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Zhang P, Wang Y, Zhu G, Zhu H. Developing carotenoids-enhanced tomato fruit with multi-transgene stacking strategies. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 210:108575. [PMID: 38554536 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
As natural dominant pigments, carotenoids and their derivatives not only contribute to fruit color and flavor quality but are regarded as phytochemicals beneficial to human health because of various bioactivities. Tomato is one of the most important vegetables as well as a main dietary source of carotenoids. So, it's of great importance to generate carotenoid-biofortified tomatoes. The carotenoid biosynthesis pathway is a network co-regulated by multiple enzymes and regulatory genes. Here, we assembled four binary constructs containing different combinations of four endogenous carotenoids metabolic-related genes, including SlORHis, SlDXS, SlPSY, and SlBHY by using a high efficiency multi-transgene stacking system and a series of fruit-specific promotors. Transgenic lines overexpression SlORHis alone, three genes (SlORHis/SlDXS/SlPSY), two genes (SlORHis/SlBHY), and all these four genes (SlORHis/SlDXS/SlPSY/SlBHY) were enriched with carotenoids to varying degrees. Notably, overexpressing SlORHis alone showed comparable effects with simultaneous overexpression of the key regulatory enzyme coding genes SlDXS, SlPSY, and SlORHis in promoting carotenoid accumulation. Downstream carotenoid derivatives zeaxanthin and violaxanthin were detected only in lines containing SlBHY. In addition, the sugar content and total antioxidant capacity of these carotenoids-enhanced tomatoes was also increased. These data provided useful information for the future developing of biofortified tomatoes with different carotenoid profiles, and confirmed a promising system for generation of nutrients biofortified tomatoes by multiple engineering genes stacking strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Yifan Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Guoning Zhu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Hongliang Zhu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, PR China; Sichuan Advanced Agricultural & Industrial Institute, China Agriculture University, Chengdu, 611430, Sichuan, PR China.
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2
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Agustinus B, Gillam EMJ. Solar-powered P450 catalysis: Engineering electron transfer pathways from photosynthesis to P450s. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 245:112242. [PMID: 37187017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing focus on green chemistry, biocatalysis is becoming more widely used in the pharmaceutical and other chemical industries for sustainable production of high value and structurally complex chemicals. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are attractive biocatalysts for industrial application due to their ability to transform a huge range of substrates in a stereo- and regiospecific manner. However, despite their appeal, the industrial application of P450s is limited by their dependence on costly reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and one or more auxiliary redox partner proteins. Coupling P450s to the photosynthetic machinery of a plant allows photosynthetically-generated electrons to be used to drive catalysis, overcoming this cofactor dependency. Thus, photosynthetic organisms could serve as photobioreactors with the capability to produce value-added chemicals using only light, water, CO2 and an appropriate chemical as substrate for the reaction/s of choice, yielding new opportunities for producing commodity and high-value chemicals in a carbon-negative and sustainable manner. This review will discuss recent progress in using photosynthesis for light-driven P450 biocatalysis and explore the potential for further development of such systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadius Agustinus
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M J Gillam
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
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3
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Petrozza A, Summerer S, Melfi D, Mango T, Vurro F, Bettelli M, Janni M, Cellini F, Carriero F. A Lycopene ε-Cyclase TILLING Allele Enhances Lycopene and Carotenoid Content in Fruit and Improves Drought Stress Tolerance in Tomato Plants. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1284. [PMID: 37372464 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the scenario of climate change, the availability of genetic resources for tomato cultivation that combine improved nutritional properties and more tolerance to water deficiency is highly desirable. Within this context, the molecular screenings of the Red Setter cultivar-based TILLING platform led to the isolation of a novel lycopene ε-cyclase gene (SlLCY-E) variant (G/3378/T) that produces modifications in the carotenoid content of tomato leaves and fruits. In leaf tissue, the novel G/3378/T SlLCY-E allele enhances β,β-xanthophyll content at the expense of lutein, which decreases, while in ripe tomato fruit the TILLING mutation induces a significant increase in lycopene and total carotenoid content. Under drought stress conditions, the G/3378/T SlLCY-E plants produce more abscisic acid (ABA) and still conserve their leaf carotenoid profile (reduction of lutein and increase in β,β-xanthophyll content). Furthermore, under said conditions, the mutant plants grow much better and are more tolerant to drought stress, as revealed by digital-based image analysis and in vivo monitoring of the OECT (Organic Electrochemical Transistor) sensor. Altogether, our data indicate that the novel TILLING SlLCY-E allelic variant is a valuable genetic resource that can be used for developing new tomato varieties, improved in drought stress tolerance and enriched in fruit lycopene and carotenoid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Petrozza
- ALSIA Centro Ricerche Metapontum Agrobios, s.s. Jonica 106, km 448.2, 75010 Metaponto, MT, Italy
| | - Stephan Summerer
- ALSIA Centro Ricerche Metapontum Agrobios, s.s. Jonica 106, km 448.2, 75010 Metaponto, MT, Italy
| | - Donato Melfi
- ALSIA Centro Ricerche Metapontum Agrobios, s.s. Jonica 106, km 448.2, 75010 Metaponto, MT, Italy
| | - Teresa Mango
- ALSIA Centro Ricerche Metapontum Agrobios, s.s. Jonica 106, km 448.2, 75010 Metaponto, MT, Italy
| | - Filippo Vurro
- Istituto dei Materiali per l'Elettronica e il Magnetismo (IMEM-CNR), Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Manuele Bettelli
- Istituto dei Materiali per l'Elettronica e il Magnetismo (IMEM-CNR), Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Michela Janni
- Istituto dei Materiali per l'Elettronica e il Magnetismo (IMEM-CNR), Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco Cellini
- ALSIA Centro Ricerche Metapontum Agrobios, s.s. Jonica 106, km 448.2, 75010 Metaponto, MT, Italy
| | - Filomena Carriero
- ALSIA Centro Ricerche Metapontum Agrobios, s.s. Jonica 106, km 448.2, 75010 Metaponto, MT, Italy
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4
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Wang P, Lu S, Jing R, Hyden B, Li L, Zhao X, Zhang L, Han Y, Zhang X, Xu J, Chen H, Cao H. BCH1 expression pattern contributes to the fruit carotenoid diversity between peach and apricot. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 197:107647. [PMID: 36940521 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) and apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) are two species of economic importance for fruit production in the genus Prunus. Peach and apricot fruits exhibit significant differences in carotenoid levels and profiles. HPLC-PAD analysis showed that a greater content of β-carotene in mature apricot fruits is primarily responsible for orange color, while peach fruits showed a prominent accumulation of xanthophylls (violaxanthin and cryptoxanthin) with yellow color. There are two β-carotene hydroxylase genes in both peach and apricot genomes. Transcriptional analysis revealed that BCH1 expresses highly in peach but lowly in apricot fruit, showing a correlation with peach and apricot fruit carotenoid profiles. By using a carotenoid engineered bacterial system, it was demonstrated that there was no difference in the BCH1 enzymatic activity between peach and apricot. Comparative analysis about the putative cis-acting regulatory elements between peach and apricot BCH1 promoters provided important information for our understanding of the differences in promoter activity of the BCH1 genes in peach and apricot. Therefore, we investigated the promoter activity of BCH1 gene through a GUS detection system, and confirmed that the difference in the transcription level of the BCH1 gene resulted from the difference of the promoter function. This study provides important perspective to understanding the diversity of carotenoid accumulation in Prunus fruits such as peach and apricot. In particular, BCH1 gene is proposed as a main predictor for β-carotene content in peach and apricot fruits during the ripening process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Siyuan Lu
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Ruyu Jing
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Brennan Hyden
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY, USA
| | - Li Li
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Xulei Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Lvwen Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Yan Han
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Jizhong Xu
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Haijiang Chen
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China.
| | - Hongbo Cao
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China.
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5
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D'Ambrosio C, Stigliani AL, Rambla JL, Frusciante S, Diretto G, Enfissi EMA, Granell A, Fraser PD, Giorio G. A xanthophyll-derived apocarotenoid regulates carotenogenesis in tomato chromoplasts. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 328:111575. [PMID: 36572066 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids possess important biological functions that make them essential components of the human diet. β-Carotene and some other carotenoids have vitamin A activity while lutein and zeaxanthin, typically referred to as the macular pigments, are involved in good vision and in delaying the onset of age-related eye diseases. In order to create a zeaxanthin-producing tomato fruit, two transgenic lines, one with a high β-carotene cyclase activity and the other with a high β-carotene hydroxylase activity, have been genetically crossed. Ripe fruits from the resulting progeny contained significant levels of violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, and xanthophyll esters. However, their zeaxanthin content was not as high as expected, and the total level of carotenoids was only 25% of the carotenoids found in ripe fruits of the comparator line. Targeted transcript analysis and apocarotenoids determinations indicated that transcriptional regulation of the pathway or degradation of synthesized carotenoids were not responsible for the low carotenoid content of hybrid fruits which instead appeared to result from a substantial reduction of carotenoid biosynthesis. Notably, the content of an unidentified hydroxylated cyclic (C13) apocarotenoid was 13 times higher in the hybrid fruits than in the control fruits. Furthermore, a GC-MS-based metabolite profiling demonstrated a perturbation of carotenogenesis in ripening hybrid fruits compatible with a block of the pathway. Moreover, carotenoid profiling on leaf, fruit, and petal samples from a set of experimental lines carrying the hp3 mutation, in combination with the two transgenes, indicated that the carotenoid biosynthesis in petal and fruit chromoplasts could be regulated. Altogether the data were consistent with the hypothesis of the regulation of the carotenoid pathway in tomato chromoplasts through a mechanism of feedback inhibition mediated by a xanthophyll-derived apocarotenoid. This chromoplast-specific post-transcriptional mechanism was disclosed in transgenic fruits of HU hybrid owing to the abnormal production of zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin, the more probable precursors of the apocarotenoid signal. A model describing the regulation of carotenoid pathway in tomato chromoplasts is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina D'Ambrosio
- Centro Ricerche Metapontum Agrobios, Agenzia Lucana di Sviluppo e di Innovazione in Agricoltura (ALSIA), Metaponto, MT, Italy
| | - Adriana Lucia Stigliani
- Centro Ricerche Metapontum Agrobios, Agenzia Lucana di Sviluppo e di Innovazione in Agricoltura (ALSIA), Metaponto, MT, Italy
| | - José L Rambla
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV-CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain; Universitat Jaume I., Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Ciencias Naturales, Avda Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Sarah Frusciante
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Centre, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Diretto
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Centre, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenia M A Enfissi
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London (RHUL), Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Antonio Granell
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV-CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Paul D Fraser
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London (RHUL), Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Giovanni Giorio
- Centro Ricerche Metapontum Agrobios, Agenzia Lucana di Sviluppo e di Innovazione in Agricoltura (ALSIA), Metaponto, MT, Italy.
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6
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Ren S, Yuan Y, Wang H, Zhang Y. G2-LIKE CAROTENOID REGULATOR (SlGCR) is a positive regulator of lutein biosynthesis in tomato. ABIOTECH 2022; 3:267-280. [PMID: 36533268 PMCID: PMC9755792 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-022-00088-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lutein is an oxygen-containing carotenoid synthesized in plant chloroplasts and chromoplasts. It plays an indispensable role in promoting plant growth and maintaining eye health in humans. The rate-limiting step of lutein biosynthesis is catalyzed by the lycopene ε-cyclase enzyme (LCYE). Although great progress has been made in the identification of transcription factors involved in the lutein biosynthetic pathway, many systematic molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Here, using co-expression analysis, we identified a gene, G2-LIKE CAROTENOID REGULATOR (SlGCR), encoding a GARP G2-like transcription factor, as the potential regulator of SlLCYE in tomato. Silencing of SlGCR reduced the expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes and the accumulation of carotenoids in tomato leaves. By contrast, overexpression of SlGCR in tomato fruit significantly increased the expression of relevant genes and enhanced the accumulation of carotenoids. SlGCR can directly bind to the SlLCYE promoter and activate its expression. In addition, we also discovered that expression of SlGCR was negatively regulated by the master regulator SlRIN, thereby inhibiting lutein synthesis during tomato fruit ripening. Taken together, we identified SlGCR as a novel regulator involved in tomato lutein biosynthesis, elucidated the regulatory mechanism, and provided a potential tool for tomato lutein metabolic engineering. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42994-022-00088-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064 China
| | - Yong Yuan
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, 572025 China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Hsihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064 China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064 China
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7
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Wu Y, Yuan Y, Jiang W, Zhang X, Ren S, Wang H, Zhang X, Zhang Y. Enrichment of health-promoting lutein and zeaxanthin in tomato fruit through metabolic engineering. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2022; 7:1159-1166. [PMID: 36101899 PMCID: PMC9445293 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids constitute a large group of natural pigments widely distributed in nature. These compounds not only provide fruits and flowers with distinctive colors, but also have significant health benefits for humans. Lutein and zeaxanthin, both oxygen-containing carotenoids, are considered to play vital roles in promoting ocular development and maintaining eye health. However, humans and mammals cannot synthesize these carotenoid derivatives, which can only be taken from certain fruits or vegetables. Here, by introducing four endogenous synthetic genes, SlLCYE, SlLCYB, SlHYDB, and SlHYDE under fruit-specific promoters, we report the metabolic engineering of lutein/zeaxanthin biosynthesis in tomato fruit. Transgenic lines overexpression of one (SlLCYE), two (SlLCYE and SlLCYB; SlLCYB and SlHYDB), and all these four synthetic genes re-established the lutein/zeaxanthin biosynthetic pathways in the ripe tomato fruit and thus resulted in various types of carotenoid riched lines. Metabolic analyses of these engineered tomato fruits showed the strategy involved expression of SlLCYE tends to produce α-carotene and lutein, as well as a higher content of β-carotene and zeaxanthin was detected in lines overexpressing SlLCYB. In addition, the different combinations of engineered tomatoes with riched carotenoids showed higher antioxidant capacity and were associated with a significantly extended shelf life during postharvest storage. This work provides a successful example of accurate metabolic engineering in tomato fruit, suggesting the potential utility for synthetic biology to improve agronomic traits in crops. These biofortified tomato fruits could be also exploited as new research subjects for studying the health benefits of carotenoid derivatives.
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Wang Y, Durairaj J, Suárez Duran HG, van Velzen R, Flokova K, Liao C, Chojnacka A, MacFarlane S, Schranz ME, Medema MH, van Dijk ADJ, Dong L, Bouwmeester HJ. The tomato cytochrome P450 CYP712G1 catalyses the double oxidation of orobanchol en route to the rhizosphere signalling strigolactone, solanacol. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1884-1899. [PMID: 35612785 PMCID: PMC9542622 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are rhizosphere signalling molecules and phytohormones. The biosynthetic pathway of SLs in tomato has been partially elucidated, but the structural diversity in tomato SLs predicts that additional biosynthetic steps are required. Here, root RNA-seq data and co-expression analysis were used for SL biosynthetic gene discovery. This strategy resulted in a candidate gene list containing several cytochrome P450s. Heterologous expression in Nicotiana benthamiana and yeast showed that one of these, CYP712G1, can catalyse the double oxidation of orobanchol, resulting in the formation of three didehydro-orobanchol (DDH) isomers. Virus-induced gene silencing and heterologous expression in yeast showed that one of these DDH isomers is converted to solanacol, one of the most abundant SLs in tomato root exudate. Protein modelling and substrate docking analysis suggest that hydroxy-orbanchol is the likely intermediate in the conversion from orobanchol to the DDH isomers. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the occurrence of CYP712G1 homologues in the Eudicots only, which fits with the reports on DDH isomers in that clade. Protein modelling and orobanchol docking of the putative tobacco CYP712G1 homologue suggest that it can convert orobanchol to similar DDH isomers as tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Wang
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Janani Durairaj
- Bioinformatics GroupWageningen University6708PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Robin van Velzen
- Biosystematics GroupWageningen University6708PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Kristyna Flokova
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Che‐Yang Liao
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht University3584 CHUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Aleksandra Chojnacka
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Stuart MacFarlane
- Cell and Molecular Sciencesthe James Hutton InstituteInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - M. Eric Schranz
- Biosystematics GroupWageningen University6708PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Marnix H. Medema
- Bioinformatics GroupWageningen University6708PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Lemeng Dong
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Harro J. Bouwmeester
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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9
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Duduit JR, Kosentka PZ, Miller MA, Blanco-Ulate B, Lenucci MS, Panthee DR, Perkins-Veazie P, Liu W. Coordinated transcriptional regulation of the carotenoid biosynthesis contributes to fruit lycopene content in high-lycopene tomato genotypes. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac084. [PMID: 35669706 PMCID: PMC9160729 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lycopene content in tomato fruit is largely under genetic control and varies greatly among genotypes. Continued improvement of lycopene content in elite varieties with conventional breeding has become challenging, in part because little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms in high-lycopene tomatoes (HLYs). We collected 42 HLYs with different genetic backgrounds worldwide. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed lycopene contents differed among the positive control wild tomato Solanum pimpinellifolium, HLYs, the normal lycopene cultivar "Moneymaker", and the non-lycopene cultivar NC 1Y at the pink and red ripe stages. Real-time RT-PCR analysis of expression of the 25 carotenoid biosynthesis pathway genes of each genotype showed a significantly higher expression in nine upstream genes (GGPPS1, GGPPS2, GGPPS3, TPT1, SSU II, PSY2, ZDS, CrtISO and CrtISO-L1 but not the well-studied PSY1, PDS and Z-ISO) at the breaker and/or red ripe stages in HLYs compared to Moneymaker, indicating a higher metabolic flux flow into carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in HLYs. Further conversion of lycopene to carotenes may be prevented via the two downstream genes (β-LCY2 and ε-LCY), which had low-abundance transcripts at either or both stages. Additionally, the significantly higher expression of four downstream genes (BCH1, ZEP, VDE, and CYP97C11) at either or both ripeness stages leads to significantly lower fruit lycopene content in HLYs than in the wild tomato. This is the first systematic investigation of the role of the complete pathway genes in regulating fruit lycopene biosynthesis across many HLYs, and enables tomato breeding and gene editing for increased fruit lycopene content.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Morgan A Miller
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | | | - Marcello S Lenucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento (DiSTeBA), Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, Lecce, 73100 Italy
| | - Dilip R Panthee
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, Mills River, NC 28759, USA
| | - Penelope Perkins-Veazie
- Department of Horticultural Science, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
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10
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Xia H, Zhou Y, Lin Z, Guo Y, Liu X, Wang T, Wang J, Deng H, Lin L, Deng Q, Lv X, Xu K, Liang D. Characterization and functional validation of β-carotene hydroxylase AcBCH genes in Actinidia chinensis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac063. [PMID: 35611182 PMCID: PMC9123235 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are the pigment substances of yellow-fleshed kiwifruit, and among them β-cryptoxanthin has only been detected in the brighter yellow-fleshed variety 'Jinshi 1'. β-Carotene hydroxylase (BCH) catalyzes the formation of β-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin, but its molecular characteristics and functions have not been fully explained. Here we isolated two β-carotene hydroxylase genes, AcBCH1 and AcBCH2 from kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis), and their relative expression levels exhibited a close correlation with the content of β-cryptoxanthin. AcBCH1 catalyzed the formation of β-cryptoxanthin when transformed into β-carotene-accumulating yeast cells. Moreover, silenced expression of AcBCH1 in kiwifruit caused decreases in the contents of zeaxanthin, lutein, and β-cryptoxanthin, and an increase in β-carotene content. The content of β-carotene decreased significantly after the AcBCH1/2 genes were overexpressed in tomato. The content of zeaxanthin increased and β-carotene decreased in transgenic kiwifruit seedlings. The results will enrich our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of carotenoid biosynthesis in kiwifruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xia
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuanjie Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhiyi Lin
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuqi Guo
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xinling Liu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Honghong Deng
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lijin Lin
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qunxian Deng
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiulan Lv
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Kunfu Xu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Dong Liang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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11
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Zhu F, Wen W, Cheng Y, Fernie AR. The metabolic changes that effect fruit quality during tomato fruit ripening. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2022; 2:2. [PMID: 37789428 PMCID: PMC10515270 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-022-00024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
As the most valuable organ of tomato plants, fruit has attracted considerable attention which most focus on its quality formation during the ripening process. A considerable amount of research has reported that fruit quality is affected by metabolic shifts which are under the coordinated regulation of both structural genes and transcriptional regulators. In recent years, with the development of the next generation sequencing, molecular and genetic analysis methods, lots of genes which are involved in the chlorophyll, carotenoid, cell wall, central and secondary metabolism have been identified and confirmed to regulate pigment contents, fruit softening and other aspects of fruit flavor quality. Here, both research concerning the dissection of fruit quality related metabolic changes, the transcriptional and post-translational regulation of these metabolic pathways are reviewed. Furthermore, a weighted gene correlation network analysis of representative genes of fruit quality has been carried out and the potential of the combined application of the gene correlation network analysis, fine-mapping strategies and next generation sequencing to identify novel candidate genes determinants of fruit quality is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Golm, Germany
| | - Weiwei Wen
- National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Golm, Germany.
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12
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Production and structural characterization of the cytochrome P450 enzymes in carotene ring hydroxylation. Methods Enzymol 2022; 671:223-241. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Davis I, Geng J, Liu A. Metalloenzymes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis in plants. Methods Enzymol 2022; 671:207-222. [PMID: 35878978 PMCID: PMC9315058 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are a family of pigment compounds, a subset of which are precursors for vitamin A biosynthesis. These pigments are derived from isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), with geranylgeranyl diphosphate being the first metabolite unique to carotenoid biosynthesis in plants, algae, fungi, some bacteria, and arthropods. This chapter highlights the metal-dependent enzymes involved in synthesizing carotenoids in plants and the current state of knowledge of their cofactors and mechanisms. Emphasis is given to spectroscopic methods used to characterize metal centers. The recently discovered heme-dependent isomerase Z-ISO is presented as a case study in how to interrogate a metalloenzyme. Use of UV-vis, electron paramagnetic resonance, and magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopies of a metal center at various oxidation states and with external small molecule probes (CN-, CO, and NO) can provide information about the nature of the metal center, the identity of its ligands, and its mechanism of action. Z-ISO is a histidine/cysteine ligated heme-dependent enzyme that is only active in the ferrous state and possesses redox-linked ligand switching. The choice and design of experiments are discussed as well as the conclusions that can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.
| | - Jiafeng Geng
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Aimin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.
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14
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Li T, Deng YJ, Liu JX, Duan AQ, Liu H, Xiong AS. DcCCD4 catalyzes the degradation of α-carotene and β-carotene to affect carotenoid accumulation and taproot color in carrot. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:1116-1130. [PMID: 34547154 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are important natural pigments that give bright colors to plants. The difference in the accumulation of carotenoids is one of the key factors in the formation of various colors in carrot taproots. Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs), including CCD and 9-cis epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, are the main enzymes involved in the cleavage of carotenoids in plants. Seven CCD genes have been annotated from the carrot genome. In this study, through expression analysis, we found that the expression level of DcCCD4 was significantly higher in the taproot of white carrot (low carotenoid content) than orange carrot (high carotenoid content). The overexpression of DcCCD4 in orange carrots caused the taproot color to be pale yellow, and the contents of α- and β-carotene decreased sharply. Mutant carrot with loss of DcCCD4 function exhibited yellow color (the taproot of the control carrot was white). The accumulation of β-carotene was also detected in taproot. Functional analysis of the DcCCD4 enzyme in vitro showed that it was able to cleave α- and β-carotene at the 9, 10 (9', 10') double bonds. In addition, the number of colored chromoplasts in the taproot cells of transgenic carrots overexpressing DcCCD4 was significantly reduced compared with that in normal orange carrots. Results showed that DcCCD4 affects the accumulation of carotenoids through cleavage of α- and β-carotene in carrot taproot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuan-Jie Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jie-Xia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ao-Qi Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
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15
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Singh A, Panwar R, Mittal P, Hassan MI, Singh IK. Plant cytochrome P450s: Role in stress tolerance and potential applications for human welfare. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 184:874-886. [PMID: 34175340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are a versatile group of enzymes and one of the largest families of proteins, controlling various physiological processes via biosynthetic and detoxification pathways. CYPs perform multiple roles through a critical irreversible enzymatic reaction in which an oxygen atom is inserted within hydrophobic molecules, converting them into the reactive and hydro soluble components. During evolution, plants have acquired significantly more number of CYPs and represent about 1% of the encoded genes . CYPs are highly conserved proteins involved in growth, development and tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses. Furthermore, CYPs reinforce plants' molecular and chemical defense mechanisms by regulating the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and controlling biosynthesis and homeostasis of phytohormones, including abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonates. Thus, they are the critical targets of metabolic engineering for enhancing plant defense against environmental stresses. Additionally, CYPs are also used as biocatalysts in the fields of pharmacology and phytoremediation. Herein, we highlight the role of CYPs in plant stress tolerance and their applications for human welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Singh
- Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India.
| | - Ruby Panwar
- Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Pooja Mittal
- Molecular Biology Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Indrakant Kumar Singh
- Molecular Biology Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India.
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16
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Huang D, Liu W, Li A, Hu Z, Wang J, Wang C. Cloning and identification of a novel β-carotene hydroxylase gene from Haematococcus pluvialis and its function in Escherichia coli. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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17
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Liang MH, Xie H, Chen HH, Liang ZC, Jiang JG. Functional Identification of Two Types of Carotene Hydroxylases from the Green Alga Dunaliella bardawil Rich in Lutein. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:1246-1253. [PMID: 32408742 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The salt-tolerant unicellular alga Dunaliella bardawil FACHB-847 can accumulate large amounts of lutein, but the underlying cause of massive accumulation of lutein is still unknown. In this study, genes encoding two types of carotene hydroxylases, i.e., β-carotene hydroxylase (DbBCH) and cytochrome P450 carotenoid hydroxylase (DbCYP97s; DbCYP97A, DbCYP97B, and DbCYP97C), were cloned from D. bardawil. Their substrate specificities and enzyme activities were tested through functional complementation assays in Escherichia coli. It was showed that DbBCH could catalyze the hydroxylation of the β-rings of both β- and α-carotene, and displayed a low level of ε-hydroxylase. Unlike CYP97A from higher plants, DbCYP97A could not hydroxylate β-carotene. DbCYP97A and DbCYP97C showed high hydroxylase activity toward the β-ring and ε-ring of α-carotene, respectively. DbCYP97B displayed minor activity toward the β-ring of α-carotene. The high accumulation of lutein in D. bardawil may be due to the multiple pathways for lutein biosynthesis generated from α-carotene with zeinoxanthin or α-cryptoxanthin as intermediates by DbBCH and DbCYP97s. Taken together, this study provides insights for understanding the underlying reason for high production of lutein in the halophilic green alga D. bardawil FACHB-847.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Liang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hong Xie
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hao-Hong Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhi-Cong Liang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jian-Guo Jiang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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18
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Koul A, Sharma D, Kaul S, Dhar MK. Identification and in silico characterization of cis-acting elements of genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis in tomato. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:287. [PMID: 31297303 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1798-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids, the widespread and structurally diverse class of pigments, accumulate in the fruits of tomato plants in a tissue specific manner. The carotenoid biosynthetic pathway genes have been cloned and characterized in tomato and other plants, however, its regulation is still obscure. We collected and analyzed forty different accessions of tomato for the present study. HPLC analysis revealed differential accumulation of major carotenoids (lycopene and ß-carotene) in the ripe fruit tissue. In order to understand the underlying regulatory mechanisms in carotenoid biosynthesis and accumulation, we sequenced the cis-acting elements i.e. promoter, 5' and 3' untranslated regions of the carotenoid pathway genes, in all accessions, followed by their in silico validation. Major differences observed in the CAAT Box, Opaque-2 Box and L-box in the promoters of carotenoid isomerase and lycopene-beta cyclase genes, respectively, along with the variations in musashi binding element of 5' untranslated regions of the carotenoid isomerase gene, suggest their differential role in regulating the carotenogenesis process in tomato. The binding sites for various transcription factors namely RIN, AGAMOUS, CRY, RAP2.2 and PIF1 on the promoters of important carotenoid pathway genes were predicted in silico. We propose that expression of carotenoid genes and also the formation of protein product in ripe tomato fruits, is regulated efficiently by the binding of these transcription factors at selected sites in the promoter region. Finally, the differential expression of the above-mentioned genes in different developmental tissues supports the possible involvement of promoters and untranslated regions in carotenoid biosynthesis and accumulation process. The present study has generated significant information concerning regulatory players involved in the carotenoid biosynthesis in tomato.
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19
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D'Ambrosio C, Stigliani AL, Giorio G. CRISPR/Cas9 editing of carotenoid genes in tomato. Transgenic Res 2018; 27:367-378. [PMID: 29797189 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-018-0079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 technology is rapidly spreading as genome editing system in crop breeding. The efficacy of CRISPR/Cas9 in tomato was tested on Psy1 and CrtR-b2, two key genes of carotenoid biosynthesis. Carotenoids are plant secondary metabolites that must be present in the diet of higher animals because they exert irreplaceable functions in important physiological processes. Psy1 and CrtR-b2 were chosen because their impairment is easily detectable as a change of fruit or flower color. Two CRISPR/Cas9 constructs were designed to target neighboring sequences on the first exon of each gene. Thirty-four out of forty-nine (69%) transformed plants showed the expected loss-of-function phenotypes due to the editing of both alleles of a locus. However, by including the seven plants edited only at one of the two homologs and showing a normal phenotype, the editing rate reaches the 84%. Although none chimeric phenotype was observed, the cloning of target region amplified fragments revealed that in the 40% of analyzed DNA samples were present more than two alleles. As concerning the type of mutation, it was possible to identify 34 new different alleles across the four transformation experiments. The sequence characterization of the CRISPR/Cas9-induced mutations showed that the most frequent repair errors were the insertion and the deletion of one base. The results of this study prove that the CRISPRCas9 system can be an efficient and quick method for the generation of useful mutations in tomato to be implemented in breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina D'Ambrosio
- Metapontum Agrobios Research Centre, Agenzia Lucana per lo Sviluppo e l'Innovazione in Agricoltura, SS Jonica 106, km 448.2, 75012, Metaponto, Italy.
| | - Adriana Lucia Stigliani
- Metapontum Agrobios Research Centre, Agenzia Lucana per lo Sviluppo e l'Innovazione in Agricoltura, SS Jonica 106, km 448.2, 75012, Metaponto, Italy
| | - Giovanni Giorio
- Metapontum Agrobios Research Centre, Agenzia Lucana per lo Sviluppo e l'Innovazione in Agricoltura, SS Jonica 106, km 448.2, 75012, Metaponto, Italy
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20
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D’Andrea L, Simon-Moya M, Llorente B, Llamas E, Marro M, Loza-Alvarez P, Li L, Rodriguez-Concepcion M. Interference with Clp protease impairs carotenoid accumulation during tomato fruit ripening. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1557-1568. [PMID: 29385595 PMCID: PMC5888976 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Profound metabolic and structural changes are required for fleshy green fruits to ripen and become colorful and tasty. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), fruit ripening involves the differentiation of chromoplasts, specialized plastids that accumulate carotenoid pigments such as β-carotene (pro-vitamin A) and lycopene. Here, we explored the role of the plastidial Clp protease in chromoplast development and carotenoid accumulation. Ripening-specific silencing of one of the subunits of the Clp proteolytic complex resulted in β-carotene-enriched fruits that appeared orange instead of red when ripe. Clp-defective fruit displayed aberrant chromoplasts and up-regulated expression of nuclear genes encoding the tomato homologs of Orange (OR) and ClpB3 chaperones, most probably to deal with misfolded and aggregated proteins that could not be degraded by the Clp protease. ClpB3 and OR chaperones protect the carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate synthase and phytoene synthase, respectively, from degradation, whereas OR chaperones additionally promote chromoplast differentiation by preventing the degradation of carotenoids such as β-carotene. We conclude that the Clp protease contributes to the differentiation of chloroplasts into chromoplasts during tomato fruit ripening, acting in co-ordination with specific chaperones that alleviate protein folding stress, promote enzyme stability and accumulation, and prevent carotenoid degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio D’Andrea
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Simon-Moya
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Briardo Llorente
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ernesto Llamas
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Marro
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Mediterranean Technology Park, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Loza-Alvarez
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Mediterranean Technology Park, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Li Li
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Manuel Rodriguez-Concepcion
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
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21
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Wang S, Zhuang K, Zhang S, Yang M, Kong F, Meng Q. Overexpression of a tomato carotenoid ε-hydroxylase gene (SlLUT1) improved the drought tolerance of transgenic tobacco. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 222:103-112. [PMID: 29425813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress is a considerable environmental factor that restrains photosynthesis. Lutein, the most prolific carotenoid in plant photosynthetic tissues, plays vital roles in the light-harvesting complexes. However, its biological functions under abiotic stresses remain unclear. In our research, transgenic tobacco plants were utilized to investigate the function of the tomato chloroplast-targeted carotenoid epsilon-ring hydroxylase (SlLUT1) in drought stress tolerance. The analysis of SlLUT1-pro-LUC and qRT-PCR showed that drought stress induced SlLUT1 expression. Transgenic tobacco plants exhibit higher lutein content than wild-type (WT) tobacco. Under drought stress, transgenic plants overexpressing SlLUT1 showed better growth performance, higher chlorophyll and relative water contents and more intact chloroplast and PSII supercomplex structures than WT tobacco. The Fv/Fm, Pn, NPQ, and content of D1 protein in transgenic plants were higher than those in WT plants under drought stress. The accumulation of H2O2 and O2- decreased in transgenic tobacco plants. Moreover, transgenic plants exhibited lower MDA accumulation and REL. These results indicate that overexpression of SlLUT1 enhances tolerance to drought stress by maintaining photosynthesis and scavenging ROS in transgenic tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiju Wang
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Kunyang Zhuang
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Song Zhang
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Minmin Yang
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Fanying Kong
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China.
| | - Qingwei Meng
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China.
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22
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Berman J, Zorrilla-López U, Sandmann G, Capell T, Christou P, Zhu C. The Silencing of Carotenoid β-Hydroxylases by RNA Interference in Different Maize Genetic Backgrounds Increases the β-Carotene Content of the Endosperm. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2515. [PMID: 29186806 PMCID: PMC5751118 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is a staple food in many parts of Africa, but the endosperm generally contains low levels of the pro-vitamin A carotenoid β-carotene, leading to vitamin A deficiency disease in populations relying on cereal-based diets. However, maize endosperm does accumulate high levels of other carotenoids, including zeaxanthin, which is derived from β-carotene via two hydroxylation reactions. Blocking these reactions could therefore improve the endosperm β-carotene content. Accordingly, we used RNA interference (RNAi) to silence the endogenous ZmBCH1 and ZmBCH2 genes, which encode two non-heme di-iron carotenoid β-hydroxylases. The genes were silenced in a range of maize genetic backgrounds by introgressing the RNAi cassette, allowing us to determine the impact of ZmBCH1/ZmBCH2 silencing in diverse hybrids. The β-carotene content of the endosperm increased substantially in all hybrids in which ZmBCH2 was silenced, regardless of whether or not ZmBCH1 was silenced simultaneously. However, the β-carotene content did not change significantly in C17 hybrids (M7 × C17 and M13 × C17) compared to C17 alone, because ZmBCH2 is already expressed at negligible levels in the C17 parent. Our data indicate that ZmBCH2 is primarily responsible for the conversion of β-carotene to zeaxanthin in maize endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Berman
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (J.B.); (U.Z.-L.); (T.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Uxue Zorrilla-López
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (J.B.); (U.Z.-L.); (T.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Gerhard Sandmann
- Biosynthesis Group, Molecular Biosciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität, 60054 Frankfurt, Germany;
| | - Teresa Capell
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (J.B.); (U.Z.-L.); (T.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Paul Christou
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (J.B.); (U.Z.-L.); (T.C.); (P.C.)
- ICREA, Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Changfu Zhu
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (J.B.); (U.Z.-L.); (T.C.); (P.C.)
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
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Ma J, Xu Z, Tan G, Wang F, Xiong A. Distinct transcription profile of genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis among six different color carrot (Daucus carota L.) cultivars. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2017; 49:817-826. [PMID: 28910981 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoid, a group of lipophilic molecules, is widely distributed in nature, and is important for plant photosynthesis and photoprotection. In carrot taproot, different types of dominant carotenoid accumulation lead to yellow, orange, and red colors. In this study, six different carrot cultivars were used to simultaneously analyze carotenoid contents by high performance liquid chromatography. The expression levels of genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis of carrot were also detected by real-time quantitative PCR. It was found that genes involved in xanthophyll formation were expressed at high levels in yellow carrot cultivars. However, these genes were expressed at low levels in orange carrot cultivars. The contents of α- and β-carotene accounted for a large proportion in total carotenoid contents in orange carrot cultivars. These results indicate that α-carotene accumulation and xanthophyll formation may be related to the expression levels of carotene hydroxylase genes in carrot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhisheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guofei Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Aisheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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24
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Fu X, Cheng S, Liao Y, Huang B, Du B, Zeng W, Jiang Y, Duan X, Yang Z. Comparative analysis of pigments in red and yellow banana fruit. Food Chem 2017; 239:1009-1018. [PMID: 28873516 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Color is an important characteristic determining the fruit value. Although ripe bananas usually have yellow peels, several banana cultivars have red peels. As details of the pigments in banana fruits are unknown, we investigated these pigments contents and compositions in the peel and pulp of red cultivar 'Hongjiaowang' and yellow cultivar 'Baxijiao' by UPLC-PDA-QTOF-MS and HPLC-PDA techniques. The 'Hongjiaowang' peel color was mainly determined by the presence of anthocyanin-containing epidermal cells. Rutinoside derivatives of cyanidin, peonidin, petunidin, and malvidin were unique to the red peel, and possibly responsible for the red color. 'Hongjiaowang' contained higher total content of carotenoids than 'Baxijiao' in both pulp and peel. Lutein, α-carotene, and β-carotene were main carotenoids, which might play a more important role than flavonoids in producing the yellow banana color owing to the properties and distribution in the fruit. The information will help us understand a complete profile of pigments in banana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumin Fu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Sihua Cheng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yinyin Liao
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Bingzhi Huang
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bing Du
- College of Food, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- Waters Technologies (Shanghai) Ltd., No. 1000 Jinhai Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xuewu Duan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Ziyin Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
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25
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Ewas M, Gao Y, Ali F, Nishawy EM, Shahzad R, Subthain H, Amar M, Martin C, Luo J. RNA-seq reveals mechanisms of SlMX1 for enhanced carotenoids and terpenoids accumulation along with stress resistance in tomato. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2017; 62:476-485. [PMID: 36659256 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Improving nutritional fruit quality and impacts important agro-traits such as biotic or abiotic stresses are extremely important for human civilization. Our previous study reported that manipulation of SlMX1 gene enhanced carotenoids accumulation and drought resistance in tomato. Here, RNA-Seq analysis proved to be a very useful tool to provide insights into the regulatory mechanisms of SlMX1 involved in stress resistance and enhanced secondary metabolites. Physiological analysis showed that over-expression of SlMX1 results in substantially increased broad-spectrum tolerance to a wide-range of abiotic and biotic (fungus, bacteria, virus and insects) stresses in tomato. This research appears to be of remarkable interest because enhanced terpenoids content has been achieved by increasing trichome density. In addition, we reported two types of trichome which seems to be aberrant types in tomato. This study unravels the mechanism of regulation of SlMX1, which simultaneously modulates resistance and metabolic processes through regulating key structural and regulatory genes of the corresponding pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ewas
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Egyptian Deserts Gene Bank (EDGB), Genetic Resources Department Cairo, Egypt; Deserts Research Center (DRC), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Yangqiang Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Farhan Ali
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Elsayed M Nishawy
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Egyptian Deserts Gene Bank (EDGB), Genetic Resources Department Cairo, Egypt; Deserts Research Center (DRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Raheel Shahzad
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hizar Subthain
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mohamed Amar
- Egyptian Deserts Gene Bank (EDGB), Genetic Resources Department Cairo, Egypt; Deserts Research Center (DRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Cathie Martin
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jie Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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26
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Koul A, Yogindran S, Sharma D, Kaul S, Rajam MV, Dhar MK. Carotenoid profiling, in silico analysis and transcript profiling of miRNAs targeting carotenoid biosynthetic pathway genes in different developmental tissues of tomato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 108:412-421. [PMID: 27552179 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoid biosynthetic pathway is one of the highly significant and very well elucidated secondary metabolic pathways in plants. microRNAs are the potential regulators, widely known for playing a pivotal role in the regulation of various biological as well as metabolic processes. miRNAs may assist in the metabolic engineering of the secondary metabolites for the production of elite genotypes with increased biomass and content of various metabolites. miRNA mediated regulation of carotenoid biosynthetic genes has not been elucidated so far. To illustrate the potential regulatory role of miRNAs in carotenoid biosynthesis, transcript profiling of the known miRNAs and their possible target carotenoid genes was undertaken at eight different developmental stages of tomato, using stem-loop PCR approach combined with quantitative RT-PCR. The inter-relationship amongst carotenoid content, biosynthetic genes and miRNAs was studied in depth. Comparative expression profiles of miRNA and target genes showed variable expression in different tissues studied. The expression level of miRNAs and their target carotenoid genes displayed similar pattern in the vegetative tissues as compared to the reproductive ones, viz. fruit (different stages), indicating the possibility of regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis at various stages of fruit development. This was later confirmed by the HPLC analysis of the carotenoids. The present study has further enhanced the understanding of regulation of carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in plants. The identified miRNAs can be employed to manipulate the biosynthesis of different carotenoids, through metabolic engineering for the production of lycopene rich tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Koul
- Genome Research Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, 180006, India
| | - Sneha Yogindran
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi (South Campus), New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Genome Research Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, 180006, India
| | - Sanjana Kaul
- Genome Research Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, 180006, India
| | | | - Manoj K Dhar
- Genome Research Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, 180006, India.
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27
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Ma G, Zhang L, Yungyuen W, Tsukamoto I, Iijima N, Oikawa M, Yamawaki K, Yahata M, Kato M. Expression and functional analysis of citrus carotene hydroxylases: unravelling the xanthophyll biosynthesis in citrus fruits. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:148. [PMID: 27358074 PMCID: PMC4928310 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0840-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xanthophylls are oxygenated carotenoids and fulfill critical roles in plant growth and development. In plants, two different types of carotene hydroxylases, non-heme di-iron and heme-containing cytochrome P450, were reported to be involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophyll. Citrus fruits accumulate a high amount of xanthophylls, especially β,β-xanthophylls. To date, however, the roles of carotene hydroxylases in regulating xanthophyll content and composition have not been elucidated. RESULTS In the present study, the roles of four carotene hydroxylase genes (CitHYb, CitCYP97A, CitCYP97B, and CitCYP97C) in the biosynthesis of xanthophyll in citrus fruits were investigated. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the four citrus carotene hydroxylases presented in four distinct clusters which have been identified in higher plants. CitHYb was a non-heme di-iron carotene hydroxylase, while CitCYP97A, CitCYP97B, and CitCYP97C were heme-containing cytochrome P450-type carotene hydroxylases. Gene expression results showed that the expression of CitHYb increased in the flavedo and juice sacs during the ripening process, which was well consistent with the accumulation of β,β-xanthophyll in citrus fruits. The expression of CitCYP97A and CitCYP97C increased with a peak in November, which might lead to an increase of lutein in the juice sacs during the ripening process. The expression level of CitCYP97B was much lower than that of CitHYb, CitCYP97A, and CitCYP97C in the juice sacs during the ripening process. Functional analysis showed that the CitHYb was able to catalyze the hydroxylation of the β-rings of β-carotene and α-carotene in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells. Meanwhile, when CitHYb was co-expressed with CitCYP97C, α-carotene was hydroxylated on the β-ring and ε-ring sequentially to produce lutein. CONCLUSIONS CitHYb was a key gene for β,β-xanthophyll biosynthesis in citrus fruits. CitCYP97C functioned as an ε-ring hydroxylase to produce lutein using zeinoxanthin as a substrate. The results will contribute to elucidating xanthophyll biosynthesis in citrus fruits, and provide new strategies to improve the nutritional and commercial qualities of citrus fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ma
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Lancui Zhang
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Witchulada Yungyuen
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
- />The United Graduate school of Agricultural Science, Gifu University (Shizuoka University), Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan
| | - Issei Tsukamoto
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Natsumi Iijima
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Michiru Oikawa
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Kazuki Yamawaki
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Masaki Yahata
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Masaya Kato
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
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28
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Martí R, Roselló S, Cebolla-Cornejo J. Tomato as a Source of Carotenoids and Polyphenols Targeted to Cancer Prevention. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:E58. [PMID: 27331820 PMCID: PMC4931623 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8060058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A diet rich in vegetables has been associated with a reduced risk of many diseases related to aging and modern lifestyle. Over the past several decades, many researches have pointed out the direct relation between the intake of bioactive compounds present in tomato and a reduced risk of suffering different types of cancer. These bioactive constituents comprise phytochemicals such as carotenoids and polyphenols. The direct intake of these chemoprotective molecules seems to show higher efficiencies when they are ingested in its natural biological matrix than when they are ingested isolated or in dietary supplements. Consequently, there is a growing trend for improvement of the contents of these bioactive compounds in foods. The control of growing environment and processing conditions can ensure the maximum potential accumulation or moderate the loss of bioactive compounds, but the best results are obtained developing new varieties via plant breeding. The modification of single steps of metabolic pathways or their regulation via conventional breeding or genetic engineering has offered excellent results in crops such as tomato. In this review, we analyse the potential of tomato as source of the bioactive constituents with cancer-preventive properties and the result of modern breeding programs as a strategy to increase the levels of these compounds in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Martí
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Mejora de la Calidad Agroalimentaria UJI-UPV, Department de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain.
| | - Salvador Roselló
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Mejora de la Calidad Agroalimentaria UJI-UPV, Department de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain.
| | - Jaime Cebolla-Cornejo
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Mejora de la Calidad Agroalimentaria UJI-UPV, COMAV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Cno., De Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain.
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29
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Karppinen K, Zoratti L, Sarala M, Carvalho E, Hirsimäki J, Mentula H, Martens S, Häggman H, Jaakola L. Carotenoid metabolism during bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) fruit development under different light conditions is regulated by biosynthesis and degradation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:95. [PMID: 27098458 PMCID: PMC4839083 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0785-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carotenoids are important pigments and precursors for central signaling molecules associated in fruit development and ripening. Carotenoid metabolism has been studied especially in the climacteric tomato fruit but the content of carotenoids and the regulation of their metabolism have been shown to be highly variable between fruit species. Non-climacteric berries of the genus Vaccinium are among the best natural sources of health-beneficial flavonoids but not studied previously for carotenoid biosynthesis. RESULTS In this study, carotenoid biosynthetic genes, PSY, PDS, ZDS, CRTISO, LCYB, LCYE, BCH and CYP450-BCH, as well as a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase CCD1 were identified from bilberry (V. myrtillus L.) fruit and their expression was studied along with carotenoid composition during fruit development under different photoperiod and light quality conditions. Bilberry was found to be a good source of carotenoids among fruits and berries. The most abundant carotenoids throughout the berry development were lutein and β-carotene, which were accompanied by lower amounts of 9Z-β-carotene, violaxanthin, neoxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin. The expression patterns of the biosynthetic genes in ripening fruits indicated a metabolic flux towards β-branch of the carotenoid pathway. However, the carotenoid levels decreased in both the β-branch and ε,β-branch towards bilberry fruit ripening along with increased VmCCD1 expression, similarly to VmNCED1, indicating enzymatic carotenoid cleavage and degradation. Intense white light conditions increased the expression of the carotenoid biosynthetic genes but also the expression of the cleavage genes VmCCD1 and VmNCED1, especially in unripe fruits. Instead, mature bilberry fruits responded specifically to red/far-red light wavelengths by inducing the expression of both the carotenoid biosynthetic and the cleavage genes indicating tissue and developmental stage specific regulation of apocarotenoid formation by light quality. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of carotenoid biosynthesis in Vaccinium berries. Our results indicate that both transcriptional regulation of the key biosynthetic genes and the enzymatic degradation of the produced carotenoids to apocarotenoids have significant roles in the determination of the carotenoid content and have overall effect on the metabolism during the bilberry fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Karppinen
- />Genetics and Physiology Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
- />Climate laboratory Holt, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Laura Zoratti
- />Genetics and Physiology Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Marian Sarala
- />Genetics and Physiology Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Elisabete Carvalho
- />Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Center, via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all’Adige, TN Italy
| | - Jenni Hirsimäki
- />Genetics and Physiology Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Helmi Mentula
- />Genetics and Physiology Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Stefan Martens
- />Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Center, via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all’Adige, TN Italy
| | - Hely Häggman
- />Genetics and Physiology Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Laura Jaakola
- />Climate laboratory Holt, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
- />NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, P.O. Box 115, NO-1431 Ås, Norway
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30
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Chen L, Li L, Dai Y, Wang X, Duan Y, Yang G. De novo transcriptome analysis of Osmanthus serrulatus Rehd. flowers and leaves by Illumina sequencing. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2015.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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31
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Chang S, Berman J, Sheng Y, Wang Y, Capell T, Shi L, Ni X, Sandmann G, Christou P, Zhu C. Cloning and Functional Characterization of the Maize (Zea mays L.) Carotenoid Epsilon Hydroxylase Gene. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128758. [PMID: 26030746 PMCID: PMC4452274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The assignment of functions to genes in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway is necessary to understand how the pathway is regulated and to obtain the basic information required for metabolic engineering. Few carotenoid ε-hydroxylases have been functionally characterized in plants although this would provide insight into the hydroxylation steps in the pathway. We therefore isolated mRNA from the endosperm of maize (Zea mays L., inbred line B73) and cloned a full-length cDNA encoding CYP97C19, a putative heme-containing carotenoid ε hydroxylase and member of the cytochrome P450 family. The corresponding CYP97C19 genomic locus on chromosome 1 was found to comprise a single-copy gene with nine introns. We expressed CYP97C19 cDNA under the control of the constitutive CaMV 35S promoter in the Arabidopsis thaliana lut1 knockout mutant, which lacks a functional CYP97C1 (LUT1) gene. The analysis of carotenoid levels and composition showed that lutein accumulated to high levels in the rosette leaves of the transgenic lines but not in the untransformed lut1 mutants. These results allowed the unambiguous functional annotation of maize CYP97C19 as an enzyme with strong zeinoxanthin ε-ring hydroxylation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Chang
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Judit Berman
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, 25198, Spain
| | - Yanmin Sheng
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Yingdian Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Teresa Capell
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, 25198, Spain
| | - Lianxuan Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Xiuzhen Ni
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Gerhard Sandmann
- Biosynthesis Group, Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, D-60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Paul Christou
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, 25198, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Changfu Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, 25198, Spain
- * E-mail:
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32
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Takemura M, Maoka T, Misawa N. Biosynthetic routes of hydroxylated carotenoids (xanthophylls) in Marchantia polymorpha, and production of novel and rare xanthophylls through pathway engineering in Escherichia coli. PLANTA 2015; 241:699-710. [PMID: 25467956 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2213-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
MpBHY codes for a carotene β-ring 3(,3')-hydroxylase responsible for both zeaxanthin and lutein biosynthesis in liverwort. MpCYP97C functions as an ε-ring hydroxylase (zeinoxanthin 3'-hydroxylase) to produce lutein in liverwort. Xanthophylls are oxygenated or hydroxylated carotenes that are most abundant in the light-harvesting complexes of plants. The plant-type xanthophylls consist of α-xanthophyll (lutein) and β-xanthophylls (zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, violaxanthin and neoxanthin). The α-xanthophyll and β-xanthophylls are derived from α-carotene and β-carotene by carotene hydroxylase activities, respectively. β-Ring 3,3'-hydroxylase that mediates the route of zeaxanthin from β-carotene via β-cryptoxanthin is present in higher plants and is encoded by the BHY (BCH) gene. On the other hand, CYP97A (or BHY) and CYP97C genes are responsible for β-ring 3-hydroxylation and ε-ring 3'-hydroxylation, respectively, in routes from α-carotene to lutein. To elucidate the evolution of the biosynthetic routes of such hydroxylated carotenoids from carotenes in land plants, we identified and functionally analyzed carotenoid hydroxylase genes of liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L. Three genes homologous to higher plants, BHY, CYP97A, and CYP97C, were isolated and named MpBHY, MpCYP97A, and MpCYP97C, respectively. MpBHY was found to code for β-ring hydroxylase, which is responsible for both routes starting from β-carotene and α-carotene. MpCYP97C functioned as an ε-ring hydroxylase not for α-carotene but for zeinoxanthin, while MpCYP97A showed no hydroxylation activity for β-carotene or α-carotene. These findings suggest the original functions of the hydroxylation enzymes of carotenes in land plants, which are thought to diversify in higher plants. In addition, we generated recombinant Escherichia coli cells, which produced rare and novel carotenoids such as α-echinenone and 4-ketozeinoxanthin, through pathway engineering using bacterial carotenogenic genes that include crtW, in addition to the liverwort MpLCYb, MpLCYe and MpBHY genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Takemura
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308, Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan,
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Liu Y, Zeng S, Sun W, Wu M, Hu W, Shen X, Wang Y. Comparative analysis of carotenoid accumulation in two goji (Lycium barbarum L. and L. ruthenicum Murr.) fruits. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:269. [PMID: 25511605 PMCID: PMC4276078 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0269-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The traditional Chinese medicinal plants Lycium barbarum L. and L. ruthenicum Murr. are valued for the abundance of bioactive carotenoids and anthocyanins in their fruits, respectively. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms contributing to their species-specific bioactive profiles remain poorly understood. RESULTS In this study, the red fruit (RF) of L. barbarum was found to accumulate high levels of carotenoids (primarily zeaxanthin), while they were undetectable in the black fruit (BF) of L. ruthenicum. Cytological and gene transcriptional analyses revealed that the chromoplast differentiation that occurs in the chloroplast during fruit ripening only occurs in RF, indicating that the lack of chromoplast biogenesis in BF leads to no sink for carotenoid storage and the failure to synthesize carotenoids. Similar enzyme activities of phytoene synthase 1 (PSY1), chromoplast-specific lycopene β-cyclase (CYC-B) and β-carotene hydroxylase 2 (CRTR-B2) were observed in both L. ruthenicum and L. barbarum, suggesting that the undetectable carotenoid levels in BF were not due to the inactivation of carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes. The transcript levels of the carotenoid biosynthetic genes, particularly PSY1, phytoene desaturase (PDS), ζ-carotene desaturase (ZDS), CYC-B and CRTR-B2, were greatly increased during RF ripening, indicating increased zeaxanthin biosynthesis. Additionally, carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 (CCD4) was expressed at much higher levels in BF than in RF, suggesting continuous carotenoid degradation in BF. CONCLUSIONS The failure of the chromoplast development in BF causes low carotenoid biosynthesis levels and continuous carotenoid degradation, which ultimately leads to undetectable carotenoid levels in ripe BF. In contrast, the successful chromoplast biogenesis in RF furnishes the sink necessary for carotenoid storage. Based on this observation, the abundant zeaxanthin accumulation in RF is primarily determined via both the large carotenoid biosynthesis levels and the lack of carotenoid degradation, which are regulated at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Liu
- />Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074 China
- />University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Shaohua Zeng
- />Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650 China
| | - Wei Sun
- />Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Min Wu
- />Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650 China
| | - Weiming Hu
- />Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074 China
- />University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Xiaofei Shen
- />Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074 China
- />University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Ying Wang
- />Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074 China
- />Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650 China
- />Northwest Center for Agrobiotechnology (Ningxia), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Sintupachee S, Ngamrojanavanich N, Sitthithaworn W, De-Eknamkul W. Molecular cloning, bacterial expression and functional characterisation of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, CYP97C27, and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, CPR I, from Croton stellatopilosus Ohba. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 229:131-141. [PMID: 25443840 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The cDNAs for cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (designated as CYP97C27 by D. Nelson's group) and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (designated as CPR I based on its classification) were isolated from Croton stellatopilosus leaves, which actively biosynthesise plaunotol (18-OH geranylgeraniol). CYP97C27 and CPR I contain open reading frames encoding proteins of 471 and 711 amino acids with predicted molecular masses of 53 and 79kDa, respectively. By aligning the deduced sequences of CYP97C27 and CPR I with other plant species, all functional domains of CYP97C27 (heme and oxygen binding) and CPR I (CYP- and FMN, FAD, and NADPH cofactor binding) were identified. Amino acid sequence comparison indicated that both CYP97C27 (85-93%) and CPR I (79-83%) share high sequence identities with homologous proteins in other plant species, suggesting that CYP97C27 belongs to the CYP97C subfamily and that CPR I belongs to class I of the dicotyledonous CPR. Functional characterisation of both enzymes, produced in Escherichia coli (pET32a/BL21(DE3)) as recombinant proteins, showed that simultaneous incubation of CYP97C27 and CPR I with the substrate geranylgeraniol (GGOH) and coenzyme NADPH led to formation of the product plaunotol. In C. stellatopilosus, the levels of the CYP97C27 and CPR I transcripts were highly correlated with those of several mRNAs involved in the plaunotol biosynthetic pathway, suggesting that CYP97C27 and CPR I are the enzymes that catalyse the last hydroxylation step of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriluk Sintupachee
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Research Unit for Natural Product Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Worapan Sitthithaworn
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakonnayok 26120, Thailand
| | - Wanchai De-Eknamkul
- Research Unit for Natural Product Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Department of Phamacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Yang LE, Huang XQ, Hang Y, Deng YY, Lu QQ, Lu S. The P450-type carotene hydroxylase PuCHY1 from Porphyra suggests the evolution of carotenoid metabolism in red algae. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 56:902-915. [PMID: 24942088 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Carotene hydroxylases catalyze the hydroxylation of α- and β-carotene hydrocarbons into xanthophylls. In red algae, β-carotene is a ubiquitously distributed carotenoid, and hydroxylated carotenoids such as zeaxanthin and lutein are also found. However, no enzyme with carotene hydroxylase activity had been previously identified in red algae. Here, we report the isolation of a gene encoding a cytochrome P450-type carotene hydroxylase (PuCHY1) from Porphyra umbilicalis, a red alga with an ancient origin. Sequence comparisons found PuCHY1 belongs to the CYP97B subfamily, which has members from different photosynthetic organisms ranging from red algae to land plants. Functional complementation in Escherichia coli suggested that PuCHY1 catalyzed the conversion from β-carotene to zeaxanthin. When we overexpressed PuCHY1 in the Arabidopsis thaliana chy2 mutant, pigment analysis showed a significant accumulation of hydroxylated carotenoids, including neoxanthin, violaxanthin, and lutein in the leaves of transgenic plants. These results confirmed a β-hydroxylation activity of PuCHY1, and also suggested a possible ϵ-hydroxylation function. The pigment profile and gene expression analyses of the algal thallus under high-light stress suggested that P. umbilicalis is unlikely to operate a partial xanthophyll cycle for photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-En Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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Yang Y, Xu M, Luo Q, Wang J, Li H. De novo transcriptome analysis of Liriodendron chinense petals and leaves by Illumina sequencing. Gene 2013; 534:155-62. [PMID: 24239772 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg is an endangered species and occupies a pivotal position in phylogenetic studies of flowering plants, while its genomic resources are limited. In this study, we performed transcriptome sequencing for L. chinense petals and leaves using the Illumina paired-end sequencing technique. Approximately 17.02-Gb clean reads were obtained, and de novo assembly generated 87,841 unigenes, with an average length of 778 bp. Of these, there were 65,535 (74.61%) unigenes with significant similarity to publically available plant protein sequences. There were 3386 genes identified as significant differentially expressed between petals and leaves, among them 2969 (87.68%) were up-regulated and 417 (12.31%) down-regulated in petals. Metabolic pathway analysis revealed that 25 unigenes were predicted to be responsible for the biosynthesis of carotenoids, with 7 genes differentially expressed between these two tissues. This report is the first to identify genes associated with carotenoid biosynthesis in Liriodendron and represents a valuable resource for future genomic studies on the endangered species L. chinense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Qunfeng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Huogen Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Elevation of lutein content in tomato: A biochemical tug-of-war between lycopene cyclases. Metab Eng 2013; 20:167-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kilambi HV, Kumar R, Sharma R, Sreelakshmi Y. Chromoplast-specific carotenoid-associated protein appears to be important for enhanced accumulation of carotenoids in hp1 tomato fruits. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:2085-101. [PMID: 23400702 PMCID: PMC3613478 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.212191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) high-pigment mutants with lesions in diverse loci such as DNA Damage-Binding Protein1 (high pigment1 [hp1]), Deetiolated1 (hp2), Zeaxanthin Epoxidase (hp3), and Intense pigment (Ip; gene product unknown) exhibit increased accumulation of fruit carotenoids coupled with an increase in chloroplast number and size. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms exaggerating the carotenoid accumulation and the chloroplast number in these mutants. A comparison of proteome profiles from the outer pericarp of hp1 mutant and wild-type (cv Ailsa Craig) fruits at different developmental stages revealed at least 72 differentially expressed proteins during ripening. Hierarchical clustering grouped these proteins into three clusters. We found an increased abundance of chromoplast-specific carotenoid-associated protein (CHRC) in hp1 fruits at red-ripe stage that is also reflected in its transcript level. Western blotting using CHRC polyclonal antibody from bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) revealed a 2-fold increase in the abundance of CHRC protein in the red-ripe stage of hp1 fruits compared with the wild type. CHRC levels in hp2 were found to be similar to that of hp1, whereas hp3 and Ip showed intermediate levels to those in hp1, hp2, and wild-type fruits. Both CHRC and carotenoids were present in the isolated plastoglobules. Overall, our results suggest that loss of function of DDB1, DET1, Zeaxanthin Epoxidase, and Ip up-regulates CHRC levels. Increase in CHRC levels may contribute to the enhanced carotenoid content in these high-pigment fruits by assisting in the sequestration and stabilization of carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himabindu Vasuki Kilambi
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Rameshwar Sharma
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Yellamaraju Sreelakshmi
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
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Wiśniewska A, Dąbrowska-Bronk J, Szafrański K, Fudali S, Święcicka M, Czarny M, Wilkowska A, Morgiewicz K, Matusiak J, Sobczak M, Filipecki M. Analysis of tomato gene promoters activated in syncytia induced in tomato and potato hairy roots by Globodera rostochiensis. Transgenic Res 2012; 22:557-69. [PMID: 23129482 PMCID: PMC3653032 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-012-9665-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis) induces feeding sites (syncytia) in tomato and potato roots. In a previous study, 135 tomato genes up-regulated during G. rostochiensis migration and syncytium development were identified. Five genes (CYP97A29, DFR, FLS, NIK and PMEI) were chosen for further study to examine their roles in plant-nematode interactions. The promoters of these genes were isolated and potential cis regulatory elements in their sequences were characterized using bioinformatics tools. Promoter fusions with the β-glucuronidase gene were constructed and introduced into tomato and potato genomes via transformation with Agrobacterium rhizogenes to produce hairy roots. The analysed promoters displayed different activity patterns in nematode-infected and uninfected transgenic hairy roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wiśniewska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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Fuentes P, Pizarro L, Moreno JC, Handford M, Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Stange C. Light-dependent changes in plastid differentiation influence carotenoid gene expression and accumulation in carrot roots. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 79:47-59. [PMID: 22427026 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9893-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Carrot is an important nutritional crop due to the high levels of pro-vitamin A carotenoids (β-carotene and, to a lower extent, α-carotene) that accumulate in its storage root during secondary growth. In this work we show that in carrots, contrary to that reported for aerial organs of other plant species, light has a profound effect on root development by inhibiting root thickening, preventing the differentiation of chromoplasts and eventually repressing the expression of most genes required for the biosynthesis of β-carotene and α-carotene and to a lesser extent genes for xanthophylls and apocarotenoids biosynthesis. We observed a correlation in the carotenoid profile and the patterns of gene expression during the development of root segments grown either in the light or in the dark, which suggests a transcriptional regulation for carotenoid synthesis during carrot root development. Furthermore, our work supports the conclusion that the differentiation of chromoplasts coincides with carotenoid accumulation during the later stages of development of underground storage roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
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Okabe Y, Asamizu E, Saito T, Matsukura C, Ariizumi T, Brès C, Rothan C, Mizoguchi T, Ezura H. Tomato TILLING technology: development of a reverse genetics tool for the efficient isolation of mutants from Micro-Tom mutant libraries. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 52:1994-2005. [PMID: 21965606 PMCID: PMC3212723 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcr134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
To accelerate functional genomic research in tomato, we developed a Micro-Tom TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions In Genomes) platform. DNA pools were constructed from 3,052 ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutant lines treated with 0.5 or 1.0% EMS. The mutation frequency was calculated by screening 10 genes. The 0.5% EMS population had a mild mutation frequency of one mutation per 1,710 kb, whereas the 1.0% EMS population had a frequency of one mutation per 737 kb, a frequency suitable for producing an allelic series of mutations in the target genes. The overall mutation frequency was one mutation per 1,237 kb, which affected an average of three alleles per kilobase screened. To assess whether a Micro-Tom TILLING platform could be used for efficient mutant isolation, six ethylene receptor genes in tomato (SlETR1-SlETR6) were screened. Two allelic mutants of SlETR1 (Sletr1-1 and Sletr1-2) that resulted in reduced ethylene responses were identified, indicating that our Micro-Tom TILLING platform provides a powerful tool for the rapid detection of mutations in an EMS mutant library. This work provides a practical and publicly accessible tool for the study of fruit biology and for obtaining novel genetic material that can be used to improve important agronomic traits in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Okabe
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Erika Asamizu
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Chiaki Matsukura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Tohru Ariizumi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Cécile Brès
- INRA, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Christophe Rothan
- INRA, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Tsuyoshi Mizoguchi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572 Japan
- *Corresponding author: E-mail, ; Fax, +81-29-853-7734
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