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Woo W, Tian L, Lum M, Canchola A, Chen K, Lin YH. Ozonolysis of Terpene Flavor Additives in Vaping Emissions: Elevated Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:981-990. [PMID: 38776470 PMCID: PMC11187633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The production of e-cigarette aerosols through vaping processes is known to cause the formation of various free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Despite the well-known oxidative potential and cytotoxicity of fresh vaping emissions, the effects of chemical aging on exhaled vaping aerosols by indoor atmospheric oxidants are yet to be elucidated. Terpenes are commonly found in e-liquids as flavor additives. In the presence of indoor ozone (O3), e-cigarette aerosols that contain terpene flavorings can undergo chemical transformations, further producing ROS and reactive carbonyl species. Here, we simulated the aging process of the e-cigarette emissions in a 2 m3 FEP film chamber with 100 ppbv of O3 exposure for an hour. The aged vaping aerosols, along with fresh aerosols, were collected to detect the presence of ROS. The aged particles exhibited 2- to 11-fold greater oxidative potential, and further analysis showed that these particles formed a greater number of radicals in aqueous conditions. The aging process induced the formation of various alkyl hydroperoxides (ROOH), and through iodometric quantification, we saw that our aged vaping particles contained significantly greater amounts of these hydroperoxides than their fresh counterparts. Bronchial epithelial cells exposed to aged vaping aerosols exhibited an upregulation of the oxidative stress genes, HMOX-1 and GSTP1, indicating the potential for inhalation toxicity. This work highlights the indirect danger of vaping in environments with high ground-level O3, which can chemically transform e-cigarette aerosols into new particles that can induce greater oxidative damage than fresh e-cigarette aerosols. Given that the toxicological characteristics of e-cigarettes are mainly associated with the inhalation of fresh aerosols in current studies, our work may provide a perspective that characterizes vaping exposure under secondhand or thirdhand conditions as a significant health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonsik Woo
- Environmental
Toxicology Graduate Program, University
of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Linhui Tian
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Michael Lum
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Alexa Canchola
- Environmental
Toxicology Graduate Program, University
of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Kunpeng Chen
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ying-Hsuan Lin
- Environmental
Toxicology Graduate Program, University
of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Cui T, Lu R, Liu C, Wu Z, Jiang X, Liu Y, Pan S, Li Y. Characteristics of second-hand exposure to aerosols from e-cigarettes: A literature review since 2010. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171829. [PMID: 38537812 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of electronic vaping products (also named e-cigarettes) has increased due to their appealing flavors and nicotine delivery without the combustion of tobacco. Although the hazardous substances emitted by e-cigarettes are largely found to be much lower than combustible cigarettes, second-hand exposure to e-cigarette aerosols is not completely benign for bystanders. This work reviewed and synthesized findings on the second-hand exposure of aerosols from e-cigarettes and compared the results with those of the combustible cigarettes. In this review, different results were integrated based upon sampling locations such as residences, vehicles, offices, public places, and experimental exposure chambers. In addition, the factors that influence the second-hand exposure levels were identified by objectively reviewing and integrating the impacts of combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes on the environment. It is a challenge to compare the literature data directly to assess the effect of smoking/vaping on the indoor environment. The room volume, indoor air exchange rate, puffing duration, and puffing numbers should be considered, which are important factors in determining the degree of pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to calculate the "emission rate" to normalize the concentration of pollutants emitted under various experimental conditions and make the results comparable. This review aims to increase the awareness regarding the harmful effects of the second-hand exposure to aerosols coming from the use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes, identify knowledge gaps, and provide a scientific basis for future policy interventions with regard to the regulation of smoking and vaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Cui
- School of Civil Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecology Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Rui Lu
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China.
| | - Chuan Liu
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Zehong Wu
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Xingtao Jiang
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Yiqiao Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Song Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yanpeng Li
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecology Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710054, China.
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Kopa-Stojak PN, Pawliczak R. Comparison of the effects of active and passive smoking of tobacco cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery systems and tobacco heating products on the expression and secretion of oxidative stress and inflammatory response markers. A systematic review. Inhal Toxicol 2024; 36:75-89. [PMID: 38394073 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2024.2319315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This work attempts to summarize current knowledge on the effects of active and passive smoking of cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery systems and tobacco heating products on the expression and secretion of oxidative stress and inflammatory response mediators, and on their possible impact on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease development. MATERIALS AND METHODS The literature was searched by the terms: 'smoking', 'active smoking', 'passive smoking', 'main-stream smoke', 'side-stream smoke', 'secondhand smoke', 'cigarette' 'THP', 'tobacco heating product', 'ENDS', 'electronic nicotine delivery system', 'e-cigarette', 'electronic cigarette', oxidative stress', inflammatory response' and 'gene expression'. RESULTS Cigarette smoking (active and passive) induces oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the airways. We present the effect of active smoking of e-cigarettes (EC) and heat-not-burn (HnB) products on the increased expression and secretion of oxidative stress and inflammatory response markers. However, there is only a limited number of studies on the effect of their second-hand smoking, and those available mainly describe aerosol composition. DISCUSSION The literature provides data which confirm that active and passive cigarette smoking induces oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the airways and is a key risk factor of COPD development. Currently, there is a limited number of data about ENDS and THP active and passive smoking effects on the health of smokers and never-smokers. It is particularly important to assess the effect of such products during long-term use by never-smokers who choose them as the first type of cigarettes, and for never-smokers who are passively exposed to their aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Natalia Kopa-Stojak
- Department of Immunopathology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafal Pawliczak
- Department of Immunopathology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Cui T, Lu R, Liu Q, Jiang X, Li Y, Pan S. PM 1 exposure and spatial transmission of nicotine from the simulated second-hand vapor of pod-based electronic cigarettes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 897:165355. [PMID: 37419341 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (E-cigarettes) have gained significant popularity in recent years as a substitute for combustible cigarettes. However, there is growing concern regarding the safety of E-cigarette products for both the users and those exposed passively to second-hand emissions, which contain nicotine and other toxic substances. In particular, the characteristics of second-hand PM1 exposure and the transmission of nicotine from E-cigarettes remain unclear. In this study, the untrapped mainstream aerosols from the E-cigarette and smoke from cigarettes were exhausted by the smoking machines which were operated under standardized puffing regimes to simulate second-hand vapor or smoke exposure. The concentrations and components of PM1 released from cigarettes and E-cigarettes were compared under varying environmental conditions and regulated using a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system. Additionally, the ambient nicotine concentrations and the size distribution of the generated aerosols were determined at different distances from the release source. Results showed that PM1 accounted for the highest proportion (98 %) of the released particulate matter (PM1, PM2.5, and PM10). The mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of cigarette smoke (0.5 ± 0.01 μm, geometric standard deviation (GSD) 1.97 ± 0.1) was smaller than that of E-cigarette aerosols (1.06 ± 0.14 μm, GSD 1.79 ± 0.19). The PM1 concentrations and chemical components were effectively reduced when the HVAC system was utilized. Nicotine concentrations in E-cigarette aerosols were comparable to those of combustible cigarette emissions when close to the exposure source (0 m), while they declined more rapidly than cigarette smoke emissions with increasing distance from the source. Furthermore, the maximum nicotine concentrations occurred in 1 μm and 0.5 μm particles in E-cigarette and cigarette emissions, respectively. These results provide a scientific basis for the assessment of E-cigarette and cigarette aerosol passive exposure risks, guiding the development of environmental and human health control measures for these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Cui
- School of Civil Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecology Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Rui Lu
- RELX Technical Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Qianyun Liu
- RELX Technical Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Xingtao Jiang
- RELX Technical Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanpeng Li
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecology Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - Song Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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Lee JA, Lee C, Cho HJ. Use of heated tobacco products where their use is prohibited. Tob Control 2023; 32:146-152. [PMID: 34257152 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-056398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stealth use implies using tobacco products where their use is prohibited. This paper aimed to investigate stealth use of heated tobacco products (HTPs) in terms of its prevalence and associated factors. METHODS An online survey was conducted to investigate the use of HTPs in 7000 randomly selected participants (2300 men and 4700 women, aged 20-69 years) from the database registered with an online-research company; we used a sex ratio of 1:2, considering a low female prevalence of tobacco use in Korea. Of total participants, 574 (8.2%) were current HTP users. Among them, we identified the participants who had practised HTPs stealth use, and evaluated associated factors using multivariable Poisson regression. RESULTS A total of 574 participants were identified as current HTP users, and 455 (79.2%) reported stealth use of HTPs during the month before the survey. Stealth use was more frequent in dual cigarette users (HTPs and electronic cigarettes (ECs); adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) 1.33, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.52) and triple users (HTPs, ECs and combustible cigarettes; aPR 1.18, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.33), as compared with single-HTP users. Stealth use was more prevalent among participants who agreed with allowing indoor HTP use (aPR 1.18, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.26). CONCLUSION Stealth use was prevalent among current HTP users, especially among the poly-users of tobacco products. Considering the positive relationship between an agreement with allowing indoor use of HTPs and stealth use, a campaign to promote change in attitudes of HTP users about their indoor use may be warranted to protect non-users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ah Lee
- Total Health Care Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolmin Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Jun Cho
- Department of Family Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Shearston JA, Eazor J, Lee L, Vilcassim MJR, Reed TA, Ort D, Weitzman M, Gordon T. Effects of electronic cigarettes and hookah (waterpipe) use on home air quality. Tob Control 2023; 32:36-41. [PMID: 34021062 PMCID: PMC10787574 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-056437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A major site of secondhand smoke exposure for children and adults is the home. Few studies have evaluated the impact of e-cigarette or hookah use on home air quality, despite evidence finding toxic chemicals in secondhand e-cigarette aerosols and hookah smoke. We assessed the effect of e-cigarette and hookah use on home air quality and compared it with air quality in homes where cigarettes were smoked and where no smoking or e-cigarette use occurred. METHODS Non-smoking homes and homes where e-cigarettes, hookah or cigarettes were used were recruited in the New York City area (n=57) from 2015 to 2019. Particulate matter with diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5), black carbon and carbon monoxide (CO) were measured during a smoking or vaping session, both in a 'primary' smoking room and in an adjacent 'secondary' room where no smoking or vaping occurred. Log transformed data were compared with postanalysis of variance Tukey simultaneous tests. RESULTS Use of hookah significantly increased PM2.5 levels compared with non-smoking homes, in both the primary and secondary rooms, while use of e-cigarettes increased PM2.5 levels only in primary rooms. Additionally, in-home use of hookah resulted in greater CO concentrations than the use of cigarettes in primary rooms. CONCLUSIONS Use of e-cigarettes or hookah increases air pollution in homes. For hookah, increases in PM2.5 penetrated even into rooms adjacent to where smoking occurs. Extending smoke-free rules inside homes to include e-cigarette and hookah products is needed to protect household members and visitors from passive exposure to harmful aerosols and gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni A Shearston
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - James Eazor
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lily Lee
- State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - M J Ruzmyn Vilcassim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Taylor A Reed
- Department of Social Welfare, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Deborah Ort
- Nemours Children's Urgent Care, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Michael Weitzman
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- New York University College of Global Public Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Terry Gordon
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- New York University College of Global Public Health, New York, New York, USA
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Amalia B, Fu M, Tigova O, Ballbè M, Paniello-Castillo B, Castellano Y, Vyzikidou VK, O'Donnell R, Dobson R, Lugo A, Veronese C, Pérez-Ortuño R, Pascual JA, Cortés N, Gil F, Olmedo P, Soriano JB, Boffi R, Ruprecht A, Ancochea J, López MJ, Gallus S, Vardavas C, Semple S, Fernández E. Exposure to secondhand aerosol from electronic cigarettes at homes: A real-life study in four European countries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 854:158668. [PMID: 36099951 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use emits potentially hazardous compounds and deteriorates indoor air quality. Home is a place where e-cigarettes may frequently be used amid its increasing prohibition in public places. This study assessed the real-life scenario of bystanders' exposure to secondhand e-cigarette aerosol (SHA) at home. A one-week observational study was conducted within the TackSHS project in four countries (Greece, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom) in 2019 including: 1) homes of e-cigarette users living together with a non-user/non-smoker; and 2) control homes with no smokers nor e-cigarette users. Indoor airborne nicotine, PM2.5, and PM1.0 concentrations were measured as environmental markers of SHA. Biomarkers, including nicotine and its metabolites, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, propanediol, glycerol, and metals were measured in participants' saliva and urine samples. E-cigarette use characteristics, such as e-cigarette refill liquid's nicotine concentration, e-cigarette type, place of e-cigarette use at home, and frequency of ventilation, were also collected. A total of 29 e-cigarette users' homes and 21 control homes were included. The results showed that the seven-day concentrations of airborne nicotine were quantifiable in 21 (72.4 %) out of 29 e-cigarette users' homes; overall, they were quite low (geometric mean: 0.01 μg/m3; 95 % CI: 0.01-0.02 μg/m3) and were all below the limit of quantification in control homes. Seven-day concentrations of PM2.5 and PM1.0 in e-cigarette and control homes were similar. Airborne nicotine and PM concentrations did not differ according to different e-cigarette use characteristics. Non-users residing with e-cigarette users had low but significantly higher levels of cotinine, 3'-OH-cotinine and 1,2-propanediol in saliva, and cobalt in urine than non-users living in control homes. In conclusion, e-cigarette use at home created bystanders' exposure to SHA regardless of the e-cigarette use characteristics. Further studies are warranted to assess the implications of SHA exposure for smoke-free policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beladenta Amalia
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona - UB, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Respiratory Diseases - CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcela Fu
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona - UB, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Respiratory Diseases - CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Olena Tigova
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona - UB, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Respiratory Diseases - CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montse Ballbè
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Respiratory Diseases - CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Addictions Unit, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca Paniello-Castillo
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yolanda Castellano
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona - UB, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Respiratory Diseases - CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vergina K Vyzikidou
- Hellenic Cancer Society - George D. Behrakis Research Lab - HCS, Athens, Greece
| | - Rachel O'Donnell
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Ruaraidh Dobson
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Alessandra Lugo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Veronese
- IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori - INT Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Raúl Pérez-Ortuño
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute - IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José A Pascual
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute - IMIM, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra - UPF, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Cortés
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona - ASPB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Gil
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Granada - UG, Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo Olmedo
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Granada - UG, Granada, Spain
| | - Joan B Soriano
- CIBER Respiratory Diseases - CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Respiratory Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Boffi
- IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori - INT Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Ario Ruprecht
- IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori - INT Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Julio Ancochea
- CIBER Respiratory Diseases - CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Respiratory Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J López
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona - ASPB, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau - IIB St. Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvano Gallus
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Constantine Vardavas
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Department of Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sean Semple
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Esteve Fernández
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona - UB, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Respiratory Diseases - CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Addo Ntim S, Martin B, Termeh-Zonoozi Y. Review of Use Prevalence, Susceptibility, Advertisement Exposure, and Access to Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems among Minorities and Low-Income Populations in the United States. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13585. [PMID: 36294164 PMCID: PMC9603140 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Increased use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and improper disposal after use pose a public health and an environmental justice (EJ) concern if use prevalence is disproportionately high among minorities and people of low socioeconomic status (SES) (broadly termed "EJ populations" for the purposes of this review). This review synthesizes literature on demographic patterns of use prevalence, susceptibility, advertisement exposure, and access to ENDS, and extrapolates environmental tobacco exposure (ETE) from ENDS among EJ populations. Seven electronic databases were searched using ENDS-related terms. We included studies published between 2017 and May 2020 that described ENDS use prevalence, susceptibility to ENDS use, advertisement exposure, and access to ENDS by race, ethnicity, or SES. Data synthesis was based on the assumptions that ETE increases with high use prevalence, susceptibility may influence future use, and advertisement exposure and access may impact demographic differences in use. We identified 32 studies describing use prevalence, susceptibility, advertisement exposure, or access to vape shops and other tobacco retail outlets by race/ethnicity or SES. We found higher prevalence of ENDS use among non-Hispanic Whites and inconclusive use patterns by SES. Patterns of susceptibility to use, advertisement exposure, and access were also mixed, with slightly higher outcomes observed among low SES youth. However, the evidence base on advertisement exposure was limited, with limited generalizability. Our findings indicate low prevalence of ENDS use among EJ populations. While this suggests low potential ETE among these groups, mixed outcomes on susceptibility, advertisement exposure, and access to ENDS among low SES groups may affect future ENDS use and ETE. Educational campaigns that discourage ENDS uptake should target EJ youth. Initiatives aimed at managing vape shop presence in EJ communities and monitoring targeted advertisement are also needed.
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Harlow AF, Cho J, Tackett AP, McConnell RS, Leventhal AM, Stokes AC, Barrington-Trimis JL. Motivations for E-cigarette use and associations with vaping frequency and smoking abstinence among adults who smoke cigarettes in the United States. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 238:109583. [PMID: 35907310 PMCID: PMC9994580 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In observational studies, vaping daily is positively associated with cigarette smoking abstinence, while non-daily vaping is associated with less smoking abstinence (versus no e-cigarette use). It remains unknown whether cigarette smokers who vape daily have different motivations for using e-cigarettes than those who vape non-daily. METHODS Using latent class analysis and 10 self-reported reasons for vaping, we identified sub-groups of participants based on vaping motivations among 1544 adult (≥18 y) dual users of e-cigarettes and cigarettes at wave 4 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (2016-2018). We examined the association of motivation sub-groups with vaping frequency at wave 4, and subsequent cigarette smoking abstinence at wave 5 (2018-2019). Additional analyses examined the association of vaping frequency with smoking abstinence before and after adjustment for motivation sub-groups. RESULTS Four distinct sub-groups of e-cigarette users emerged, including 54 % of participants who were "Vaping Enthusiasts", 20 % who vaped for "Convenience and Social Acceptability", 10 % classified as "Experimenters", and 16 % who vaped for "Quitting Smoking and Harm Reduction." The Convenience and Social Acceptability sub-group were less likely than "Vaping Enthusiasts" (AOR=0.29, 95 %CI[0.20-0.42]) and "Quitting Smoking and Harm Reduction" (AOR=0.41, 95 %CI[0.24-0.71]) classes to vape daily (versus non-daily). Sub-groups were not associated with smoking abstinence after one year. Adjustment for motivation sub-groups did not attenuate a positive association of daily vaping with smoking abstinence. CONCLUSIONS Cigarette smokers who vaped for convenience and social acceptability were less frequent e-cigarette users than those with other vaping motivations. Vaping motivations were not associated with subsequent smoking abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa F Harlow
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 1845 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA.
| | - Junhan Cho
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 1845 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Alayna P Tackett
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 1845 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Rob S McConnell
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 1845 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Adam M Leventhal
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 1845 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Andrew C Stokes
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jessica L Barrington-Trimis
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 1845 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
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10
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Hao W, Kapiamba KF, Abhayaratne V, Usman S, Huang YW, Wang Y. A filter-based system mimicking the particle deposition and penetration in human respiratory system for secondhand smoke generation and characterization. Inhal Toxicol 2022; 34:189-199. [PMID: 35584059 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2022.2075493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Secondhand smoke endangers both the environment and the health of nonsmokers. Due to the scarcity of repeatable data generated by human subjects, a system capable of generating representative secondhand smoke is essential for studying smoke properties. This work presents the design and validation of a filter-based system that could mimic the particle deposition and penetration in human respiratory system for secondhand smoke generation and characterization. METHODS Guided by our study on characterizing size-dependent filtration efficiency of common materials, we identified three filter media that generate similar particle deposition efficiencies compared to different regions of the human respiratory system over a wide submicron size range. We demonstrated the performance of the proposed filter-based system using various operating conditions. Additionally, we compared the properties of secondhand smoke particles to those of primary smoke particles. RESULTS The difference in aerosol deposition efficiencies between the filter-based system and the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) model was less than 10% in the size range of 30 to 500 nm. High concentrations of metals were detected in the secondhand smoke. The contents of Ni and Cr generated from the secondhand electronic cigarettes are at least 20 and 5 times above the regulated daily maximum intake amount. CONCLUSION Given the agreement in aerosol respiratory deposition between the filter-based system and the ICRP model, such a system can facilitate laboratory studies of secondhand smoke due to its simple structure, high repeatability, and ease of control while remaining free of human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixing Hao
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - Kashala Fabrice Kapiamba
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - Varuni Abhayaratne
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - Shoaib Usman
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Science, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - Yue-Wern Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
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11
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Caron KT, Zhu W, Bernert JT, Wang L, Blount BC, Dortch K, Hunter RE, Harmon T, Akins JR, Tsai J, Homa DM, Pirkle JL, Sosnoff CS. Geometric Mean Serum Cotinine Concentrations Confirm a Continued Decline in Secondhand Smoke Exposure among U.S. Nonsmokers-NHANES 2003 to 2018. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19105862. [PMID: 35627398 PMCID: PMC9140715 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19105862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine long-term trends in serum cotinine (COT) concentrations, as a measure of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure, in U.S. nonsmokers using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) from 2003 to 2018. We analyzed NHANES serum COT results from 8 continuous NHANES 2 year cycles from 2003 to 2018 using a liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry assay that has been maintained continuously at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) since 1992. Serum COT concentrations (based on the geometric means) among nonsmokers in the U.S. decreased by an average of 11.0% (95% confidence interval (CI) [8.8%, 13.1%]; p < 0.0001) every 2 year cycle. From 2003 to 2018, serum COT concentrations in U.S. nonsmokers declined by 55.0%, from 0.065 ng/mL in 2003−2004 to 0.029 ng/mL in 2017−2018 (p < 0.0001). Significant decreases in serum COT concentrations were observed in all demographic groups. While disparities between these groups seems to be shrinking over time, several previously observed disparities in SHS exposure remain in 2017−2018. Serum COT concentrations of the non-Hispanic Black population remained higher than those of non-Hispanic Whites and Mexican Americans (p < 0.0001). Additionally, serum COT concentrations were significantly higher for children aged 3−5 years than other age groups (p ≤ 0.0002), and men continued to have significantly higher serum COT concentrations than women (p = 0.0384). While there is no safe level of exposure to SHS, the decrease in serum COT concentrations in the U.S. population as well as across demographic groupings represents a positive public health outcome and supports the importance of comprehensive smoke-free laws and policies for workplaces, public places, homes, and vehicles to protect nonsmokers from SHS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T. Caron
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (W.Z.); (J.T.B.); (L.W.); (B.C.B.); (K.D.); (R.E.H.); (T.H.); (J.R.A.); (J.L.P.); (C.S.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(770)-488-7648
| | - Wanzhe Zhu
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (W.Z.); (J.T.B.); (L.W.); (B.C.B.); (K.D.); (R.E.H.); (T.H.); (J.R.A.); (J.L.P.); (C.S.S.)
| | - John T. Bernert
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (W.Z.); (J.T.B.); (L.W.); (B.C.B.); (K.D.); (R.E.H.); (T.H.); (J.R.A.); (J.L.P.); (C.S.S.)
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (W.Z.); (J.T.B.); (L.W.); (B.C.B.); (K.D.); (R.E.H.); (T.H.); (J.R.A.); (J.L.P.); (C.S.S.)
| | - Benjamin C. Blount
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (W.Z.); (J.T.B.); (L.W.); (B.C.B.); (K.D.); (R.E.H.); (T.H.); (J.R.A.); (J.L.P.); (C.S.S.)
| | - Kristin Dortch
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (W.Z.); (J.T.B.); (L.W.); (B.C.B.); (K.D.); (R.E.H.); (T.H.); (J.R.A.); (J.L.P.); (C.S.S.)
| | - Ronald E. Hunter
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (W.Z.); (J.T.B.); (L.W.); (B.C.B.); (K.D.); (R.E.H.); (T.H.); (J.R.A.); (J.L.P.); (C.S.S.)
| | - Tia Harmon
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (W.Z.); (J.T.B.); (L.W.); (B.C.B.); (K.D.); (R.E.H.); (T.H.); (J.R.A.); (J.L.P.); (C.S.S.)
| | - J. Ricky Akins
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (W.Z.); (J.T.B.); (L.W.); (B.C.B.); (K.D.); (R.E.H.); (T.H.); (J.R.A.); (J.L.P.); (C.S.S.)
| | - James Tsai
- Office on Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (J.T.); (D.M.H.)
| | - David M. Homa
- Office on Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (J.T.); (D.M.H.)
| | - James L. Pirkle
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (W.Z.); (J.T.B.); (L.W.); (B.C.B.); (K.D.); (R.E.H.); (T.H.); (J.R.A.); (J.L.P.); (C.S.S.)
| | - Connie S. Sosnoff
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (W.Z.); (J.T.B.); (L.W.); (B.C.B.); (K.D.); (R.E.H.); (T.H.); (J.R.A.); (J.L.P.); (C.S.S.)
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12
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Attfield KR, Zalay M, Zwack LM, Glassford EK, LeBouf RF, Materna BL. Assessment of worker chemical exposures in California vape shops. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2022; 19:197-209. [PMID: 35156905 PMCID: PMC8989644 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2022.2036341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
E-cigarettes are battery-operated devices that heat a liquid mixture to make an aerosol that is inhaled, or vaped, by the user. Vape shops are retail environments designed to fulfill customer demand for diverse e-liquid flavors and hardware options, which create unique worker exposure concerns. To characterize exposures to vape shop workers, especially to flavoring chemicals associated with known respiratory toxicity, this study recruited vape shops from the San Francisco Bay Area. In six shops, we measured air concentrations for volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde, flavoring chemicals, and nicotine in personal and/or area samples; analyzed components of e-liquids vaped during field visits; and assessed metals on surface wipe samples. Interviews and observations were conducted over the course of a workday in the same six shops and interviews were performed in an additional six where sampling was not conducted. Detections of the alpha-diketone butter flavoring chemicals diacetyl and/or 2,3-pentanedione were common: in the headspace of purchased e-liquids (18 of 26 samples), in personal air samples (5 of 16), and in area air samples (2 of 6 shops). Two exceedances of recommended exposure limits for 2,3-pentanedione (a short-term exposure limit and an 8-hr time-weighted average) were measured in personal air samples. Other compounds detected in the area and personal air samples included substitutes for diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione (acetoin and 2,3-hexanedione) and compounds that may be contaminants or impurities. Furthermore, a large variety (82) of other flavoring chemicals were detected in area air samples. None of the 12 shops interviewed had a health and safety program. Six shops reported no use of any personal protective equipment (PPE) (e.g., gloves, chemical resistant aprons, eye protection) and the others stated occasional use; however, no PPE use was observed during any field investigation day. Recommendations were provided to shops that included making improvements to ventilation, hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, and, if possible, avoidance of products containing the alpha-diketone flavoring chemicals. Future research is needed to evaluate the long-term health risks among workers in the vape shop retail industry and for e-cigarette use generally. Specific areas include further characterizing e-liquid constituents and emissions, evaluating ingredient health risks, evaluating the contributions of different routes of exposure (dermal, inhalation, and ingestion), and determining effective exposure mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R Attfield
- Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California
| | | | - Leonard M Zwack
- Hazard Evaluations and Technical Assistance Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Eric K Glassford
- Hazard Evaluations and Technical Assistance Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ryan F LeBouf
- Field Studies Branch, Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Barbara L Materna
- Occupational Health Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California
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13
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Çetintaş E, Luo Y, Nguyen C, Guo Y, Li L, Zhu Y, Ozcan A. Characterization of exhaled e-cigarette aerosols in a vape shop using a field-portable holographic on-chip microscope. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3175. [PMID: 35210524 PMCID: PMC8873257 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07150-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade marked a drastic increase in the usage of electronic cigarettes. The adverse health impact of secondhand exposure due to exhaled e-cig particles has raised significant concerns, demanding further research on the characteristics of these particles. In this work, we report direct volatility measurements on exhaled e-cig aerosols using a field-portable device (termed c-Air) enabled by deep learning and lens-free holographic microscopy; for this analysis, we performed a series of field experiments in a vape shop where customers used/vaped their e-cig products. During four days of experiments, we periodically sampled the indoor air with intervals of ~ 16 min and collected the exhaled particles with c-Air. Time-lapse inline holograms of the collected particles were recorded by c-Air and reconstructed using a convolutional neural network yielding phase-recovered microscopic images of the particles. Volumetric decay of individual particles due to evaporation was used as an indicator of the volatility of each aerosol. Volatility dynamics quantified through c-Air experiments showed that indoor vaping increased the percentage of volatile and semi-volatile particles in air. The reported methodology and findings can guide further studies on volatility characterization of indoor e-cig emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ege Çetintaş
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 420 Westwood Plaza, Engr. IV 68-119, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,California Nano Systems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yi Luo
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 420 Westwood Plaza, Engr. IV 68-119, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,California Nano Systems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Charlene Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yuening Guo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Liqiao Li
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yifang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 420 Westwood Plaza, Engr. IV 68-119, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,California Nano Systems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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14
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Khachatoorian C, McWhirter KJ, Luo W, Pankow JF, Talbot P. Tracing the movement of electronic cigarette flavor chemicals and nicotine from refill fluids to aerosol, lungs, exhale, and the environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131494. [PMID: 34392198 PMCID: PMC8787941 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the high concentrations of nicotine and flavor chemicals in EC (electronic cigarette) fluids, it is important to determine how efficiently they transfer to aerosols, how well they are retained by users (exposure), and if they are exhaled into the environment where they settle of surfaces forming ECEAR (EC exhaled aerosol residue). OBJECTIVES To quantify the flavor chemicals and nicotine in refill fluids, inhaled aerosols, and exhaled aerosols. Then deduce their retention and contribution to ECEAR. METHODS Flavor chemicals and nicotine were identified and quantified by GC-MS in two refill fluids, smoking machine-generated aerosols, and aerosols exhaled by 10 human participants (average age 21; 7 males). Machine generated aerosols were made with varying puff durations and two wattages (40 and 80). Participants generated exhale ad libitum; their exhale was quantified, and chemical retention and contribution to ECEAR was modeled. RESULTS "Dewberry Cream" had five dominant (≥1 mg/mL) flavor chemicals (maltol, ethyl maltol, vanillin, ethyl vanillin, furaneol), while "Cinnamon Roll" had one (cinnamaldehyde). Nicotine transferred well to aerosols irrespective of topography; however, transfer efficiencies of flavor chemicals depended on the chemical, puff volume, puff duration, pump head, and EC power. Participants could be classified as "mouth inhalers" or "lung inhalers" based on their exhale of flavor chemicals and nicotine and retention. Lung inhalers had high retention and exhaled low concentrations of EC chemicals. Only mouth inhalers exhaled sufficient concentrations of flavor chemicals/nicotine to contribute to chemical deposition on environmental surfaces (ECEAR). CONCLUSION These data help distinguish two types of EC users, add to our knowledge of chemical exposure during vaping, and provide information useful in regulating EC use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Careen Khachatoorian
- Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Kevin J McWhirter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Wentai Luo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - James F Pankow
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Prue Talbot
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
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15
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Wu ZH, Zhao M, Yu H, Li HD. The impact of particulate matter 2.5 on the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2021; 95:677-683. [PMID: 34654946 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-021-01773-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The convoluted element of PM2.5 may cause various biological reactions. Nowadays, few studies have indicated the long-term health effects of PM2.5 on HCC. Therefore, this meta-analysis first aims to obtain more precise estimates of the effects of PM2.5 exposure on HCC to assess the strength of the evidence. METHODS A combination of computer and manual retrieval was used to search in Medline through PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science. Review Manager 5.3 software was used to examine the heterogeneity among the studies. RESULTS Finally, 8 qualified articles meet the inclusion criteria. The results were I2 = 0%, P > 0.1 indicating that there was no heterogeneity. The results showed that the concentration of PM2.5 increased by 10 μg/m3 was significantly correlated with liver cancer, and HR was 1.22 (95% CI 1.14-1.30, P < 0.05), indicating that maternal exposure to PM2.5 was positively correlated with liver cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis showed that the patients with HCC significance related to PM2.5 exposure. However, more studies investigating the combined effects of different air pollutants on HCC incidence are warranted to provide more comprehensive evidence for assessing the different levels impacts of PM2.5 exposure on HCC incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Hong Wu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Hua-Dong Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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16
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Khachatoorian C, Luo W, McWhirter KJ, Pankow JF, Talbot P. E-cigarette fluids and aerosol residues cause oxidative stress and an inflammatory response in human keratinocytes and 3D skin models. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 77:105234. [PMID: 34416289 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Our goal was to evaluate the effects of EC refill fluids and EC exhaled aerosol residue (ECEAR) on cultured human keratinocytes and MatTek EpiDerm™, a 3D air liquid interface human skin model. Quantification of flavor chemicals and nicotine in Dewberry Cream and Churrios refill fluids was done using GC-MS. The dominant flavor chemicals were maltol, ethyl maltol, vanillin, ethyl vanillin, benzyl alcohol, and furaneol. Cytotoxicity was determined with the MTT and LDH assays, and inflammatory markers were quantified with ELISAs. Churrios was cytotoxic to keratinocytes in the MTT assay, and both fluids induced ROS production in the medium (ROS-Glo™) and in cells (CellROX). Exposure of EpiDerm™ to relevant concentrations of Dewberry Cream and Churrios for 4 or 24 h caused secretion of inflammatory markers (IL-1α, IL-6, and MMP-9), without altering EpiDerm™ histology. Lab made fluids with propylene glycol (PG) or PG plus a flavor chemical did not produce cytotoxic effects, but increased secretion of IL-1α and MMP-9, which was attributed to PG. ECEAR derived from Dewberry Cream and Churrios did not produce cytotoxicity with Epiderm™, but Churrios ECEAR induced IL-1α secretion. These data support the conclusion that EC chemicals can cause oxidative damage and inflammation to human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Careen Khachatoorian
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Wentai Luo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Kevin J McWhirter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - James F Pankow
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Prue Talbot
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.
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17
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Patanavanich R, Aekplakorn W, Glantz SA, Kalayasiri R. Use of E-Cigarettes and Associated Factors among Youth in Thailand. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2021; 22:2199-2207. [PMID: 34319044 PMCID: PMC8607077 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.7.2199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study explored e-cigarette use among youth and associated factors in Thailand. METHODS This was a cross sectional study of 6,045 seventh grade students selected using a multistage design. Self-administered questionnaires relating to the socio-demographic characteristics, history of cigarette and e-cigarette uses, friends' and family's use of e-cigarettes, knowledge and perception of e-cigarette use, history of alcohol uses, and life assets were gathered. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine the variables and their association with e-cigarette use. RESULTS Prevalence of ever e-cigarette use was 7.2% and current e-cigarette use was 3.7%. We found that current cigarette smoking (AOR 4.28, 95% CI: 2.05-8.94), parental e-cigarette use (AOR 6.08, 95% CI: 2.81-13.17), peer e-cigarette use (AOR 3.82, 95% CI: 2.19-6.65), peer approval of smoking (AOR 1.95, 95% CI: 1.11-3.41), and unaware of e-cigarettes' risk (AOR 5.25, 95% CI: 2.67-10.34). were significantly associated with current use of e-cigarettes. Male sex, poor academic achievement, and poor life assets (power of wisdom) were only significantly associated with ever e-cigarette use. CONCLUSION Prevalence of current e-cigarette use among Thai middle school students did not change significantly since the government banned importation and sales of e-cigarettes in 2015, suggesting that the Thai ban has been a success. Factors associated with e-cigarette use among Thai youth were consistent with other countries. Ever e-cigarette use, increased, but less than in countries without a ban. To strengthen efforts to prevent youth from e-cigarette use and addiction, the government should improve law enforcement, especially against online marketing and strengthen school-based anti-smoking programs to include e-cigarette lessons, educating parents and the public about the harm of e-cigarettes, including secondhand effects on non-users. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Roengrudee Patanavanich
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Wichai Aekplakorn
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Stanton A Glantz
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education (retired), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, US.
| | - Rasmon Kalayasiri
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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18
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Cancelada L, Tang X, Russell ML, Maddalena RL, Litter MI, Gundel LA, Destaillats H. Volatile aldehyde emissions from "sub-ohm" vaping devices. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 197:111188. [PMID: 33894240 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
"Sub-ohm" atomizers with reduced resistance can deliver more power than conventional electronic cigarettes. Typical battery outputs are 100 W or more. These devices are particularly popular among young users, and can be a significant source of volatile carbonyls in the indoor environment. Emissions from next-generation sub-ohm vaping products were characterized by determining e-liquid consumption and volatile aldehydes emissions for several combinations of popular high-power configurations. Tests explored the effect of dilution air flow (air vent opening), puffing volume, and coil assembly configuration. The mass of liquid consumed per puff increased as the puff volume increased from 50 to 100 mL, then remained relatively constant for larger puff volumes up to 500 mL. This is likely due to mass transfer limitations at the wick and coil assembly, which reduced the vaporization rate at higher puff volumes. Carbonyl emission rates were systematically evaluated using a 0.15 Ω dual coil atomizer as a function of the puffing volume and dilution air flow, adjusted by setting the air vents to either 100% (fully open), 50%, 25%, or 0% (closed). The highest formaldehyde emissions were observed for the lowest puff volume (50 mL) when the vents were closed (48 ng mg-1), opened at 25% (39 ng mg-1) and at 50% (32 ng mg-1). By contrast, 50-mL puffs with 100% open vents, and puff volumes >100 mL for any vent aperture, generated formaldehyde yields of 20 ng mg-1 or lower, suggesting that a significant cooling effect resulted in limited carbonyl formation. Considering the effect of the coil resistance when operated at a voltage of 3.8 V, the amount of liquid evaporated per puff decreased as the resistance increased, in the order of 0.15 Ω > 0.25 Ω > 0.6 Ω, consistent with decreasing aerosol temperatures measured at the mouthpiece. Three different configurations of 0.15 Ω coils (dual, quadruple and octuple) were evaluated, observing significant variability. No clear trend was found between carbonyl emission rates and coil resistance or configuration, with highest emissions corresponding to a 0.25 Ω dual coil atomizer. Carbonyl emission rates were compared with those determined using the same methodology for conventional e-cigarettes (lower power tank systems), observing overall lower yields for the sub-ohm devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Cancelada
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road MS70-108B, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States; División Química de La Remediación Ambiental, CNEA-CONICET, Avenida Gral. Paz 1499, (1650) San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Xiaochen Tang
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road MS70-108B, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States
| | - Marion L Russell
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road MS70-108B, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States
| | - Randy L Maddalena
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road MS70-108B, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States
| | - Marta I Litter
- División Química de La Remediación Ambiental, CNEA-CONICET, Avenida Gral. Paz 1499, (1650) San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad de General San Martín, Campus Miguelete, Av. 25 de Mayo y Francia, (1650) San Martín, Bs, Aires, Argentina
| | - Lara A Gundel
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road MS70-108B, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States
| | - Hugo Destaillats
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road MS70-108B, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States.
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19
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Li L, Nguyen C, Lin Y, Guo Y, Fadel NA, Zhu Y. Impacts of electronic cigarettes usage on air quality of vape shops and their nearby areas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 760:143423. [PMID: 33162144 PMCID: PMC7937385 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid growth of the electronic cigarette (e-cig) market, there is an increasing number of vape shops that exclusively sell e-cigs. The use of e-cigs in the vape shop is a primary source of indoor particles, which might transport to its nearby indoor spaces in the multiunit setting. In this study, six pairs of vape shops and neighboring businesses in Southern California were recruited for real-time measurements of particulate pollutants between February 2017 and October 2019. The mean (SD) particle number concentration (PNC) and PM2.5 concentration in the studied vape shops were 2.8 × 104 (2.3 × 104) particles/cm3 and 276 (546) μg/m3, which were substantially higher than those in neighboring businesses and outdoor areas. In addition, 24-h time-weighted average (TWA) nicotine sampling was conducted in the six pairs and three additional pairs. Nicotine was detected in the air of all the studied vape shops and neighboring businesses, in which the mean (SD) concentration was 2.59 (1.02) and 0.17 (0.13) μg/m3, respectively. Inside vape shops, the dilution-corrected vaping density (puffs/h/100 m3) is a strong predictor of the particle concentration, and nicotine concentration highly depends on the air exchange rate (AER). Out of the six studied pairs, PNCs in five vape shops and PM2.5 in two vape shops were significantly correlated with those in their neighboring businesses. This correlation was stronger when the door of the vape shop was closed. When the door was open, environmental electronic vaping (EEV) aerosols, especially smaller particles, could transport from the vape shop to the outdoor environment. Overall, e-cig usage in the vape shop impacts both its own and nearby air quality, raising concerns regarding the risk of exposure to EEV aerosols in the surrounding environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiao Li
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, United States
| | - Charlene Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, United States
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, United States
| | - Yuening Guo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, United States
| | - Nour Abou Fadel
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Environment and Sustainability, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, United States
| | - Yifang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, United States.
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20
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Detection of Smoking in Indoor Environment Using Machine Learning. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10248912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Revealed by the effect of indoor pollutants on the human body, indoor air quality management is increasing. In particular, indoor smoking is one of the common sources of indoor air pollution, and its harmfulness has been well studied. Accordingly, the regulation of indoor smoking is emerging all over the world. Technical approaches are also being carried out to regulate indoor smoking, but research is focused on detection hardware. This study includes analytical and machine learning approach of cigarette detection by detecting typical gases (total volatile organic compounds, CO2 etc.) being collected from IoT sensors. In detail, data set for machine learning was built using IoT sensors, including training data set securely collected from the rotary smoking machine and test data set gained from actual indoor environment with spontaneous smokers. The prediction accuracy was evaluated with accuracy, precision, and recall. As a result, the non-linear support vector machine (SVM) model showed the best performance with 93% in accuracy and 88% in the F1 score. The supervised learning k-nearest neighbors (KNN) and multilayer perceptron (MLP) models also showed relatively fine results, but shows effectivity simplifying prediction with binary classification to improve accuracy and speed.
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21
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Li D, Shi H, Xie Z, Rahman I, McIntosh S, Bansal-Travers M, Winickoff JP, Drehmer JE, Ossip DJ. Home smoking and vaping policies among US adults: results from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study, wave 3. Prev Med 2020; 139:106215. [PMID: 32693178 PMCID: PMC7494576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined the prevalence of home smoking and vaping restrictions among US adults, and compared home policy differences for smoking and vaping among vapers, smokers, and dual users. Secondary data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study Wave 3 (2015-2016) with 28,148 adults were analyzed using weighted multivariable logistic regression models that account for complex sampling design to compare differences in home policies among non-users, vapers only, smokers only, and dual users. Compared to never-users, current vapers who were ex-smokers and dual users were more likely to allow home vaping (aOR = 11.06, 95% CI: 8.04-15.21; aOR = 6.44, 95% CI: 5.01-8.28) and smoking (aOR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.19-2.22; aOR = 3.58, 95% CI: 2.88-4.45). Current smokers were more likely to allow vaping (aOR = 3.53, 95% CI: 3.06-4.06) and smoking (aOR = 4.27, 95% CI: 3.73-4.89) inside the home than never-users. Current vapers who never smoked were more likely to allow vaping inside the home than never-users (aOR = 2.45, 95% CI: 1.53-3.93). Vapers reported much lower rates of vape-free home policies relative to both their smoke-free home policies and to vape-free home policies among smokers. Vapers may be using e-cigarettes in hopes of harm reduction, but interpreting "harm reduction" as safe, thus exposing non-users in their homes to second- and thirdhand aerosols. This underscores the need to healthcare providers to extend intervention with vapers to include implementing vape-free home policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Li
- Department of Clinical & Translational Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Hangchuan Shi
- Department of Clinical & Translational Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Zidian Xie
- Department of Clinical & Translational Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Scott McIntosh
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, 265 Crittenden Blvd, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Maansi Bansal-Travers
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan P Winickoff
- Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Boston, MA, USA; Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeremy E Drehmer
- Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Boston, MA, USA; Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deborah J Ossip
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, 265 Crittenden Blvd, Rochester, NY, USA.
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