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Yang Y, Chaffin TA, Shao Y, Balasubramanian VK, Markillie M, Mitchell H, Rubio‐Wilhelmi MM, Ahkami AH, Blumwald E, Neal Stewart C. Novel synthetic inducible promoters controlling gene expression during water-deficit stress with green tissue specificity in transgenic poplar. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:1596-1609. [PMID: 38232002 PMCID: PMC11123411 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic promoters may be designed using short cis-regulatory elements (CREs) and core promoter sequences for specific purposes. We identified novel conserved DNA motifs from the promoter sequences of leaf palisade and vascular cell type-specific expressed genes in water-deficit stressed poplar (Populus tremula × Populus alba), collected through low-input RNA-seq analysis using laser capture microdissection. Hexamerized sequences of four conserved 20-base motifs were inserted into each synthetic promoter construct. Two of these synthetic promoters (Syn2 and Syn3) induced GFP in transformed poplar mesophyll protoplasts incubated in 0.5 M mannitol solution. To identify effect of length and sequence from a valuable 20 base motif, 5' and 3' regions from a basic sequence (GTTAACTTCAGGGCCTGTGG) of Syn3 were hexamerized to generate two shorter synthetic promoters, Syn3-10b-1 (5': GTTAACTTCA) and Syn3-10b-2 (3': GGGCCTGTGG). These promoters' activities were compared with Syn3 in plants. Syn3 and Syn3-10b-1 were specifically induced in transient agroinfiltrated Nicotiana benthamiana leaves in water cessation for 3 days. In stable transgenic poplar, Syn3 presented as a constitutive promoter but had the highest activity in leaves. Syn3-10b-1 had stronger induction in green tissues under water-deficit stress conditions than mock control. Therefore, a synthetic promoter containing the 5' sequence of Syn3 endowed both tissue-specificity and water-deficit inducibility in transgenic poplar, whereas the 3' sequence did not. Consequently, we have added two new synthetic promoters to the poplar engineering toolkit: Syn3-10b-1, a green tissue-specific and water-deficit stress-induced promoter, and Syn3, a green tissue-preferential constitutive promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongil Yang
- Center for Agricultural Synthetic BiologyUniversity of Tennessee Institute of AgricultureKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Timothy A. Chaffin
- Center for Agricultural Synthetic BiologyUniversity of Tennessee Institute of AgricultureKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Yuanhua Shao
- Center for Agricultural Synthetic BiologyUniversity of Tennessee Institute of AgricultureKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | | | - Meng Markillie
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWAUSA
| | - Hugh Mitchell
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWAUSA
| | | | - Amir H. Ahkami
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWAUSA
| | - Eduardo Blumwald
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - C. Neal Stewart
- Center for Agricultural Synthetic BiologyUniversity of Tennessee Institute of AgricultureKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
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Nagle MF, Yuan J, Kaur D, Ma C, Peremyslova E, Jiang Y, Goralogia GS, Magnuson A, Li JY, Muchero W, Fuxin L, Strauss SH. Genome-wide association study and network analysis of in vitro transformation in Populus trichocarpa support key roles of diverse phytohormone pathways and cross talk. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 38650352 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Wide variation in amenability to transformation and regeneration (TR) among many plant species and genotypes presents a challenge to the use of genetic engineering in research and breeding. To help understand the causes of this variation, we performed association mapping and network analysis using a population of 1204 wild trees of Populus trichocarpa (black cottonwood). To enable precise and high-throughput phenotyping of callus and shoot TR, we developed a computer vision system that cross-referenced complementary red, green, and blue (RGB) and fluorescent-hyperspectral images. We performed association mapping using single-marker and combined variant methods, followed by statistical tests for epistasis and integration of published multi-omic datasets to identify likely regulatory hubs. We report 409 candidate genes implicated by associations within 5 kb of coding sequences, and epistasis tests implicated 81 of these candidate genes as regulators of one another. Gene ontology terms related to protein-protein interactions and transcriptional regulation are overrepresented, among others. In addition to auxin and cytokinin pathways long established as critical to TR, our results highlight the importance of stress and wounding pathways. Potential regulatory hubs of signaling within and across these pathways include GROWTH REGULATORY FACTOR 1 (GRF1), PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 4-KINASE β1 (PI-4Kβ1), and OBF-BINDING PROTEIN 1 (OBP1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Nagle
- Department of Forest Ecosystems & Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Jialin Yuan
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Damanpreet Kaur
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Cathleen Ma
- Department of Forest Ecosystems & Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Ekaterina Peremyslova
- Department of Forest Ecosystems & Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Statistics Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Greg S Goralogia
- Department of Forest Ecosystems & Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Anna Magnuson
- Department of Forest Ecosystems & Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Jia Yi Li
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Wellington Muchero
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Li Fuxin
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Steven H Strauss
- Department of Forest Ecosystems & Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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Pavlichenko VV, Protopopova MV. Simplified Method for Agrobacterium-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Populus x berolinensis K. Koch. Methods Protoc 2024; 7:12. [PMID: 38392686 PMCID: PMC10892322 DOI: 10.3390/mps7010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid advancement of genetic technologies has made it possible to modify various plants through both genetic transformation and gene editing techniques. Poplar, with its rapid in vitro growth and regeneration enabling high rates of micropropagation, has emerged as a model system for the genetic transformation of woody plants. In this study, Populus × berolinensis K. Koch. (Berlin poplar) was chosen as the model organism due to its narrow leaves and spindle-shaped crown, which make it highly suitable for in vitro manipulations. Various protocols for the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of poplar species have been developed to date. However, the genetic transformation procedures are often constrained by the complexity of the nutrient media used for plant regeneration and growth, which could potentially be simplified. Our study presents a cheaper, simplified, and relatively fast protocol for the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Berlin poplar. The protocol involved using internode sections without axillary buds as explants, which were co-cultivated in 10 µL droplets of bacterial suspension directly on the surface of a solid agar-based medium without rinsing and sterile paper drying after inoculation. We used only one regeneration Murashige and Skoogbased medium supplemented with BA (0.2 mg·L-1), TDZ (0.02 mg·L-1), and NAA (0.01 mg·L-1). Acetosyringone was not used as an induction agent for vir genes during the genetic transformation. Applying our protocol and using the binary plasmid pBI121 carrying the nptII selective and uidA reporter genes, we obtained the six transgenic lines of poplar. Transgenesis was confirmed through a PCR-based screening of kanamycin-selected regenerants for the presence of both mentioned genes, Sanger sequencing, and tests for detecting the maintained activity of both genes. The transformation efficiency, considering the 100 explants taken originally, was 6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliy V. Pavlichenko
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lermontov St., 132, Irkutsk 664033, Russia
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Li S, Devi B, Allam G, Bhullar A, Murmu J, Li E, Hepworth SR. Regulation of secondary growth by poplar BLADE-ON-PETIOLE genes in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1244583. [PMID: 38034559 PMCID: PMC10682204 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1244583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
BLADE-ON-PETIOLE (BOP) genes are essential regulators of vegetative and reproductive development in land plants. First characterized in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), members of this clade function as transcriptional co-activators by recruiting TGACG-motif binding (TGA) basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors. Highly expressed at organ boundaries, these genes are also expressed in vascular tissue and contribute to lignin biosynthesis during secondary growth. How these genes function in trees, which undergo extensive secondary growth to produce wood, remains unclear. Here, we investigate the functional conservation of BOP orthologs in Populus trichocarpa (poplar), a widely-used model for tree development. Within the poplar genome, we identified two BOP-like genes, PtrBPL1 and PtrBPL2, with abundant transcripts in stems. To assess their functions, we used heterologous assays in Arabidopsis plants. The promoters of PtrBPL1 and PtrBPL2, fused with a β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene showed activity at organ boundaries and in secondary xylem and phloem. When introduced into Arabidopsis plants, PtrBPL1 and PtrBPL2 complemented leaf and flower patterning defects in bop1 bop2 mutants. Notably, Arabidopsis plants overexpressing PtrBPL1 and PtrBPL2 showed defects in stem elongation and the lignification of secondary tissues in the hypocotyl and stem. Finally, PtrBPL1 and PtrBPL2 formed complexes with TGA bZIP proteins in yeast. Collectively, our findings suggest that PtrBPL1 and PtrBPL2 are orthologs of Arabidopsis BOP1 and BOP2, potentially contributing to secondary growth regulation in poplar trees. This work provides a foundation for functional studies in trees.
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Wu K, Xu C, Li T, Ma H, Gong J, Li X, Sun X, Hu X. Application of Nanotechnology in Plant Genetic Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14836. [PMID: 37834283 PMCID: PMC10573821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The ever-increasing food requirement with globally growing population demands advanced agricultural practices to improve grain yield, to gain crop resilience under unpredictable extreme weather, and to reduce production loss caused by insects and pathogens. To fulfill such requests, genome engineering technology has been applied to various plant species. To date, several generations of genome engineering methods have been developed. Among these methods, the new mainstream technology is clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) with nucleases. One of the most important processes in genome engineering is to deliver gene cassettes into plant cells. Conventionally used systems have several shortcomings, such as being labor- and time-consuming procedures, potential tissue damage, and low transformation efficiency. Taking advantage of nanotechnology, the nanoparticle-mediated gene delivery method presents technical superiority over conventional approaches due to its high efficiency and adaptability in different plant species. In this review, we summarize the evolution of plant biomolecular delivery methods and discussed their characteristics as well as limitations. We focused on the cutting-edge nanotechnology-based delivery system, and reviewed different types of nanoparticles, preparation of nanomaterials, mechanism of nanoparticle transport, and advanced application in plant genome engineering. On the basis of established methods, we concluded that the combination of genome editing, nanoparticle-mediated gene transformation and de novo regeneration technologies can accelerate crop improvement efficiently in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Changbin Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Tong Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Haijie Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Jinli Gong
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xuepeng Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 311300, China
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Li H, Wang H, Guan L, Li Z, Wang H, Luo J. Optimization of High-Efficiency Tissue Culture Regeneration Systems in Gray Poplar. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1896. [PMID: 37763300 PMCID: PMC10532866 DOI: 10.3390/life13091896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of tissue culture regeneration protocols were conducted on gray poplar (P. tremula × P. alba) to select the most efficient callus induction medium, adventitious shoot differentiation medium, shoot elongation medium and rooting medium, which laid the foundation for the optimization of genetic transformation technology for gray poplar. The results showed that the Woody Plant Medium (WPM) supplemented with 0.10 mg L-1 kinetin (KT) and 1.00 mg L-1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was the most suitable medium for callus induction. The callus induction rates of different tissues were greater than 85.7%. The optimal adventitious shoot differentiation medium was the WPM supplemented with 0.02 mg L-1 thidiazuron (TDZ), and the adventitious shoot differentiation rates of young tissues were 22.2-41.9%. The optimal direct differentiation medium was the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.20 mg L-1 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA), 0.10 mg L-1 indole butyric acid (IBA) and 0.001 mg L-1 TDZ, and the differentiation rate of adventitious shoots was greater than 94%. The best shoot elongation medium for adventitious shoots was the MS medium with 0.10 mg L-1 naphthylacetic acid (NAA). After 45 days of cultivation in the MS medium with 0.10 mg L-1 NAA, the average plant height was 1.8 cm, and the average number of elongated adventitious shoots was 11 per explant. The 1/2 MS medium with 0.10 mg L-1 NAA showed the best performance for rooting, and later, shoot growth. The direct shoot induction pathway can induce adventitious shoots much faster than the indirect adventitious shoot induction pathway can, and the time cost via the direct adventitious shoot induction pathway can be shortened by 2-6 weeks compared to that of the indirect shoot induction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jie Luo
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.L.); (H.W.); (L.G.); (Z.L.); (H.W.)
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7
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Sulis D, Jiang X, Yang C, Matthews ML, Marques B, Miller Z, Lan K, Cofre-Vega C, Liu B, Sun R, Sederoff H, Bing R, Sun X, Williams CM, Jameel H, Phillips R, Chang HM, Peszlen I, Huang YY, Li W, Kelly RM, Sederoff RR, Chiang VL, Barrangou R, Wang JP. Multiplex CRISPR editing of wood for sustainable fiber production. Science 2023; 381:216-221. [PMID: 37440632 PMCID: PMC10542590 DOI: 10.1126/science.add4514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The domestication of forest trees for a more sustainable fiber bioeconomy has long been hindered by the complexity and plasticity of lignin, a biopolymer in wood that is recalcitrant to chemical and enzymatic degradation. Here, we show that multiplex CRISPR editing enables precise woody feedstock design for combinatorial improvement of lignin composition and wood properties. By assessing every possible combination of 69,123 multigenic editing strategies for 21 lignin biosynthesis genes, we deduced seven different genome editing strategies targeting the concurrent alteration of up to six genes and produced 174 edited poplar variants. CRISPR editing increased the wood carbohydrate-to-lignin ratio up to 228% that of wild type, leading to more-efficient fiber pulping. The edited wood alleviates a major fiber-production bottleneck regardless of changes in tree growth rate and could bring unprecedented operational efficiencies, bioeconomic opportunities, and environmental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sulis
- TreeCo, Raleigh, NC 27695
- Forest Biotechnology Group, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Xiao Jiang
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Chenmin Yang
- TreeCo, Raleigh, NC 27695
- Forest Biotechnology Group, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Megan L. Matthews
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Barbara Marques
- Forest Biotechnology Group, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Zachary Miller
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Kai Lan
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Carlos Cofre-Vega
- Forest Biotechnology Group, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Baoguang Liu
- TreeCo, Raleigh, NC 27695
- Forest Biotechnology Group, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Runkun Sun
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Henry Sederoff
- Forest Biotechnology Group, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Ryan Bing
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Molecular Education, Technology and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Cranos M. Williams
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Hasan Jameel
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Richard Phillips
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Hou-min Chang
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Ilona Peszlen
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Yung-Yun Huang
- Department of Operations Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China 10040
| | - Robert M. Kelly
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Ronald R. Sederoff
- TreeCo, Raleigh, NC 27695
- Forest Biotechnology Group, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China 10040
| | - Vincent L. Chiang
- TreeCo, Raleigh, NC 27695
- Forest Biotechnology Group, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China 10040
| | - Rodolphe Barrangou
- TreeCo, Raleigh, NC 27695
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Jack P. Wang
- TreeCo, Raleigh, NC 27695
- Forest Biotechnology Group, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China 10040
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Geng L, Ren J, Ji X, Yan S, Song XS. Over-expression of DREB46 enhances drought tolerance in Populus trichocarpa. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 281:153923. [PMID: 36657232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.153923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The drought responsive element binding (DREB) gene family has a significant role in plant abiotic stress responses. Here, we cloned a drought-inducible DREB gene, DREB46 (Potri.019G075500), and investigated its function in drought tolerance in Populus trichocarpa. Under treatment with exogenous abscisic acid and 6% PEG6000, DREB46 was rapidly and abundantly expressed. We successfully inserted P. trichocarpa DREB46 constructs into P. trichocarpa. After 11 d of drought stress and 3 d of rehydration treatment, the DREB46 over-expression (OE) lines exhibited significantly increased survival rates relative to the wild type (WT). Histochemical staining showed that the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in transgenic plants under drought stress was lower than that in WT plants. Furthermore, OE plants displayed higher superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activities and proline content, but lower malondialdehyde content than the WT plants under drought stress. In contrast, DREB46-RNA interference (RNAi) lines exhibited the opposite phenotype. Under PEG-6000 stress, OE plants produced significantly more adventitious roots (ARs) than WT plants. In contrast, RNAi-mediated DREB46-inhibited poplar exhibited fewer ARs. Quantitative real-time PCR indicated that WOX11/12a (Potri.013G066900), a gene related to root growth and development regulation, was significantly increased in OE plants. Additionally, yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assays showed that DREB46 could interact with protein kinase MPK1 (Potri.002G032100) and protein phosphatase PP2C47 (Potri.007G058700), respectively, and this result was also verified by luciferase complementation assay. Transient co-expression results of leaves showed that PP2C47 and DREB46 Agrobacterium-transformed leaves had strong drought tolerance. These results show that DREB46 plays a key role in drought tolerance by inducing the ROS scavenging system and increasing the number of ARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangzhuang Geng
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Jing Ren
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xiaolong Ji
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Shaopeng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China; Department of Genetics, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Xing Shun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China; Department of Genetics, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
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Lin CY, Geiselman GM, Liu D, Magurudeniya HD, Rodriguez A, Chen YC, Pidatala V, Unda F, Amer B, Baidoo EEK, Mansfield SD, Simmons BA, Singh S, Scheller HV, Gladden JM, Eudes A. Evaluation of engineered low-lignin poplar for conversion into advanced bioproducts. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:145. [PMID: 36567331 PMCID: PMC9790118 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02245-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignocellulosic resources are promising feedstocks for the manufacture of bio-based products and bioenergy. However, the inherent recalcitrance of biomass to conversion into simple sugars currently hinders the deployment of advanced bioproducts at large scale. Lignin is a primary contributor to biomass recalcitrance as it protects cell wall polysaccharides from degradation and can inhibit hydrolytic enzymes via non-productive adsorption. Several engineering strategies have been designed to reduce lignin or modify its monomeric composition. For example, expression of bacterial 3-dehydroshikimate dehydratase (QsuB) in poplar trees resulted in a reduction in lignin due to redirection of metabolic flux toward 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate at the expense of lignin. This reduction was accompanied with remarkable changes in the pools of aromatic compounds that accumulate in the biomass. RESULTS The impact of these modifications on downstream biomass deconstruction and conversion into advanced bioproducts was evaluated in the current study. Using ionic liquid pretreatment followed by enzymatic saccharification, biomass from engineered trees released more glucose and xylose compared to wild-type control trees under optimum conditions. Fermentation of the resulting hydrolysates using Rhodosporidium toruloides strains engineered to produce α-bisabolene, epi-isozizaene, and fatty alcohols showed no negative impact on cell growth and yielded higher titers of bioproducts (as much as + 58%) in the case of QsuB transgenics trees. CONCLUSION Our data show that low-recalcitrant poplar biomass obtained with the QsuB technology has the potential to improve the production of advanced bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yuan Lin
- grid.451372.60000 0004 0407 8980DOE Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA ,grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Gina M. Geiselman
- grid.451372.60000 0004 0407 8980DOE Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA ,grid.474523.30000000403888279Department of Biomaterials and Biomanufacturing, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550 USA ,DOE, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
| | - Di Liu
- grid.474523.30000000403888279Department of Biomaterials and Biomanufacturing, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550 USA ,DOE, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
| | - Harsha D. Magurudeniya
- grid.451372.60000 0004 0407 8980DOE Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA ,grid.474523.30000000403888279Department of Biomaterials and Biomanufacturing, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550 USA
| | - Alberto Rodriguez
- grid.451372.60000 0004 0407 8980DOE Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA ,grid.474523.30000000403888279Department of Biomaterials and Biomanufacturing, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550 USA ,DOE, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
| | - Yi-Chun Chen
- grid.451372.60000 0004 0407 8980DOE Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA ,grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Venkataramana Pidatala
- grid.451372.60000 0004 0407 8980DOE Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA ,grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Faride Unda
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Bashar Amer
- grid.451372.60000 0004 0407 8980DOE Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA ,grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Edward E. K. Baidoo
- grid.451372.60000 0004 0407 8980DOE Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA ,grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Shawn D. Mansfield
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada ,grid.454753.40000 0004 0520 2998DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, WI 53726 USA
| | - Blake A. Simmons
- grid.451372.60000 0004 0407 8980DOE Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA ,grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Seema Singh
- grid.451372.60000 0004 0407 8980DOE Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA ,grid.474523.30000000403888279Department of Bioresources and Environmental Security, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550 USA
| | - Henrik V. Scheller
- grid.451372.60000 0004 0407 8980DOE Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA ,grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA ,grid.47840.3f0000 0001 2181 7878Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - John M. Gladden
- grid.451372.60000 0004 0407 8980DOE Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA ,grid.474523.30000000403888279Department of Biomaterials and Biomanufacturing, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550 USA ,DOE, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
| | - Aymerick Eudes
- grid.451372.60000 0004 0407 8980DOE Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA ,grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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10
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Yang Y, Shao Y, Chaffin TA, Lee JH, Poindexter MR, Ahkami AH, Blumwald E, Stewart CN. Performance of abiotic stress-inducible synthetic promoters in genetically engineered hybrid poplar ( Populus tremula × Populus alba). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1011939. [PMID: 36330242 PMCID: PMC9623294 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1011939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses can cause significant damage to plants. For sustainable bioenergy crop production, it is critical to generate resistant crops to such stress. Engineering promoters to control the precise expression of stress resistance genes is a very effective way to address the problem. Here we developed stably transformed Populus tremula × Populus alba hybrid poplar (INRA 717-1B4) containing one-of-six synthetic drought stress-inducible promoters (SDs; SD9-1, SD9-2, SD9-3, SD13-1, SD18-1, and SD18-3) identified previously by transient transformation assays. We screened green fluorescent protein (GFP) induction in poplar under osmotic stress conditions. Of six transgenic lines containing synthetic promoter, three lines (SD18-1, 9-2, and 9-3) had significant GFP expression in both salt and osmotic stress treatments. Each synthetic promoter employed heptamerized repeats of specific and short cis-regulatory elements (7 repeats of 7-8 bases). To verify whether the repeats of longer sequences can improve osmotic stress responsiveness, a transgenic poplar containing the synthetic promoter of the heptamerized entire SD9 motif (20 bases, containing all partial SD9 motifs) was generated and measured for GFP induction under osmotic stress. The heptamerized entire SD9 motif did not result in higher GFP expression than the shorter promoters consisting of heptamerized SD9-1, 9-2, and 9-3 (partial SD9) motifs. This result indicates that shorter synthetic promoters (~50 bp) can be used for versatile control of gene expression in transgenic poplar. These synthetic promoters will be useful tools to engineer stress-resilient bioenergy tree crops in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongil Yang
- Center for Agricultural Synthetic Biology, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Yuanhua Shao
- Center for Agricultural Synthetic Biology, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Timothy A. Chaffin
- Center for Agricultural Synthetic Biology, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Jun Hyung Lee
- Center for Agricultural Synthetic Biology, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Magen R. Poindexter
- Center for Agricultural Synthetic Biology, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Amir H. Ahkami
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, United States
| | - Eduardo Blumwald
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - C. Neal Stewart
- Center for Agricultural Synthetic Biology, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, United States
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11
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Liu H, Gao J, Sun J, Li S, Zhang B, Wang Z, Zhou C, Sulis DB, Wang JP, Chiang VL, Li W. Dimerization of PtrMYB074 and PtrWRKY19 mediates transcriptional activation of PtrbHLH186 for secondary xylem development in Populus trichocarpa. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:918-933. [PMID: 35152419 PMCID: PMC9314101 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Wood formation is controlled by transcriptional regulatory networks (TRNs) involving regulatory homeostasis determined by combinations of transcription factor (TF)-DNA and TF-TF interactions. Functions of TF-TF interactions in wood formation are still in the early stages of identification. PtrMYB074 is a woody dicot-specific TF in a TRN for wood formation in Populus trichocarpa. Here, using yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation, we conducted a genome-wide screening for PtrMYB074 interactors and identified 54 PtrMYB074-TF pairs. Of these pairs, 53 are novel. We focused on the PtrMYB074-PtrWRKY19 pair, the most highly expressed and xylem-specific interactor, and its direct transregulatory target, PtrbHLH186, the xylem-specific one of the pair's only two direct TF target genes. Using transient and CRISPR-mediated transgenesis in P. trichocarpa coupled with chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we demonstrated that PtrMYB074 is recruited by PtrWRKY19 and that the PtrMYB074-PtrWRKY19 dimers are required to transactive PtrbHLH186. Overexpressing PtrbHLH186 in P. trichocarpa resulted in retarded plant growth, increased guaiacyl lignin, a higher proportion of smaller stem vessels and strong drought-tolerant phenotypes. Knowledge of the PtrMYB074-PtrWRKY19-PtrbHLH186 regulation may help design genetic controls of optimal growth and wood formation to maximize beneficial wood properties while minimizing negative effects on growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Jinghui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Jiatong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Shuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Baofeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Zhuwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Chenguang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Daniel Barletta Sulis
- Forest Biotechnology GroupDepartment of Forestry and Environmental ResourcesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695USA
| | - Jack P. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
- Forest Biotechnology GroupDepartment of Forestry and Environmental ResourcesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695USA
| | - Vincent L. Chiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
- Forest Biotechnology GroupDepartment of Forestry and Environmental ResourcesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695USA
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
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12
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Bing RG, Straub CT, Sulis DB, Wang JP, Adams MWW, Kelly RM. Plant biomass fermentation by the extreme thermophile Caldicellulosiruptor bescii for co-production of green hydrogen and acetone: Technoeconomic analysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 348:126780. [PMID: 35093526 PMCID: PMC10560548 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A variety of chemical and biological processes have been proposed for conversion of sustainable low-cost feedstocks into industrial products. Here, a biorefinery concept is formulated, modeled, and analyzed in which a naturally (hemi)cellulolytic and extremely thermophilic bacterium, Caldicellulosiruptor bescii, is metabolically engineered to convert the carbohydrate content of lignocellulosic biomasses (i.e., soybean hulls, transgenic poplar) into green hydrogen and acetone. Experimental validation of C. bescii fermentative performance demonstrated 82% carbohydrate solubilization of soybean hulls and 55% for transgenic poplar. A detailed technical design, including equipment specifications, provides the basis for an economic analysis that establishes metabolic engineering targets. This robust industrial process leveraging metabolically engineered C. bescii yields 206 kg acetone and 25 kg H2 per metric ton of soybean hull, or 174 kg acetone and 21 kg H2 per metric ton transgenic poplar. Beyond this specific case, the model demonstrates industrial feasibility and economic advantages of thermophilic fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan G Bing
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Christopher T Straub
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Daniel B Sulis
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Jack P Wang
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Michael W W Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Robert M Kelly
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States.
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13
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An Efficient Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation Method for Hybrid Poplar 84K (Populus alba × P. glandulosa) Using Calli as Explants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042216. [PMID: 35216331 PMCID: PMC8879841 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A highly efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method is needed for the molecular study of model tree species such as hybrid poplar 84K (Populus alba × P. glandulosa cv. ‘84K’). In this study, we report a callus-based transformation method that exhibits high efficiency and reproducibility. The optimized callus induction medium (CIM1) induced the development of calli from leaves with high efficiency, and multiple shoots were induced from calli growing on the optimized shoot induction medium (SIM1). Factors affecting the transformation frequency of calli were optimized as follows: Agrobacterium concentration sets at an OD600 of 0.6, Agrobacterium infective suspension with an acetosyringone (AS) concentration of 100 µM, infection time of 15 min, cocultivation duration of 2 days and precultivation duration of 6 days. Using this method, transgenic plants are obtained within approximately 2 months with a transformation frequency greater than 50%. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and β-galactosidase (GUS) histochemical staining analyses confirmed the successful generation of stable transformants. Additionally, the calli from leaves were subcultured and used to obtain new explants; the high transformation efficiency was still maintained in subcultured calli after 6 cycles. This method provides a reference for developing effective transformation protocols for other poplar species.
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14
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Liu B, Liu J, Yu J, Wang Z, Sun Y, Li S, Lin YCJ, Chiang VL, Li W, Wang JP. Transcriptional reprogramming of xylem cell wall biosynthesis in tension wood. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:250-269. [PMID: 33793955 PMCID: PMC8154086 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Tension wood (TW) is a specialized xylem tissue developed under mechanical/tension stress in angiosperm trees. TW development involves transregulation of secondary cell wall genes, which leads to altered wood properties for stress adaptation. We induced TW in the stems of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa, Nisqually-1) and identified two significantly repressed transcription factor (TF) genes: class B3 heat-shock TF (HSFB3-1) and MYB092. Transcriptomic analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) were used to identify direct TF-DNA interactions in P. trichocarpa xylem protoplasts overexpressing the TFs. This analysis established a transcriptional regulatory network in which PtrHSFB3-1 and PtrMYB092 directly activate 8 and 11 monolignol genes, respectively. The TF-DNA interactions were verified for their specificity and transactivator roles in 35 independent CRISPR-based biallelic mutants and overexpression transgenic lines of PtrHSFB3-1 and PtrMYB092 in P. trichocarpa. The gene-edited trees (mimicking the repressed PtrHSFB3-1 and PtrMYB092 under tension stress) have stem wood composition resembling that of TW during normal growth and under tension stress (i.e., low lignin and high cellulose), whereas the overexpressors showed an opposite effect (high lignin and low cellulose). Individual overexpression of the TFs impeded lignin reduction under tension stress and restored high levels of lignin biosynthesis in the TW. This study offers biological insights to further uncover how metabolism, growth, and stress adaptation are coordinately regulated in trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoguang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Department of Forestry, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Juan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ying-Chung Jimmy Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Vincent L Chiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jack P Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
- Author for communication:
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15
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Yan C, Wang Y, Lyu T, Hu Z, Ye N, Liu W, Li J, Yao X, Yin H. Alternative Polyadenylation in response to temperature stress contributes to gene regulation in Populus trichocarpa. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:53. [PMID: 33446101 PMCID: PMC7809742 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07353-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide change of polyadenylation (polyA) sites (also known as alternative polyadenylation, APA) is emerging as an important strategy of gene regulation in response to stress in plants. But little is known in woody perennials that are persistently dealing with multiple abiotic stresses. RESULTS Here, we performed a genome-wide profiling of polyadenylation sites under heat and cold treatments in Populus trichocarpa. Through a comprehensive analysis of polyA tail sequences, we identified 25,919 polyA-site clusters (PACs), and revealed 3429 and 3139 genes shifted polyA sites under heat and cold stresses respectively. We found that a small proportion of genes possessed APA that affected the open reading frames; and some shifts were commonly identified. Functional analysis of genes displaying shifted polyA tails suggested that pathways related to RNA metabolism were linked to regulate the APA events under both heat and cold stresses. Interestingly, we found that the heat stress induced a significantly more antisense PACs comparing to cold and control conditions. Furthermore, we showed that a unique cis-element (AAAAAA) was predominately enriched downstream of PACs in P. trichocarpa genes; and this sequence signal was only absent in shifted PACs under the heat condition, indicating a distinct APA mechanism responsive to heat tolerance. CONCLUSIONS This work provides a comprehensive picture of global polyadenylation patterns in response to temperatures stresses in trees. We show that the frequent change of polyA tail is a potential mechanism of gene regulation responsive to stress, which are associated with distinctive sequence signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang, China.,College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical, Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang, China.,Experimental Center for Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fenyi, 336600, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yupeng Wang
- College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical, Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhikang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang, China.,College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical, Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ning Ye
- College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weixin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical, Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical, Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohua Yao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical, Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hengfu Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical, Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang, China.
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16
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Gao Y, Liu X, Wu B, Wang H, Xi F, Kohnen MV, Reddy ASN, Gu L. Quantitative profiling of N 6-methyladenosine at single-base resolution in stem-differentiating xylem of Populus trichocarpa using Nanopore direct RNA sequencing. Genome Biol 2021; 22:22. [PMID: 33413586 PMCID: PMC7791831 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02241-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There are no comprehensive methods to identify N6-methyladenosine (m6A) at single-base resolution for every single transcript, which is necessary for the estimation of m6A abundance. We develop a new pipeline called Nanom6A for the identification and quantification of m6A modification at single-base resolution using Nanopore direct RNA sequencing based on an XGBoost model. We validate our method using methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-Seq) and m6A-sensitive RNA-endoribonuclease-facilitated sequencing (m6A-REF-seq), confirming high accuracy. Using this method, we provide a transcriptome-wide quantification of m6A modification in stem-differentiating xylem and reveal that different alternative polyadenylation (APA) usage shows a different ratio of m6A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubang Gao
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Life Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xuqing Liu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Bizhi Wu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Feihu Xi
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Life Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Markus V Kohnen
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Life Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Anireddy S N Reddy
- Department of Biology and Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Lianfeng Gu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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17
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Yang Y, Li HG, Wang J, Wang HL, He F, Su Y, Zhang Y, Feng CH, Niu M, Li Z, Liu C, Yin W, Xia X. ABF3 enhances drought tolerance via promoting ABA-induced stomatal closure by directly regulating ADF5 in Populus euphratica. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:7270-7285. [PMID: 32822499 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Water availability is a main limiting factor for plant growth, development, and distribution throughout the world. Stomatal movement mediated by abscisic acid (ABA) is particularly important for drought adaptation, but the molecular mechanisms in trees are largely unclear. Here, we isolated an ABA-responsive element binding factor, PeABF3, in Populus euphratica. PeABF3 was preferentially expressed in the xylem and young leaves, and was induced by dehydration and ABA treatments. PeABF3 showed transactivation activity and was located in the nucleus. To study its functional mechanism in poplar responsive to drought stress, transgenic triploid white poplars (Populus tomentosa 'YiXianCiZhu B385') overexpressing PeABF3 were generated. PeABF3 overexpression significantly enhanced stomatal sensitivity to exogenous ABA. When subjected to drought stress, PeABF3 overexpression maintained higher photosynthetic activity and promoted cell membrane integrity, resulting in increased water-use efficiency and enhanced drought tolerance compared with wild-type controls. Moreover, a yeast one-hybrid assay and an electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed that PeABF3 activated the expression of Actin-Depolymerizing Factor-5 (PeADF5) by directly binding to its promoter, promoting actin cytoskeleton remodeling and stomatal closure in poplar under drought stress. Taken together, our results indicate that PeABF3 enhances drought tolerance via promoting ABA-induced stomatal closure by directly regulating PeADF5 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Guang Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hou-Ling Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang He
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Su
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Cong-Hua Feng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengxue Niu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhonghai Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Weilun Yin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinli Xia
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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18
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Qiu D, Bai S, Ma J, Zhang L, Shao F, Zhang K, Yang Y, Sun T, Huang J, Zhou Y, Galbraith DW, Wang Z, Sun G. The genome of Populus alba x Populus tremula var. glandulosa clone 84K. DNA Res 2020; 26:423-431. [PMID: 31580414 PMCID: PMC6796506 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsz020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Poplar 84K (Populus alba x P. tremula var. glandulosa) is a fast-growing poplar hybrid. Originated in South Korea, this hybrid has been extensively cultivated in northern China. Due to the economic and ecological importance of this hybrid and high transformability, we now report the de novo sequencing and assembly of a male individual of poplar 84K using PacBio and Hi-C technologies. The final reference nuclear genome (747.5 Mb) has a contig N50 size of 1.99 Mb and a scaffold N50 size of 19.6 Mb. Complete chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes were also assembled from the sequencing data. Based on similarities to the genomes of P. alba var. pyramidalis and P. tremula, we were able to identify two subgenomes, representing 356 Mb from P. alba (subgenome A) and 354 Mb from P. tremula var. glandulosa (subgenome G). The phased assembly allowed us to detect the transcriptional bias between the two subgenomes, and we found that the subgenome from P. tremula displayed dominant expression in both 84K and another widely used hybrid, P. tremula x P. alba. This high-quality poplar 84K genome will be a valuable resource for poplar breeding and for molecular biology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyou Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, The Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Shenglong Bai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jianchao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lisha Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, The Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Fenjuan Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, The Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Kaikai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, The Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China.,College of Horticulture, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Yanfang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, The Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jinling Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - David W Galbraith
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,School of Plant Sciences and Bio5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Zhaoshan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, The Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Guiling Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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19
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Abbas M, Peszlen I, Shi R, Kim H, Katahira R, Kafle K, Xiang Z, Huang X, Min D, Mohamadamin M, Yang C, Dai X, Yan X, Park S, Li Y, Kim SH, Davis M, Ralph J, Sederoff RR, Chiang VL, Li Q. Involvement of CesA4, CesA7-A/B and CesA8-A/B in secondary wall formation in Populus trichocarpa wood. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:73-89. [PMID: 31211386 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose synthase A genes (CesAs) are responsible for cellulose biosynthesis in plant cell walls. In this study, functions of secondary wall cellulose synthases PtrCesA4, PtrCesA7-A/B and PtrCesA8-A/B were characterized during wood formation in Populus trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray). CesA RNAi knockdown transgenic plants exhibited stunted growth, narrow leaves, early necrosis, reduced stature, collapsed vessels, thinner fiber cell walls and extended fiber lumen diameters. In the RNAi knockdown transgenics, stems exhibited reduced mechanical strength, with reduced modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE). The reduced mechanical strength may be due to thinner fiber cell walls. Vessels in the xylem of the transgenics were collapsed, indicating that water transport in xylem may be affected and thus causing early necrosis in leaves. A dramatic decrease in cellulose content was observed in the RNAi knockdown transgenics. Compared with wildtype, the cellulose content was significantly decreased in the PtrCesA4, PtrCesA7 and PtrCesA8 RNAi knockdown transgenics. As a result, lignin and xylem contents were proportionally increased. The wood composition changes were confirmed by solid-state NMR, two-dimensional solution-state NMR and sum-frequency-generation vibration (SFG) analyses. Both solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and SFG analyses demonstrated that knockdown of PtrCesAs did not affect cellulose crystallinity index. Our results provided the evidence for the involvement of PtrCesA4, PtrCesA7-A/B and PtrCesA8-A/B in secondary cell wall formation in wood and demonstrated the pleiotropic effects of their perturbations on wood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzar Abbas
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Ilona Peszlen
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Rui Shi
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, WI, USA
| | - Rui Katahira
- National Bioenergy Center, NREL, Golden, Co, USA
| | - Kabindra Kafle
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Zhouyang Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Douyong Min
- Light Industry and Food Engineering College, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Makarem Mohamadamin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Chenmin Yang
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Xinren Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Sunkyu Park
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Yun Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Seong H Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Mark Davis
- National Bioenergy Center, NREL, Golden, Co, USA
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry and DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, WI, USA
| | - Ronald R Sederoff
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Vincent L Chiang
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Quanzi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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20
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Efficient Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of the Commercial Hybrid Poplar Populus Alba × Populus glandulosa Uyeki. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102594. [PMID: 31137806 PMCID: PMC6566960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic technology is a powerful tool for gene functional characterization, and poplar is a model system for genetic transformation of perennial woody plants. However, the poplar genetic transformation system is limited to a number of model genotypes. Herein, we developed a transformation system based on efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation for the hybrid poplar Populus Alba × Populus glandulosa Uyeki, which is a fast-growing poplar species that is suitably grown in the northern part of China. Importantly, we optimized many independent factors and showed that the transformation efficiency was improved significantly using juvenile leaf explants. Explants were infected by an Agrobacterium suspension with the OD600 = 0.6 for 15 min and then co-cultured in dark conditions for 3 days. Using the improved transformation system, we obtained the transgenic poplar with overexpression of β-glucuronidase (GUS) via direct organogenesis without callus induction. Furthermore, we analyzed the GUS gene in the transgenic poplars using PCR, qRT-PCR, and GUS staining. These analyses revealed that the GUS gene was efficiently transformed, and it exhibited various expression levels. Taken together, these results represent a simple, fast, and efficient transformation system of hybrid poplar plants. Our findings may facilitate future studies of gene functions in perennial woody plants and tree breeding via transgenic technology assisted design.
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21
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Yan X, Liu J, Kim H, Liu B, Huang X, Yang Z, Lin YCJ, Chen H, Yang C, Wang JP, Muddiman DC, Ralph J, Sederoff RR, Li Q, Chiang VL. CAD1 and CCR2 protein complex formation in monolignol biosynthesis in Populus trichocarpa. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:244-260. [PMID: 30276825 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is the major phenolic polymer in plant secondary cell walls and is polymerized from monomeric subunits, the monolignols. Eleven enzyme families are implicated in monolignol biosynthesis. Here, we studied the functions of members of the cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) and cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) families in wood formation in Populus trichocarpa, including the regulatory effects of their transcripts and protein activities on monolignol biosynthesis. Enzyme activity assays from stem-differentiating xylem (SDX) proteins showed that RNAi suppression of PtrCAD1 in P. trichocarpa transgenics caused a reduction in SDX CCR activity. RNAi suppression of PtrCCR2, the only CCR member highly expressed in SDX, caused a reciprocal reduction in SDX protein CAD activities. The enzyme assays of mixed and coexpressed recombinant proteins supported physical interactions between PtrCAD1 and PtrCCR2. Biomolecular fluorescence complementation and pull-down/co-immunoprecipitation experiments supported a hypothesis of PtrCAD1/PtrCCR2 heterodimer formation. These results provide evidence for the formation of PtrCAD1/PtrCCR2 protein complexes in monolignol biosynthesis in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Baoguang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- Department of Forestry, Beihua University, Jilin, 132013, China
| | - Xiong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Zhichang Yang
- W.M. Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Ying-Chung Jimmy Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hao Chen
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Chenmin Yang
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Jack P Wang
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - David C Muddiman
- W.M. Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry and DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Ronald R Sederoff
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Quanzi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Vincent L Chiang
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
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22
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Wierzbicki MP, Maloney V, Mizrachi E, Myburg AA. Xylan in the Middle: Understanding Xylan Biosynthesis and Its Metabolic Dependencies Toward Improving Wood Fiber for Industrial Processing. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:176. [PMID: 30858858 PMCID: PMC6397879 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass, encompassing cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose in plant secondary cell walls (SCWs), is the most abundant source of renewable materials on earth. Currently, fast-growing woody dicots such as Eucalyptus and Populus trees are major lignocellulosic (wood fiber) feedstocks for bioproducts such as pulp, paper, cellulose, textiles, bioplastics and other biomaterials. Processing wood for these products entails separating the biomass into its three main components as efficiently as possible without compromising yield. Glucuronoxylan (xylan), the main hemicellulose present in the SCWs of hardwood trees carries chemical modifications that are associated with SCW composition and ultrastructure, and affect the recalcitrance of woody biomass to industrial processing. In this review we highlight the importance of xylan properties for industrial wood fiber processing and how gaining a greater understanding of xylan biosynthesis, specifically xylan modification, could yield novel biotechnology approaches to reduce recalcitrance or introduce novel processing traits. Altering xylan modification patterns has recently become a focus of plant SCW studies due to early findings that altered modification patterns can yield beneficial biomass processing traits. Additionally, it has been noted that plants with altered xylan composition display metabolic differences linked to changes in precursor usage. We explore the possibility of using systems biology and systems genetics approaches to gain insight into the coordination of SCW formation with other interdependent biological processes. Acetyl-CoA, s-adenosylmethionine and nucleotide sugars are precursors needed for xylan modification, however, the pathways which produce metabolic pools during different stages of fiber cell wall formation still have to be identified and their co-regulation during SCW formation elucidated. The crucial dependence on precursor metabolism provides an opportunity to alter xylan modification patterns through metabolic engineering of one or more of these interdependent pathways. The complexity of xylan biosynthesis and modification is currently a stumbling point, but it may provide new avenues for woody biomass engineering that are not possible for other biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alexander A. Myburg
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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23
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Peng X, Pang H, Abbas M, Yan X, Dai X, Li Y, Li Q. Characterization of Cellulose synthase-like D (CSLD) family revealed the involvement of PtrCslD5 in root hair formation in Populus trichocarpa. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1452. [PMID: 30723218 PMCID: PMC6363781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36529-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose synthase-like D (CSLD) family was characterized for their expression and functions in Populus trichocarpa. Ten members, PtrCslD1-10, were identified in the P. trichocarpa genome, and they belong to 4 clades by phylogenetic tree analysis. qRT-PCR and promoter:GUS assays in Arabidopsis and P. trichocarpa displayed divergent expression patterns of these 10 PtrCSLD genes in root hairs, root tips, leaves, vascular tissues, xylem and flowers. Among PtrCslD2, PtrCslD4, PtrCslD5, PtrCslD6, and PtrCslD8 that all exhibited expression in root hairs, only PtrCslD5 could restore the root hairless phenotype of the atcsld3 mutant, demonstrating that PtrCslD5 is the functional ortholog of AtCslD3 for root hair formation. Our results suggest more possible functions for other PtrCslD genes in poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Hongying Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Manzar Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaojing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Xinren Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yun Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Quanzi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China. .,Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 100091, Beijing, China.
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24
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Ma J, Wan D, Duan B, Bai X, Bai Q, Chen N, Ma T. Genome sequence and genetic transformation of a widely distributed and cultivated poplar. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:451-460. [PMID: 30044051 PMCID: PMC6335071 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Populus alba is widely distributed and cultivated in Europe and Asia. This species has been used for diverse studies. In this study, we assembled a de novo genome sequence of P. alba var. pyramidalis (= P. bolleana) and confirmed its high transformation efficiency and short transformation time by experiments. Through a process of hybrid genome assembly, a total of 464 M of the genome was assembled. Annotation analyses predicted 37 901 protein-coding genes. This genome is highly collinear to that of P. trichocarpa, with most genes having orthologs in the two species. We found a marked expansion of gene families related to histone and the hormone auxin but loss of disease resistance genes in P. alba if compared with the closely related P. trichocarpa. The genome sequence presented here represents a valuable resource for further molecular functional analyses of this species as a new tree model, poplar breeding practices and comparative genomic analyses across different poplars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐EcosystemInstitute of Innovation Ecology & School of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Dongshi Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐EcosystemInstitute of Innovation Ecology & School of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Bingbing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐EcosystemInstitute of Innovation Ecology & School of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Xiaotao Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐EcosystemInstitute of Innovation Ecology & School of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Qiuxian Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐EcosystemInstitute of Innovation Ecology & School of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Ningning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐EcosystemInstitute of Innovation Ecology & School of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Tao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐EcosystemInstitute of Innovation Ecology & School of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Resource and Eco‐Environment of Ministry of EducationCollege of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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25
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Dhanyalakshmi KH, Nataraja KN. Mulberry (Morus spp.) has the features to treat as a potential perennial model system. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2018; 13:e1491267. [PMID: 30047827 PMCID: PMC6149411 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1491267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mulberry (Morus spp.), a commercially exploited tree species as the host of monophagous pest silk worm (Bombyx mori), belongs to the family Moraceae. The domesticated tree has diverse beneficial characters such as traits associated with rapid growth and biomass production, plant insect/microbe interaction, abiotic stress tolerance and the traits associated with nutritional and medicinal values; some of which have been exploited. Draft genome of Morus notabilis has been sequenced and a large volume of transcriptome and genomic resources have been generated. In this review an attempt has been made to examine the options for considering mulberry as another tree model system to study unique traits associated with perennial systems. The diverse traits and features in mulberry suggest that the system can be a "comprehensive trait integrated tree system" quite different from other model tree systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. H. Dhanyalakshmi
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - K. N. Nataraja
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, India
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26
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Improving wood properties for wood utilization through multi-omics integration in lignin biosynthesis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1579. [PMID: 29679008 PMCID: PMC5910405 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03863-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A multi-omics quantitative integrative analysis of lignin biosynthesis can advance the strategic engineering of wood for timber, pulp, and biofuels. Lignin is polymerized from three monomers (monolignols) produced by a grid-like pathway. The pathway in wood formation of Populus trichocarpa has at least 21 genes, encoding enzymes that mediate 37 reactions on 24 metabolites, leading to lignin and affecting wood properties. We perturb these 21 pathway genes and integrate transcriptomic, proteomic, fluxomic and phenomic data from 221 lines selected from ~2000 transgenics (6-month-old). The integrative analysis estimates how changing expression of pathway gene or gene combination affects protein abundance, metabolic-flux, metabolite concentrations, and 25 wood traits, including lignin, tree-growth, density, strength, and saccharification. The analysis then predicts improvements in any of these 25 traits individually or in combinations, through engineering expression of specific monolignol genes. The analysis may lead to greater understanding of other pathways for improved growth and adaptation. A systematic analysis of lignin biosynthetic genes to quantitatively understand their effect on wood properties is still lacking. Here, the authors integrate transcriptomic, proteomic, fluxomic and phenomic data to quantify the impact of perturbations of transcript abundance on lignin biosynthesis and wood properties.
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27
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Petzold HE, Rigoulot SB, Zhao C, Chanda B, Sheng X, Zhao M, Jia X, Dickerman AW, Beers EP, Brunner AM. Identification of new protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions linked with wood formation in Populus trichocarpa. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:362-377. [PMID: 29040741 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellular processes, such as signal transduction and cell wall deposition, are organized by macromolecule interactions. Experimentally determined protein-protein interactions (PPIs) and protein-DNA interactions (PDIs) relevant to woody plant development are sparse. To begin to develop a Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray wood interactome, we applied the yeast-two-hybrid (Y2H) assay in different ways to enable the discovery of novel PPIs and connected networks. We first cloned open reading frames (ORFs) for 361 genes markedly upregulated in secondary xylem compared with secondary phloem and performed a binary Y2H screen with these proteins. By screening a xylem cDNA library for interactors of a subset of these proteins and then recapitulating the process by using a subset of the interactors as baits, we ultimately identified 165 PPIs involving 162 different ORFs. Thirty-eight transcription factors (TFs) included in our collection of P. trichocarpa wood ORFs were used in a Y1H screen for binding to promoter regions of three genes involved in lignin biosynthesis resulting in 40 PDIs involving 20 different TFs. The network incorporating both the PPIs and PDIs included 14 connected subnetworks, with the largest having 132 members. Protein-protein interactions and PDIs validated previous reports and also identified new candidate wood formation proteins and modules through their interactions with proteins and promoters known to be involved in secondary cell wall synthesis. Selected examples are discussed including a PPI between Mps one binder (MOB1) and a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase (M4K) that was further characterized by assays confirming the PPI as well as its effect on subcellular localization. Mapping of published transcriptomic data showing developmentally detailed expression patterns across a secondary stem onto the network supported that the PPIs and PDIs are relevant to wood formation, and also illustrated that wood-associated interactions involve gene products that are not upregulated in secondary xylem.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Earl Petzold
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | | | - Chengsong Zhao
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Bidisha Chanda
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- US Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29414, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Sheng
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Mingzhe Zhao
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Agronomy College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110866, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Jia
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Allan W Dickerman
- The Biocomplexity Institute at Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Eric P Beers
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Amy M Brunner
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Su P, Yang J, Huang L, Gao W. Genetic Transformation System for Woody Plant Tripterygium wilfordii and Its Application to Product Natural Celastrol. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 8:2221. [PMID: 29375599 PMCID: PMC5767223 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Tripterygium wilfordii is a perennial woody liana medicinal plant with several crucial biological activities. Although studies on tissue culture have previously been conducted, research on genetic transformation is much more challenging and therefore results in slower progress. In the present study, a highly efficient transformation system involving the particle bombardment of T. wilfordii with the reporter egfp gene using the PDS-1000/He system was established. A total of seven parameters affecting the genetic transformation were investigated using an L18 (6 × 36)-type orthogonal array. The result indicated that DNA delivery conditions of 3-cm target distance, 1100 psi helium pressure, 28 mmHg chamber vacuum pressure, three times number of bombardment, CaCl2 as precipitation agent, 2 μg plasmid DNA concentration and 48 h post-bombardment incubation time were optimal for T. wilfordii cell suspensions transformation. The average transformation efficiency was 19.17%. Based on this transformation system, the overexpression of two T. wilfordii farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase genes (TwFPSs) was performed in cell suspensions. Integration of the TwFPSs in the genome was verified by PCR analysis and also by Southern blotting using hygromycin gene as a probe. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that the expression of TwFPS1&2 was highly up regulated in transgenic cell suspensions compared with control cells. The detection of metabolites showed that TwFPS1&2 could highly increase the celastrol content (973.60 μg/g) in transgenic cells. These results indicated that this transformation system is an effective protocol for characterizing the function of genes in the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Su
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Yu-qing Z, Meng-jie Z, Deng Z, Jun-jie Z, Jing-jian L, Xiao-yang C. In Vitro Plant Regeneration of Zenia Insignis Chun. Open Life Sci 2018; 13:34-41. [PMID: 33817065 PMCID: PMC7874715 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2018-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zenia insignis Chun is a large, fast-growing deciduous tree. In this study, we successfully developed a reliable and efficient protocol for the regeneration of fertile plants via callus induction from leaf segments of young Z. insignis seedlings. The best results were obtained with a medium containing 11.00 μM 6-benzyladenine (6-BA), 1.20 μM indole-3-butytric acid (IBA), and 0.45 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), which yielded morphogenic callus within 2 weeks at a frequency of 62.23%. We tested the effect of IBA alone and in combination with 6-BA on the bud differentiation response of Z. insignis callus. Shoots differentiated normally when cultured on differentiation medium containing 6.00 μM 6-BA and 1.20 μM IBA. Regenerated buds elongated successfully in medium containing 1.20 μM gibberellic acid (GA3). The elongated shoots were then transferred to Murashige and Skoog basal medium supplemented with various combinations of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) for root induction; well-developed roots were achieved on MS basal medium supplemented with 0.01 μM NAA at a rooting rate of 89.23%. Rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatised to a greenhouse at a survival rate exceeding 90.00%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Yu-qing
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources (South China Agricultural University), Guangzhou510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, Guangzhou510642, China
- Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering Technology, Guangzhou510642, China
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou510642, China
- College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou510642, China
| | - Zhang Meng-jie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources (South China Agricultural University), Guangzhou510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, Guangzhou510642, China
- Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering Technology, Guangzhou510642, China
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou510642, China
- College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou510642, China
| | - Zhang Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources (South China Agricultural University), Guangzhou510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, Guangzhou510642, China
- Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering Technology, Guangzhou510642, China
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou510642, China
- College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou510642, China
| | - Zhang Jun-jie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources (South China Agricultural University), Guangzhou510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, Guangzhou510642, China
- Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering Technology, Guangzhou510642, China
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou510642, China
- College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou510642, China
| | - Li Jing-jian
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources (South China Agricultural University), Guangzhou510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, Guangzhou510642, China
- Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering Technology, Guangzhou510642, China
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou510642, China
- College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou510642, China
| | - Chen Xiao-yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources (South China Agricultural University), Guangzhou510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, Guangzhou510642, China
- Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering Technology, Guangzhou510642, China
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou510642, China
- College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou510642, China
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30
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Li S, Zhen C, Xu W, Wang C, Cheng Y. Simple, rapid and efficient transformation of genotype Nisqually-1: a basic tool for the first sequenced model tree. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2638. [PMID: 28572673 PMCID: PMC5453977 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02651-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genotype Nisqually-1 is the first model woody plant with an available well-annotated genome. Nevertheless, a simple and rapid transformation of Nisqually-1 remains to be established. Here, we developed a novel shoot regeneration method for Nisqually-1 using leaf petiole and stem segment explants. Numerous shoots formed in the incision of explants within two weeks. The optimized shoot regeneration medium (SRM) contained 0.03 mg l-1 6-benzylaminopurine, 0.02 mg l-1 indole-3-butyric acid and 0.0008 mg l-1 thidiazuron. Based on this, Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of stem explants was examined using the vector pBI121 that contains the β-glucuronidase (GUS) as a reporter gene. Consequently, factors affecting transformation frequency of GUS-positive shoots were optimized as follows: Agrobacteria cell suspension with an OD600 of 0.4, 20 min infection time, 2 days of co-cultivation duration and the addition of 80 µM acetosyringone into Agrobacteria infective suspension and co-cultivation SRM. Using this optimized method, transgenic plantlets of Nisqually-1 - with an average transformation frequency of 26.7% - were obtained with 2 months. Southern blot and GUS activity staining confirmed the integration of the foreign GUS gene into Nisqually-1. This novel transformation system for Nisqually-1 was rapid, efficient, and simple to operate and will improve more genetic applications in this model tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Cheng Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Chong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yuxiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China.
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31
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Shi R, Wang JP, Lin YC, Li Q, Sun YH, Chen H, Sederoff RR, Chiang VL. Tissue and cell-type co-expression networks of transcription factors and wood component genes in Populus trichocarpa. PLANTA 2017; 245:927-938. [PMID: 28083709 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2640-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Co-expression networks based on transcriptomes of Populus trichocarpa major tissues and specific cell types suggest redundant control of cell wall component biosynthetic genes by transcription factors in wood formation. We analyzed the transcriptomes of five tissues (xylem, phloem, shoot, leaf, and root) and two wood forming cell types (fiber and vessel) of Populus trichocarpa to assemble gene co-expression subnetworks associated with wood formation. We identified 165 transcription factors (TFs) that showed xylem-, fiber-, and vessel-specific expression. Of these 165 TFs, 101 co-expressed (correlation coefficient, r > 0.7) with the 45 secondary cell wall cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin biosynthetic genes. Each cell wall component gene co-expressed on average with 34 TFs, suggesting redundant control of the cell wall component gene expression. Co-expression analysis showed that the 101 TFs and the 45 cell wall component genes each has two distinct groups (groups 1 and 2), based on their co-expression patterns. The group 1 TFs (44 members) are predominantly xylem and fiber specific, and are all highly positively co-expressed with the group 1 cell wall component genes (30 members), suggesting their roles as major wood formation regulators. Group 1 TFs include a lateral organ boundary domain gene (LBD) that has the highest number of positively correlated cell wall component genes (36) and TFs (47). The group 2 TFs have 57 members, including 14 vessel-specific TFs, and are generally less correlated with the cell wall component genes. An exception is a vessel-specific basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) gene that negatively correlates with 20 cell wall component genes, and may function as a key transcriptional suppressor. The co-expression networks revealed here suggest a well-structured transcriptional homeostasis for cell wall component biosynthesis during wood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Shi
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, Department of Horticulture, North Carolina State University, Mills River, NC, 28759, USA
| | - Jack P Wang
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Ying-Chung Lin
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Quanzi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Ying-Hsuan Sun
- Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Hao Chen
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Ronald R Sederoff
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Vincent L Chiang
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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32
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Biotechnology for bioenergy dedicated trees: meeting future energy demands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 73:15-32. [DOI: 10.1515/znc-2016-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
With the increase in human demands for energy, purpose-grown woody crops could be part of the global renewable energy solution, especially in geographical regions where plantation forestry is feasible and economically important. In addition, efficient utilization of woody feedstocks would engage in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, decreasing the challenge of food and energy security, and resolving the conflict between land use for food or biofuel production. This review compiles existing knowledge on biotechnological and genomics-aided improvements of biomass performance of purpose-grown poplar, willow, eucalyptus and pine species, and their relative hybrids, for efficient and sustainable bioenergy applications. This includes advancements in tree in vitro regeneration, and stable expression or modification of selected genes encoding desirable traits, which enhanced growth and yield, wood properties, site adaptability, and biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. Genetic modifications used to alter lignin/cellulose/hemicelluloses ratio and lignin composition, towards effective lignocellulosic feedstock conversion into cellulosic ethanol, are also examined. Biotech-trees still need to pass challengeable regulatory authorities’ processes, including biosafety and risk assessment analyses prior to their commercialization release. Hence, strategies developed to contain transgenes, or to mitigate potential transgene flow risks, are discussed.
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33
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Field Guide to Plant Model Systems. Cell 2017; 167:325-339. [PMID: 27716506 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
For the past several decades, advances in plant development, physiology, cell biology, and genetics have relied heavily on the model (or reference) plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Arabidopsis resembles other plants, including crop plants, in many but by no means all respects. Study of Arabidopsis alone provides little information on the evolutionary history of plants, evolutionary differences between species, plants that survive in different environments, or plants that access nutrients and photosynthesize differently. Empowered by the availability of large-scale sequencing and new technologies for investigating gene function, many new plant models are being proposed and studied.
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34
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Wang M, Li C, Lu S. Origin and evolution of MIR1444 genes in Salicaceae. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39740. [PMID: 28071760 PMCID: PMC5223194 DOI: 10.1038/srep39740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
miR1444s are functionally significant miRNAs targeting polyphenol oxidase (PPO) genes for cleavage. MIR1444 genes were reported only in Populus trichocarpa. Through the computational analysis of 215 RNA-seq data, four whole genome sequences of Salicaceae species and deep sequencing of six P. trichocarpa small RNA libraries, we investigated the origin and evolution history of MIR1444s. A total of 23 MIR1444s were identified. Populus and Idesia species contain two MIR1444 genes, while Salix includes only one. Populus and Idesia MIR1444b genes and Salix MIR1444s were phylogenetically separated from Populus and Idesia MIR1444a genes. Ptr-miR1444a and ptr-miR1444b showed sequence divergence. Compared with ptr-miR1444b, ptr-miR1444a started 2 nt upstream of precursor, resulting in differential regulation of PPO targets. Sequence alignments showed that MIR1444 genes exhibited extensive similarity to their PPO targets, the characteristics of MIRs originated from targets through an inverted gene duplication event. Genome sequence comparison showed that MIR1444 genes in Populus and Idesia were expanded through the Salicoid genome duplication event. A copy of MIR1444 gene was lost in Salix through DNA segment deletion during chromosome rearrangements. The results provide significant information for the origin of plant miRNAs and the mechanism of Salicaceae gene evolution and divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meizhen Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Caili Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shanfa Lu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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35
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Yadav R, Yadav N, Goutam U, Kumar S, Chaudhury A. Genetic Engineering of Poplar: Current Achievements and Future Goals. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY: RECENT ADVANCEMENTS AND DEVELOPMENTS 2017:361-390. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4732-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
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36
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Wang C, Liu S, Dong Y, Zhao Y, Geng A, Xia X, Yin W. PdEPF1 regulates water-use efficiency and drought tolerance by modulating stomatal density in poplar. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:849-60. [PMID: 26228739 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Water deficiency is a critical environmental condition that is seriously reducing global plant production. Improved water-use efficiency (WUE) and drought tolerance are effective strategies to address this problem. In this study, PdEPF1, a member of the EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR (EPF) family, was isolated from the fast-growing poplar clone NE-19 [Populus nigra × (Populus deltoides × Populus nigra)]. Significantly, higher PdEPF1 levels were detected after induction by dehydration and abscisic acid. To explore the biological functions of PdEPF1, transgenic triploid white poplars (Populus tomentosa 'YiXianCiZhu B385') overexpressing PdEPF1 were constructed. PdEPF1 overexpression resulted in increased water deficit tolerance and greater WUE. We confirmed that the transgenic lines with greater instantaneous WUE had approximately 30% lower transpiration but equivalent CO2 assimilation. Lower transpiration was associated with a 28% reduction in abaxial stomatal density. PdEPF1 overexpression not only strongly enhanced WUE, but also greatly improved drought tolerance, as measured by the leaf relative water content and water potential, under limited water conditions. In addition, the growth of these oxPdEPF1 plants was less adversely affected by reduced water availability than plants with a higher stomatal density, indicating that plants with a low stomatal density may be well suited to grow in water-scarce environments. Taken together, our data suggest that PdEPF1 improves WUE and confers drought tolerance in poplar; thus, it could be used to breed drought-tolerant plants with increased production under conditions of water deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congpeng Wang
- Nation Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Sha Liu
- Nation Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Dong
- Nation Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Liaoning Forestry Vocational- Technical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Nation Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Anke Geng
- Nation Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinli Xia
- Nation Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Weilun Yin
- Nation Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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37
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Ariani A, Francini A, Andreucci A, Sebastiani L. Over-expression of AQUA1 in Populus alba Villafranca clone increases relative growth rate and water use efficiency, under Zn excess condition. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:289-301. [PMID: 26518428 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1883-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic Populus alba over-expressing a TIP aquaporin ( aqua1) showed a higher growth rate under Zn excess, suggesting that aqua1 could be involved in water homeostasis, rather than in Zn homeostasis. Populus is the internationally accepted model for physiological and developmental studies of tree traits under stress. In plants, aquaporins facilitate and regulate the diffusion of water, however, few poplar aquaporins have been characterized to date. In this study, we reported for the first time an in vivo characterization of Populus alba clone Villafranca transgenic plants over-expressing a TIP aquaporin (aqua1) of P. x euramericana clone I-214. An AQUA1:GFP chimeric construct, over-expressed in P. alba Villafranca clones, shows a cytoplasmic localization in roots, and it localizes in guard cells in leaves. When over-expressed in transgenic plants, aqua1 confers a higher growth rate compared to wild-type (wt) plants, without affecting chlorophyll accumulation, relative water content (RWC), and fluorescence performances, but increasing the intrinsic Transpiration Efficiency. In response to Zn (1 mM), transgenic lines did not show a significant increase in Zn accumulation as compared to wt plants, even though the over-expression of this gene confers higher tolerance in root tissues. These results suggest that, in poplar plants, this gene could be principally involved in regulation of water homeostasis and biomass production, rather than in Zn homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ariani
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà, 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
- Department of Plant Sciences/MS1, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616-8780, USA.
| | - Alessandra Francini
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà, 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Andrea Andreucci
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, V. L. Ghini 13, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Luca Sebastiani
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà, 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
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38
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Borland AM, Wullschleger SD, Weston DJ, Hartwell J, Tuskan GA, Yang X, Cushman JC. Climate-resilient agroforestry: physiological responses to climate change and engineering of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) as a mitigation strategy. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:1833-49. [PMID: 25366937 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change threatens the sustainability of agriculture and agroforestry worldwide through increased heat, drought, surface evaporation and associated soil drying. Exposure of crops and forests to warmer and drier environments will increase leaf:air water vapour-pressure deficits (VPD), and will result in increased drought susceptibility and reduced productivity, not only in arid regions but also in tropical regions with seasonal dry periods. Fast-growing, short-rotation forestry (SRF) bioenergy crops such as poplar (Populus spp.) and willow (Salix spp.) are particularly susceptible to hydraulic failure following drought stress due to their isohydric nature and relatively high stomatal conductance. One approach to sustaining plant productivity is to improve water-use efficiency (WUE) by engineering crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) into C3 crops. CAM improves WUE by shifting stomatal opening and primary CO2 uptake and fixation to the night-time when leaf:air VPD is low. CAM members of the tree genus Clusia exemplify the compatibility of CAM performance within tree species and highlight CAM as a mechanism to conserve water and maintain carbon uptake during drought conditions. The introduction of bioengineered CAM into SRF bioenergy trees is a potentially viable path to sustaining agroforestry production systems in the face of a globally changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Borland
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
- Biosciences Division, Bioenergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6407, USA
| | - Stan D Wullschleger
- Climate Change Science Institute, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6301, USA
| | - David J Weston
- Biosciences Division, Bioenergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6407, USA
| | - James Hartwell
- Department of Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Gerald A Tuskan
- Biosciences Division, Bioenergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6407, USA
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- Biosciences Division, Bioenergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6407, USA
| | - John C Cushman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MS330, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0330, USA
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39
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Liu J, Hai G, Wang C, Cao S, Xu W, Jia Z, Yang C, Wang JP, Dai S, Cheng Y. Comparative proteomic analysis of Populus trichocarpa early stem from primary to secondary growth. J Proteomics 2015; 126:94-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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40
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Abstract
Populus trichocarpa Nisqually-1 is a clone of black cottonwood that is widely used as a model woody plant. It was the first woody plant to have a full genome sequence and remains today as the model for growth, metabolism, development, and adaptation for all woody dicotyledonous plants. It is one of the best-annotated plant genomes available. It is also currently studied to improve bioenergy feedstocks and to learn about responses to environmental variation that may result from climate change. It is the best characterized woody plant for lignin biosynthesis. In spite of its role as a model woody plant, many important genetic applications have been limited because it was particularly difficult for DNA transformation. The ability to transform P. trichocarpa is a central component of a systems biology approach to the study of metabolic and developmental processes, where in combination with genome and transcriptome sequencing, all the expressed genes for specific pathways can be defined, cloned, and characterized for biological function. We previously reported on a method for Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation in P. trichocarpa(Song et al. Plant Cell Physiol 47: 1582-1589, 2006). Since then, we have optimized the protocol based on many experiments that varied in tissue manipulation, media, DNA constructs and Agrobacterium strains. A modified step-by-step protocol for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of stem explants is described here. The health of the tissue explants and the time of cocultivation are among the critical steps in the protocol for successful transformation. This updated protocol should be helpful to many laboratories that are currently carrying out P. trichocarpa transformation. It should also encourage many labs that have not yet had success with P. trichocarpa to try again.
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Lin YC, Li W, Chen H, Li Q, Sun YH, Shi R, Lin CY, Wang JP, Chen HC, Chuang L, Qu GZ, Sederoff RR, Chiang VL. A simple improved-throughput xylem protoplast system for studying wood formation. Nat Protoc 2014; 9:2194-205. [PMID: 25144270 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2014.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Isolated protoplasts serve as a transient expression system that is highly representative of stable transgenics in terms of transcriptome responses. They can also be used as a cellular system to study gene transactivation and nucleocytoplasmic protein trafficking. They are particularly useful for systems studies in which stable transgenics and mutants are unavailable. We present a protocol for the isolation and transfection of protoplasts from wood-forming tissue, the stem-differentiating xylem (SDX), in the model woody plant Populus trichocarpa. The method involves tissue preparation, digestion of SDX cell walls, protoplast isolation and DNA transfection. Our approach is markedly faster and provides better yields than previous protocols; small (milligrams)- to large (20 g)-scale SDX preparations can be achieved in ~60 s, with isolation of protoplasts and their subsequent transfection taking ~50 min. Up to ten different samples can be processed simultaneously in this time scale. Our protocol gives a high yield (~2.5 × 10(7) protoplasts per g of SDX) of protoplasts sharing 96% transcriptome identity with intact SDX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chung Lin
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China. [2] Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, Forest Biotechnology Group, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wei Li
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China. [2] Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, Forest Biotechnology Group, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, Forest Biotechnology Group, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Quanzi Li
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China. [2] Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, Forest Biotechnology Group, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA. [3] College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Ying-Hsuan Sun
- Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Rui Shi
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, Forest Biotechnology Group, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chien-Yuan Lin
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, Forest Biotechnology Group, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jack P Wang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China. [2] Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, Forest Biotechnology Group, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hsi-Chuan Chen
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, Forest Biotechnology Group, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ling Chuang
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, Forest Biotechnology Group, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Guan-Zheng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Ronald R Sederoff
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, Forest Biotechnology Group, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vincent L Chiang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China. [2] Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, Forest Biotechnology Group, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA. [3] Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Borland AM, Hartwell J, Weston DJ, Schlauch KA, Tschaplinski TJ, Tuskan GA, Yang X, Cushman JC. Engineering crassulacean acid metabolism to improve water-use efficiency. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:327-38. [PMID: 24559590 PMCID: PMC4065858 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Climatic extremes threaten agricultural sustainability worldwide. One approach to increase plant water-use efficiency (WUE) is to introduce crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) into C3 crops. Such a task requires comprehensive systems-level understanding of the enzymatic and regulatory pathways underpinning this temporal CO2 pump. Here we review the progress that has been made in achieving this goal. Given that CAM arose through multiple independent evolutionary origins, comparative transcriptomics and genomics of taxonomically diverse CAM species are being used to define the genetic 'parts list' required to operate the core CAM functional modules of nocturnal carboxylation, diurnal decarboxylation, and inverse stomatal regulation. Engineered CAM offers the potential to sustain plant productivity for food, feed, fiber, and biofuel production in hotter and drier climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Borland
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6407, USA
| | - James Hartwell
- Department of Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - David J Weston
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6407, USA
| | - Karen A Schlauch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MS330, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0330, USA
| | | | - Gerald A Tuskan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6407, USA
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6407, USA
| | - John C Cushman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MS330, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0330, USA.
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Ptr-miR397a is a negative regulator of laccase genes affecting lignin content in Populus trichocarpa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:10848-53. [PMID: 23754401 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1308936110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccases, as early as 1959, were proposed to catalyze the oxidative polymerization of monolignols. Genetic evidence in support of this hypothesis has been elusive due to functional redundancy of laccase genes. An Arabidopsis double mutant demonstrated the involvement of laccases in lignin biosynthesis. We previously identified a subset of laccase genes to be targets of a microRNA (miRNA) ptr-miR397a in Populus trichocarpa. To elucidate the roles of ptr-miR397a and its targets, we characterized the laccase gene family and identified 49 laccase gene models, of which 29 were predicted to be targets of ptr-miR397a. We overexpressed Ptr-MIR397a in transgenic P. trichocarpa. In each of all nine transgenic lines tested, 17 PtrLACs were down-regulated as analyzed by RNA-seq. Transgenic lines with severe reduction in the expression of these laccase genes resulted in an ∼40% decrease in the total laccase activity. Overexpression of Ptr-MIR397a in these transgenic lines also reduced lignin content, whereas levels of all monolignol biosynthetic gene transcripts remained unchanged. A hierarchical genetic regulatory network (GRN) built by a bottom-up graphic Gaussian model algorithm provides additional support for a role of ptr-miR397a as a negative regulator of laccases for lignin biosynthesis. Full transcriptome-based differential gene expression in the overexpressed transgenics and protein domain analyses implicate previously unidentified transcription factors and their targets in an extended hierarchical GRN including ptr-miR397a and laccases that coregulate lignin biosynthesis in wood formation. Ptr-miR397a, laccases, and other regulatory components of this network may provide additional strategies for genetic manipulation of lignin content.
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Alejos-Gonzalez F, Perkins K, Winston MI, Xie DY. Efficient Somatic Embryogenesis and Organogenesis of Self-Pollination <i>Artemisia annua</i> Progeny and Artemisinin Formation in Regenerated Plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2013.411274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Guo J, Morrell-Falvey JL, Labbé JL, Muchero W, Kalluri UC, Tuskan GA, Chen JG. Highly efficient isolation of Populus mesophyll protoplasts and its application in transient expression assays. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44908. [PMID: 23028673 PMCID: PMC3441479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Populus is a model woody plant and a promising feedstock for lignocellulosic biofuel production. However, its lengthy life cycle impedes rapid characterization of gene function. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We optimized a Populus leaf mesophyll protoplast isolation protocol and established a Populus protoplast transient expression system. We demonstrated that Populus protoplasts are able to respond to hormonal stimuli and that a series of organelle markers are correctly localized in the Populus protoplasts. Furthermore, we showed that the Populus protoplast transient expression system is suitable for studying protein-protein interaction, gene activation, and cellular signaling events. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study established a method for efficient isolation of protoplasts from Populus leaf and demonstrated the efficacy of using Populus protoplast transient expression assays as an in vivo system to characterize genes and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Guo
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
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46
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Lu S, Yang C, Chiang VL. Conservation and diversity of microRNA-associated copper-regulatory networks in Populus trichocarpa. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 53:879-91. [PMID: 22013976 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2011.01080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants develop important regulatory networks to adapt to the frequently-changing availability of copper (Cu). However, little is known about miRNA-associated Cu-regulatory networks in plant species other than Arabidopsis. Here, we report that Cu-responsive miRNAs in Populus trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray) include not only conserved miR397, miR398 and miR408, but also Populus-specific miR1444, suggesting the conservation and diversity of Cu-responsive miRNAs in plants. Copper-associated suppression of mature miRNAs is in company with the up-regulation of their target genes encoding Cu-containing proteins in Populus. The targets include miR397-targeted PtLAC5, PtLAC6 and PtLAC110a, miR398-targeted PtCSD1, PtCSD2a and PtCSD2b, miR408-targeted PtPCL1, PtPCL2, PtPCL3 and PtLAC4, and miR1444-targeted PtPPO3 and PtPPO6. Consistently, P. trichocarpa miR408 promoter-directed GUS gene expression is down-regulated by Cu in transgenic tobacco plants. Cu-response elements (CuREs) are found in the promoters of Cu-responsive miRNA genes. We identified 34 SQUAMOSA-promoter binding protein-like (SPL) genes, of which 17 are full-length PtSPL proteins or partial sequences with at least 300 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that PtSPL3 and PtSPL4 are CuRE-binding proteins controlling Cu-responsive gene expression. Cu appears to be not involved in the regulation of these transcription factors because neither PtSPL3 nor PtSPL4 is Cu-regulated and no CuRE exists in their promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanfa Lu
- Medicinal Plant Cultivation Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
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Wang H, Wang C, Liu H, Tang R, Zhang H. An efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and regeneration system for leaf explants of two elite aspen hybrid clones Populus alba × P. berolinensis and Populus davidiana × P. bolleana. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2011; 30:2037-44. [PMID: 21717184 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic technology has been successfully used for gene function analyses and trait improvement in cereal plants. However, its usage is limited in woody plants, especially in the difficult-to-transform but commercially viable hybrid poplar. In this work, an efficient regeneration and transformation system was established for the production of two hybrid aspen clones: Populus alba × P. berolinensis and Populus davidiana × P. bolleana. A plant transformation vector designed to express the reporter gene uidA, encoding β-glucuronidase (GUS), driven by the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, was used to detect transformation event at early stages of plant regeneration, and to optimize the parameters that may affect poplar transformation efficiency. Bacterium strain and age of leaf explant are two major factors that affect transformation efficiency. Addition of thidiazuron (TDZ) improved both regeneration and transformation efficiency. The transformation efficiency is approximately 9.3% for P. alba × P. berolinensis and 16.4% for P. davidiana × P. bolleana. Using this system, transgenic plants were usually produced in less than 1 month after co-cultivation. The growth characteristics and morphology of transgenic plants were identical to the untransformed wild type plants, and the transgenes could be inherited by vegetative propagation, as confirmed by PCR, Southern blotting, RT-PCR and β-glucuronidase staining analyses. The establishment of this system will help to facilitate the studies of gene functions in tree growth and development at a genome level, and as well as the introduction of some valuable traits in aspen breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihai Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Abril N, Gion JM, Kerner R, Müller-Starck G, Cerrillo RMN, Plomion C, Renaut J, Valledor L, Jorrin-Novo JV. Proteomics research on forest trees, the most recalcitrant and orphan plant species. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:1219-42. [PMID: 21353265 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of proteomics to the knowledge of forest tree (the most recalcitrant and almost forgotten plant species) biology is being reviewed and discussed, based on the author's own research work and papers published up to November 2010. This review is organized in four introductory sections starting with the definition of forest trees (1), the description of the environmental and economic importance (2) and its derived current priorities and research lines for breeding and conservation (3) including forest tree genomics (4). These precede the main body of this review: a general overview to proteomics (5) for introducing the forest tree proteomics section (6). Proteomics, defined as scientific discipline or experimental approach, it will be discussed both from a conceptual and methodological point of view, commenting on realities, challenges and limitations. Proteomics research in woody plants is limited to a reduced number of genera, including Pinus, Picea, Populus, Eucalyptus, and Fagus, mainly using first-generation approaches, e.g., those based on two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry. This area joins the own limitations of the technique and the difficulty and recalcitrance of the plant species as an experimental system. Furthermore, it contributes to a deeper knowledge of some biological processes, namely growth, development, organogenesis, and responses to stresses, as it is also used in the characterization and cataloguing of natural populations and biodiversity (proteotyping) and in assisting breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Abril
- Dpt. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Ed. Severo Ochoa, Cordoba, Spain
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Osakabe Y, Kajita S, Osakabe K. Genetic engineering of woody plants: current and future targets in a stressful environment. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2011; 142:105-117. [PMID: 21288247 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress is a major factor in limiting plant growth and productivity. Environmental degradation, such as drought and salinity stresses, will become more severe and widespread in the world. To overcome severe environmental stress, plant biotechnologies, such as genetic engineering in woody plants, need to be implemented. The adaptation of plants to environmental stress is controlled by cascades of molecular networks including cross-talk with other stress signaling mechanisms. The present review focuses on recent studies concerning genetic engineering in woody plants for the improvement of the abiotic stress responses. Furthermore, it highlights the recent advances in the understanding of molecular responses to stress. The review also summarizes the basis of a molecular mechanism for cell wall biosynthesis and the plant hormone responses to regulate tree growth and biomass in woody plants. This would facilitate better understanding of the control programs of biomass production under stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Osakabe
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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Li Q, Min D, Wang JPY, Peszlen I, Horvath L, Horvath B, Nishimura Y, Jameel H, Chang HM, Chiang VL. Down-regulation of glycosyltransferase 8D genes in Populus trichocarpa caused reduced mechanical strength and xylan content in wood. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 31:226-36. [PMID: 21450982 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpr008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Members of glycosyltransferase protein families GT8, GT43 and GT47 are implicated in the biosynthesis of xylan in the secondary cell walls of Arabidopsis. The Arabidopsis mutant irx8 has a 60% reduction in xylan. However, over-expression of an ortholog of Arabidopsis IRX8, poplar PoGT8D, in Arabidopsis irx8 mutant could not restore xylan synthesis. The functions of tree GT8D genes remain unclear. We identified two GT8 gene homologs, PtrGT8D1 and PtrGT8D2, in Populus trichocarpa. They are the only two GT8D members and are abundantly and specifically expressed in the differentiating xylem of P. trichocarpa. PtrGT8D1 transcript abundance was >7 times that of PtrGT8D2. To elucidate the genetic function of GT8D in P. trichocarpa, the expression of PtrGT8D1 and PtrGT8D2 was simultaneously knocked down through RNAi. Four transgenic lines had 85-94% reduction in transcripts of PtrGT8D1 and PtrGT8D2, resulting in 29-36% reduction in stem wood xylan content. Xylan reduction had essentially no effect on cellulose quantity but caused an 11-25% increase in lignin. These transgenics exhibit a brittle wood phenotype, accompanied by increased vessel diameter and thinner fiber cell walls in stem xylem. Stem modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture were reduced by 17-29% and 16-23%, respectively, and were positively correlated with xylan content but negatively correlated with lignin quantity. These results suggest that PtrGT8Ds play key roles in xylan biosynthesis in wood. Xylan may be a more important factor than lignin affecting the stiffness and fracture strength of wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanzi Li
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, 840 Main Campus Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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