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Lu D, Lian Q, Zhu M. Bioinspired Multistimuli-Induced Synergistic Changes in Color and Shape of Hydrogel and Actuator Based on Fluorescent Microgels. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304776. [PMID: 38009474 PMCID: PMC10797463 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent hydrogels have emerged as one of the most promising candidates for developing biomimetic materials and artificial intelligence owing to their unique fluorescence and responsive properties. However, it is still challenging to fabricate hydrogel that exhibits synergistic changes in fluorescence color and shape in response to multistimulus via a simple method. Herein, blue- and orange-emitting fluorescent microgels (MGs) both are designed and synthesized with pH-, thermal-, and cationic-sensitivity via one-step polymerization, respectively. The two fluorescent MGs are incorporated into transparent doubly crosslinked microgel (DX MG) hydrogels with a preset ratio. The DX MG hydrogels can tune the fluorescent color accompanied by size variation via subjecting to external multistimulus. Thus, DX MG hydrogels can be exploited for multiresponsive fluorescent bilayer actuators. The actuators can undergo complex shape deformation and color changes. Inspired by natural organisms, an artificial morning glory with color and size changes are showcased in response to buffer solutions of different pH values. Besides, an intelligent skin hydrogel, imitating natural calotes versicolor, by assembling four layers of DX MG with different ratios of MGs, is tailored. This work serves as an inspiration for the design and fabrication of novel biomimetic smart materials with synergistic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Lu
- School of Physical SciencesGreat Bay UniversityDongguan523808P. R. China
- Derpartment of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055P. R. China
| | - Qing Lian
- Derpartment of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055P. R. China
| | - Mingning Zhu
- School of Biomedical EngineeringGuangdong Medical UniversityDongguan523808P. R. China
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Integrating Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals the Regulatory Mechanisms of White-Violet Mutant Flowers in Grape Hyacinth ( Muscari latifolium). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24055044. [PMID: 36902472 PMCID: PMC10003623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24055044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Grape hyacinth (Muscari spp.) is a famous bulbous blue flower; however, few bicolor varieties are available in the market. Therefore, the discovery of bicolor varieties and understanding of their mechanisms are crucial to the breeding of new varieties. In this study, we report a significant bicolor mutant with white upper and violet lower portions, with both parts belonging to a single raceme. Ionomics showed that pH and metal element contents were not responsible for the bicolor formation. Targeted metabolomics illustrated that the content of the 24 color-related compounds was significantly lower in the upper part than that in the lower part. Moreover, full-length transcriptomics combined with second-generation transcriptomics revealed 12,237 differentially expressed genes in which anthocyanin synthesis gene expression of the upper part was noted to be significantly lower than that of the lower part. Transcription factor differential expression analysis was used to describe the presence of a pair of MaMYB113a/b sequences, with low levels of expression in the upper part and high expression in the lower part. Furthermore, tobacco transformation confirmed that overexpression of MaMYB113a/b can promote anthocyanin accumulation in tobacco leaves. Accordingly, the differential expression of MaMYB113a/b contributes the formation of a bicolor mutant in Muscari latifolium.
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Xu Q, Xia M, He G, Zhang Q, Meng Y, Ming F. New insights into the influence of NHX-type Cation/H + antiporter on flower color in Phalaenopsis orchids. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 279:153857. [PMID: 36370614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Vacuolar sodium/proton Na+(K+)/H+ exchanger (NHX) influence color formation because of their effects on cellular pH and Na+/K+ homeostasis. Research regarding NHXs has mainly focused on the vacuolar NHX family members. However, the NHX functions related to Phalaenopsis flower coloration remain relatively uncharacterized. In this study, we cloned and characterized PeNHX1, a vacuolar cation/H+ antiporter-encoding gene that is highly expressed in the Phalaenopsis equestris (orchid) flower lip. Phylogenetic and sequence analyses showed that PeNHX1 is a vacuolar NHX protein family member that is similar to other known vacuolar antiporters. The PeNHX1-GFP fusion protein was clearly localized to the vacuolar membrane in a transient transfection assay. A quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed the increased expression of PeNHX1 in different flower developmental stages. Moreover, it was more highly expressed in the lip than in the other flower organs. On the basis of virus-induced gene silencing, we determined that decreased PeNHX1 expression significantly reduces P. equestris petal coloration. Furthermore, the overexpression of PeNHX1 in Phalaenopsis Big Chili caused the pH to increase and the petal color to change from red to blue. The results indicate that NHX1 may mediates the Na + or K+/H+ exchange, thereby regulating the vacuolar pH to promote blue coloration. This research provides a theoretical basis for the development of orchid varieties with blue flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Xu
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Meng Xia
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Guoren He
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Qiyu Zhang
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Yang Meng
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Feng Ming
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
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Wang M, Chu D, Liu L, Huang S, Chen XM, Liu ZY, Yang H. Intelligent Surfaces Thermally Switchable between the Highly Rough and Entirely Smooth States. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-021-2617-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lv Y, Tong X, Zhang P, Yu N, Gui S, Han R, Ge D. Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis on White and Blue Flowers of Platycodon grandiflorus to Elucidate Genes Involved in the Biosynthesis of Anthocyanins. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 19:e2811. [PMID: 34825015 PMCID: PMC8590723 DOI: 10.30498/ijb.2021.239899.2811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platycodon grandiflorus has long been used in Northeast Asia as a food and folk medicine to treat various diseases. The intense blue color of P. grandiflorus corolla is its characteristic feature. OBJECTIVES By comparing deep transcriptomic data of P. grandiflorus and its white cultivar, we intended to elucidate the molecular mechanisms concerning the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in this plant. MATERIAL AND METHODS We sampled blue mature flowers (PgB) and yellow young buds (PgY) of P. grandiflorus. Meanwhile, mature flowers (PgW) of P. grandiflorus white cultivar were also collected for RNA extraction and next-generation sequencing. After high-throughput sequencing, Trinity software was applied for de novo assembly and the resultant 49934 unigenes were subjected for expression analysis and annotation against NR, KEGG, UniProt, and Pfam databases. RESULTS In all, 32.77 Gb raw data were generated and the gene expression profile for the flowers of P. grandiflorus was constructed. Pathway enrichment analysis demonstrated that genes involved in flavone and flavonol biosynthesis were differently expressed. CONCLUSIONS The extremely low expression of flavonoid-3',5'-hydroxylase in PgY and PgW was regarded as the reason for the formation of its white cultivar. Our findings provided useful information for further studies into the biosynthetic mechanism of anthocyanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine; Hefei 230012, China
| | - Xiaohui Tong
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine; Hefei 230012, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine; Hefei 230012, China
| | - Nianjun Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine; Hefei 230012, China
| | - Shuangying Gui
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine; Hefei 230012, China
| | - Rongchun Han
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine; Hefei 230012, China
| | - Dezhu Ge
- Department of Research and Development, Anhui Jiren Pharmaceutical Company; Bozhou 236800, China
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Mizuno T, Sugahara K, Tsutsumi C, Iino M, Koi S, Noda N, Iwashina T. Identification of anthocyanin and other flavonoids from the green-blue petals of Puya alpestris (Bromeliaceae) and a clarification of their coloration mechanism. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 181:112581. [PMID: 33246305 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To understand the unique green-blue color of Puya alpestris (Bromeliaceae) flowers, we investigated their constituent anthocyanin and related compounds. An anthocyanin, two undescribed flavonols, and two flavones were isolated and identified as delphinidin 3,3',5'-tri-O-β-glucopyranoside, myricetin 3-O-[α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-glucopyranoside]-3',5'-di-O-β-glucopyranoside, myricetin 3,3',5'-tri-O-β-glucopyranoside, luteolin 4'-O-glucoside, and apigenin 4'-O-glucoside. Furthermore, the presence of chlorophyll has also been revealed. P. alpestris petals show a gradient color appearance: Green-blue at the tip and blue at the base. This color difference between the tip and base was used to analyze the pigment components underlying the green-blue color expression. It was found that the petal tip contains the anthocyanin, flavonols, flavones, and chlorophyll in high quantities. Furthermore, the pH of petal juice was 6.2 and 5.6 at the tip and base, respectively. In vitro reconstruction revealed the blue color expression occurred via an intermolecular copigmentation between the anthocyanin and flavones, as well as yellow color expression, which was due to an increase in the absorption at 400-450 nm of the flavonols under the higher pH conditions. Furthermore, we found that the petal extract obtaining using 50% acetone containing chlorophyll showed the same absorption spectrum as that observed for the raw petal. These results indicate that the green-blue color of P. alpestris flowers is developed via an intermolecular co-pigmentation of the anthocyanin (delphinidin 3,3',5'-tri-O-β-glucopyranoside) with flavones, such as luteolin 4'-O-glucoside, the yellow color expression of flavonols, such as myricetin 3,3',5'-tri-O-glucoside under relatively high pH conditions in the cell sap, and the presence of chlorophyll.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Mizuno
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0005, Japan.
| | - Kohtaro Sugahara
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, 619-0284, Japan
| | - Chie Tsutsumi
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0005, Japan
| | - Moritoshi Iino
- Botanical Gardens, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Katano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Koi
- Botanical Gardens, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Katano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naonobu Noda
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, NARO, Tsukuba, 305-0852, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Iwashina
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0005, Japan
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Isayenkov SV, Dabravolski SA, Pan T, Shabala S. Phylogenetic Diversity and Physiological Roles of Plant Monovalent Cation/H + Antiporters. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:573564. [PMID: 33123183 PMCID: PMC7573149 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.573564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The processes of plant nutrition, stress tolerance, plant growth, and development are strongly dependent on transport of mineral nutrients across cellular membranes. Plant membrane transporters are key components of these processes. Among various membrane transport proteins, the monovalent cation proton antiporter (CPA) superfamily mediates a broad range of physiological and developmental processes such as ion and pH homeostasis, development of reproductive organs, chloroplast operation, and plant adaptation to drought and salt stresses. CPA family includes plasma membrane-bound Na+/H+ exchanger (NhaP) and intracellular Na+/H+ exchanger NHE (NHX), K+ efflux antiporter (KEA), and cation/H+ exchanger (CHX) family proteins. In this review, we have completed the phylogenetic inventory of CPA transporters and undertaken a comprehensive evolutionary analysis of their development. Compared with previous studies, we have significantly extended the range of plant species, including green and red algae and Acrogymnospermae into phylogenetic analysis. Our data suggest that the multiplication and complexation of CPA isoforms during evolution is related to land colonisation by higher plants and associated with an increase of different tissue types and development of reproductive organs. The new data extended the number of clades for all groups of CPAs, including those for NhaP/SOS, NHE/NHX, KEA, and CHX. We also critically evaluate the latest findings on the biological role, physiological functions and regulation of CPA transporters in relation to their structure and phylogenetic position. In addition, the role of CPA members in plant tolerance to various abiotic stresses is summarized, and the future priority directions for CPA studies in plants are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav V. Isayenkov
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Department of Plant Food Products and Biofortification, Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Siarhei A. Dabravolski
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Vitebsk State Academy of Veterinary Medicine [UO VGAVM], Vitebsk, Belarus
| | - Ting Pan
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Sergey Shabala
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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Liu C, Yu Q, Li Z, Jin X, Xing W. Metabolic and transcriptomic analysis related to flavonoid biosynthesis during the color formation of Michelia crassipes tepal. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 155:938-951. [PMID: 32961471 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Michelia crassipes is the only plant with purple flowers amongst Michelia species, and its tepals exhibit an obvious color change from green to purple. In this study, a combination of metabolic and transcriptomic analyses was conducted at three stages of tepals in Michelia crassipes: green tepal, purple spot-containing tepal, and totally purple tepal. Several classes of flavonoid compounds were detected and cyanidin 3-rutinoside and delphinidin 3-glucoside were the major anthocyanins underlying the purple color formation, along with co-pigmentation of flavone compounds represented by luteolin derivatives and flavonol compounds represented by kaempferol and quercetin derivatives. Transcriptome analysis revealed up-regulation of genes encoding enzymes involved in the conversion of phenylpropanoid for flavonoid biosynthesis in Stage 1 vs. Stage 2, whereas up-regulation of most flavonoid biosynthesis genes was observed in Stage 1 vs. Stage 3. MYB, bHLH, and WD40 isoforms, as well as other classes of transcriptional factors, also exhibited differential expression. In addition, differentially expressed genes putatively related to the transport of flavonoids were also identified. The results of the current study provide insight into the regulatory mechanism underlying the color transition from green to purple in Michelia crassipes tepals and describe a complicated network involving PAL, transporter genes, and transcription factors, specifically responsible for the emergence of purple color in Stage 1 vs. Stage 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixian Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Qiuxiu Yu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Zeqing Li
- College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoling Jin
- College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Wen Xing
- College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China.
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Liang CY, Rengasamy KP, Huang LM, Hsu CC, Jeng MF, Chen WH, Chen HH. Assessment of violet-blue color formation in Phalaenopsis orchids. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:212. [PMID: 32397954 PMCID: PMC7218627 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phalaenopsis represents an important cash crop worldwide. Abundant flower colors observed in Phalaenopsis orchids range from red-purple, purple, purple-violet, violet, and violet-blue. However, violet-blue orchids are less bred than are those of other colors. Anthocyanin, vacuolar pH and metal ions are three major factors influencing flower color. This study aimed to identify the factors causing the violet-blue color in Phalaenopsis flowers and to analyze whether delphinidin accumulation and blue pigmentation formation can be achieved by transient overexpression of heterologous F3'5'H in Phalaenopsis. RESULTS Cyanidin-based anthocyanin was highly accumulated in Phalaenopsis flowers with red-purple, purple, purple-violet, and violet to violet-blue color, but no true-blue color and no delphinidin was detected. Concomitantly, the expression of PeF3'H (Phalaenopsis equestrsis) was high, but that of PhF3'5'H (Phalaenopsis hybrid) was low or absent in various-colored Phalaenopsis flowers. Transient overexpression of DgF3'5'H (Delphinium grandiflorum) and PeMYB2 in a white Phalaenopsis cultivar resulted a 53.6% delphinidin accumulation and a novel blue color formation. In contrast, transient overexpression of both PhF3'5'H and PeMYB2 did not lead to delphinidin accumulation. Sequence analysis showed that the substrate recognition site 6 (SRS6) of PhF3'5'H was consistently different from DgF3'5'Hs at positions 5, 8 and 10. Prediction of molecular docking of the substrates showed a contrary binding direction of aromatic rings (B-ring) with the SRS6 domain of DgF3'5'H and PhF3'5'H. In addition, the pH values of violet-blue and purple Phalaenopsis flowers ranged from 5.33 to 5.54 and 4.77 to 5.04, respectively. Furthermore, the molar ratio of metal ions (including Al3+, Ca2+ and Fe3+) to anthocyanin in violet-blue color Phalaenopsis was 190-, 49-, and 51-fold higher, respectively, than those in purple-color Phalaenopsis. CONCLUSION Cyanidin-based anthocyanin was detected in violet-blue color Phalaenopsis and was concomitant with a high pH value and high molar ratio of Al3+, Ca2+ and Fe3+ to anthocyanin content. Enhanced expression of delphinidin is needed to produce true-blue Phalaenopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Yu Liang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | | | - Li-Min Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Fen Jeng
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Huei Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
- , Nantou City, Taiwan.
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Tan X, Li K, Wang Z, Zhu K, Tan X, Cao J. A Review of Plant Vacuoles: Formation, Located Proteins, and Functions. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8090327. [PMID: 31491897 PMCID: PMC6783984 DOI: 10.3390/plants8090327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vacuoles, cellular membrane-bound organelles, are the largest compartments of cells, occupying up to 90% of the volume of plant cells. Vacuoles are formed by the biosynthetic and endocytotic pathways. In plants, the vacuole is crucial for growth and development and has a variety of functions, including storage and transport, intracellular environmental stability, and response to injury. Depending on the cell type and growth conditions, the size of vacuoles is highly dynamic. Different types of cell vacuoles store different substances, such as alkaloids, protein enzymes, inorganic salts, sugars, etc., and play important roles in multiple signaling pathways. Here, we summarize vacuole formation, types, vacuole-located proteins, and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Tan
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Kaixia Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Zheng Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Keming Zhu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Xiaoli Tan
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Jun Cao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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Genome Wide Identification, Molecular Characterization, and Gene Expression Analyses of Grapevine NHX Antiporters Suggest Their Involvement in Growth, Ripening, Seed Dormancy, and Stress Response. Biochem Genet 2019; 58:102-128. [PMID: 31286319 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-019-09930-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant NHX antiporters are critical for cellular pH, Na+, and K+ homeostasis and salt tolerance. Even though their genomic and functional studies have been conducted in many species, the grapevine NHX family has not been described yet. Our work highlights the presence of six VvNHX genes whose phylogenetic analysis revealed their classification in two distinct groups: group I vacuolar (VvNHX1-5) and group II endosomal (VvNHX6). Several cis-acting regulatory elements related to tissue-specific expression, transcription factor binding, abiotic/biotic stresses response, and light regulation elements were identified in their promoter. Expression profile analyses of VvNHX genes showed variable transcription within organs and tissues with diverse patterns according to biochemical, environmental, and biotic treatments. All VvNHXs are involved in berry growth, except VvNHX5 that seems to be rather implicated in seed maturation. VvNHX4 would be more involved in floral development, while VvNHX2 and 3 display redundant roles. QPCR expression analyses of VvNHX1 showed its induction by NaCl and KNO3 treatments, whereas VvNHX6 was induced by ABA application and strongly repressed by PEG treatment. VvNHX1 plays a crucial role in a bunch of grape developmental steps and adaptation responses through mechanisms of phyto-hormonal signaling. Overall, VvNHX family members could be valuable candidate genes for grapevine improvement.
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Rose PM, Cantrill V, Benohoud M, Tidder A, Rayner CM, Blackburn RS. Application of Anthocyanins from Blackcurrant ( Ribes nigrum L.) Fruit Waste as Renewable Hair Dyes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:6790-6798. [PMID: 29808681 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
There is much concern about the toxicological effects of synthetic hair dyes. As an alternative approach, renewable waste blackcurrant ( Ribes nigrum L.) fruit skins from the fruit pressing industry were extracted using acidified water with a solid-phase purification stage. Anthocyanin colorants were isolated in good yields (2-3% w/ w) and characterized by HPLC. Sorption of anthocyanins onto hair followed a Freundlich isotherm; anthocyanin-anthocyanin aggregation interactions enabled high buildup on the substrate. Sorption energy of cyanidin-3- O-glucoside (monosaccharide) > cyanidin-3- O-rutinoside (disaccharide), but sorption properties of different anthocyanin glucosides were very similar. Intense blue-colored dyeing on hair could be achieved with λmax-vis at 580 nm, typical of the anionic quinonoid base; it is suggested that hair provides an environment that enables the stabilization of the anionic quinonoid base on adsorption through association with cations in the hair and copigmentation effects. Dyeings were stable to multiple washes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Rose
- Sustainable Materials Research Group, School of Design , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Cantrill
- School of Chemistry , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
| | - Meryem Benohoud
- Keracol Limited , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
| | - Alenka Tidder
- Keracol Limited , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M Rayner
- School of Chemistry , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
- Keracol Limited , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
| | - Richard S Blackburn
- Sustainable Materials Research Group, School of Design , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
- Keracol Limited , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
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de Brito Francisco R, Martinoia E. The Vacuolar Transportome of Plant Specialized Metabolites. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1326-1336. [PMID: 29452376 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The plant vacuole is a cellular compartment that is essential to plant development and growth. Often plant vacuoles accumulate specialized metabolites, also called secondary metabolites, which constitute functionally and chemically diverse compounds that exert in planta many essential functions and improve the plant's fitness. These metabolites provide, for example, chemical defense against herbivorous and pathogens or chemical attractants (color and fragrance) to attract pollinators. The chemical composition of the vacuole is dynamic, and is altered during development and as a response to environmental changes. To some extent these alterations rely on vacuolar transporters, which import and export compounds into and out of the vacuole, respectively. During the past decade, significant progress was made in the identification and functional characterization of the transporters implicated in many aspects of plant specialized metabolism. Still, deciphering the molecular players underlying such processes remains a challenge for the future. In this review, we present a comprehensive summary of the most recent achievements in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrico Martinoia
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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14
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Morita Y, Hoshino A. Recent advances in flower color variation and patterning of Japanese morning glory and petunia. BREEDING SCIENCE 2018; 68:128-138. [PMID: 29681755 PMCID: PMC5903981 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.17107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The Japanese morning glory (Ipomoea nil) and petunia (Petunia hybrida), locally called "Asagao" and "Tsukubane-asagao", respectively, are popular garden plants. They have been utilized as model plants for studying the genetic basis of floricultural traits, especially anthocyanin pigmentation in flower petals. In their long history of genetic studies, many mutations affecting flower pigmentation have been characterized, and both structural and regulatory genes for the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway have been identified. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in the understanding of flower pigmentation in the two species with respect to flower hue and color patterning. Regarding flower hue, we will describe a novel enhancer of flavonoid production that controls the intensity of flower pigmentation, new aspects related to a flavonoid glucosyltransferase that has been known for a long time, and the regulatory mechanisms of vacuolar pH being a key determinant of red and blue coloration. On color patterning, we describe particular flower patterns regulated by epigenetic and RNA-silencing mechanisms. As high-quality whole genome sequences of the Japanese morning glory and petunia wild parents (P. axillaris and P. inflata, respectively) were published in 2016, further study on flower pigmentation will be accelerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumasa Morita
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University,
Kasugai, Aichi 486-0804,
Japan
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
| | - Atsushi Hoshino
- National Institute for Basic Biology,
Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585,
Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies),
Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585,
Japan
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Okitsu N, Noda N, Chandler S, Tanaka Y. Flower Color and Its Engineering by Genetic Modification. HANDBOOK OF PLANT BREEDING 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90698-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Assaha DVM, Ueda A, Saneoka H, Al-Yahyai R, Yaish MW. The Role of Na + and K + Transporters in Salt Stress Adaptation in Glycophytes. Front Physiol 2017; 8:509. [PMID: 28769821 PMCID: PMC5513949 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic stress is one of the most important components of salinity and is brought about by excess Na+ accumulation, especially in the aerial parts of plants. Since Na+ interferes with K+ homeostasis, and especially given its involvement in numerous metabolic processes, maintaining a balanced cytosolic Na+/K+ ratio has become a key salinity tolerance mechanism. Achieving this homeostatic balance requires the activity of Na+ and K+ transporters and/or channels. The mechanism of Na+ and K+ uptake and translocation in glycophytes and halophytes is essentially the same, but glycophytes are more susceptible to ionic stress than halophytes. The transport mechanisms involve Na+ and/or K+ transporters and channels as well as non-selective cation channels. Thus, the question arises of whether the difference in salt tolerance between glycophytes and halophytes could be the result of differences in the proteins or in the expression of genes coding the transporters. The aim of this review is to seek answers to this question by examining the role of major Na+ and K+ transporters and channels in Na+ and K+ uptake, translocation and intracellular homeostasis in glycophytes. It turns out that these transporters and channels are equally important for the adaptation of glycophytes as they are for halophytes, but differential gene expression, structural differences in the proteins (single nucleotide substitutions, impacting affinity) and post-translational modifications (phosphorylation) account for the differences in their activity and hence the differences in tolerance between the two groups. Furthermore, lack of the ability to maintain stable plasma membrane (PM) potentials following Na+-induced depolarization is also crucial for salt stress tolerance. This stable membrane potential is sustained by the activity of Na+/H+ antiporters such as SOS1 at the PM. Moreover, novel regulators of Na+ and K+ transport pathways including the Nax1 and Nax2 loci regulation of SOS1 expression and activity in the stele, and haem oxygenase involvement in stabilizing membrane potential by activating H+-ATPase activity, favorable for K+ uptake through HAK/AKT1, have been shown and are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dekoum V. M. Assaha
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos UniversityMuscat, Oman
| | - Akihiro Ueda
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshima, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Saneoka
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshima, Japan
| | - Rashid Al-Yahyai
- Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos UniversityMuscat, Oman
| | - Mahmoud W. Yaish
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos UniversityMuscat, Oman
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Solis J, Baisakh N, Brandt SR, Villordon A, La Bonte D. Transcriptome Profiling of Beach Morning Glory (Ipomoea imperati) under Salinity and Its Comparative Analysis with Sweetpotato. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147398. [PMID: 26848754 PMCID: PMC4743971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The response and adaption to salt remains poorly understood for beach morning glory [Ipomoea imperati (Vahl) Griseb], one of a few relatives of sweetpotato, known to thrive under salty and extreme drought conditions. In order to understand the genetic mechanisms underlying salt tolerance of a Convolvulaceae member, a genome-wide transcriptome study was carried out in beach morning glory by 454 pyrosequencing. A total of 286,584 filtered reads from both salt stressed and unstressed (control) root and shoot tissues were assembled into 95,790 unigenes with an average length of 667 base pairs (bp) and N50 of 706 bp. Putative differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified as transcripts overrepresented under salt stressed tissues compared to the control, and were placed into metabolic pathways. Most of these DEGs were involved in stress response, membrane transport, signal transduction, transcription activity and other cellular and molecular processes. We further analyzed the gene expression of 14 candidate genes of interest for salt tolerance through quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and confirmed their differential expression under salt stress in both beach morning glory and sweetpotato. The results comparing transcripts of I. imperati against the transcriptome of other Ipomoea species, including sweetpotato are also presented in this study. In addition, 6,233 SSR markers were identified, and an in silico analysis predicted that 434 primer pairs out of 4,897 target an identifiable homologous sequence in other Ipomoea transcriptomes, including sweetpotato. The data generated in this study will help in understanding the basics of salt tolerance of beach morning glory and the SSR resources generated will be useful for comparative genomics studies and further enhance the path to the marker-assisted breeding of sweetpotato for salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Solis
- School of Plant, Environmental, and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Niranjan Baisakh
- School of Plant, Environmental, and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NB); (DL)
| | - Steven R. Brandt
- Louisiana Digital Media Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Arthur Villordon
- Sweet Potato Research Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Chase, LA, United States of America
| | - Don La Bonte
- School of Plant, Environmental, and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NB); (DL)
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Wang L, Feng X, Zhao H, Wang L, An L, Qiu QS. Functional analysis of the Na+,K+/H+ antiporter PeNHX3 from the tree halophyte Populus euphratica in yeast by model-guided mutagenesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104147. [PMID: 25093858 PMCID: PMC4122410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Na+,K+/H+ antiporters are H+-coupled cotransporters that are crucial for cellular homeostasis. Populus euphratica, a well-known tree halophyte, contains six Na+/H+ antiporter genes (PeNHX1-6) that have been shown to function in salt tolerance. However, the catalytic mechanisms governing their ion transport remain largely unknown. Using the crystal structure of the Na+/H+ antiporter from the Escherichia coli (EcNhaA) as a template, we built the three-dimensional structure of PeNHX3 from P. euphratica. The PeNHX3 model displays the typical TM4-TM11 assembly that is critical for ion binding and translocation. The PeNHX3 structure follows the 'positive-inside' rule and exhibits a typical physicochemical property of the transporter proteins. Four conserved residues, including Tyr149, Asn187, Asp188, and Arg356, are indentified in the TM4-TM11 assembly region of PeNHX3. Mutagenesis analysis showed that these reserved residues were essential for the function of PeNHX3: Asn187 and Asp188 (forming a ND motif) controlled ion binding and translocation, and Tyr149 and Arg356 compensated helix dipoles in the TM4-TM11 assembly. PeNHX3 mediated Na+, K+ and Li+ transport in a yeast growth assay. Domain-switch analysis shows that TM11 is crucial to Li+ transport. The novel features of PeNHX3 in ion binding and translocation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liguang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xueying Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Lidong Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Lizhe An
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Quan-Sheng Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- * E-mail:
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19
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Reguera M, Bassil E, Blumwald E. Intracellular NHX-type cation/H+ antiporters in plants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2014; 7:261-3. [PMID: 23956073 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Reguera
- Department of Plant Sciences, Mail Stop 5, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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20
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Kabała K, Janicka-Russak M, Reda M, Migocka M. Transcriptional regulation of the V-ATPase subunit c and V-PPase isoforms in Cucumis sativus under heavy metal stress. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 150:32-45. [PMID: 23718549 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Two electrogenic proton pumps, vacuolar H(+) transporting ATPase (V-ATPase, EC 3.6.3.14) and vacuolar H(+) transporting inorganic pyrophosphatase (V-PPase, EC 3.6.1.1), co-exist in the vacuolar membrane of plant cells. In this work, all CsVHA and CsVHP genes encoding V-ATPase and V-PPase, respectively, were identified in the cucumber genome. Among them, three CsVHA-c genes for V-ATPase subunit c and two CsVHP1 genes for type I V-PPase were analyzed in detail. Individual isogenes were differentially regulated in plant tissues and during plant development as well as under changing environmental conditions. CsVHA-c1 and CsVHA-c2 showed similar tissue-specific expression patterns with the highest levels in stamens and old leaves. CsVHP1;1 was predominantly expressed in roots and female flowers. In contrast, both CsVHA-c3 and CsVHP1;2 remained in a rather constant ratio in all examined cucumber organs. Under heavy metal stress, the transcript amount of CsVHA-c1 and CsVHP1;1 showed a pronounced stress-dependent increase after copper and nickel treatment. CsVHA-c3 was upregulated by nickel only whereas CsVHA-c2 was induced by all metals with the most visible effect of copper. Additionally, CsVHP1;2 showed a tendency to be upregulated by copper and zinc. We propose that CsVHA-c1, CsVHA-c2 and CsVHP1;1 are essential elements of mechanisms involved in adaptation of cucumber plants to copper toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kabała
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, 50-328 , Wrocław, Poland
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21
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Qi Y, Lou Q, Li H, Yue J, Liu Y, Wang Y. Anatomical and biochemical studies of bicolored flower development in Muscari latifolium. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:1273-81. [PMID: 23677687 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0509-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The inflorescence of the broad-leafed grape hyacinth, Muscari latifolium, shows an interesting, two-tone appearance with the upper flowers being pale blue and the lower ones purple. To elucidate the mechanism of the differential color development, anatomical research was carried out and a cytological study of the colored protoplasts in which the shapes of the cells accumulating anthocyanin were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Next, vacuolar pH was recorded using a pH meter with a micro combination pH electrode, and the sap's metal-ion content was measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The anthocyanin and co-pigment composition was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Chemical analyses reveal that the difference in metal-ion content of the two parts was not great. The vacuolar pHs of the upper and lower flowers were 5.91 and 5.84, respectively, with the difference being nonsignificant. HPLC results indicate that the dihydroflavonol and flavonol contents are also very similar in the two sorts of flower. However, the upper flowers contained only delphinidin, whereas the lower flowers also contained cyanidin. The total anthocyanin content in the lower flowers was 4.36 mg g(-1), which is approximately seven times higher than in the upper flowers, while the delphinidin content is four times higher. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis established that the two-tone flower was a result of different expressions of the F3'5'H, F3'H and DFR genes, and these lead to different amounts of anthocyanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyan Qi
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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22
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Zheng S, Pan T, Fan L, Qiu QS. A novel AtKEA gene family, homolog of bacterial K+/H+ antiporters, plays potential roles in K+ homeostasis and osmotic adjustment in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81463. [PMID: 24278440 PMCID: PMC3835744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AtKEAs, homologs of bacterial KefB/KefC, are predicted to encode K+/H+ antiporters in Arabidopsis. The AtKEA family contains six genes forming two subgroups in the cladogram: AtKEA1-3 and AtKEA4-6. AtKEA1 and AtKEA2 have a long N-terminal domain; the full-length AtKEA1 was inactive in yeast. The transport activity was analyzed by expressing the AtKEA genes in yeast mutants lacking multiple ion carriers. AtKEAs conferred resistance to high K+ and hygromycin B but not to salt and Li+ stress. AtKEAs expressed in both the shoot and root of Arabidopsis. The expression of AtKEA1, -3 and -4 was enhanced under low K+ stress, whereas AtKEA2 and AtKEA5 were induced by sorbitol and ABA treatments. However, osmotic induction of AtKEA2 and AtKEA5 was not observed in aba2-3 mutants, suggesting an ABA regulated mechanism for their osmotic response. AtKEAs’ expression may not be regulated by the SOS pathway since their expression was not affected in sos mutants. The GFP tagging analysis showed that AtKEAs distributed diversely in yeast. The Golgi localization of AtKEA3 was demonstrated by both the stably transformed seedlings and the transient expression in protoplasts. Overall, AtKEAs expressed and localized diversely, and may play roles in K+ homeostasis and osmotic adjustment in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ting Pan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ligang Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Quan-Sheng Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- *
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Mulet JM, Llopis-Torregrosa V, Primo C, Marqués MC, Yenush L. Endocytic regulation of alkali metal transport proteins in mammals, yeast and plants. Curr Genet 2013; 59:207-30. [PMID: 23974285 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-013-0401-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The relative concentrations of ions and solutes inside cells are actively maintained by several classes of transport proteins, in many cases against their concentration gradient. These transport processes, which consume a large portion of cellular energy, must be constantly regulated. Many structurally distinct families of channels, carriers, and pumps have been characterized in considerable detail during the past decades and defects in the function of some of these proteins have been linked to a growing list of human diseases. The dynamic regulation of the transport proteins present at the cell surface is vital for both normal cellular function and for the successful adaptation to changing environments. The composition of proteins present at the cell surface is controlled on both the transcriptional and post-translational level. Post-translational regulation involves highly conserved mechanisms of phosphorylation- and ubiquitylation-dependent signal transduction routes used to modify the cohort of receptors and transport proteins present under any given circumstances. In this review, we will summarize what is currently known about one facet of this regulatory process: the endocytic regulation of alkali metal transport proteins. The physiological relevance, major contributors, parallels and missing pieces of the puzzle in mammals, yeast and plants will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Miguel Mulet
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avd. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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Seidel T, Siek M, Marg B, Dietz KJ. Energization of vacuolar transport in plant cells and its significance under stress. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 304:57-131. [PMID: 23809435 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407696-9.00002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The plant vacuole is of prime importance in buffering environmental perturbations and in coping with abiotic stress caused by, for example, drought, salinity, cold, or UV. The large volume, the efficient integration in anterograde and retrograde vesicular trafficking, and the dynamic equipment with tonoplast transporters enable the vacuole to fulfill indispensible functions in cell biology, for example, transient and permanent storage, detoxification, recycling, pH and redox homeostasis, cell expansion, biotic defence, and cell death. This review first focuses on endomembrane dynamics and then summarizes the functions, assembly, and regulation of secretory and vacuolar proton pumps: (i) the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase) which represents a multimeric complex of approximately 800 kDa, (ii) the vacuolar H(+)-pyrophosphatase, and (iii) the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase. These primary proton pumps regulate the cytosolic pH and provide the driving force for secondary active transport. Carriers and ion channels modulate the proton motif force and catalyze uptake and vacuolar compartmentation of solutes and deposition of xenobiotics or secondary compounds such as flavonoids. ABC-type transporters directly energized by MgATP complement the transport portfolio that realizes the multiple functions in stress tolerance of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Seidel
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
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Shitan N, Yazaki K. New insights into the transport mechanisms in plant vacuoles. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 305:383-433. [PMID: 23890387 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407695-2.00009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The vacuole is the largest compartment in plant cells, often occupying more than 80% of the total cell volume. This organelle accumulates a large variety of endogenous ions, metabolites, and xenobiotics. The compartmentation of divergent substances is relevant for a wide range of biological processes, such as the regulation of stomata movement, defense mechanisms against herbivores, flower coloration, etc. Progress in molecular and cellular biology has revealed that a large number of transporters and channels exist at the tonoplast. In recent years, various biochemical and physiological functions of these proteins have been characterized in detail. Some are involved in maintaining the homeostasis of ions and metabolites, whereas others are related to defense mechanisms against biotic and abiotic stresses. In this review, we provide an updated inventory of vacuolar transport mechanisms and a comprehensive summary of their physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobukazu Shitan
- Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan.
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26
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Sahu R, Dewanjee S. Differential physiological and biochemical responses under variable culture conditions in micro-propagated Solenostemon scutellarioides: an important ornamental plant. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2012; 2:160-165. [PMCID: PMC4131626 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-012-0035-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Solenostemon scutellarioides is a commercially important ornamental plant. In present study, it was attempted to establish a protocol for high frequency in vitro regeneration of S. scutellarioides . Caulogenesis was found to be significant in solid MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg dm−3 BAP. Combination of GA3 (0.5 mg dm−3) and BAP (0.5 mg dm−3) induced high frequency regeneration coupled with higher plant height. The plantlets exposed to IBA (1 mg dm−3) exhibited significant root development in terms of first appearance of root and number of roots per shoot. To improve its commercial acceptability in terms of plant architecture and foliage colouration, two weeks old in vitro grown plantlets were exposed to different culture conditions namely MS strength, sucrose concentration, pH and light. A variable plant types with diverse ornamental traits were developed under different culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranabir Sahu
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032 West Bengal India
| | - Saikat Dewanjee
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032 West Bengal India
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27
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Martinoia E, Meyer S, De Angeli A, Nagy R. Vacuolar transporters in their physiological context. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 63:183-213. [PMID: 22404463 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Vacuoles in vegetative tissues allow the plant surface to expand by accumulating energetically cheap inorganic osmolytes, and thereby optimize the plant for absorption of sunlight and production of energy by photosynthesis. Some specialized cells, such as guard cells and pulvini motor cells, exhibit rapid volume changes. These changes require the rapid release and uptake of ions and water by the vacuole and are a prerequisite for plant survival. Furthermore, seed vacuoles are important storage units for the nutrients required for early plant development. All of these fundamental processes rely on numerous vacuolar transporters. During the past 15 years, the transporters implicated in most aspects of vacuolar function have been identified and characterized. Vacuolar transporters appear to be integrated into a regulatory network that controls plant metabolism. However, little is known about the mode of action of these fundamental processes, and deciphering the underlying mechanisms remains a challenge for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Martinoia
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Li M, Li Y, Li H, Wu G. Overexpression of AtNHX5 improves tolerance to both salt and drought stress in Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 31:349-57. [PMID: 21512100 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpr003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera L. Vent) is well known for its bark fibers, which are used for making paper, cloth, rope, etc. It was found that, in addition to its well-documented role in the enhancement of plant salt tolerance, overexpression of the Na+/H+ antiporter (AtNHX5) gene in paper mulberry plants showed high drought tolerance. After exposure to water deficiency and salt stress, the wild-type (WT) plants all died, while the AtNHX5-overexpressing plants remained alive under high salt stress, and had a higher survival rate (>66%) under drought stress. Measurements of ion levels indicated that Na+ and K+ contents were all higher in AtNHX5-overexpressing leaves than in WT leaves in high saline conditions. The AtNHX5 plants had higher leaf water content and leaf chlorophyll contents, accumulated more proline and soluble sugars, and had less membrane damage than the WT plants under water deficiency and high saline conditions. Taken together, the results indicate that the AtNHX5 gene could enhance the tolerance of paper mulberry plants to multiple environmental stresses by promoting the accumulation of more effective osmolytes (ions, soluble sugars, proline) to counter the osmotic stress caused by abiotic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiru Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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29
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Leidi EO, Barragán V, Rubio L, El-Hamdaoui A, Ruiz MT, Cubero B, Fernández JA, Bressan RA, Hasegawa PM, Quintero FJ, Pardo JM. The AtNHX1 exchanger mediates potassium compartmentation in vacuoles of transgenic tomato. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 61:495-506. [PMID: 19912566 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.04073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
NHX-type antiporters in the tonoplast have been reported to increase the salt tolerance of various plants species, and are thought to mediate the compartmentation of Na(+) in vacuoles. However, all isoforms characterized so far catalyze both Na(+)/H(+) and K(+)/H(+) exchange. Here, we show that AtNHX1 has a critical involvement in the subcellular partitioning of K(+), which in turn affects plant K(+) nutrition and Na(+) tolerance. Transgenic tomato plants overexpressing AtNHX1 had larger K(+) vacuolar pools in all growth conditions tested, but no consistent enhancement of Na(+) accumulation was observed under salt stress. Plants overexpressing AtNHX1 have a greater capacity to retain intracellular K(+) and to withstand salt-shock. Under K(+)-limiting conditions, greater K(+) compartmentation in the vacuole occurred at the expense of the cytosolic K(+) pool, which was lower in transgenic plants. This caused the early activation of the high-affinity K(+) uptake system, enhanced K(+) uptake by roots, and increased the K(+) content in plant tissues and the xylem sap of transformed plants. Our results strongly suggest that NHX proteins are likely candidates for the H(+)-linked K(+) transport that is thought to facilitate active K(+) uptake at the tonoplast, and the partitioning of K(+) between vacuole and cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo O Leidi
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNASE), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Reina Mercedes, 10, Sevilla - 41012, Spain
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30
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Shoji K, Momonoi K, Tsuji T. Alternative Expression of Vacuolar Iron Transporter and Ferritin Genes Leads to Blue/Purple Coloration of Flowers in Tulip cv. ‘Murasakizuisho’. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 51:215-24. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcp181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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31
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Hamaji K, Nagira M, Yoshida K, Ohnishi M, Oda Y, Uemura T, Goh T, Sato MH, Morita MT, Tasaka M, Hasezawa SI, Nakano A, Hara-Nishimura I, Maeshima M, Fukaki H, Mimura T. Dynamic aspects of ion accumulation by vesicle traffic under salt stress in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 50:2023-33. [PMID: 19880402 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcp143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular membrane dynamics of Arabidopsis cells under high salt treatment were investigated. When Arabidopsis was treated with high levels of NaCl in hydroponic culture, root tip cells showed rapid changes in the vacuolar volume, a decrease in the number of small acid compartments, active movement of vesicles and accumulation of Na(+) both in the central vacuole and in the vesicles around the main vacuole observed with the Na(+)-dependent fluorescence of Sodium Green. Detailed observation of Arabidopsis suspension-cultured cells under high salt treatment showed a similar pattern of response to that observed in root tip cells. Immunostaining of suspension-cultured cells with antibodies against AtNHX1 clearly showed the occurrence of dotted fluorescence in the cytoplasm only under salt treatment. We also confirmed the existence of AtNHX1 in the vacuolar membrane isolated from suspension-cultured cells with immunofluorescence. Knockout of the vacuolar Q(a)-SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) protein VAM3/SYP22 caused an increase in salt tolerance. In mutant plants, the distribution of Na(+) between roots and shoots differed from that of wild-type plants, with Na(+) accumulating more in roots and less in the shoots of the mutant plants. The role of vesicle traffic under salt stress is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Hamaji
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
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32
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Nguyen P, Cin VD. The role of light on foliage colour development in coleus (Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2009; 47:934-45. [PMID: 19631554 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Many coleus (Solenostemon scutellarioides (L). Codd) varieties change pigmentation when exposed to high light intensity: they increase anthocyanin amount and decrease chlorophyll content. The physiological and molecular mechanisms involved in this phenomenon have been investigated in two independent experiments using two related coleus varieties 'Royal Glissade' (RG) and 'UF06-1-06' (UF). The developmental stage of a leaf had a minimum effect on colouration. Light intensity affected the rate of colour transition, anthocyanin and chlorophyll concentrations, and plant growth. Foliage colour was affected by a complex interaction between anthocyanin and chlorophyll. The isolation and expression analysis of several structural and regulatory genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, and the genes Lchb2 and CBS, an indicator of cellular energy status are reported. Results indicate a close similarity between transcript amount and anthocyanin accumulation and its rate was tightly associated with light intensity. Differences in foliage colour between RG and UF are due to different sensitivity to light, probably affecting chlorophyll content and F3H and UFGT expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Momonoi K, Yoshida K, Mano S, Takahashi H, Nakamori C, Shoji K, Nitta A, Nishimura M. A vacuolar iron transporter in tulip, TgVit1, is responsible for blue coloration in petal cells through iron accumulation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 59:437-47. [PMID: 19366427 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.03879.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Blue color in flowers is due mainly to anthocyanins, and a considerable part of blue coloration can be attributed to metal-complexed anthocyanins. However, the mechanism of metal ion transport into vacuoles and subsequent flower color development has yet to be fully explored. Previously, we studied the mechanism of blue color development specifically at the bottom of the inner perianth in purple tulip petals of Tulipa gesneriana cv. Murasakizuisho. We found that differences in iron content were associated with the development of blue- and purple-colored cells. Here, we identify a vacuolar iron transporter in T. gesneriana (TgVit1), and characterize the localization and function of this transporter protein in tulip petals. The amino acid sequence of TgVit1 is 85% similar that of the Arabidopsis thaliana vacuolar iron transporter AtVIT1, and also showed similarity to the AtVIT1 homolog in yeast, Ca(2+)-sensitive cross-complementer 1 (CCC1). The gene TgVit1 was expressed exclusively in blue-colored epidermal cells, and protein levels increased with increasing mRNA expression and blue coloration. Transient expression experiments revealed that TgVit1 localizes to the vacuolar membrane, and is responsible for the development of the blue color in purple cells. Expression of TgVit1 in yeast rescued the growth defect of ccc1 mutant cells in the presence of high concentrations of FeSO(4). Our results indicate that TgVit1 plays an essential role in blue coloration as a vacuolar iron transporter in tulip petals. These results suggest a new role for involvement of a vacuolar iron transporter in blue flower color development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Momonoi
- Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Yoshida K, Mori M, Kondo T. Blue flower color development by anthocyanins: from chemical structure to cell physiology. Nat Prod Rep 2009; 26:884-915. [PMID: 19554240 DOI: 10.1039/b800165k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Blue flower colors are primarily due to anthocyanin, a flavonoid pigment. Anthocyanin itself is purple in neutral aqueous solutions, ans its color is very unstable and quickly fades. Therefore, the mechanism of blue color development in living flower petals is one of the most intriguing problems in natural product chemistry. Much progress has been made in understanding blue flower coloration since the comprehensive review by Goto and Kondo in 1991. This review focuses on the advances in the last 15 years, and cites 149 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Yoshida
- Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
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Rodríguez-Rosales MP, Gálvez FJ, Huertas R, Aranda MN, Baghour M, Cagnac O, Venema K. Plant NHX cation/proton antiporters. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2009; 4:265-76. [PMID: 19794841 PMCID: PMC2664485 DOI: 10.4161/psb.4.4.7919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although physiological and biochemical data since long suggested that Na(+)/H(+) and K(+)/H(+) antiporters are involved in intracellular ion and pH regulation in plants, it has taken a long time to identify genes encoding antiporters that could fulfil these roles. Genome sequencing projects have now shown that plants contain a very large number of putative Cation/Proton antiporters, the function of which is only beginning to be studied. The intracellular NHX transporters constitute the first Cation/Proton exchanger family studied in plants. The founding member, AtNHX1, was identified as an important salt tolerance determinant and suggested to catalyze Na(+) accumulation in vacuoles. It is, however, becoming increasingly clear, that this gene and other members of the family also play crucial roles in pH regulation and K(+) homeostasis, regulating processes from vesicle trafficking and cell expansion to plant development.
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36
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Shi LY, Li HQ, Pan XP, Wu GJ, Li MR. Improvement of Torenia fournieri salinity tolerance by expression of Arabidopsis AtNHX5. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2008; 35:185-192. [PMID: 32688772 DOI: 10.1071/fp07269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, transgenic torenia plants expressing the AtNHX5 gene from Arabidopsis in sense and antisense orientations were produced to examine the potential role of AtNHX5 in plant salt tolerance and development. We found that torenia plants overexpressing AtNHX5 showed markedly enhanced tolerance to salt stress compared with both wild-type and antisense AtNHX5 transgenic plants upon salt stress. Measurements of ion levels indicated that Na+ and K+ contents were all higher in AtNHX5 overexpressing shoots than in those of both wild-type and antisense AtNHX5 shoots treated with 50 mm NaCl. This indicated that overexpression of AtNHX5 could improve the salt tolerance of transgenic torenia via accumulation of both Na+ and K+ in shoots, in which overall ion homeostasis and osmotic adjustment was changed to sustain the increase in shoot salt tolerance. Further, we found that overexpression of AtNHX5 in torenia significantly improved the shoot regeneration frequency in leaf explants and increased the plantlet survival rate when transferring the regenerated plants to soil. In addition, the AtNHX5 expressing plants produced flowers earlier than both wild-type and the antisense AtNHX5 plants. Taken together, the results indicated that AtNHX5 functions not only in plant salt tolerance but also in plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Yi Shi
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Qing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ping Pan
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Jiang Wu
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Ru Li
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, People's Republic of China
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Zhao J, Barkla BJ, Marshall J, Pittman JK, Hirschi KD. The Arabidopsis cax3 mutants display altered salt tolerance, pH sensitivity and reduced plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity. PLANTA 2008; 227:659-69. [PMID: 17968588 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-007-0648-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Perturbing CAX1, an Arabidopsis vacuolar H+/Ca2+ antiporter, and the related vacuolar transporter CAX3, has been previously shown to cause severe growth defects; however, the specific function of CAX3 has remained elusive. Here, we describe plant phenotypes that are shared among cax1 and cax3 including an increased sensitivity to both abscisic acid (ABA) and sugar during germination, and an increased tolerance to ethylene during early seedling development. We have also identified phenotypes unique to cax3, namely salt, lithium and low pH sensitivity. We used biochemical measurements to ascribe these cax3 sensitivities to a reduction in vacuolar H+/Ca2+ transport during salt stress and decreased plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity. These findings catalog an array of CAX phenotypes and assign a specific role for CAX3 in response to salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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38
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Gierth M, Mäser P. Potassium transporters in plants--involvement in K+ acquisition, redistribution and homeostasis. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:2348-56. [PMID: 17397836 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Potassium is a major plant nutrient which has to be accumulated in great quantity by roots and distributed throughout the plant and within plant cells. Membrane transport of potassium can be mediated by potassium channels and secondary potassium transporters. Plant potassium transporters are present in three families of membrane proteins: the K(+) uptake permeases (KT/HAK/KUP), the K(+) transporter (Trk/HKT) family and the cation proton antiporters (CPA). This review will discuss the contribution of members of each family to potassium acquisition, redistribution and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Gierth
- Universität zu Köln, Institut für Botanik II, Gyrhofstrasse 15, 50931 Köln, Germany.
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Shoji K, Miki N, Nakajima N, Momonoi K, Kato C, Yoshida K. Perianth bottom-specific blue color development in Tulip cv. Murasakizuisho requires ferric ions. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 48:243-51. [PMID: 17179184 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcl060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The entire flower of Tulipa gesneriana cv. Murasakizuisho is purple, except the bottom, which is blue. To elucidate the mechanism of the different color development in the same petal, we prepared protoplasts from the purple and blue epidermal regions and measured the flavonoid composition by HPLC, the vacuolar pH by a proton-selective microelectrode, and element contents by the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) method. Chemical analyses revealed that the anthocyanin and flavonol compositions in both purple and blue colored protoplasts were the same; delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside (1) and major three flavonol glycosides, manghaslin (2), rutin (3) and mauritianin (4). The vacuolar pH values of the purple and blue protoplasts were 5.5 and 5.6, respectively, without any significant difference. However, the Fe(3+) content in the blue protoplast was approximately 9.5 mM, which was 25 times higher than that in the purple protoplasts. We could reproduce the purple solution by mixing 1 with two equimolar concentrations of flavonol with lambda(vismax) = 539 nm, which was identical to that of the purple protoplasts. Furthermore, addition of Fe(3+) to the mixture of 1-4 gave the blue solution with lambda(vismax) = 615 nm identical to that of the blue protoplasts. We have established that Fe(3+) is essential for blue color development in the tulip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Shoji
- Agricultural Experiment Station, Toyama Agricultural Research Center, Yoshioka, Toyama, 939-8153 Japan.
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40
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Venter M, Groenewald JH, Botha FC. Sequence analysis and transcriptional profiling of two vacuolar H+ -pyrophosphatase isoforms in Vitis vinifera. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2006; 119:469-78. [PMID: 16924561 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-006-0009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression of grapevine vacuolar H(+)-pyrophosphatase (V-PPase EC 3.6.1.1.) during fruit ripening has previously been reported. Here we report on putative multiple V-PPase isoforms in grapevine. In this study a full-length cDNA sequence with an open reading frame of 2,295 nucleotides encoding a V-PPase gene (vpp2: acc. nr. AJ557256) was cloned. Sequence analyses of the deduced amino acid residues and RT-PCR experiments indicated that Vitis vinifera L. has at least two distinct isoforms of the V-PPase gene. Bioinformatic analyses of 13 V-PPase protein sequences revealed two highly conserved motifs associated with pyrophosphate (PPi) binding and response to stress, respectively. Both V-PPase isoforms were expressed at higher levels in the late post-véraison stage of grape berry ripening. Results also showed that the expression of grapevine V-PPase was induced by cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauritz Venter
- Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa.
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41
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Studies on the overexpression of the soybean GmNHX1 in Lotus corniculatus: The reduced Na+ level is the basis of the increased salt tolerance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-006-1306-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Yoshida K, Kitahara S, Ito D, Kondo T. Ferric ions involved in the flower color development of the Himalayan blue poppy, Meconopsis grandis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2006; 67:992-8. [PMID: 16678868 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Revised: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The Himalayan blue poppy, Meconopsis grandis, has sky blue-colored petals, although the anthocyanidin nucleus of the petal pigment is cyanidin. The blue color development in this blue poppy involving ferric ions was therefore studied. We analyzed the vacuolar pH, and the organic and inorganic components of the colored cells. A direct measurement by a proton-selective microelectrode revealed that the vacuolar pH value was 4.8. The concentrations of the total anthocyanins in the colored cells were around 5mM, and ca. three times more concentrated flavonols were detected. Fe was detected by atomic analysis of the colored cells, and the ratio of Fe to anthocyanins was ca. 0.8 eq. By mixing the anthocyanin, flavonol and metal ion components in a buffered aq. solution at pH 5.0, we were able to reproduce the same blue color; the visible absorption spectrum and CD were identical to those in the petals, with Fe(3+), Mg(2+) and flavonol being essential for the blue color. The blue pigment in Meconopsis should be a new type of metal complex pigment that is different from a stoichiometric supramolecular pigment such as commelinin or protocyanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Yoshida
- Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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Pardo JM, Cubero B, Leidi EO, Quintero FJ. Alkali cation exchangers: roles in cellular homeostasis and stress tolerance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2006; 57:1181-99. [PMID: 16513813 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erj114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Uptake and translocation of cations play essential roles in plant nutrition, signal transduction, growth, and development. Among them, potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) have been the focus of numerous physiological studies because K+ is an essential macronutrient and the most abundant inorganic cation in plant cells, whereas Na+ toxicity is a principal component of the deleterious effects associated with salinity stress. Although the homeostasis of these two ions was long surmised to be fine tuned and under complex regulation, the myriad of candidate membrane transporters mediating their uptake, intracellular distribution, and long-distance transport is nevertheless perplexing. Recent advances have shown that, in addition to their function in vacuolar accumulation of Na+, proteins of the NHX family are endosomal transporters that also play critical roles in K+ homeostasis, luminal pH control, and vesicle trafficking. The plasma membrane SOS1 protein from Arabidopsis thaliana, a highly specific Na+/H+ exchanger that catalyses Na+ efflux and that regulates its root/shoot distribution, has also revealed surprising interactions with K+ uptake mechanisms by roots. Finally, the function of individual members of the large CHX family remains largely unknown but two CHX isoforms, AtCHX17 and AtCH23, have been shown to affect K+ homeostasis and the control of chloroplast pH, respectively. Recent advances on the understanding of the physiological processes that are governed by these three families of cation exchangers are reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Pardo
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Reina Mercedes 10, Seville 41012, Spain.
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