. Exogenous or mutated sequence can be introduced through this homology-directed repair (HDR). We leveraged gene conversion to develop a method for genomic editing of existing transgenic insertions in Drosophila melanogaster The clustered regularly-interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system is used in the H: omology A: ssisted C: RISPR K: nock-in (HACK) method to induce DSBs in a GAL4 transgene, which is repaired by a single-genomic transgenic construct containing GAL4 homologous sequences flanking a T2A-QF2 cassette. With two crosses, this technique converts existing GAL4 lines, including enhancer traps, into functional QF2 expressing lines. We used HACK to convert the most commonly-used GAL4 lines (labeling tissues such as neurons, fat, glia, muscle, and hemocytes) to QF2 lines. We also identified regions of the genome that exhibited differential efficiencies of HDR. The HACK technique is robust and readily adaptable for targeting and replacement of other genomic sequences, and could be a useful approach to repurpose existing transgenes as new genetic reagents become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chieh Lin
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Christopher J Potter
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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50
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Venken KJT, Sarrion-Perdigones A, Vandeventer PJ, Abel NS, Christiansen AE, Hoffman KL. Genome engineering: Drosophila melanogaster and beyond. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 5:233-67. [PMID: 26447401 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A central challenge in investigating biological phenomena is the development of techniques to modify genomic DNA with nucleotide precision that can be transmitted through the germ line. Recent years have brought a boon in these technologies, now collectively known as genome engineering. Defined genomic manipulations at the nucleotide level enable a variety of reverse engineering paradigms, providing new opportunities to interrogate diverse biological functions. These genetic modifications include controlled removal, insertion, and substitution of genetic fragments, both small and large. Small fragments up to a few kilobases (e.g., single nucleotide mutations, small deletions, or gene tagging at single or multiple gene loci) to large fragments up to megabase resolution can be manipulated at single loci to create deletions, duplications, inversions, or translocations of substantial sections of whole chromosome arms. A specialized substitution of chromosomal portions that presumably are functionally orthologous between different organisms through syntenic replacement, can provide proof of evolutionary conservation between regulatory sequences. Large transgenes containing endogenous or synthetic DNA can be integrated at defined genomic locations, permitting an alternative proof of evolutionary conservation, and sophisticated transgenes can be used to interrogate biological phenomena. Precision engineering can additionally be used to manipulate the genomes of organelles (e.g., mitochondria). Novel genome engineering paradigms are often accelerated in existing, easily genetically tractable model organisms, primarily because these paradigms can be integrated in a rigorous, existing technology foundation. The Drosophila melanogaster fly model is ideal for these types of studies. Due to its small genome size, having just four chromosomes, the vast amount of cutting-edge genetic technologies, and its short life-cycle and inexpensive maintenance requirements, the fly is exceptionally amenable to complex genetic analysis using advanced genome engineering. Thus, highly sophisticated methods developed in the fly model can be used in nearly any sequenced organism. Here, we summarize different ways to perform precise inheritable genome engineering using integrases, recombinases, and DNA nucleases in the D. melanogaster. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen J T Venken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Verna and Marrs McLean, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Program in Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Paul J Vandeventer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Verna and Marrs McLean, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas S Abel
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Audrey E Christiansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Verna and Marrs McLean, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kristi L Hoffman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Verna and Marrs McLean, Houston, TX, USA
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