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Siegel SD, Tindle HA, Bergen AW, Tyndale RF, Schnoll R. The Use of Biomarkers to Guide Precision Treatment for Tobacco Use. ADDICTION NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 6. [PMID: 37089247 PMCID: PMC10121195 DOI: 10.1016/j.addicn.2023.100076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the evidence to date on the development of biomarkers for personalizing the pharmacological treatment of combustible tobacco use. First, the latest evidence on FDA-approved medications is considered, demonstrating that, while these medications offer real benefits, they do not contribute to smoking cessation in approximately two-thirds of cases. Second, the case for using biomarkers to guide tobacco treatment is made based on the potential to increase medication effectiveness and uptake and reduce side effects. Next, the FDA framework of biomarker development is presented along with the state of science on biomarkers for tobacco treatment, including a review of the nicotine metabolite ratio, electroencephalographic event-related potentials, and other biomarkers utilized for risk feedback. We conclude with a discussion of the challenges and opportunities for the translation of biomarkers to guide tobacco treatment and propose priorities for future research.
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2
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Coppens R, Rabinovich NE, Kanneganti R, Diggs HA, Wiggs K, Healey T, Huggenvik J, Rose GM, Gilbert DG. APOE genotype influences P3b amplitude and response to smoking abstinence in young adults. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:1171-1181. [PMID: 33506304 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05763-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE There is strong evidence that nicotine can enhance cognitive functions and growing evidence that this effect may be larger in young healthy APOE ε4 carriers. However, the moderating effects of the APOE ε4 allele on cognitive impairments caused by nicotine deprivation in chronic smokers have not yet been studied with brain indices. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether young female carriers of the APOE ε4 allele, relative to noncarriers, would exhibit larger abstinence-induced decreases in P3b amplitude during a two-stimulus auditory oddball task. METHODS We compared parietal P3bs in female chronic smokers with either APOE ε3/ε3 (n = 54) or ε3/ε4 (n = 20) genotype under nicotine-sated conditions and after 12-17-h nicotine deprivation. RESULTS Nicotine deprivation significantly reduced P3b amplitudes in APOE ε4 carriers, but not in APOE-ε3/ε3 individuals, such that the difference seen prior to nicotine deprivation was eliminated. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that subjects with the APOE ε4 allele are more sensitive to nicotine, which could influence smoking patterns, the risk for nicotine dependence, and the cognitive effects of nicotine use in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Coppens
- Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
- Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive & Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Norka E Rabinovich
- Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | | | - Herman A Diggs
- Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
- Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive & Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Kristin Wiggs
- Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Travis Healey
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Jodi Huggenvik
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Gregory M Rose
- Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive & Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - David G Gilbert
- Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA.
- Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive & Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA.
- School of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Mail Code 6502, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA.
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3
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White AT, Williams P, Anand V, Benjamin J, Kim S. Cigarettes and Straws: Late Positive Potential Modulation in Mental Illness and Nicotine Addiction. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2019:1-4. [PMID: 31945829 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2019.8857001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco use remains a major preventable cause of death worldwide, accumulating billions of dollars in healthcare spending annually in the U.S. alone. Evidence has found that among those addicted, individuals suffering with psychiatric illnesses are disproportionally abusing. To assess this disparity, our study observed event related potential (ERP) responses recorded with electroencephalogram (EEG) in chronic smokers with (MI; n=6) and without mental illness (NMI; n=6). We found that the MI group alone presented heightened late positive potential (LPP) responses while processing cigarette (addictive) stimuli compared to neutral images (t-value = 3.11 at Cz, 3.92 at Pz). Our study illustrates the significance of the LPP as a promising biomarker to assess tobacco addiction in individuals facing mental illness.
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4
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Xue Y, Zhou H, Jiang C, Liu X, Zhou Z, Wang J. Two-Hour Tobacco Abstinence Has No Effect on Cognitive Control in Male Patients With Nicotine Dependence: An ERP Study. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:604684. [PMID: 33424667 PMCID: PMC7794006 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.604684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The average nicotine half-life in body tissues is 2 h. Understanding the influence of pure nicotine abstinence on cognitive control may be helpful in eliminating nicotine dependence (ND) and preventing smoking relapse. This study was to investigate the effects of 2-h tobacco abstinence on cognitive control in patients with ND. Twenty-five patients with ND completed event-related potential (ERP) P300 measurements at the normality state and the abstinence state. Twenty-five healthy controls (HCs) were measured with P300 twice with a 2-h time interval. HAMD and HAMA were used to assess the emotional state. Results showed that there were significant differences in Carbon monoxide (CO) levels between the abstinence state and the normality state in the ND group. There were no significant differences in HAMD and HAMA scores for the abstinence state in the ND group or the normality state in the ND group and the HC group. For P3a, P3b amplitude, and P3a latency, the main effect for ND group was significant. For P3a, P3b amplitude, and latency, the interaction effect for group × time point was not significant, and the main effect for time point was not significant. It concluded that patients with ND present cognitive control deficits, and 2-h tobacco abstinence has no effect on cognitive control deficits in male patients with ND. Our findings may be helpful in eliminating nicotine dependence and preventing smoking relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Xue
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongliang Zhou
- Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenguang Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenhe Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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5
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Hamidovic A, Wang Y. The P300 in alcohol use disorder: A meta-analysis and meta-regression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 95:109716. [PMID: 31369766 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The P300 ERP component is a marker of reduced capacity in alcohol use disorder (AUD) to engage attentional mechanisms and update memory representations. No meta-analysis to date has been completed comparing effect size estimates of auditory vs. visual stimuli in AUD. In addition, there is a lack of consensus on whether the P3b in women is reduced, or whether the P3a - an earlier, more frontally distributed component - is reduced in AUD. METHODS Strict inclusion criteria and data-analysis plans were implemented. Eligible studies needed to diagnose AUD using DSM or ICD-10 and exclude patients with any psychiatric co-morbidities. Data analysis was completed using a refined variance estimator of the random effects model. RESULTS Effect size estimates were large for both auditory (Hedges' g = 1.01, p = .056) and visual (Hedges' g = 0.77, p = .040) P300 amplitudes, but only marginally significant for the auditory modality. Auditory P300 latency was significantly increased in AUD patients (Hedges' g = 0.73, p = .027). The moderator analysis did not show significant sex differences for either auditory (p = .97) or visual (p = .45) P3b. Finally, the P3a was not reduced in patients with AUD (Hedges' g = 1.01; p = .59). CONCLUSION This meta-analysis clarifies important questions related to P300 in AUD. By resolving inconsistencies, it is hoped that this information will facilitate the design of futurestudies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajna Hamidovic
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, United States of America.
| | - Yohyoh Wang
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, United States of America
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6
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Rangel-Gomez M, Cruz-Cano R, Van Wagoner C, Kidanu A, McDonald CG, Clark PI. Dissociating the effect of flavor and nicotine in smokeless tobacco products using electroencephalography: The case of wintergreen flavors. Addict Behav 2019; 91:82-89. [PMID: 30553545 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The increased consumption of tobacco products in recent years has been linked, among other factors, to the presence of added flavors. Although flavors are important in explaining consumption, their effects in the brain have until now been unexplored. In the present study, we investigated how electrophysiology can serve to dissociate the effects of nicotine and flavor. Participants attended 4 sessions (2-by-2 factorial design, with flavor and nicotine as within-subject factors), in each session an oddball task was performed before and after smokeless tobacco consumption. We explored the dissociation of neural responses to flavor and nicotine. While event-related potentials did not show modulation due to flavors, time-frequency showed a flavor-nicotine dissociation. Low-frequency activity (delta, theta and alpha) showed only effects of nicotine, and high-frequency activity (beta1, beta2 and gamma) showed effects only susceptible to flavor. Flavors in smokeless tobacco not only made the product more desirable but also triggered the allocation of cognitive resources. This long-lasting effect of flavor may enhance the addictive potential of the tobacco product. Further research is being developed to determine the precise role of flavors in contributing to addiction. This is the first study investigating the neural effects of flavor (specifically wintergreen) in smokeless tobacco products. By understanding the effects of flavors in the brain we can explain the precipitants of tobacco consumption behaviors, and the addictive potential of flavors. Regulators will be able to determine if and in which amount flavors should be allowed in tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Rangel-Gomez
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 4200 Valley Road, Suite 1242, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Raul Cruz-Cano
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, MD 4200 Valley Road, Suite 2242, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Carly Van Wagoner
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 4200 Valley Road, Suite 1242, MD 20742, USA
| | - Azieb Kidanu
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 4200 Valley Road, Suite 1242, MD 20742, USA
| | - Craig G McDonald
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, 3F5, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Pamela I Clark
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 4200 Valley Road, Suite 1242, MD 20742, USA
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Hadjis E, Hyde M, Choueiry J, Jaworska N, Nelson R, de la Salle S, Smith D, Aidelbaum R, Knott V. Effect of GAD1 genotype status on auditory attention and acute nicotine administration in healthy volunteers. Hum Psychopharmacol 2019; 34:e2684. [PMID: 30488987 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of GABA modulating drugs and nicotine, the prototypical nicotinic cholinergic agonist, on attention have been investigated using subcomponents of the P300 event-related potentials (ERP), which index involuntary (P3a) and voluntary attention (P3b). However, investigations into how such pharmacologic effects interact with genetic features in the GABA system remain unclear. This study examined the moderating effects of a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs7557793) in the glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD1) gene, which is implicated in the conversion of glutamate to GABA, on P300-indices of auditory attentional processing; the influence of nicotine administration was also assessed. METHODS The effects of GAD1 genotype (TT/CC/CT) were examined on the P3a/b in response to an auditory selective attention task in healthy, nonsmoking male volunteers (N = 126; 18-40 years). Participants responded to rare target stimuli (P3b-eliciting) and ignored frequent nontarget stimuli as well as rare distractor stimuli (P3a-eliciting). In a subsample (N = 59), P3a/b profiles to acute nicotine (vs. placebo) administration were examined as a function of GAD1 genotype. As a secondary aim, earlier sensory processes were assessed with N200 ERP subcomponents elicited by novel (N2a) and target (N2b) auditory stimuli. RESULTS GAD1 allelic variation moderated early sensory processes, enhancing N2a amplitudes in CT versus TT carriers. Further, TT homozygotes exhibited larger P3b amplitudes than CC homozygotes in the placebo versus nicotine condition. Regardless of genotype, nicotine versus placebo moderated the N200 ERP. CONCLUSION These findings expand our knowledge regarding the attentional effects of GAD1 genetic variants in relation to nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymios Hadjis
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Molly Hyde
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joelle Choueiry
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natalia Jaworska
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Renee Nelson
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara de la Salle
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dylan Smith
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rob Aidelbaum
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Verner Knott
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Jawinski P, Mauche N, Ulke C, Huang J, Spada J, Enzenbach C, Sander C, Hegerl U, Hensch T. Tobacco use is associated with reduced amplitude and intensity dependence of the cortical auditory evoked N1-P2 component. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:2173-2183. [PMID: 26983415 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4268-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Tobacco use is linked to cerebral atrophy and reduced cognitive performance in later life. However, smoking-related long-term effects on brain function remain largely uncertain. Previous studies suggest that nicotine affects serotonergic signaling, and the intensity dependence (alias loudness dependence) of the auditory evoked N1-P2 potential has been proposed as a marker of serotonergic neurotransmission. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we assesed the effects of chronic smoking on amplitude and intensity dependence of the auditory evoked N1-P2 potential. METHODS Subjects underwent a 15-min intensity dependence of auditory evoked potentials (IAEP) paradigm. From N = 1739 eligible subjects (40-79 years), we systematically matched current smokers, ex-smokers, and never-smokers by sex, age, alcohol and caffeine consumption, and socioeconomic status. Between-group differences and potential dose-dependencies were evaluated. RESULTS Analyses revealed higher N1-P2 amplitudes and intensity dependencies in never-smokers relative to ex- and current smokers, with ex-smokers exhibiting intermediate intensity dependencies. Moreover, we observed pack years and number of cigarettes consumed per day to be inversely correlated with amplitudes in current smokers. CONCLUSIONS According to the IAEP serotonin hypothesis, our results suggest serotonin activity to be highest in current smokers, intermediate in ex-smokers, and lowest in never-smokers. To our knowledge, the present study is the first providing evidence for a dose-dependent reduction in N1-P2 amplitudes. Further, we extend prior research by showing reduced amplitudes and intensity dependencies in ex-smokers even 25 years, on average, after cessation. While we can rule out several smoking-related confounders to bias observed associations, causal inferences remain to be established by future longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Jawinski
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. .,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. .,Depression Research Center of the German Depression Foundation, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Nicole Mauche
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christine Ulke
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Depression Research Center of the German Depression Foundation, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jue Huang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Janek Spada
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Depression Research Center of the German Depression Foundation, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cornelia Enzenbach
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Sander
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Depression Research Center of the German Depression Foundation, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hegerl
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Depression Research Center of the German Depression Foundation, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tilman Hensch
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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9
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Turetsky BI, Dress EM, Braff DL, Calkins ME, Green MF, Greenwood TA, Gur RE, Gur RC, Lazzeroni LC, Nuechterlein KH, Radant AD, Seidman LJ, Siever LJ, Silverman JM, Sprock J, Stone WS, Sugar CA, Swerdlow NR, Tsuang DW, Tsuang MT, Light G. The utility of P300 as a schizophrenia endophenotype and predictive biomarker: clinical and socio-demographic modulators in COGS-2. Schizophr Res 2015; 163:53-62. [PMID: 25306203 PMCID: PMC4382423 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Reduced auditory P300 amplitude is a robust schizophrenia deficit exhibiting the qualities of a viable genetic endophenotype. These include heritability, test-retest reliability, and trait-like stability. Recent evidence suggests that P300 may also serve as a predictive biomarker for transition to psychosis during the schizophrenia prodrome. Historically, the utility of the P300 has been limited by its clinical nonspecificity, cross-site measurement variability, and required EEG expertise. The Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS-2) study provided an opportunity to examine the consistency of the measure across multiple sites with varying degrees of EEG experience, and to identify important modulating factors that contribute to measurement variability. Auditory P300 was acquired from 649 controls and 587 patients at 5 sites. An overall patient deficit was observed with effect size 0.62. Each site independently observed a significant patient deficit, but site differences also existed. In patients, site differences reflected clinical differences in positive symptomatology and functional capacity. In controls, site differences reflected differences in racial stratification, smoking and substance use history. These factors differentially suppressed the P300 response, but only in control subjects. This led to an attenuated patient-control difference among smokers and among African Americans with history of substance use. These findings indicate that the P300 can be adequately assessed quantitatively, across sites, without substantial EEG expertise. Measurements are suitable for both genetic endophenotype analyses and studies of psychosis risk and conversion. However, careful attention must be given to selection of appropriate comparison samples to avoid misleading false negative results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce I. Turetsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
PA
| | - Erich M. Dress
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
PA
| | - David L. Braff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La
Jolla, CA,VISN-22 Mental Illness, Research, Education and Clinical Center
(MIRECC), VA San Diego Healthcare System
| | - Monica E. Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
PA
| | - Michael F. Green
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School
of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Raquel E. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
PA
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
PA
| | - Laura C. Lazzeroni
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford
University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Keith H. Nuechterlein
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School
of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Allen D. Radant
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of
Washington, Seattle, WA,VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
| | - Larry J. Seidman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Larry J. Siever
- Department of Psychiatry, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New
York, NY,James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Jeremy M. Silverman
- Department of Psychiatry, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New
York, NY,James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Joyce Sprock
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La
Jolla, CA
| | - William S. Stone
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Catherine A. Sugar
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles
School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Neal R. Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La
Jolla, CA
| | - Debby W. Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of
Washington, Seattle, WA,VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
| | - Ming T. Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La
Jolla, CA,Center for Behavioral Genomics, and Institute for Genomic Medicine,
University of California SanDiego, La Jolla, CA,Harvard Institute of Psychiatric Epidemiology and Genetics, Boston,
MA
| | - Gregory Light
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La
Jolla, CA,VISN-22 Mental Illness, Research, Education and Clinical Center
(MIRECC), VA San Diego Healthcare System
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