1
|
Pérez-Arias AA, Méndez-Pérez RA, Cruz C, Zavala-Miranda MF, Romero-Diaz J, Márquez-Macedo SE, Comunidad-Bonilla RA, García-Rueda CC, Mejía-Vilet JM. The first-year course of urine MCP-1 and its association with response to treatment and long-term kidney prognosis in lupus nephritis. Clin Rheumatol 2023; 42:83-92. [PMID: 36107264 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-022-06373-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aims to assess the course of uMCP-1 and its association with response to therapy and long-term kidney function in a prospective cohort of adults who received a kidney biopsy for suspicion of active lupus nephritis (LN). METHODS Subjects were segregated into a histologically active LN group and a histologically chronic LN group. Both groups were followed for > = 36 months and urine were collected at flare, 3, 6, and 12 months of follow-up. The association between the course of uMCP-1, response to treatment, and progression to 30% loss of the eGFR was evaluated by linear mixed models for repeated measures. RESULTS A kidney biopsy was performed on 125 subjects. In 114, the report was consistent with histologically active LN; in 11, with histologically chronic LN. Urine MCP-1 levels were significantly higher in the active LN than in the chronic LN group. Urine MCP-1 levels correlated with the histological findings of cellular crescents, endocapillary hypercellularity, interstitial inflammation, glomerular sclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, and tubular atrophy. The mean estimates of uMCP-1 at flare were higher in the non-response group than in the complete response group, and decreased in the complete/partial response groups by the third month, while they remained elevated in the non-response group. The mean estimates for uMCP-1 were higher at LN flare and remained elevated in patients who progressed to loss of 30% of the eGFR, while they decreased in patients with stable kidney function. CONCLUSION The first-year course of uMCP-1 is associated with response to therapy and kidney survival in LN. Key Points •Urine MCP-1 levels differentiate histologically-active lupus nephritis from histologically-chronic lupus nephritis •Urine MCP-1 levels decrease by 3 months of therapy in subjects with a favorable response whose kidney function remains stable long-term •Urine MCP-1 levels remain elevated during the first year of therapy in subjects the will later lose kidney function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abril A Pérez-Arias
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas Y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Belisario Dominguez Sección XVI, 15 Vasco de Quiroga, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - R Angélica Méndez-Pérez
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas Y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Belisario Dominguez Sección XVI, 15 Vasco de Quiroga, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cristino Cruz
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas Y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Belisario Dominguez Sección XVI, 15 Vasco de Quiroga, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Fernanda Zavala-Miranda
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas Y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Belisario Dominguez Sección XVI, 15 Vasco de Quiroga, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juanita Romero-Diaz
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas Y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sofía E Márquez-Macedo
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas Y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Belisario Dominguez Sección XVI, 15 Vasco de Quiroga, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Roque A Comunidad-Bonilla
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas Y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Belisario Dominguez Sección XVI, 15 Vasco de Quiroga, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - C Carolina García-Rueda
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas Y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan M Mejía-Vilet
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas Y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Belisario Dominguez Sección XVI, 15 Vasco de Quiroga, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sedmaki K, Karnam K, Sharma P, Mahale A, Routholla G, Ghosh B, Prakash Kulkarni O. HDAC6 inhibition attenuates renal injury by reducing IL-1β secretion and RIP kinase mediated necroptosis in acute oxalate nephropathy. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:108919. [PMID: 35717839 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenesis of acute kidney injury is driven by necro-inflammation, which is comprised of IL-1β mediated inflammation and RIP-1 mediated tubular necroptosis. HDAC6 is reported to regulate both inflammation and cell death. In the present study, we explored the role of HDAC6 in the lysosomal exocytosis of IL-1β and RIP-1 mediated necroptosis in the context of oxalate nephropathy. METHODS Raw 264.7 macrophages and NRK52E stimulated with oxalate crystals and LPS with or without HDAC6 inhibitor for in vitro experiments. Acute oxalate nephropathy was induced in C57BL/6 mice by injecting sodium oxalate (75 mg/kg). For the drug intervention study, Tubastain A (TSA) was given an hour before injection of sodium oxalate. Mice were sacrificed 24 hrs after the oxalate injection, blood and kidney were harvested. Blood samples were analyzed for BUN and IL-1β levels. Renal tissues were analyzed for histology, immunohistochemistry, RNA, and protein expression. RESULTS HDAC6 and IL-1β upregulated in crystal stimulated macrophages and acute oxalate nephropathy. Pre-treatment of macrophages with TSA reduced IL-1β in supernatant without affecting the expression of pro-IL-1β and mature IL-1β in cell lysate. The effect of TSA on IL-1β secretion was influenced by tubulin acetylation. Renal epithelial cell NRK52E stimulated with crystals showed upregulation of necroptosis pathway markers and concentration-dependent cell death. TSA inhibited RIP-1, RIP3, and MLKL expression along with p-MLKL in stimulated epithelial cells. TSA treatment of oxalate nephropathy mice showed decreased inflammation and tubular cell death by regulating IL-1β and necroptosis and reduced renal injury. CONCLUSION This study highlights the role of HDAC6 in regulating the tubulin-mediated secretion of IL-1β and RIP kinase mediated necroptosis in acute oxalate nephropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Sedmaki
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad campus, India
| | - Kalyani Karnam
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad campus, India
| | - Pravesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad campus, India
| | - Ashutosh Mahale
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad campus, India
| | - Ganesh Routholla
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad campus, India
| | - Balaram Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad campus, India
| | - Onkar Prakash Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad campus, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Valiente GR, Munir A, Hart ML, Blough P, Wada TT, Dalan EE, Willis WL, Wu LC, Freud AG, Jarjour WN. Gut dysbiosis is associated with acceleration of lupus nephritis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:152. [PMID: 34996983 PMCID: PMC8742035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03886-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota (GM) exerts a strong influence over the host immune system and dysbiosis of this microbial community can affect the clinical phenotype in chronic inflammatory conditions. To explore the role of the GM in lupus nephritis, we colonized NZM2410 mice with Segmented Filamentous Bacteria (SFB). Gut colonization with SFB was associated with worsening glomerulonephritis, glomerular and tubular immune complex deposition and interstitial inflammation compared to NZM2410 mice free of SFB. With SFB colonization mice experienced an increase in small intestinal lamina propria Th17 cells and group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s). However, although serum IL-17A expression was elevated in these mice, Th17 cells and ILC3s were not detected in the inflammatory infiltrate in the kidney. In contrast, serum and kidney tissue expression of the macrophage chemoattractants MCP-1 and CXCL1 were significantly elevated in SFB colonized mice. Furthermore, kidney infiltrating F4/80+CD206+M2-like macrophages were significantly increased in these mice. Evidence of increased gut permeability or "leakiness" was also detected in SFB colonized mice. Finally, the intestinal microbiome of SFB colonized mice at 15 and 30 weeks of age exhibited dysbiosis when compared to uncolonized mice at the same time points. Both microbial relative abundance as well as biodiversity of colonized mice was found to be altered. Collectively, SFB gut colonization in the NZM2410 mouse exacerbates kidney disease, promotes kidney M2-like macrophage infiltration and overall intestinal microbiota dysbiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo R Valiente
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Armin Munir
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Perry Blough
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Takuma T Wada
- Saitama Medical University, Moroyama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Emma E Dalan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - William L Willis
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lai-Chu Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Aharon G Freud
- The Department of Pathology and the James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Wael N Jarjour
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chalmers SA, Ayilam Ramachandran R, Garcia SJ, Der E, Herlitz L, Ampudia J, Chu D, Jordan N, Zhang T, Parodis I, Gunnarsson I, Ding H, Shen N, Petri M, Mok CC, Saxena R, Polu KR, Connelly S, Ng CT, Mohan C, Putterman C. The CD6/ALCAM pathway promotes lupus nephritis via T cell-mediated responses. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e147334. [PMID: 34981775 PMCID: PMC8718154 DOI: 10.1172/jci147334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are central to the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis (LN), a common complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). CD6 and its ligand, activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM), are involved in T cell activation and trafficking. Previously, we showed that soluble ALCAM is increased in urine (uALCAM) of patients with LN, suggesting that this pathway contributes to disease. To investigate, uALCAM was examined in 1038 patients with SLE and LN from 5 ethnically diverse cohorts; CD6 and ALCAM expression was assessed in LN kidney cells; and disease contribution was tested via antibody blockade of CD6 in murine models of SLE and acute glomerulonephritis. Extended cohort analysis offered resounding validation of uALCAM as a biomarker that distinguishes active renal involvement in SLE, irrespective of ethnicity. ALCAM was expressed by renal structural cells whereas CD6 expression was exclusive to T cells, with elevated numbers of CD6+ and ALCAM+ cells in patients with LN. CD6 blockade in models of spontaneous lupus and immune-complex glomerulonephritis revealed significant decreases in immune cells, inflammatory markers, and disease measures. Our data demonstrate the contribution of the CD6/ALCAM pathway to LN and SLE, supporting its use as a disease biomarker and therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A. Chalmers
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | - Sayra J. Garcia
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Evan Der
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Leal Herlitz
- Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Nicole Jordan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ioannis Parodis
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute and Department of Gastroenterology, Dermatology and Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Iva Gunnarsson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute and Department of Gastroenterology, Dermatology and Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Huihua Ding
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Shen
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Michelle Petri
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Ramesh Saxena
- Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | - Chandra Mohan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Chaim Putterman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
- Research Institute, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zoshima T, Baba T, Tanabe Y, Ishida Y, Nakatani K, Nagata M, Mukaida N, Kawano M. CCR2- and CCR5-mediated macrophage infiltration contributes to glomerular endocapillary hypercellularity in antibody-induced lupus nephritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 61:3033-3048. [PMID: 34747459 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lupus nephritis comprises various glomerular lesions, including endocapillary hypercellularity with macrophage infiltration. In this study, we aimed to clarify the involvement of macrophage-tropic chemokine receptors in the pathogenesis of these glomerular lesions. METHODS MRL/lpr mouse-derived monoclonal IgG3 antibody-producing hybridomas, 2B11.3 and B1, were injected intraperitoneally into BALB/c mice (WT) to induce endocapillary hypercellularity and wire-loop lesions, respectively. The expression of chemokine and chemokine receptors was analyzed by quantitative real time PCR and immunofluorescence. The roles of chemokine receptors in these lesions were evaluated using chemokine receptor-deficient mice or a selective CCR5 antagonist, maraviroc. RESULTS 2B11.3 caused glomerular endocapillary hypercellularity with a significant number of glomerular CD68-positive macrophages. Further, enhanced expression of CCL2, CCL3, CCR2, CCR5, and CX3CR1 was observed in the renal cortex, compared with B1 injection, which induced wire-loop lesions. In 2B11.3-induced glomerular lesions, CD68-positive glomerular macrophages expressed CCL2, CCL3, CCR2, CCR5, and CX3CR1, while glomerular endothelial cells expressed CCL2, CCL3, CX3CL1, and CCR2. When 2B11.3 was injected, CCR2-/- and CCR5-/-, but not CX3CR1-/-, mice exhibited reduced endocapillary hypercellularity, attenuated glomerular macrophage infiltration, and improved serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. Only CCR2-/- mice developed wire-loop lesions. B1 injection caused wire-loop lesions in these chemokine receptor-deficient mice to a similar extent as WT. Maraviroc treatment reduced 2B11.3-induced endocapillary hypercellularity and improved serum BUN levels. CONCLUSION CCR2 and CCR5 regulate glomerular macrophage infiltration and contribute to the development of glomerular endocapillary hypercellularity in lupus nephritis. CCR5 inhibition can be a specific therapy for endocapillary hypercellularity without inducing wire-loop lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Zoshima
- Department of Rheumatology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Baba
- Division of Molecular Bioregulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yamato Tanabe
- Division of Molecular Bioregulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yuko Ishida
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kimihiko Nakatani
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto Yamashiro General Medical Center, Kizugawa, Japan
| | - Michio Nagata
- Kidney and Vascular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Naofumi Mukaida
- Division of Molecular Bioregulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Forensic Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kawano
- Department of Rheumatology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schneider L, Marcondes NA, Hax V, da Silva Moreira IF, Ueda CY, Piovesan RR, Xavier R, Chakr R. Flow cytometry evaluation of CD14/CD16 monocyte subpopulations in systemic sclerosis patients: a cross sectional controlled study. Adv Rheumatol 2021; 61:27. [PMID: 34022965 DOI: 10.1186/s42358-021-00182-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by vasculopathy and fibrosis, which can be subclassified into diffuse cutaneous (dSSc) and limited cutaneous (lSSc) subtypes. Previous studies suggest that an increase in monocytes can be a hallmark of various inflammatory diseases, including SSc. Our aim was to evaluate circulating blood monocyte subpopulations (classical, intermediate and non-classical) of SSc patients and their possible association with disease manifestations. METHODS Fifty consecutive patients fulfilling the 2013 ACR/EULAR classification criteria for SSc were included in a cross-sectional study. Monocyte subpopulations were identified based on their expression of CD64, CD14 and CD16, evaluated by flow cytometry, and were correlated with the clinical characteristics of the patients; furthermore, the expression of HLA-DR, CD163, CD169 and CD206 in the monocytes was studied. Thirty-eight age- and sex-matched healthy individuals were recruited as a control group. RESULTS SSc patients had an increased number of circulating peripheral blood monocytes with an activated phenotypic profile compared to healthy subjects. Absolute counts of CD16+ (intermediary and non-classical) monocyte subpopulations were higher in SSc patients. There was no association between monocyte subpopulations and the clinical manifestations evaluated. CONCLUSION We identified higher counts of all monocyte subpopulations in SSc patients compared to the control group. There was no association between monocyte subpopulations and major fibrotic manifestations. CD169 was shown to be more representative in dSSc, being a promising marker for differentiating disease subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laiana Schneider
- Serviço de Reumatologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2350 Ramiro Barcelos St, Room 645, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | | | - Vanessa Hax
- Serviço de Reumatologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2350 Ramiro Barcelos St, Room 645, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Yuka Ueda
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Xavier
- Serviço de Reumatologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2350 Ramiro Barcelos St, Room 645, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil.,Programa de Pós Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafael Chakr
- Serviço de Reumatologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2350 Ramiro Barcelos St, Room 645, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil.,Programa de Pós Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Macrophages and Stem Cells-Two to Tango for Tissue Repair? Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050697. [PMID: 34066618 PMCID: PMC8148606 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (MCs) are present in all tissues, not only supporting homeostasis, but also playing an important role in organogenesis, post-injury regeneration, and diseases. They are a heterogeneous cell population due to their origin, tissue specificity, and polarization in response to aggression factors, depending on environmental cues. Thus, as pro-inflammatory M1 phagocytic MCs, they contribute to tissue damage and even fibrosis, but the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype participates in repairing processes and wound healing through a molecular interplay with most cells in adult stem cell niches. In this review, we emphasize MC phenotypic heterogeneity in health and disease, highlighting their systemic and systematic contribution to tissue homeostasis and repair. Unraveling the intervention of both resident and migrated MCs on the behavior of stem cells and the regulation of the stem cell niche is crucial for opening new perspectives for novel therapeutic strategies in different diseases.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ikezumi Y, Kondoh T, Matsumoto Y, Kumagai N, Kaneko M, Hasegawa H, Yamada T, Kaneko U, Nikolic-Paterson DJ. Steroid treatment promotes an M2 anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype in childhood lupus nephritis. Pediatr Nephrol 2021; 36:349-359. [PMID: 32870362 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-020-04734-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND M1-type proinflammatory macrophages (MΦ) promote glomerular injury in lupus nephritis (LN). However, whether this phenotype is altered by steroid therapy is unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effect of steroid treatment on MΦ phenotype in LN. METHODS Patients with LN (7-18 years old) were divided into 2 groups: those with no treatment (N) before biopsy (n = 17) and those who underwent steroid (S) treatment (3-73 days) before biopsy (n = 15). MΦ number and phenotype were assessed by immunofluorescence. In vitro studies used monocyte-derived MΦ from healthy volunteers. RESULTS Age at biopsy, urine findings, and kidney function (eGFR) were comparable between the two groups. Biopsies in N group had higher levels of active lesions such as endocapillary hypercellularity, necrosis, and cellular crescent formation (p < 0.05). The total CD68+ MΦ infiltrate was comparable between N and S groups. However, N group had more M1 MΦ (CD68+ CD86+ cells) (p < 0.05) and fewer M2 MΦ (CD68+ CD163+ cells) (p < 0.05), giving a 6-fold increase in the M2/M1 ratio in S vs. N groups. Dexamethasone treatment of cultured MΦ induced upregulation of CD163 expression, increased production of anti-inflammatory (IL-10, IL-19) and profibrotic factors (FGF-22, PDGF), and upregulated the scavenger receptor, stabilin-1. Upregulation of stabilin-1 in CD163+ M2 MΦ was confirmed in biopsies from S group. CONCLUSIONS Initial steroid treatment induces MΦ phenotypic change from proinflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory or profibrotic M2 in LN with acute/active lesions. Although steroid treatment is effective for resolution of M1-medated injury, promotion of fibrotic lesions via M2 MΦ is a potential downside of steroid single therapy in LN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Ikezumi
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Tomomi Kondoh
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yuji Matsumoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Naonori Kumagai
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kaneko
- Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroya Hasegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamada
- Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Utako Kaneko
- Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - David J Nikolic-Paterson
- Department of Nephrology and Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Reekie IR, Sharma S, Foers A, Sherlock J, Coles MC, Dick AD, Denniston AK, Buckley CD. The Cellular Composition of the Uveal Immune Environment. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:721953. [PMID: 34778287 PMCID: PMC8586083 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.721953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The uveal tract consists of the iris, the ciliary body and the choroid; these three distinct tissues form a continuous layer within the eye. Uveitis refers to inflammation of any region of the uveal tract. Despite being grouped together anatomically, the iris, ciliary body and choroid are distinct functionally, and inflammatory diseases may affect only one part and not the others. Cellular structure of tissues direct their function, and understanding the cellular basis of the immune environment of a tissue in health, the "steady state" on which the perturbations of disease are superimposed, is vital to understanding the pathogenesis of those diseases. A contemporary understanding of the immune system accepts that haematopoietic and yolk sac derived leukocytes, though vital, are not the only players of importance. An array of stromal cells, connective tissue cells such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells, may also have a role in the inflammatory reaction seen in several immune-mediated diseases. In this review we summarise what is known about the cellular composition of the uveal tract and the roles these disparate cell types have to play in immune homeostasis. We also discuss some unanswered questions surrounding the constituents of the resident leukocyte population of the different uveal tissues, and we look ahead to the new understanding that modern investigative techniques such as single cell transcriptomics, multi-omic data integration and highly-multiplexed imaging techniques may bring to the study of the uvea and uveitis, as they already have to other immune mediated inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian R. Reekie
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Srilakshmi Sharma
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Foers
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Sherlock
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark C. Coles
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Dick
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair K. Denniston
- Institute for Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher D. Buckley
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institute for Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Christopher D. Buckley
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang H, Gao M, Li J, Sun J, Wu R, Han D, Tan J, Wang J, Wang B, Zhang L, Dong Y. MMP-9-positive neutrophils are essential for establishing profibrotic microenvironment in the obstructed kidney of UUO mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 227:e13317. [PMID: 31132220 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) plays a profibrotic role in renal fibrosis. Neutrophils produce MMP9 in many pathologic models. However, the effect of neutrophil on the progression of renal fibrosis and the relationship of MMP9 to the infiltration of neutrophils into the kidney remain unknown. METHODS The surgery of unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO) was performed in male C57BL/6 mice. Kidneys were collected for analyses on days 0, 1, 3, 5 or 7 following surgery. The inflammatory cells were analysed by flow cytometry. The mRNA and protein levels of renal fibrosis factor and inflammatory factor were measured by qRT-PCR, immumofluorescence and western blot analysis. RESULTS In a mouse kidney model of UUO, neutrophil infiltration significantly increased and neutrophil accumulation reached the highest level at 5 days after the injury. In the obstructed kidney, depleting neutrophils decreased the expression of inflammatory factors, inhibited the accumulation of macrophages including type 2 macrophages and suppressed renal fibrosis. Almost all neutrophils produced MMP9 at the early stage of kidney obstruction. MMP9 attracted neutrophils and inflammatory cells because inhibiting MMP9 suppressed the infiltration of neutrophils and other inflammatory cells and reduced renal fibrosis, regardless of using MMP9 neutralizing antibody or MMP9 inhibitor or different intervening periods of days (0-6, 0-3 or 3-6 were applied after kidney obstruction). CONCLUSION MMP9 promotes neutrophil infiltration by increasing the inflammatory level, macrophage accumulation and renal fibrosis in the obstructed kidney. Inhibiting MMP9 or depleting neutrophils in the early stage of acute kidney injury can relieve the progression of kidney fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine China Agricultural University Beijing China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shanxi Agricultural University Taigu China
| | - Min Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Jiangbo Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Jian Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine China Agricultural University Beijing China
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary department Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture Beijing China
| | - Ran Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Deping Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Jianmei Tan
- College of Veterinary Medicine China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Nephrology Shanghai General Hosptial, Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Nephrology Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Liping Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shanxi Agricultural University Taigu China
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas
| | - Yanjun Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine China Agricultural University Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Engel JE, Chade AR. Macrophage polarization in chronic kidney disease: a balancing act between renal recovery and decline? Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F1409-F1413. [PMID: 31566432 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00380.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are heterogenous cells of the innate immune system that can fluidly modulate their phenotype to respond to their local microenvironment. They are found throughout the renal compartments, where they contribute to homeostasis and function. However, renal injury activates molecular pathways that initially stimulate differentiation of macrophages into a proinflammatory M1 phenotype. Later in the course of healing, abundant apoptotic debris and anti-inflammatory cytokines induce the production of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, which contribute to tissue regeneration and repair. Thus, the dynamic balance of M1 and M2 populations may outline the burden of inflammation and process of tissue repair that define renal outcomes, which has been the impetus for therapeutic efforts targeting macrophages. This review will discuss the role of these phenotypes in the progression of chronic renal injury, potential pathogenic mechanisms, and the promise of macrophage-based therapeutic applications for chronic kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Engel
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Alejandro R Chade
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,Department of Radiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Engel JE, Williams E, Williams ML, Bidwell GL, Chade AR. Targeted VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) Therapy Induces Long-Term Renal Recovery in Chronic Kidney Disease via Macrophage Polarization. Hypertension 2019; 74:1113-1123. [PMID: 31542966 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) universally associates with renal microvascular rarefaction and inflammation, but whether a link exists between these 2 processes is unclear. We designed a therapeutic construct of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) fused to an ELP (elastin-like polypeptide) carrier and show that it improves renal function in experimental renovascular disease. We test the hypothesis that ELP-VEGF therapy will improve CKD, and that recovery will be driven by decreasing microvascular rarefaction partly via modulation of macrophage phenotype and inflammation. CKD was induced in 14 pigs, which were observed for 14 weeks. At 6 weeks, renal blood flow and filtration were quantified using multidetector computed tomography, and then pigs received single intrarenal ELP-VEGF or placebo (n=7 each). Renal function was quantified again 4 and 8 weeks later. Pigs were euthanized and renal microvascular density, angiogenic and inflammatory markers, fibrosis, macrophage infiltration, and phenotype were quantified. Loss of renal hemodynamics in CKD was progressively recovered by ELP-VEGF therapy, accompanied by improved renal microvascular density, fibrosis, and expression of inflammatory mediators. Although renal macrophage infiltration was similar in both CKD groups, ELP-VEGF therapy distinctly shifted their phenotype from proinflammatory M1 to VEGF-expressing M2. Our study unravels potential mechanisms and feasibility of a new strategy to offset progression of CKD using drug-delivery technologies. The results indicate that renal recovery after ELP-VEGF therapy was largely driven by modulation of renal macrophages toward VEGF-expressing M2 phenotype, restoring VEGF signaling and sustaining improvement of renal function and microvascular integrity in CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Engel
- From the Departments of Physiology and Biophysics (J.E.E., E.W., M.L.W., A.R.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Erika Williams
- From the Departments of Physiology and Biophysics (J.E.E., E.W., M.L.W., A.R.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Maxx L Williams
- From the Departments of Physiology and Biophysics (J.E.E., E.W., M.L.W., A.R.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Gene L Bidwell
- Neurology (G.L.B.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson.,Cell and Molecular Biology (G.L.B.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson.,Pharmacology and Toxicology (G.L.B.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Alejandro R Chade
- From the Departments of Physiology and Biophysics (J.E.E., E.W., M.L.W., A.R.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson.,Medicine (A.R.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson.,Radiology (A.R.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Arazi A, Rao DA, Berthier CC, Davidson A, Liu Y, Hoover PJ, Chicoine A, Eisenhaure TM, Jonsson AH, Li S, Lieb DJ, Zhang F, Slowikowski K, Browne EP, Noma A, Sutherby D, Steelman S, Smilek DE, Tosta P, Apruzzese W, Massarotti E, Dall'Era M, Park M, Kamen DL, Furie RA, Payan-Schober F, Pendergraft WF, McInnis EA, Buyon JP, Petri MA, Putterman C, Kalunian KC, Woodle ES, Lederer JA, Hildeman DA, Nusbaum C, Raychaudhuri S, Kretzler M, Anolik JH, Brenner MB, Wofsy D, Hacohen N, Diamond B. The immune cell landscape in kidneys of patients with lupus nephritis. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:902-914. [PMID: 31209404 PMCID: PMC6726437 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0398-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lupus nephritis is a potentially fatal autoimmune disease for which the current treatment is ineffective and often toxic. To develop mechanistic hypotheses of disease, we analyzed kidney samples from patients with lupus nephritis and from healthy control subjects using single-cell RNA sequencing. Our analysis revealed 21 subsets of leukocytes active in disease, including multiple populations of myeloid cells, T cells, natural killer cells and B cells that demonstrated both pro-inflammatory responses and inflammation-resolving responses. We found evidence of local activation of B cells correlated with an age-associated B-cell signature and evidence of progressive stages of monocyte differentiation within the kidney. A clear interferon response was observed in most cells. Two chemokine receptors, CXCR4 and CX3CR1, were broadly expressed, implying a potentially central role in cell trafficking. Gene expression of immune cells in urine and kidney was highly correlated, which would suggest that urine might serve as a surrogate for kidney biopsies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnon Arazi
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Deepak A Rao
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Celine C Berthier
- Internal Medicine, Department of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anne Davidson
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul J Hoover
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Adam Chicoine
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - A Helena Jonsson
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuqiang Li
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David J Lieb
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kamil Slowikowski
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward P Browne
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Akiko Noma
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Dawn E Smilek
- Lupus Nephritis Trials Network, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Immune Tolerance Network, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patti Tosta
- Lupus Nephritis Trials Network, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Immune Tolerance Network, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William Apruzzese
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elena Massarotti
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Dall'Era
- Rheumatology Division, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Meyeon Park
- Division of Nephrology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Diane L Kamen
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Richard A Furie
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwell Health, Great Neck, NY, USA
| | - Fernanda Payan-Schober
- Department of Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth A McInnis
- University of North Carolina Kidney Center, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jill P Buyon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michelle A Petri
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chaim Putterman
- Division of Rheumatology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth C Kalunian
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - E Steve Woodle
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - James A Lederer
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A Hildeman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Soumya Raychaudhuri
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthias Kretzler
- Internal Medicine, Department of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer H Anolik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michael B Brenner
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Wofsy
- Rheumatology Division, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nir Hacohen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chalmers SA, Garcia SJ, Reynolds JA, Herlitz L, Putterman C. NF-kB signaling in myeloid cells mediates the pathogenesis of immune-mediated nephritis. J Autoimmun 2019; 98:33-43. [PMID: 30612857 PMCID: PMC6426635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Immune-mediated glomerulonephritis is a serious end organ pathology that commonly affects patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A classic murine model used to study lupus nephritis (LN) is nephrotoxic serum nephritis (NTN), in which mice are passively transferred nephrotoxic antibodies. We have previously shown that macrophages are important in the pathogenesis of LN. To further investigate the mechanism by which macrophages contribute to the pathogenic process, and to determine if this contribution is mediated by NF-κB signaling, we created B6 mice which had RelA knocked out in myeloid cells, thus inhibiting classical NF-κB signaling in this cell lineage. We induced NTN in this strain to assess the importance of macrophage derived NF-κB signaling in contributing to disease progression. Myeloid cell RelA knock out (KO) mice injected with nephrotoxic serum had significantly attenuated proteinuria, lower BUN levels, and improved renal histopathology compared to control injected wildtype B6 mice (WT). Inhibiting myeloid NF-κB signaling also decreased inflammatory modulators within the kidneys. We found significant decreases of IL-1a, IFNg, and IL-6 in kidneys from KO mice, but higher IL-10 expression. Flow cytometry revealed decreased numbers of kidney infiltrating classically activated macrophages in KO mice as well. Our results indicate that macrophage NF-κB signaling is instrumental in the contribution of this cell type to the pathogenesis of NTN. While approaches which decrease macrophage numbers can be effective in immune mediated nephritis, more targeted treatments directed at modulating macrophage signaling and/or function could be beneficial, at least in the early stages of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Chalmers
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Sayra J Garcia
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Joshua A Reynolds
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Leal Herlitz
- Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Chaim Putterman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Macrophages: versatile players in renal inflammation and fibrosis. Nat Rev Nephrol 2019; 15:144-158. [PMID: 30692665 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-019-0110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 545] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages have important roles in immune surveillance and in the maintenance of kidney homeostasis; their response to renal injury varies enormously depending on the nature and duration of the insult. Macrophages can adopt a variety of phenotypes: at one extreme, M1 pro-inflammatory cells contribute to infection clearance but can also promote renal injury; at the other extreme, M2 anti-inflammatory cells have a reparative phenotype and can contribute to the resolution phase of the response to injury. In addition, bone marrow monocytes can differentiate into myeloid-derived suppressor cells that can regulate T cell immunity in the kidney. However, macrophages can also promote renal fibrosis, a major driver of progression to end-stage renal disease, and the CD206+ subset of M2 macrophages is strongly associated with renal fibrosis in both human and experimental diseases. Myofibroblasts are important contributors to renal fibrosis and recent studies provide evidence that macrophages recruited from the bone marrow can transition directly into myofibroblasts within the injured kidney. This process is termed macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition (MMT) and is driven by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1)-Smad3 signalling via a Src-centric regulatory network. MMT may serve as a key checkpoint for the progression of chronic inflammation into pathogenic fibrosis.
Collapse
|
16
|
Gonzalo-Gil E, García-Herrero C, Toldos O, Usategui A, Criado G, Pérez-Yagüe S, Barber DF, Pablos JL, Galindo M. Microthrombotic Renal Vascular Lesions Are Associated to Increased Renal Inflammatory Infiltration in Murine Lupus Nephritis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1948. [PMID: 30210500 PMCID: PMC6120987 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Vascular microthrombotic lesions in lupus nephritis with or without antiphospholipid antibodies may relate to worse renal outcomes. Whether microthrombotic lesions are a consequence of renal inflammation or independently contribute to renal damage is unclear. Our aim was to investigate the relationship between microthrombotic renal vascular lesions and nephritis progression in MRL/lpr mice. Methods: MRL/lpr mice were analyzed for the presence of renal microvascular, glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions and the effect of anti-aggregation (aspirin or clopidogrel) and dexamethasone on renal clinical and pathological manifestations was evaluated. Intravascular platelet aggregates (CD41), peri- (F4/80), and intraglomerular (Mac-2) macrophage infiltration, and C3 deposition were quantified by immunohistochemistry. Renal function was assessed by measuring proteinuria, and serum levels of creatinine and albumin. Anti-dsDNA and anti-cardiolipin antibodies, and thromboxane B2 levels were quantified by ELISA. Results: Frequency of microthrombotic renal lesions in MRL/lpr mice was high and was associated with immune-mediated renal damage. Proteinuria positively correlated with glomerular macrophage infiltration and was higher in mice with proliferative glomerular lesions. All mice had detectable anti-dsDNA and anti-cardiolipin IgG, regardless the presence of microthrombosis. Proteinuria and glomerular macrophage infiltration were significantly reduced in all treatment groups. Dexamethasone and platelet anti-aggregation similarly reduced glomerular damage and inflammation, but only platelet anti-aggregation significantly reduced anti-cardiolipin antibodies, renal complement deposition and thromboxane B2 levels. Conclusions: Platelet anti-aggregation reduced renal inflammatory damage, renal complement deposition, anti-cardiolipin antibodies, and thromboxane B2 levels and in MRL/lpr mice, suggesting that platelet activation has a pathogenic effect on immune-mediated nephritis. Our results point to MRL/lpr mice with lupus nephritis as an appropriate model to analyze the potential impact of anti-thrombotic intervention on renal inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oscar Toldos
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Usategui
- Instituto de Investigación, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriel Criado
- Instituto de Investigación, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Jose L Pablos
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Galindo
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Harwani SC. Macrophages under pressure: the role of macrophage polarization in hypertension. Transl Res 2018; 191:45-63. [PMID: 29172035 PMCID: PMC5733698 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a multifactorial disease involving the nervous, renal, and cardiovascular systems. Macrophages are the most abundant and ubiquitous immune cells, placing them in a unique position to serve as key mediators between these components. The polarization of macrophages confers vast phenotypic and functional plasticity, allowing them to act as proinflammatory, homeostatic, and anti-inflammatory agents. Key differences between the M1 and M2 phenotypes, the 2 subsets at the extremes of this polarization spectrum, place macrophages at a juncture to mediate many mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Neuronal and non-neuronal regulation of the immune system, that is, the "neuroimmuno" axis, plays an integral role in the polarization of macrophages. In hypertension, the neuroimmuno axis results in synchronization of macrophage mobilization from immune cell reservoirs and their chemotaxis, via increased expression of chemoattractants, to end organs critical in the development of hypertension. This complicated system is largely coordinated by the dichotomous actions of the autonomic neuronal and non-neuronal activation of cholinergic, adrenergic, and neurohormonal receptors on macrophages, leading to their ability to "switch" between phenotypes at sites of active inflammation. Data from experimental models and human studies are in concordance with each other and support a central role for macrophage polarization in the pathogenesis of hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sailesh C Harwani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City, IA; Center for Immunology and Immune Based Diseases, Iowa City, IA; Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Iowa City, Io.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Lectins recognize a diverse array of carbohydrate structures and perform numerous essential biological functions. Here we focus on only two families of lectins, the Siglecs and C-type lectins. Triggering of intracellular signaling cascades following ligand recognition by these receptors can have profound effects on the induction and modulation of immunity. In this chapter, we provide a brief overview of each family and then focus on selected examples that highlight how these lectins can influence myeloid cell functioning in health and disease. Receptors that are discussed include Sn (Siglec-1), CD33 (Siglec-3), and Siglec-5, -7, -8, -9, -10, -11, -14, -15, -E, -F, and -G as well as Dectin-1, MICL, Dectin-2, Mincle/MCL, and the macrophage mannose receptor.
Collapse
|
19
|
Yung S, Yap DYH, Chan TM. Recent advances in the understanding of renal inflammation and fibrosis in lupus nephritis. F1000Res 2017; 6:874. [PMID: 28663794 PMCID: PMC5473406 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10445.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lupus nephritis is a potentially reversible cause of severe acute kidney injury and is an important cause of end-stage renal failure in Asians and patients of African or Hispanic descent. It is characterized by aberrant exaggerated innate and adaptive immune responses, autoantibody production and their deposition in the kidney parenchyma, triggering complement activation, activation and proliferation of resident renal cells, and expression of pro-inflammatory and chemotactic molecules leading to the influx of inflammatory cells, all of which culminate in destruction of normal nephrons and their replacement by fibrous tissue. Anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibody level correlates with disease activity in most patients. There is evidence that apart from mediating pathogenic processes through the formation of immune complexes, pathogenic anti-dsDNA antibodies can bind to resident renal cells and induce downstream pro-apoptotic, pro-inflammatory, or pro-fibrotic processes or a combination of these. Recent data also highlight the critical role of macrophages in acute and chronic kidney injury. Though clinically effective, current treatments for lupus nephritis encompass non-specific immunosuppression and the anti-inflammatory action of high-dose corticosteroids. The clinical and histological impact of novel biologics targeting pro-inflammatory molecules remains to be investigated. Insight into the underlying mechanisms that induce inflammatory and fibrotic processes in the kidney of lupus nephritis could present opportunities for more specific novel treatment options to improve clinical outcomes while minimizing off-target untoward effects. This review discusses recent advances in the understanding of pathogenic mechanisms leading to inflammation and fibrosis of the kidney in lupus nephritis in the context of established standard-of-care and emerging therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Yung
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Desmond YH Yap
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tak Mao Chan
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kidder D, Bray SE, Fleming S. Differences in the frequency of macrophage and T cell markers between focal and crescentic classes of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated glomerulonephritis. J Nephropathol 2016; 6:97-102. [PMID: 28491860 PMCID: PMC5418077 DOI: 10.15171/jnp.2017.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated glomerulonephritis (AAGN) can be classified into; focal, crescentic, mixed and sclerotic classes. Macrophages and T lymphocytes are key players in mediating renal injury. The frequency of macrophage and T lymphocytes in different histological classes is unclear. Objectives We examined the frequency of macrophage and T lymphocyte markers in AAGN and assessed their correlation with renal function at presentation. Patients and Methods Renal biopsies from 38 patients were included in immunohistochemistry analysis of macrophages (CD68, sialoadhesin [Sn] and mannose receptor [MR]) and T cells (CD4 and CD8) markers. The frequency of these markers in glomerular, periglomerular and interstitial compartments were measured in a blinded fashion. Biopsies were allocated a histological class of focal, crescentic, mixed or sclerotic. Scores were then matched to histological class and assessed for correlation with renal function. Results The biopsies were crescentic 19 (50%), focal 10 (26.3%), mixed 6 (15.7%) and sclerotic 3 (8%). Interstitial CD68+ macrophages and CD8+ T lymphocytes showed best correlation with renal function at the time of presentation. CD68+ macrophages were significantly increased in crescentic compared to focal AAGN. MR+ macrophages, CD4 and CD8 T cells were also elevated in the interstitium of crescentic compared to focal group. Conclusions In this study interstitial CD68 and CD8 showed the highest association with the renal function at presentation. Differences in the cellular infiltrate between focal and crescentic AAGN were related to CD68+ macrophages and to interstitial MR+ macrophages and T lymphocytes. Further studies are needed to assess these differences across all four histological categories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana Kidder
- Renal Unit, Aberdeen, Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB25 2ZN
| | - Susan E Bray
- Tayside Tissue Bank, University of Dundee Medical School, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Scotland, DD1 9SY
| | - Stewart Fleming
- Department of Pathology, University of Dundee Medical School, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Scotland, DD1 9SY
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chalmers SA, Wen J, Shum J, Doerner J, Herlitz L, Putterman C. CSF-1R inhibition attenuates renal and neuropsychiatric disease in murine lupus. Clin Immunol 2016; 185:100-108. [PMID: 27570219 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease that can affect multiple end organs. Kidney and brain are two of the organs most commonly involved in SLE. Past studies have suggested the importance of macrophages in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis (LN). Furthermore, as the immune effectors of the brain, microglia have been implicated in pathways leading to neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE). We depleted macrophages and microglia using GW2580, a small colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) kinase inhibitor, in MRL-lpr/lpr (MRL/lpr) mice, a classic murine lupus model that displays features of both LN and NPSLE. Treatment was initiated before the onset of disease, and mice were followed for the development of LN and neurobehavioral dysfunction throughout the study. Treatment with GW2580 significantly ameliorated kidney disease, as evidenced by decreased proteinuria, BUN, and improved renal histopathology, despite equivalent levels of IgG and C3 deposition in the kidneys of treated and control mice. We were able to confirm macrophage depletion within the kidney via IBA-1 staining. Furthermore, we observed specific improvement in the depression-like behavioral deficit of MRL/lpr mice with GW2580 treatment. Circulating antibody and autoantibody levels were, however, not affected. These results provide additional support for the role of macrophages as a potentially valuable therapeutic target in SLE. Inhibiting CSF-1 receptor signaling would be more targeted than current immunosuppressive therapies, and may hold promise for the treatment of renal and neuropsychiatric end organ disease manifestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Chalmers
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jing Wen
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Justine Shum
- Montefiore Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jessica Doerner
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Leal Herlitz
- Cleveland Clinic, Department of Pathology, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Chaim Putterman
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, USA; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Bronx, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cao Q, Harris DCH, Wang Y. Macrophages in kidney injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. Physiology (Bethesda) 2016; 30:183-94. [PMID: 25933819 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00046.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are found in normal kidney and in increased numbers in diseased kidney, where they act as key players in renal injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. Macrophages are highly heterogeneous cells and exhibit distinct phenotypic and functional characteristics in response to various stimuli in the local microenvironment in different types of kidney disease. In kidney tissue necrosis and/or infection, damage- and/or pathogen-associated molecular patterns induce pro-inflammatory macrophages, which contribute to further tissue injury, inflammation, and subsequent fibrosis. Apoptotic cells and anti-inflammatory factors in post-inflammatory tissues induced anti-inflammatory macrophages, which can mediate kidney repair and regeneration. This review summarizes the role of macrophages with different phenotypes in kidney injury, inflammation, and fibrosis in various acute and chronic kidney diseases. Understanding alterations of kidney microenvironment and the factors that control the phenotype and functions of macrophages may offer an avenue for the development of new cellular and cytokine/growth factor-based therapies as alternative treatment options for patients with kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cao
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David C H Harris
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yiping Wang
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
O'Neill ASG, Terry SYA, Brown K, Meader L, Wong AMS, Cooper JD, Crocker PR, Wong W, Mullen GED. Non-invasive molecular imaging of inflammatory macrophages in allograft rejection. EJNMMI Res 2015; 5:69. [PMID: 26611870 PMCID: PMC4661159 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-015-0146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages represent a critical cell type in host defense, development and homeostasis. The ability to image non-invasively pro-inflammatory macrophage infiltrate into a transplanted organ may provide an additional tool for the monitoring of the immune response of the recipient against the donor graft. We therefore decided to image in vivo sialoadhesin (Sn, Siglec 1 or CD169) using anti-Sn mAb (SER-4) directly radiolabelled with (99m)Tc pertechnetate. METHODS We used a heterotopic heart transplantation model where allogeneic or syngeneic heart grafts were transplanted into the abdomen of recipients. In vivo nanosingle-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT/CT) imaging was performed 7 days post transplantation followed by biodistribution and histology. RESULTS In wild-type mice, the majority of (99m)Tc-SER-4 monoclonal antibody cleared from the blood with a half-life of 167 min and was located predominantly on Sn(+) tissues in the spleen, liver and bone marrow. The biodistribution in the transplantation experiments confirmed data derived from the non-invasive SPECT/CT images, with significantly higher levels of (99m)Tc-SER-4 observed in allogeneic grafts (9.4 (±2.7) %ID/g) compared to syngeneic grafts (4.3 (±10.3) %ID/g) (p = 0.0022) or in mice which received allogeneic grafts injected with (99m)Tc-IgG isotype control (5.9 (±0.6) %ID/g) (p = 0.0185). The transplanted heart to blood ratio was also significantly higher in recipients with allogeneic grafts receiving (99m)Tc-SER-4 as compared to recipients with syngeneic grafts (p = 0.000004) or recipients with allogeneic grafts receiving (99m)Tc-IgG isotype (p = 0.000002). CONCLUSIONS Here, we demonstrate that imaging of Sn(+) macrophages in inflammation may provide an important additional and non-invasive tool for the monitoring of the pathophysiology of cellular immunity in a transplant model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S G O'Neill
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK. .,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Samantha Y A Terry
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Kathryn Brown
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Lucy Meader
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andrew M S Wong
- Pediatric Storage Disorders Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behaviour, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan D Cooper
- Pediatric Storage Disorders Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behaviour, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paul R Crocker
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Wilson Wong
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Gregory E D Mullen
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK.,MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Li C, Luo X, Lin Y, Tang X, Ling L, Wang L, Jiang Y. A Higher Frequency of CD14+ CD169+ Monocytes/Macrophages in Patients with Colorectal Cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141817. [PMID: 26509874 PMCID: PMC4625021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Monocytes and macrophages can infiltrate into tumor microenvironment and regulate the progression of tumors. This study aimed at determining the frequency of different subsets of circulating monocytes and tumor infiltrating macrophages (TIMs) in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods The frequency of different subsets of circulating monocytes was characterized in 46 CRC patients and 22 healthy controls (HC) by flow cytometry. The frequency of different subsets of macrophages was analyzed in TIMs from 30 tumor tissues and in lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMCs) from 12 non-tumor tissues. The concentrations of plasma cytokines and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were determined. The potential association of these measures with the values of clinical parameters was analyzed. Results In comparison with that in the HC, the percentages of circulating CD14+CD169+, CD14+CD169+CD163+ and CD14+CD169+CD206+ monocytes and TIMs CD14+CD169+ as well as IL-10+CD14+CD169+, but not IL-12+ CD14+CD169+ macrophages were significantly increased, accompanied by higher levels of plasma IL-10 in the CRC patients. The percentages of CD14+CD169+ circulating monocytes and TIM macrophages were associated with the stage of disease and correlated positively with the levels of plasma IL-10 and CEA in CRC patients. Conclusion Our data suggest that an increase in the frequency of CD14+CD169+ cells may be associated with the development and progression of CRC and is concomitant rise of both, pro-tumor (M2-like, IL-10 producing) and anti-tumor (M1-like, IL-12 producing) monocytes and infiltrating macrophages. The frequency of CD14+CD169+ circulating monocytes and infiltrating macrophages may serve as a biomarker for evaluating the pathogenic degrees of CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Li
- Department of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaofan Luo
- Department of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuyang Lin
- Department of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiuqi Tang
- Department of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Limian Ling
- Department of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail: (YJ); (LW)
| | - Yanfang Jiang
- Genetic Diagnosis Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail: (YJ); (LW)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chávez-Galán L, Olleros ML, Vesin D, Garcia I. Much More than M1 and M2 Macrophages, There are also CD169(+) and TCR(+) Macrophages. Front Immunol 2015; 6:263. [PMID: 26074923 PMCID: PMC4443739 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are considered to be precursor cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system, and macrophages are one of the leading members of this cellular system. Macrophages play highly diverse roles in maintaining an organism's integrity by either directly participating in pathogen elimination or repairing tissue under sterile inflammatory conditions. There are different subpopulations of macrophages and each one has its own characteristics and functions. In this review, we summarize present knowledge on the polarization of macrophages that allows the generation of subpopulations called classically activated macrophages or M1 and alternative activated macrophages or M2. Furthermore, there are macrophages that their origin and characterization still remain unclear but have been involved as main players in some human pathologies. Thus, we also review three other categories of macrophages: tumor-associated macrophages, CD169(+) macrophages, and the recently named TCR(+) macrophages. Based on the literature, we provide information on the molecular characterization of these macrophage subpopulations and their specific involvement in several human pathologies such as cancer, infectious diseases, obesity, and asthma. The refined characterization of the macrophage subpopulations can be useful in designing new strategies, supplementing those already established for the treatment of diseases using macrophages as a therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Chávez-Galán
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Medical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria L. Olleros
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Medical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Vesin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Medical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Irene Garcia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Medical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Many types of kidney injury induce inflammation as a protective response. However, unresolved inflammation promotes progressive renal fibrosis, which can culminate in end-stage renal disease. Kidney inflammation involves cells of the immune system as well as activation of intrinsic renal cells, with the consequent production and release of profibrotic cytokines and growth factors that drive the fibrotic process. In glomerular diseases, the development of glomerular inflammation precedes interstitial fibrosis; although the mechanisms linking these events are poorly understood, an important role for tubular epithelial cells in mediating this link is gaining support. Data have implicated macrophages in promoting both glomerular and interstitial fibrosis, whereas limited evidence suggests that CD4(+) T cells and mast cells are involved in interstitial fibrosis. However, macrophages can also promote renal repair when the cause of renal injury can be resolved, highlighting their plasticity. Understanding the mechanisms by which inflammation drives renal fibrosis is necessary to facilitate the development of therapeutics to halt the progression of chronic kidney disease.
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang L, Chi YF, Yuan ZT, Zhou WC, Yin PH, Zhang XM, Peng W, Cai H. Astragaloside IV inhibits renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis by blocking TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1310-24. [PMID: 24879422 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214532597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) is a major active ingredient from Radix astragali, which has been considered as a renoprotective agent; however, its molecular mechanisms are unclear. Thus, we designed to investigate the renoprotective effects and mechanisms of AS-IV in rat model of renal fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in vivo and TGF-β1-stimulated rat renal fibroblasts (NRK-49F) in vitro. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups: sham operation, UUO, UUO/AS-IV (3.3, 10, 33 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)), and UUO/enalapril (4 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)). Renal function, tubulointerstitial damage index score, extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, and the expressions of TGF-β1, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), α-SMA, fibronectin, collagen I, III, Smad2/3, phosphorylated-Smad2/3, and Smad7 were measured. In addition, the expressions of CTGF, α-SMA, fibronectin, collagen I, III, Smad2/3, phosphorylated-Smad2/3, and Smad7 were measured in TGF-β1-stiumlated NRK-49F cell line. AS-IV significantly decreased UUO-induced renal fibrosis and functional impairment, which are associated with inhibition of TGF-β1, CTGF, α-SMA, and collagen matrix expression, and a decrease in serum creatinine and urea nitrogen. The renoprotective effects of AS-IV on fibrosis were associated with up-regulation of Smad7, thereby blocking up-regulations of TGF-β1, CTGF, and α-SMA, and activation of phosphorylated-Smad2/3. These effects were further conformed in NRK-49F cell line stimulated by TGF-β1. Moreover, knockdown of Smad7 gene in NRK-49F cells was able to prevent AS-IV-induced inhibition to Smad2/3 signaling activation, expression of CTGF, α-SMA, and ECM proteins in response to TGF-β1. Renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis was attenuated by treatment with AS-IV, which was closely related to induction of Smad7, thereby inhibiting TGF-β/Smad signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Laboratory of Renal Disease, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yang-Feng Chi
- Department of Nephrology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Ze-Ting Yuan
- Experimental Research Center, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Wen-Chao Zhou
- Laboratory of Renal Disease, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Pei-Hao Yin
- Department of Nephrology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xue-Mei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wen Peng
- Laboratory of Renal Disease, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China Department of Nephrology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Hui Cai
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Section of Nephrology, Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30322, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Xiong YS, Cheng Y, Lin QS, Wu AL, Yu J, Li C, Sun Y, Zhong RQ, Wu LJ. Increased expression of Siglec-1 on peripheral blood monocytes and its role in mononuclear cell reactivity to autoantigen in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013; 53:250-9. [PMID: 24196391 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ket342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Elevated expression of Siglec-1 on circulating monocytes has been reported in some inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, but its expression and role in RA has not been elucidated. The aims of this study were to determine the expression of Siglec-1 in peripheral blood and to explore its role in mononuclear cell reactivity to autoantigen in RA. METHODS Siglec-1 protein and mRNA levels in 42 RA patients, 39 OA patients, 28 SLE patients and 42 normal controls were determined by flow cytometry and quantitative RT-PCR, respectively. In addition, 10 patients with active RA received DMARDs for 12 weeks and the frequencies of Siglec-1-positive cells and the 28-joint DAS (DAS28) were assessed before and after therapy. Furthermore, TNF-α, IFN-γ and type II collagen were used to up-regulate Siglec-1. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from different groups were stimulated with mitogens or antigens and cell proliferation and cytokine production were determined. RESULTS The protein and mRNA levels of Siglec-1 on PBMCs and monocytes in RA patients were significantly higher than those in OA patients and healthy controls. Moreover, the expression of Siglec-1 protein on PBMCs was positively correlated with DAS28, ESR, high-sensitivity CRP and IgM-RF, but not with anti-CCP antibody. Interestingly, Siglec-1 expression was decreased in parallel with the decrease in the DAS28 after 12 weeks of anti-rheumatic treatment. Furthermore, TNF-α, IFN-γ and type II collagen can up-regulate Siglec-1 in PBMCs. Elevated PBMC proliferation and proinflammatory cytokine production to collagen stimulation in RA patients decreased when Siglec-1 was inhibited by anti-Siglec-1 antibodies. CONCLUSION Elevated Siglec-1 expression in PBMCs and monocytes can potentially serve as a biomarker for monitoring disease activity in RA. Siglec-1 may also play a proinflammatory role in stimulating lymphocyte proliferation and activation in RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Song Xiong
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Feng Yang Road, Huang Pu District, Shanghai 200003, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kidder D, Richards HE, Lyons PA, Crocker PR. Sialoadhesin deficiency does not influence the severity of lupus nephritis in New Zealand black x New Zealand white F1 mice. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15:R175. [PMID: 24286366 PMCID: PMC3978688 DOI: 10.1186/ar4364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory condition with multisystem involvement. One of the key features of the disease is the upregulation of type I interferons, resulting in the so-called "interferon signature". Recent flow cytometric and transcriptomic studies identified Sialoadhesin (Sn, CD169) as an important interferon-induced blood monocyte biomarker in diseased patients. To investigate a potential causative role of Sn in SLE, we generated NZBWF1 (New Zealand Black x New Zealand White F1) mice lacking Sn and compared onset and progression of disease with NZBWF1 expressing normal levels of Sn. METHODS Sn expression in renal tissues of pre-diseased and diseased NZBWF1 mice was evaluated by Quantitative real time PCR (QPCR) and immunohistochemistry. Sn-/- NZBWF1 mice were generated by speed congenics. Disease severity of Sn+/+ and Sn-/- NZBWF1 mice was assessed by serum immunoassays, flow cytometry, light microscopy and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Renal tissues from proteinuric NZBWF1 mice exhibited a significant upregulation of Sn mRNA and protein expression following disease onset. Further immunohistochemical analysis showed that Sn+ macrophages assumed a distinct periglomerular distribution and, unlike CD68+ macrophages, were not present within the glomeruli. Analysis of disease severity in Sn-/- and Sn+/+ NZBWF1 mice revealed no significant differences in the disease progression between the two groups although Sn-deficient mice showed a more rapid onset of proteinuria. CONCLUSIONS These data confirm a positive correlation of Sn with disease activity. However, Sn deficiency does not have a significant effect on the severity and progression of lupus nephritis in the NZBWF1 mouse model.
Collapse
|
30
|
Ohnishi K, Komohara Y, Saito Y, Miyamoto Y, Watanabe M, Baba H, Takeya M. CD169-positive macrophages in regional lymph nodes are associated with a favorable prognosis in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:1237-44. [PMID: 23734742 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CD169 (sialoadhesin) is a sialic acid receptor that is expressed on specific macrophages such as lymph node sinus macrophages. Animal studies have suggested that CD169(+) macrophages have a pro-inflammatory property, however, the role of these cells in human diseases has not been clarified. In our in vitro experiments with human macrophages, pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as type 1 interferon, induced strong expression of CD169, suggesting that CD169 might be a specific marker of inflammatory macrophages. To examine the role of CD169 in antitumor immunity, we examined the expression of CD169 in regional lymph nodes (RLNs) and its association with overall survival in colorectal carcinoma (CRC). In a clinicopathological analysis on 83 CRC patients, paraffin-embedded specimens were evaluated for CD169 expression of RLN macrophages by immunohistochemistry. We found, for the first time, a high density of CD169(+) macrophages was significantly associated with longer overall survival; multivariate analysis showed that the ratio of CD169(+) cells to CD68(+) cells was an independent prognostic factor. The majority of CD169(+) macrophages were in direct contact with CD8(+) T cells expressing CD43, a major ligand of CD169. We also found that the density of CD169(+) macrophages had a positive correlation with the number of CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells infiltrating tumor tissues. These data suggest that CD169(+) macrophages in RLNs promote CD8(+) T-cell-mediated antitumor immunity and are associated with a better prognosis for CRC patients. CD169(+) macrophages in RLNs could be a useful marker for assessing clinical prognosis and monitoring antitumor immunity in patients with CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Ohnishi
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cao Q, Wang Y, Harris DCH. Pathogenic and protective role of macrophages in kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F3-11. [PMID: 23637206 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00122.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (MΦ) are located throughout kidney tissue, where they play important roles in homeostasis, surveillance, tolerance, and cytoprotection. MΦ are highly heterogeneous cells and exhibit distinct phenotypic and functional characteristics depending on their microenvironment and the disease type and stage. Recent studies have identified a dual role for MΦ in several murine models of kidney disease. In this review, we discuss the pathogenic and protective roles of the various MΦ subsets in experimental and human kidney diseases and summarize current progress toward the therapeutic use of MΦ in kidney diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cao
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Darcy Rd., Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
O'Neill ASG, van den Berg TK, Mullen GED. Sialoadhesin - a macrophage-restricted marker of immunoregulation and inflammation. Immunology 2013. [PMID: 23181380 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialoadhesin (Sn, also known as Siglec-1 and CD169) is a macrophage-restricted cell surface receptor that is conserved across mammals. Sn is a member of the sialic acid-binding IgG-like lectin (Siglec) family of proteins characterized by affinity to specifically sialylated ligands, and under normal conditions is expressed on subsets of macrophages in secondary lymphoid tissues, such as lymph node and spleen. However, Sn-positive macrophages can also be found in a variety of pathological conditions, including (autoimmune) inflammatory infiltrates and tumours. Sn has been shown to contribute to sialylated pathogen uptake, antigen presentation and lymphocyte proliferation, and to influence both immunity and tolerance. This review presents Sn as a macrophage-specific marker of inflammation and immunoregulation with the potential to becoming an important biomarker for immunologically active macrophages and a target for therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S G O'Neill
- Division of Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Xiong YS, Wu AL, Lin QS, Yu J, Li C, Zhu L, Zhong RQ. Contribution of monocytes Siglec-1 in stimulating T cells proliferation and activation in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2012; 224:58-65. [PMID: 22789514 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atherosclerosis (AS) is widely accepted as an inflammatory disease and monocytes are particularly important in inflammatory immune responses. As an important biomarker of monocytes activation, Siglec-1 is highly expressed on circulating monocytes and atherosclerotic plaques of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients, but the exact role of Siglec-1 has not been elucidated. METHODS M-CSF, INF-α, IFN-γ, TNF-α and ox-LDL alone or in combination were used to stimulate Siglec-1 expression on monocytes, whereas small interfering RNA (si-RNA) or blocking antibody was used to down-regulate Siglec-1. Meanwhile, the role of Siglec-1 in chemokines secretion was determined. Then monocytes from CAD patients or healthy controls were cocultured with CD4+ or CD8+ T cells from a third healthy individual, and lymphocyte proliferation and activation were determined. RESULTS All the stimuluses could enhance Siglec-1 expression on monocytes in a dose-dependent manner, and M-CSF could synergistically stimulate Siglec-1 expression with ox-LDL. Moreover, the secretion of MCP-1, MIP-1α and MIP-2 were enhanced when Siglec-1 was up-regulated and down to normal level when Siglec-1 was blocked. More importantly, increased Siglec-1 expression on monocytes was related to the increased T cell proliferation and pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion in CAD patients. However, down-regulation of Siglec-1 could attenuate proliferation and activation of cocultured CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSION Siglec-1 can promote chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion and influence the inflammatory process of AS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-song Xiong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ikezumi Y, Suzuki T, Karasawa T, Hasegawa H, Yamada T, Imai N, Narita I, Kawachi H, Polkinghorne KR, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Uchiyama M. Identification of alternatively activated macrophages in new-onset paediatric and adult immunoglobulin A nephropathy: potential role in mesangial matrix expansion. Histopathology 2011; 58:198-210. [PMID: 21323947 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.03742.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS New onset of the clinical symptoms of immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy (IgAN) manifests with proliferative glomerular lesions in children, whereas adults exhibit mesangial matrix expansion and interstitial fibrosis. Alternatively, activated (M2) macrophages have been implicated in promoting tissue fibrosis in some settings. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether M2 macrophages are present in new-onset IgAN and if they are related to pathological differences between paediatric and adult disease. METHODS AND RESULTS Biopsy specimens from paediatric (<10 years, n=14; >12 years, n=15) and adult (n=27) IgAN showed a significant infiltrate of CD68(+) macrophages. M2 macrophages, identified by CD163 or CD204 expression, were detected in glomeruli and the interstitium, being more prominent in adults versus young children. CD163(+) and CD204(+) macrophages were present in areas of fibrosis containing myofibroblasts, and double staining showed that CD163(+) cells produced the profibrotic molecule, connective tissue growth factor. In young children, total CD68(+) macrophages, but not M2 macrophages, correlated with glomerular hypercellularity. In contrast, in adults and older children, mesangial matrix expansion correlated with M2 macrophages but not with the total CD68(+) macrophage infiltrate. CONCLUSIONS Alternatively activated M2 macrophages are present in new-onset paediatric and adult IgAN, and this population may promote the development of fibrotic lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Ikezumi
- Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata 951-8510 Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Delputte PL, Van Gorp H, Favoreel HW, Hoebeke I, Delrue I, Dewerchin H, Verdonck F, Verhasselt B, Cox E, Nauwynck HJ. Porcine sialoadhesin (CD169/Siglec-1) is an endocytic receptor that allows targeted delivery of toxins and antigens to macrophages. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16827. [PMID: 21359217 PMCID: PMC3040196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialoadhesin is exclusively expressed on specific subpopulations of macrophages. Since sialoadhesin-positive macrophages are involved in inflammatory autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, and potentially in the generation of immune responses, targeted delivery of drugs, toxins or antigens via sialoadhesin-specific immunoconjugates may prove a useful therapeutic strategy. Originally, sialoadhesin was characterized as a lymphocyte adhesion molecule, though recently its involvement in internalization of sialic acid carrying pathogens was shown, suggesting that sialoadhesin is an endocytic receptor. In this report, we show that porcine sialoadhesin-specific antibodies and F(ab')2 fragments trigger sialoadhesin internalization, both in primary porcine macrophages and in cells expressing recombinant porcine sialoadhesin. Using chemical inhibitors, double immunofluorescence stainings and dominant-negative constructs, porcine sialoadhesin internalization was shown to be clathrin- and Eps15-dependent and to result in targeting to early endosomes but not lysosomes. Besides characterizing the sialoadhesin endocytosis mechanism, two sialoadhesin-specific immunoconjugates were evaluated. We observed that porcine sialoadhesin-specific immunotoxins efficiently kill sialoadhesin-expressing macrophages. Furthermore, porcine sialoadhesin-specific albumin immunoconjugates were shown to be internalized in macrophages and immunization with these immunoconjugates resulted in a rapid and robust induction of albumin-specific antibodies, this compared to immunization with albumin alone. Together, these data expand sialoadhesin functionality and show that it can function as an endocytic receptor, a feature that cannot only be misused by sialic acid carrying pathogens, but that may also be used for specific targeting of toxins or antigens to sialoadhesin-expressing macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Delputte
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bao G, Han Z, Yan Z, Wang Q, Zhou Y, Yao D, Gu M, Chen B, Chen S, Deng A, Zhong R. Increased Siglec-1 expression in monocytes of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Immunol Invest 2010; 39:645-60. [PMID: 20653431 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2010.485625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate Siglec-1 protein (CD169) and mRNA levels in peripheral blood monocytes of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and investigate its role in PBC pathogenesis by looking for correlations between Siglec-1 expression and key PBC associated biochemical indices. METHODS FACS analysis was used to identify the percentage of peripheral blood monocytes positive for both CD14 and Siglec-1 in (a) 45 PBC patients, (b) 40 patients with liver cirrhosis after hepatitis B infection and (c) 36 healthy controls. Siglec-1 mRNA was measured by real-time RT-PCR and serum biomarkers by routine biochemistry. RESULTS The percentage of CD14-Siglec-1 double positive cells was significantly higher (p< 0.01) in PBC patients than in healthy controls or cirrhosis post-hepatitis patients (13.68 +/- 2.44%, 1.0 +/- 0.2 %, and 4.1 +/- 0.5 %, respectively). Siglec-1 mRNA expression in the PBC group was 3.42 times higher than in healthy controls (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION We investigated the role of Siglec-1 in PBC by assessing its expression in mononuclear cells of PBC patients and levels of secreted cytokines in cell supernatants after Siglec-1 RNA interference. It is possible that elevated Siglec-1 expression in peripheral blood monocytes of PBC patients is correlated with monocyte-mediated inflammatory responses during the development of PBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Bao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First people's Hospital of Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ma FY, Ikezumi Y, Nikolic-Paterson DJ. Macrophage signaling pathways: a novel target in renal disease. Semin Nephrol 2010; 30:334-44. [PMID: 20620676 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes/macrophages are a heterogeneous cell population that play a critical role in host defense and tissue homeostasis. However, macrophage activation during acute and chronic inflammation can result in macrophage-mediated renal injury in a variety of settings, including proliferative glomerulonephritis. Macrophages can be activated via a number of intracellular signaling pathways (eg, c-Jun amino terminal kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, FcR/Syk, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription) that induce production of mediators of renal injury. Thus, targeting selected macrophage signaling pathways is a potential therapeutic strategy to suppress macrophage-mediated renal injury while leaving intact the desirable macrophage functions of host defense and tissue repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Y Ma
- Department of Nephrology and Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Fujita E, Shimizu A, Masuda Y, Kuwahara N, Arai T, Nagasaka S, Aki K, Mii A, Natori Y, Iino Y, Katayama Y, Fukuda Y. Statin attenuates experimental anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis together with the augmentation of alternatively activated macrophages. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:1143-54. [PMID: 20696778 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are heterogeneous and include classically activated M1 and alternatively activated M2 macrophages, characterized by pro- and anti-inflammatory functions, respectively. Macrophages that express heme oxygenase-1 also exhibit anti-inflammatory effects. We assessed the anti-inflammatory effects of statin in experimental anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis and in vitro, focusing on the macrophage heterogeneity. Rats were induced anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis and treated with atorvastatin (20 mg/kg/day) or vehicle (control). Control rats showed infiltration of macrophages in the glomeruli at day 3 and developed crescentic glomerulonephritis by day 7, together with increased mRNA levels of the M1 macrophage-associated cytokines, interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-12. In contrast, statin reduced the level of proteinuria, reduced infiltration of macrophages in glomeruli with suppression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 expression, and inhibited the formation of necrotizing and crescentic lesions. The number of glomerular ED3-positive macrophages decreased with down-regulation of M1 macrophage-associated cytokines. Furthermore, statin augmented ED2-positive M2 macrophages with up-regulation of the M2 macrophage-associated chemokines and cytokines, chemokine (C-C motif) Iigand-17 and interleukin-10. Statin also increased the glomerular interleukin-10-expressing heme oxygenase-1-positive macrophages. Statin inhibited macrophage development, and suppressed ED3-positive macrophages, but augmented ED2-positive macrophages in M2-associated cytokine environment in vitro. We conclude that the anti-inflammatory effects of statin in glomerulonephritis are mediated through inhibition of macrophage infiltration as well as augmentation of anti-inflammatory macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Fujita
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Katsiari CG, Liossis SNC, Sfikakis PP. The Pathophysiologic Role of Monocytes and Macrophages in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Reappraisal. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2010; 39:491-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
40
|
Aki K, Shimizu A, Masuda Y, Kuwahara N, Arai T, Ishikawa A, Fujita E, Mii A, Natori Y, Fukunaga Y, Fukuda Y. ANG II receptor blockade enhances anti-inflammatory macrophages in anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 298:F870-82. [PMID: 20071465 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00374.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are heterogeneous immune cell populations that include classically activated and alternatively activated (M2) macrophages. We examined the anti-inflammatory effect of ANG II type 1 receptor (AT(1)R) blocker (ARB) on glomerular inflammation in a rat model of anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) glomerulonephritis (GN). The study focused on infiltrating CD8(+) and CD4(+) cells and macrophages, as well as the heterogeneity of intraglomerular macrophages. Wistar-Kyoto rats were treated with high-dose olmesartan (3 mg.kg(-1).day(-1)), low-dose olmesartan (0.3 mg.kg(-1).day(-1)), or vehicle (control) 7 days before induction of anti-GBM GN. Control rats showed mainly CD8(+) cells and ED1(+) macrophages, with a few CD4(+) cells infiltrating the glomeruli. Necrotizing and crescentic glomerular lesions developed by day 7 with the increase of proteinuria. AT(1)R was expressed on CD8(+) and CD4(+) cells and on ED1(+) macrophages. Low-dose ARB had no anti-inflammatory effects in anti-GBM GN. However, high-dose ARB reduced glomerular infiltration of CD8(+) cells and ED1(+) macrophages and suppressed necrotizing and crescentic lesions by days 5 to 7 (P < 0.05). In addition, high-dose ARB reduced the numbers of ED3(+)-activated macrophages, suppressed glomerular TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma production, and downregulated M1-related chemokine and cytokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein type 1, IL-6, and IL-12). High-dose ARB also enhanced ED2(+) M2 macrophages by day 7 with upregulation of glomerular IL-4 and IL-13 and augmented CCL17, IL-1 receptor antagonist, and IL-10. We concluded that high-dose ARB inhibits glomerular inflammation by increasing the numbers of M2 macrophages and upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines and by suppressing M1 macrophage development with downregulation of M1-related proinflammatory cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Aki
- Departmentsof Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Blockade of the c-Jun amino terminal kinase prevents crescent formation and halts established anti-GBM glomerulonephritis in the rat. J Transl Med 2009; 89:470-84. [PMID: 19188913 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2009.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages induce acute renal injury in anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) glomerulonephritis. This operates, in part, via activation of the c-Jun amino terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway. However, it is unknown whether inhibition of JNK signaling is effective once the proinflammatory response is established in the injured kidney. This study examined whether blockade of JNK signaling could halt disease progression, including crescent formation, in a model of severe crescentic anti-GBM glomerulonephritis. WKY rats were immunized with sheep IgG and then injected with sheep anti-GBM serum (day 0). Animals were treated with the JNK inhibitor, CC-401, vehicle alone, or no treatment from day 7 until being killed on day 24 of disease. Untreated animals at day 7 showed significant proteinuria, focal glomerular lesions, marked glomerular macrophage and T-cell accumulation, and upregulation of proinflammatory mediators (TNF-alpha, iNOS, MMP-12). Untreated and vehicle-treated groups displayed severe glomerulonephritis at day 24 with renal impairment and worsening proteinuria. These animals had severe glomerular lesions, with 60% of glomeruli exhibiting fibrocellular crescents, in association with increased macrophage and T-cell accumulation (including macrophage giant cells) and a further increase in mRNA levels of TNF-alpha, iNOS, MMP-12, and TGF-beta1. In contrast, CC-401 treatment prevented renal impairment, suppressed proteinuria, and prevented severe glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions, including crescent formation and granulomatous-like lesions. These protective effects were independent of glomerular macrophage and T-cell accumulation, and of the humoral immune response. CC-401 treatment inhibited expression of both pro- and antiinflammatory molecules (interleukin-10 and heme oxygenase-1). In addition, IL-1 induced MMP-12 and IL-10 production by cultured macrophages was found to be JNK dependent. In conclusion, blockade of JNK signaling provides substantial protection against the progression of crescentic anti-GBM glomerulonephritis, which may be, in part, due to inhibition of the macrophage proinflammatory response.
Collapse
|
42
|
Xiong YS, Zhou YH, Rong GH, Wu WL, Liang Y, Yang ZX, Geng HL, Zhong RQ. Siglec-1 on monocytes is a potential risk marker for monitoring disease severity in coronary artery disease. Clin Biochem 2009; 42:1057-63. [PMID: 19285973 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Siglec-1 has long been considered as an important biomarker of the activation of monocyte/macrophage and a type I interferon-specific imprint, but its role in atherosclerosis has not been elucidated. METHODS We examined the expression of Siglec-1 by flow cytometry and RT-PCR in 83 CAD patients and 38 healthy controls. In addition, the levels of serum lipids, Gensini score, hs-CRP and homocysteine were determined. RESULTS The transcriptional and protein levels of Siglec-1 on monocytes in CAD patients were significantly increased compared with healthy controls [3.17 versus 1.0, P<0.01; (11.5+/-3.9)% versus (1.8+/-2.0)%, P<0.01], but the increased Siglec-1 had no correlation with the level of native serum lipids. Interestingly, the expression of Siglec-1 was positively correlated with Gensini score (r=0.338, P=0.015), hs-CRP (r=0.316, P=0.016) and homocysteine level (r=0.224, P=0.042). CONCLUSION Siglec-1 may be considered as a potential non-invasive indicator for monitoring disease severity and a biomarker for predicting the relative risk of cardiovascular events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-song Xiong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University and Clinical Immunology Center of PLA, 415 Feng Yang Road, Huang Pu District, Shanghai 200003, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Crocker PR, Redelinghuys P. Siglecs as positive and negative regulators of the immune system. Biochem Soc Trans 2008; 36:1467-71. [PMID: 19021577 DOI: 10.1042/bst0361467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Siglecs (sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectins) are mainly expressed in the immune system. Sn (sialoadhesin) (siglec-1), CD22 (siglec-2) and siglec-15 are well conserved, whereas the CD33-related siglecs are undergoing rapid evolution, as reflected in large differences in repertoires among the different mammals studied so far. In the present paper, we review recent findings on the signalling properties of the CD33-related siglecs and discuss the emergence of both inhibitory and activating forms of this family. We also discuss how Sn may function as a positive regulator of adaptive immune responses and its emerging role as an induced macrophage pattern-recognition molecule for sialylated pathogens, especially enveloped viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Crocker
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ikezumi Y, Suzuki T, Karasawa T, Kawachi H, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Uchiyama M. Activated macrophages down-regulate podocyte nephrin and podocin expression via stress-activated protein kinases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 376:706-11. [PMID: 18809387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis in kidney disease is associated with podocyte damage, including down-regulation of nephrin and podocin. Macrophages are known to induce renal injury, but the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. This study examined macrophage-mediated podocyte damage. Conditioned media (CM) from activated macrophages caused a 50-60% reduction in nephrin and podocin mRNA and protein expression in cultured mouse podocytes and rat glomeruli. This was abolished by a neutralizing anti-TNFalpha antibody. The addition of recombinant TNFalpha to podocytes or glomeruli caused a comparable reduction in podocyte nephrin and podocin expression to that of macrophage CM. Inhibition of c-Jun amino terminal kinase (JNK) or p38 kinase abolished the TNFalpha-induced reduction in nephrin and podocin expression. This study demonstrates that activated macrophages can induce podocyte injury via a TNFalpha-JNK/p38-dependent mechanism. This may explain, in part, the protective effects of JNK and p38 blockade in experimental kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Ikezumi
- Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Asahimachi-dori, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ikezumi Y, Suzuki T, Karasawa T, Kawachi H, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Uchiyama M. Use of mizoribine as a rescue drug for steroid-resistant pediatric IgA nephropathy. Pediatr Nephrol 2008; 23:645-50. [PMID: 18038158 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-007-0664-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent clinical trials have shown a beneficial effect of mizoribine (Miz), an immunosuppressive drug, in the treatment of new-onset pediatric IgA nephropathy (IgAN). In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of Miz treatment in three children with established steroid-resistant IgAN. The patients had IgAN featuring persistent proteinuria and diffuse mesangial proliferation and had failed to respond to 2 years of treatment with prednisolone. Based upon the second biopsy results, patients were given methylprednisolone (mPSL) pulse therapy that induced a transient reduction in proteinuria, which was reversed when the mPSL dose was tapered. Miz therapy was then instigated in place of pulse mPSL. All three patients showed a substantial reduction in proteinuria and resolution of hematuria within 5 months. A follow-up biopsy in two of the patients showed a substantial reduction in the severity of glomerular lesions and a decrease in the number of activated macrophages. In conclusion, Miz therapy was found to be a safe and effective therapy in three cases of steroid-resistant pediatric IgAN. The ability of Miz to reduce the number of activated macrophages may be an important mechanism by which this drug ameliorated renal disease in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Ikezumi
- Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Asahimachi-Dori, Niigata, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Biesen R, Demir C, Barkhudarova F, Grün JR, Steinbrich-Zöllner M, Backhaus M, Häupl T, Rudwaleit M, Riemekasten G, Radbruch A, Hiepe F, Burmester GR, Grützkau A. Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 1 expression in inflammatory and resident monocytes is a potential biomarker for monitoring disease activity and success of therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:1136-45. [PMID: 18383365 DOI: 10.1002/art.23404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Biesen
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lyck L, Dalmau I, Chemnitz J, Finsen B, Schrøder HD. Immunohistochemical markers for quantitative studies of neurons and glia in human neocortex. J Histochem Cytochem 2008; 56:201-21. [PMID: 17998570 PMCID: PMC2324185 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.7a7187.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproducible visualization of neurons and glia in human brain is essential for quantitative studies of the cellular changes in neurological disease. However, immunohistochemistry in human brain specimens is often compromised because of prolonged fixation. To select cell lineage-specific antibodies for quantitative studies of neurons and the major types of glia, we used 29 different antibodies, different epitope retrieval methods, and different detection systems to stain tissue arrays of formalin-fixed human brain. The screening pointed at CD45/leukocyte common antigen (LCA), CD68(KP1), 2',3' cyclic nucleotide phosphatase (CNPase), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), HLA-DR, Ki67, neuronal nuclei (NeuN), p25alpha-antigen, and S100beta as candidates for future cell counting purposes, because these markers visualized specific neuronal and glial cell bodies. However, significant negative correlation between staining result and formalin fixation was observed by blinded scoring of staining for CD45/LCA, CNPase, GFAP, and NeuN in brain specimens fixed by immersion and stored up to 10 years in 4% formalin solution at room temperature, independent of donor sex and postmortem interval. In contrast, improved preservation of NeuN and CNPase staining, and full preservation of GFAP and CD45/LCA staining in tissue fixed by perfusion and stored for up to 3 years in 0.1% paraformaldehyde solution at 4C, indicated that immunohistochemistry can be performed in well-preserved biobank material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lise Lyck
- Medical Biotechnology Centre, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Varghese B, Haase N, Low PS. Depletion of folate-receptor-positive macrophages leads to alleviation of symptoms and prolonged survival in two murine models of systemic lupus erythematosus. Mol Pharm 2007; 4:679-85. [PMID: 17848087 DOI: 10.1021/mp0700615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease involving deposition of immune complexes in normal tissues and the consequent accumulation of immune cells and tissue injury. Activated macrophages are thought to contribute to disease pathogenesis by releasing inflammatory mediators that both cause direct tissue damage and attract other immune cells that augment inflammation. Previous studies in animal models of rheumatoid arthritis have shown that activated macrophages express a folate receptor that can be targeted with folate-linked haptens, leading to (1) marking of the activated macrophages with highly immunogenic haptens, (2) recognition of the marked cells by Fc receptor-expressing immune cells, and (3) destruction of the antibody-coated macrophages by the body's own immune system. Here we demonstrate that the same folate-hapten-targeted immunotherapy can greatly suppress symptoms of SLE in two animal models of the disease, resulting in reduced immune complex deposition, diminished damage to normal tissues, and prolonged animal survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bindu Varghese
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Crocker PR, Paulson JC, Varki A. Siglecs and their roles in the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 2007; 7:255-66. [PMID: 17380156 DOI: 10.1038/nri2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1460] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell surfaces in the immune system are richly equipped with a complex mixture of glycans, which can be recognized by diverse glycan-binding proteins. The Siglecs are a family of sialic-acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins that are thought to promote cell-cell interactions and regulate the functions of cells in the innate and adaptive immune systems through glycan recognition. In this Review, we describe recent studies on signalling mechanisms and discuss the potential role of Siglecs in triggering endocytosis and in pathogen recognition. Finally, we discuss the postulated functions of the recently discovered CD33-related Siglecs and consider the factors that seem to be driving their rapid evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Crocker
- Wellcome Trust Biocentre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD 15EH, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
York MR, Nagai T, Mangini AJ, Lemaire R, van Seventer JM, Lafyatis R. A macrophage marker, Siglec-1, is increased on circulating monocytes in patients with systemic sclerosis and induced by type I interferons and toll-like receptor agonists. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:1010-20. [PMID: 17328080 DOI: 10.1002/art.22382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Microarray analyses of peripheral blood leukocytes have shown that patients with systemic lupus erythematosus express increased levels of type I interferon (IFN)-regulated genes. In this study we examined gene expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) to better understand the dysregulation of the immune system in this disease. METHODS PBMC gene expression was analyzed by microarray and confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Surface protein expression of Siglec-1 was analyzed by flow cytometry in PBMCs from healthy control subjects and patients with SSc, and in control PBMCs that were cultured in vitro with Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. RESULTS SSc patients showed increased expression of a cluster of IFN-regulated genes, including Siglec-1 (CD169, sialoadhesin). This result was verified and extended by real-time PCR, showing that a subset of the SSc patients expressed strikingly increased levels of Siglec-1 messenger RNA (mRNA). Flow cytometry of PBMCs from SSc patients and healthy controls showed increased Siglec-1 surface protein expression, which was restricted to CD14+ monocytes. In vitro studies showed that type I IFN and certain TLR agonists, including TLR-7 and TLR-9, induced Siglec-1 mRNA and protein expression. Moreover, TLR induction of surface Siglec-1 was shown to be type I IFN-dependent. Increased numbers of Siglec-1+ cells were observed by immunohistochemistry in the skin of SSc patients compared with healthy controls. CONCLUSION Increased expression of Siglec-1 in circulating SSc monocytes and tissue macrophages suggests that type I IFN-mediated activation of monocytes occurs in SSc, possibly through TLR activation of IFN secretion. These observations indicate a potential role for type I IFN-activated monocyte/macrophages in the pathogenesis of SSc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R York
- Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|