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Navarré A, Nazareth T, Luz C, Meca G, Escrivá L. Characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from human breast milk and their bioactive metabolites with potential application as a probiotic food supplement. Food Funct 2024; 15:8087-8103. [PMID: 38989729 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo02171a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The probiotic properties of twenty-five lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from human breast milk were investigated considering their resistance to gastrointestinal conditions and proteolytic activity. Seven LAB were identified and assessed for auto- and co-aggregation capacity, antibiotic resistance, and behavior during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Three Lacticaseibacillus strains were further evaluated for antifungal activity, metabolite production (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS) and proteolytic profiles (SDS-PAGE and HPLC-DAD) in fermented milk, whey, and soy beverage. All strains resisted in vitro gastrointestinal digestion with viable counts higher than 7.9 log10 CFU mL-1 after the colonic phase. Remarkable proteolytic activity was observed for 18/25 strains. Bacterial auto- and co-aggregation of 7 selected strains reached values up to 23 and 20%, respectively. L. rhamnosus B5H2, L. rhamnosus B9H2 and L. paracasei B10L2 inhibited P. verrucosum, F. verticillioides and F. graminearum fungal growth, highlighting L. rhamnosus B5H2. Several metabolites were identified, including antifungal compounds such as phenylacetic acid and 3-phenyllactic acid, and volatile organic compounds produced in fermented milk, whey, and soy beverage. SDS-PAGE demonstrated bacterial hydrolysis of the main milk (caseins) and soy (glycines and beta-conglycines) proteins, with no apparent hydrolysis of whey proteins. However, HPLC-DAD revealed alpha-lactoglobulin reduction up to 82% and 54% in milk and whey, respectively, with L. rhamnosus B5H2 showing the highest proteolytic activity. Overall, the three selected Lacticaseibacillus strains demonstrated probiotic capacity highlighting L. rhamnosus B5H2 with remarkable potential for generating bioactive metabolites and peptides which are capable of promoting human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Navarré
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av/Vicent A. Estellés, s/n 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Tiago Nazareth
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av/Vicent A. Estellés, s/n 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Carlos Luz
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av/Vicent A. Estellés, s/n 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Giuseppe Meca
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av/Vicent A. Estellés, s/n 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Laura Escrivá
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av/Vicent A. Estellés, s/n 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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2
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Poli N, Keel CJ, Garrido-Sanz D. Expanding the Pseudomonas diversity of the wheat rhizosphere: four novel species antagonizing fungal phytopathogens and with plant-beneficial properties. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1440341. [PMID: 39077740 PMCID: PMC11284033 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1440341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant-beneficial Pseudomonas bacteria hold the potential to be used as inoculants in agriculture to promote plant growth and health through various mechanisms. The discovery of new strains tailored to specific agricultural needs remains an open area of research. In this study, we report the isolation and characterization of four novel Pseudomonas species associated with the wheat rhizosphere. Comparative genomic analysis with all available Pseudomonas type strains revealed species-level differences, substantiated by both digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity, underscoring their status as novel species. This was further validated by the phenotypic differences observed when compared to their closest relatives. Three of the novel species belong to the P. fluorescens species complex, with two representing a novel lineage in the Pseudomonas phylogeny. Functional genome annotation revealed the presence of specific features contributing to rhizosphere colonization, including flagella and components for biofilm formation. The novel species have the genetic potential to solubilize nutrients by acidifying the environment, releasing alkaline phosphatases and their metabolism of nitrogen species, indicating potential as biofertilizers. Additionally, the novel species possess traits that may facilitate direct promotion of plant growth through the modulation of the plant hormone balance, including the ACC deaminase enzyme and auxin metabolism. The presence of biosynthetic clusters for toxins such as hydrogen cyanide and non-ribosomal peptides suggests their ability to compete with other microorganisms, including plant pathogens. Direct inoculation of wheat roots significantly enhanced plant growth, with two strains doubling shoot biomass. Three of the strains effectively antagonized fungal phytopathogens (Thielaviopsis basicola, Fusarium oxysporum, and Botrytis cinerea), demonstrating their potential as biocontrol agents. Based on the observed genetic and phenotypic differences from closely related species, we propose the following names for the four novel species: Pseudomonas grandcourensis sp. nov., type strain DGS24T ( = DSM 117501T = CECT 31011T), Pseudomonas purpurea sp. nov., type strain DGS26T ( = DSM 117502T = CECT 31012T), Pseudomonas helvetica sp. nov., type strain DGS28T ( = DSM 117503T = CECT 31013T) and Pseudomonas aestiva sp. nov., type strain DGS32T ( = DSM 117504T = CECT 31014T).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christoph Joseph Keel
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Garrido-Sanz
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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3
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Jayasooriya N, Magnusson M, Gavin C, Gauss C, Craggs R, Battershill CN, Glasson CRK. Quality of cellulose and biostimulant extracts from Oedogonium calcareum cultivated during primary wastewater treatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 403:130850. [PMID: 38759896 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
A practical two-product cascading biorefinery was developed to extract a biostimulant and cellulose from the freshwater filamentous macroalga Oedogonium calcareum grown while treating primary wastewater. Biostimulant production provides a valuable extract with production of disinfected residual biomass for further product development. Both Escherichia coli and F-specific RNA bacteriophage, indicators of human pathogens contamination, were absent from the residual biomass. The chemical composition of the biostimulant was complex, consisting of growth-promoting substances, free amino acids, and minerals. The O. calcareum cellulose fractions yielded between 9.5% and 10.1% (w/w) with purities from 84% to 90% and closely resembled microcrystalline cellulose. Biostimulant extraction improved cellulose quality by increasing crystallinity from 59% to 62%. Biomass condition, drying process, and biostimulant production influenced the crystallinity index. This study demonstrates a two-step process of biostimulant and cellulose extraction from wastewater-grown Oedogonium, simultaneously disinfecting biomass and isolating high-quality cellulose as a sustainable alternative to conventional extraction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nethmie Jayasooriya
- Coastal Marine Field Station, School of Science, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand; Environmental Research Institute, The University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand.
| | - Marie Magnusson
- Coastal Marine Field Station, School of Science, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand; Environmental Research Institute, The University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Chanelle Gavin
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Christian Gauss
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Rupert Craggs
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd. (NIWA), Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Christopher N Battershill
- Coastal Marine Field Station, School of Science, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand; Environmental Research Institute, The University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Christopher R K Glasson
- Coastal Marine Field Station, School of Science, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand; Environmental Research Institute, The University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
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4
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Kumar V, Nadarajan S, Boddupally D, Wang R, Bar E, Davidovich-Rikanati R, Doron-Faigenboim A, Alkan N, Lewinsohn E, Elad Y, Oren-Shamir M. Phenylalanine treatment induces tomato resistance to Tuta absoluta via increased accumulation of benzenoid/phenylpropanoid volatiles serving as defense signals. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:84-99. [PMID: 38578218 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Tuta absoluta ("leafminer"), is a major pest of tomato crops worldwide. Controlling this insect is difficult due to its efficient infestation, rapid proliferation, and resilience to changing weather conditions. Furthermore, chemical pesticides have only a short-term effect due to rapid development of T. absoluta strains. Here, we show that a variety of tomato cultivars, treated with external phenylalanine solutions exhibit high resistance to T. absoluta, under both greenhouse and open field conditions, at different locations. A large-scale metabolomic study revealed that tomato leaves absorb and metabolize externally given Phe efficiently, resulting in a change in their volatile profile, and repellence of T. absoluta moths. The change in the volatile profile is due to an increase in three phenylalanine-derived benzenoid phenylpropanoid volatiles (BPVs), benzaldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde, and 2-phenylethanol. This treatment had no effect on terpenes and green leaf volatiles, known to contribute to the fight against insects. Phe-treated plants also increased the resistance of neighboring non-treated plants. RNAseq analysis of the neighboring non-treated plants revealed an exclusive upregulation of genes, with enrichment of genes related to the plant immune response system. Exposure of tomato plants to either benzaldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde, or 2-phenylethanol, resulted in induction of genes related to the plant immune system that were also induced due to neighboring Phe-treated plants. We suggest a novel role of phenylalanine-derived BPVs as mediators of plant-insect interactions, acting as inducers of the plant defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Kumar
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
- Center for Life Sciences, Mahindra University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500043, India
| | - Stalin Nadarajan
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Dayakar Boddupally
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Ru Wang
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Einat Bar
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Agriculture Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, The Volcani Center, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Rachel Davidovich-Rikanati
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Agriculture Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, The Volcani Center, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Adi Doron-Faigenboim
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Noam Alkan
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Efraim Lewinsohn
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Agriculture Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, The Volcani Center, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Yigal Elad
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Michal Oren-Shamir
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
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5
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Scarpella E. Leaf Vein Patterning. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 75:377-398. [PMID: 38382907 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-062923-030348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Leaves form veins whose patterns vary from a single vein running the length of the leaf to networks of staggering complexity where huge numbers of veins connect to other veins at both ends. For the longest time, vein formation was thought to be controlled only by the polar, cell-to-cell transport of the plant hormone auxin; recent evidence suggests that is not so. Instead, it turns out that vein patterning features are best accounted for by a combination of polar auxin transport, facilitated auxin diffusion through plasmodesma intercellular channels, and auxin signal transduction-though the latter's precise contribution remains unclear. Equally unclear remain the sites of auxin production during leaf development, on which that vein patterning mechanism ought to depend. Finally, whether that vein patterning mechanism can account for the variety of vein arrangements found in nature remains unknown. Addressing those questions will be the exciting challenge of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Scarpella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;
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Simpson JP, Kim CY, Kaur A, Weng JK, Dilkes B, Chapple C. Genome-wide association identifies a BAHD acyltransferase activity that assembles an ester of glucuronosylglycerol and phenylacetic acid. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:2169-2187. [PMID: 38558472 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are an effective approach to identify new specialized metabolites and the genes involved in their biosynthesis and regulation. In this study, GWAS of Arabidopsis thaliana soluble leaf and stem metabolites identified alleles of an uncharacterized BAHD-family acyltransferase (AT5G57840) associated with natural variation in three structurally related metabolites. These metabolites were esters of glucuronosylglycerol, with one metabolite containing phenylacetic acid as the acyl component of the ester. Knockout and overexpression of AT5G57840 in Arabidopsis and heterologous overexpression in Nicotiana benthamiana and Escherichia coli demonstrated that it is capable of utilizing phenylacetyl-CoA as an acyl donor and glucuronosylglycerol as an acyl acceptor. We, thus, named the protein Glucuronosylglycerol Ester Synthase (GGES). Additionally, phenylacetyl glucuronosylglycerol increased in Arabidopsis CYP79A2 mutants that overproduce phenylacetic acid and was lost in knockout mutants of UDP-sulfoquinovosyl: diacylglycerol sulfoquinovosyl transferase, an enzyme required for glucuronosylglycerol biosynthesis and associated with glycerolipid metabolism under phosphate-starvation stress. GGES is a member of a well-supported clade of BAHD family acyltransferases that arose by duplication and neofunctionalized during the evolution of the Brassicales within a larger clade that includes HCT as well as enzymes that synthesize other plant-specialized metabolites. Together, this work extends our understanding of the catalytic diversity of BAHD acyltransferases and uncovers a pathway that involves contributions from both phenylalanine and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Colin Y Kim
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA
| | - Amanpreet Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Jing-Ke Weng
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology & Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02120, USA
- Institute for Plant-Human Interface, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02120, USA
| | - Brian Dilkes
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Clint Chapple
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
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7
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Kraut-Cohen J, Frenkel O, Covo S, Marcos-Hadad E, Carmeli S, Belausov E, Minz D, Cytryn E. A pipeline for rapidly evaluating activity and inferring mechanisms of action of prospective antifungal compounds. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:2804-2816. [PMID: 38323791 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungal phytopathogens are a significant threat to crops and food security, and there is a constant need to develop safe and effective compounds that antagonize them. In-planta assays are complex and tedious and are thus not suitable for initial high-throughput screening of new candidate antifungal compounds. We propose an in vitro screening pipeline that integrates five rapid quantitative and qualitative methods to estimate the efficacy and mode of action of prospective antifungal compounds. RESULTS The pipeline was evaluated using five documented antifungal compounds (benomyl, catechol, cycloheximide, 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol, and phenylacetic acid) that have different modes of action and efficacy, against the model soilborne fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis cucumerinum. We initially evaluated the five compounds' ability to inhibit fungal growth and metabolic activity using green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled F. oxysporum and PrestoBlue staining, respectively, in multiwell plate assays. We tested the compounds' inhibition of both conidial germination and hyphal elongation. We then employed FUN-1 and SYTO9/propidium iodide staining, coupled to confocal microscopy, to differentiate between fungal growth inhibition and death at the cellular level. Finally, using a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-detection assay, we were able to quantify ROS production in response to compound application. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, the proposed pipeline provides a wide array of quantitative and qualitative data on the tested compounds that can help pinpoint promising novel compounds; these can then be evaluated more vigorously using in planta screening assays. © 2024 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Kraut-Cohen
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Omer Frenkel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Shay Covo
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Evgeniya Marcos-Hadad
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shmuel Carmeli
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Eduard Belausov
- Confocal Microscopy Unit, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Dror Minz
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Eddie Cytryn
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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Schmidt V, Skokan R, Depaepe T, Kurtović K, Haluška S, Vosolsobě S, Vaculíková R, Pil A, Dobrev PI, Motyka V, Van Der Straeten D, Petrášek J. Phytohormone profiling in an evolutionary framework. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3875. [PMID: 38719800 PMCID: PMC11079000 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47753-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The genomes of charophyte green algae, close relatives of land plants, typically do not show signs of developmental regulation by phytohormones. However, scattered reports of endogenous phytohormone production in these organisms exist. We performed a comprehensive analysis of multiple phytohormones in Viridiplantae, focusing mainly on charophytes. We show that auxin, salicylic acid, ethylene and tRNA-derived cytokinins including cis-zeatin are found ubiquitously in Viridiplantae. By contrast, land plants but not green algae contain the trans-zeatin type cytokinins as well as auxin and cytokinin conjugates. Charophytes occasionally produce jasmonates and abscisic acid, whereas the latter is detected consistently in land plants. Several phytohormones are excreted into the culture medium, including auxin by charophytes and cytokinins and salicylic acid by Viridiplantae in general. We note that the conservation of phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways known from angiosperms does not match the capacity for phytohormone biosynthesis in Viridiplantae. Our phylogenetically guided analysis of established algal cultures provides an important insight into phytohormone biosynthesis and metabolism across Streptophyta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Schmidt
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czechia
| | - Roman Skokan
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czechia.
| | - Thomas Depaepe
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katarina Kurtović
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czechia
| | - Samuel Haluška
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czechia
| | - Stanislav Vosolsobě
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czechia
| | - Roberta Vaculíková
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Anthony Pil
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Petre Ivanov Dobrev
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Václav Motyka
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Dominique Van Der Straeten
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czechia.
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czechia.
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9
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Shettar PS, Hiremath MB. GC-MS analysis and anti-oxidant activity of bioactive compounds of Simarouba glauca leaf extracts. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38651517 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2344737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to analyse the phytochemical composition, anti-oxidant activity, FT-IR and GC-MS analysis of Simarouba glauca leaf extracts. The chloroform extract exhibited highest T.P.C. (139.82 ± 0.06 mg/g GAE) and highest T.F.C. (41.95 ± 0.50 mg/g QE). The GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of ten compounds in acetone extract and twenty-two compounds in methanol extract. The GC-MS analysis of acetone fraction showed the major peaks such as Glycerine (13.20%), 1,1,1-trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol (8.92%), Cyclohexanol,2-methyl-5-(1-methylethenyl)- (6.09%), Tetradecane, 2,6,10-trimethyl (7.68%) and Phytol (7.53%). Some of these compounds exhibit anti-oxidant activities. GC-MS analysis of methanol fraction exhibited the presence of following compounds: Undecane (8.52%), 2,3-Trimethylene-4-pyrone (1.79%), cis-Sinapyl alcohol (2.33%) and Umckalin (1.19%). The acetone and methanol fractions exhibited higher percentage of inhibition in DPPH assay. The overall results of this study indicate that the acetone and methanol fractions have been demonstrated to be efficacious against various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadarshini S Shettar
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Murigendra B Hiremath
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
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10
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Li J, Lu X, Zou X, Ye BC. Recent Advances in Microbial Metabolic Engineering for Production of Natural Phenolic Acids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:4538-4551. [PMID: 38377566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Phenolic acids are important natural bioactive compounds with varied physiological functions. They are extensively used in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and other chemical industries and have attractive market prospects. Compared to plant extraction and chemical synthesis, microbial fermentation for phenolic acid production from renewable carbon sources has significant advantages. This review focuses on the structural information, physiological functions, current applications, and biosynthesis pathways of phenolic acids, especially advances in the development of metabolically engineered microbes for the production of phenolic acids. This review provides useful insights concerning phenolic acid production through metabolic engineering of microbial cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- College of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Xiumin Lu
- College of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Xiang Zou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Bang-Ce Ye
- Laboratory of Biosystems and Microanalysis, Institute of Engineering Biology and Health, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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Tan C, Li S, Song J, Zheng X, Zheng H, Xu W, Wan C, Zhang T, Bian Q, Men S. 3,4-Dichlorophenylacetic acid acts as an auxin analog and induces beneficial effects in various crops. Commun Biol 2024; 7:161. [PMID: 38332111 PMCID: PMC10853179 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05848-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Auxins and their analogs are widely used to promote root growth, flower and fruit development, and yield in crops. The action characteristics and application scope of various auxins are different. To overcome the limitations of existing auxins, expand the scope of applications, and reduce side effects, it is necessary to screen new auxin analogs. Here, we identified 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid (Dcaa) as having auxin-like activity and acting through the auxin signaling pathway in plants. At the physiological level, Dcaa promotes the elongation of oat coleoptile segments, the generation of adventitious roots, and the growth of crop roots. At the molecular level, Dcaa induces the expression of auxin-responsive genes and acts through auxin receptors. Molecular docking results showed that Dcaa can bind to auxin receptors, among which TIR1 has the highest binding activity. Application of Dcaa at the root tip of the DR5:GUS auxin-responsive reporter induces GUS expression in the root hair zone, which requires the PIN2 auxin efflux carrier. Dcaa also inhibits the endocytosis of PIN proteins like other auxins. These results provide a basis for the application of Dcaa in agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Suxin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianfu Zheng
- Zhengzhou ZhengShi Chemical Co., Ltd, 450000, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Zhengzhou ZhengShi Chemical Co., Ltd, 450000, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weichang Xu
- Zhengzhou ZhengShi Chemical Co., Ltd, 450000, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Cui Wan
- Zhengzhou ZhengShi Chemical Co., Ltd, 450000, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Bian
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China.
| | - Shuzhen Men
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China.
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12
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Lee KT, Liao HS, Hsieh MH. Glutamine Metabolism, Sensing and Signaling in Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:1466-1481. [PMID: 37243703 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine (Gln) is the first amino acid synthesized in nitrogen (N) assimilation in plants. Gln synthetase (GS), converting glutamate (Glu) and NH4+ into Gln at the expense of ATP, is one of the oldest enzymes in all life domains. Plants have multiple GS isoenzymes that work individually or cooperatively to ensure that the Gln supply is sufficient for plant growth and development under various conditions. Gln is a building block for protein synthesis and an N-donor for the biosynthesis of amino acids, nucleic acids, amino sugars and vitamin B coenzymes. Most reactions using Gln as an N-donor are catalyzed by Gln amidotransferase (GAT) that hydrolyzes Gln to Glu and transfers the amido group of Gln to an acceptor substrate. Several GAT domain-containing proteins of unknown function in the reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana suggest that some metabolic fates of Gln have yet to be identified in plants. In addition to metabolism, Gln signaling has emerged in recent years. The N regulatory protein PII senses Gln to regulate arginine biosynthesis in plants. Gln promotes somatic embryogenesis and shoot organogenesis with unknown mechanisms. Exogenous Gln has been implicated in activating stress and defense responses in plants. Likely, Gln signaling is responsible for some of the new Gln functions in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim-Teng Lee
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, The Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Sheng Liao
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsiun Hsieh
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, The Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
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13
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Feng Z, Xie X, Wu P, Chen M, Qin Y, Zhou Y, Zhu H, Yao Q. Phenylalanine-mediated changes in the soil bacterial community promote nitrogen cycling and plant growth. Microbiol Res 2023; 275:127447. [PMID: 37441843 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Soil amino acids (AAs) are the most active components of soil N, which can be mineralized or absorbed by bacteria as N and C sources. We hypothesized that exogenous AAs could regulate the bacterial community and affect soil N cycling, and the effect sizes could vary depending on individual AAs. Here, we applied feather (keratin)-based compost rich in AAs to Poncirus trifoliata (L.) to evaluate the regulation of bacterial community by AAs; furthermore, we applied six individual AAs to test their effects. The compost significantly increased soil hydrolysable AA content, ammonia monooxygenase gene abundance, and plant growth and changed bacterial community structure. Redundancy analysis revealed that the effects of AAs on the bacterial community composition were greater than those of soil chemical properties, and phenylalanine (Phe) was the most effective among thirteen individual AAs. When applied individually, Phe caused the greatest increase in N cycling-related enzyme activity and plant growth and most significantly altered the bacterial community structure among the six exogenous AAs. Notably, Phe significantly increased the relative abundances of Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia, Azospirillum, Cupriavidus, and Achromobacter, whose abundances were significantly positively correlated with plant biomass, and significantly reduced the relative abundances of Arachidicoccus, Pseudopedobacter, Sphingobacterium, and Paenibacillus, whose abundances were significantly negatively correlated with plant biomass. We demonstrate that soil AAs strongly shape the bacterial community. Particularly, Phe enhances N cycling and plant growth by increasing the potentially beneficial bacterial taxa and inhibiting the potentially harmful bacterial taxa, which needs further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengwei Feng
- College of Horticulture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Litchi, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Xiaolin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; Guangdong BoWoTe Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Shaoguan 512026, China
| | - Peidong Wu
- College of Horticulture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Litchi, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Meng Chen
- College of Horticulture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Litchi, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong BoWoTe Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Shaoguan 512026, China
| | - Yongqiang Qin
- College of Horticulture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Litchi, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Honghui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Qing Yao
- College of Horticulture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Litchi, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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14
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Scarpella E. Axes and polarities in leaf vein formation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:112-124. [PMID: 37261944 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
For multicellular organisms to develop, cells must grow, divide, and differentiate along preferential or exclusive orientations or directions. Moreover, those orientations, or axes, and directions, or polarities, must be coordinated between cells within and between tissues. Therefore, how axes and polarities are coordinated between cells is a key question in biology. In animals, such coordination mainly depends on cell migration and direct interaction between proteins protruding from the plasma membrane. Both cell movements and direct cell-cell interactions are prevented in plants by cell walls that surround plant cells and keep them apart and in place. Therefore, plants have evolved unique mechanisms to coordinate their cell axes and polarities. Here I will discuss evidence suggesting that understanding how leaf veins form may uncover those unique mechanisms. Indeed, unlike previously thought, the cell-to-cell polar transport of the plant hormone auxin along developing veins cannot account for many features of vein patterning. Instead, those features can be accounted for by models of vein patterning that combine polar auxin transport with auxin diffusion through plasmodesmata along the axis of developing veins. Though it remains unclear whether such a combination of polar transport and axial diffusion of auxin can account for the formation of the variety of vein patterns found in plant leaves, evidence suggests that such a combined mechanism may control plant developmental processes beyond vein patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Scarpella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW-405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
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15
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Alqahtani O, Stapleton P, Gibbons S. Production of antibacterial compounds using Bacillus spp. isolated from thermal springs in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:1237-1243. [PMID: 37284417 PMCID: PMC10239688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Seventeen water samples were collected from four different thermal springs in Saudi Arabia. Microbiological assays were used to assess the antibacterial activities of bacterial colonies against antibiotic-resistant and susceptible-bacterial strains, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to identify the genus and species of these antibiotic-producing bacteria. Chromatography and spectroscopy were used to separate the active compounds and help figuring out what their structures were. Four compounds were isolated using bacteria: N-acetyltryptamine (1), isovaleric acid (2), ethyl-4-ethoxybenzoate (3) and phenylacetic acid (4). Compounds 1, 2 and 4 were produced from Bacillus pumilus and 3 was from Bacillus licheniformis (AH-E1). The outcomes of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) showed that all pure compounds produced in this work had antibacterial activities against Gram-positive pathogens (between 128 mg/L and 512 mg/L compared to the control) and compound 2 had activity against E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omaish Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
- Research Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Paul Stapleton
- Research Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Simon Gibbons
- Centre for Natural Products Discovery (CNPD), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, England, UK
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16
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Swebocki T, Barras A, Abderrahmani A, Haddadi K, Boukherroub R. Deep Eutectic Solvents Comprising Organic Acids and Their Application in (Bio)Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108492. [PMID: 37239842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last years, we observed a significant increase in the number of published studies that focus on the synthesis and characterization of deep eutectic solvents (DESs). These materials are of particular interest mainly due to their physical and chemical stability, low vapor pressure, ease of synthesis, and the possibility of tailoring their properties through dilution or change of the ratio of parent substances (PS). DESs, considered as one of the greenest families of solvents, are used in many fields, such as organic synthesis, (bio)catalysis, electrochemistry, and (bio)medicine. DESs applications have already been reported in various review articles. However, these reports mainly described these components' basics and general properties without focusing on the particular, PS-wise, group of DESs. Many DESs investigated for potential (bio)medical applications comprise organic acids. However, due to the different aims of the reported studies, many of these substances have not yet been investigated thoroughly, which makes it challenging for the field to move forward. Herein, we propose distinguishing DESs comprising organic acids (OA-DESs) as a specific group derived from natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs). This review aims to highlight and compare the applications of OA-DESs as antimicrobial agents and drug delivery enhancers-two essential fields in (bio)medical studies where DESs have already been implemented and proven their potential. From the survey of the literature data, it is evident that OA-DESs represent an excellent type of DESs for specific biomedical applications, owing to their negligible cytotoxicity, fulfilling the rules of green chemistry and being generally effective as drug delivery enhancers and antimicrobial agents. The main focus is on the most intriguing examples and (where possible) application-based comparison of particular groups of OA-DESs. This should highlight the importance of OA-DESs and give valuable clues on the direction the field can take.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Swebocki
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520-IEMN-Institut d'Electronique de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Alexandre Barras
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520-IEMN-Institut d'Electronique de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Amar Abderrahmani
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520-IEMN-Institut d'Electronique de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Kamel Haddadi
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520-IEMN-Institut d'Electronique de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Rabah Boukherroub
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520-IEMN-Institut d'Electronique de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, 59000 Lille, France
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17
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Meng Y, Gnanamani E, Zare RN. One-Step Formation of Pharmaceuticals Having a Phenylacetic Acid Core Using Water Microdroplets. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:7724-7728. [PMID: 37011129 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The properties of water microdroplets strikingly differ from bulk water. Using room-temperature water microdroplets, we find that toluene can react with CO2 to form phenylacetic acid in one step without any catalyst with negative high voltage applied at the sprayer source. The chemical components of these microdroplets are identified by mass spectrometry, and product structures are confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry. In this manner, we generate three drug molecules in a single step: 4-aminophenylacetic acid (epithelial peptide transporter PepT1 inhibitor), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (dopamine metabolite neurotransmitter), and phenylacetic acid (sodium salt form; treatment of urea cycle disorder). Mechanistic studies show that benzyl radicals formed from hydroxyl radicals at the water microdroplet interface drive these carboxylation reactions. This water microdroplet chemistry is general, allowing activation and subsequent carboxylation of aryl α-C-H groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Elumalai Gnanamani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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18
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Barak-Gavish N, Dassa B, Kuhlisch C, Nussbaum I, Brandis A, Rosenberg G, Avraham R, Vardi A. Bacterial lifestyle switch in response to algal metabolites. eLife 2023; 12:e84400. [PMID: 36691727 PMCID: PMC9873259 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Unicellular algae, termed phytoplankton, greatly impact the marine environment by serving as the basis of marine food webs and by playing central roles in the biogeochemical cycling of elements. The interactions between phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria affect the fitness of both partners. It is becoming increasingly recognized that metabolic exchange determines the nature of such interactions, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain underexplored. Here, we investigated the molecular and metabolic basis for the bacterial lifestyle switch, from coexistence to pathogenicity, in Sulfitobacter D7 during its interaction with Emiliania huxleyi, a cosmopolitan bloom-forming phytoplankter. To unravel the bacterial lifestyle switch, we analyzed bacterial transcriptomes in response to exudates derived from algae in exponential growth and stationary phase, which supported the Sulfitobacter D7 coexistence and pathogenicity lifestyles, respectively. In pathogenic mode, Sulfitobacter D7 upregulated flagellar motility and diverse transport systems, presumably to maximize assimilation of E. huxleyi-derived metabolites released by algal cells upon cell death. Algal dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) was a pivotal signaling molecule that mediated the transition between the lifestyles, supporting our previous findings. However, the coexisting and pathogenic lifestyles were evident only in the presence of additional algal metabolites. Specifically, we discovered that algae-produced benzoate promoted the growth of Sulfitobacter D7 and hindered the DMSP-induced lifestyle switch to pathogenicity, demonstrating that benzoate is important for maintaining the coexistence of algae and bacteria. We propose that bacteria can sense the physiological state of the algal host through changes in the metabolic composition, which will determine the bacterial lifestyle during interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Barak-Gavish
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Bareket Dassa
- Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Constanze Kuhlisch
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Inbal Nussbaum
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Alexander Brandis
- Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Gili Rosenberg
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Roi Avraham
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Assaf Vardi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
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19
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Comparative Analysis of the Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, Antibacterial, Cytoprotective Potential and Metabolite Profile of Two Endophytic Penicillium spp. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020248. [PMID: 36829807 PMCID: PMC9951918 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study assessed the metabolite abundance, alpha (α)-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity of the ethyl acetate extract (EAE) of endophytic Penicillium lanosum (PL) and Penicillium radiatolobatum (PR). A higher extract yield was found in EAE-PR with a total phenolic content of 119.87 ± 3.74 mg of GAE/g DW and a total flavonoid content of 16.26 ± 1.95 mg of QE/g DW. The EAE-PR inhibited α-amylase and scavenged ABTS+ radicals with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 362.5 and 37.5 µg/mL, respectively. Compared with EAE-PL, EAE-PR exhibited higher antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Treatment with EAE-PR (1000 µg/mL) did not cause significant toxicity in the HEK-293 cell line compared to the control cells (p < 0.05). EAE-PR treatments (250-1000 µg/mL) showed higher cytoprotective effects toward H2O2-stressed HEK-293 cells compared with ascorbic acid (AA). The UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of thiophene A (C13H8S), limonene (C10H16), and phenylacetic acid (C8H8O2) in EAE-PR. Furthermore, these compounds demonstrated substantial interactions with diabetes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase), oxidative stress (NADPH-oxidase), and bacteria (D-alanine D-alanine ligase)-related enzymes/proteins evidenced in silico molecular docking analysis.
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20
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Perez VC, Zhao H, Lin M, Kim J. Occurrence, Function, and Biosynthesis of the Natural Auxin Phenylacetic Acid (PAA) in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:266. [PMID: 36678978 PMCID: PMC9867223 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Auxins are a class of plant hormones playing crucial roles in a plant's growth, development, and stress responses. Phenylacetic acid (PAA) is a phenylalanine-derived natural auxin found widely in plants. Although the auxin activity of PAA in plants was identified several decades ago, PAA homeostasis and its function remain poorly understood, whereas indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the most potent auxin, has been used for most auxin studies. Recent studies have revealed unique features of PAA distinctive from IAA, and the enzymes and intermediates of the PAA biosynthesis pathway have been identified. Here, we summarize the occurrence and function of PAA in plants and highlight the recent progress made in PAA homeostasis, emphasizing PAA biosynthesis and crosstalk between IAA and PAA homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica C. Perez
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Haohao Zhao
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Makou Lin
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jeongim Kim
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Genetic Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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21
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Perez VC, Dai R, Tomiczek B, Mendoza J, Wolf ESA, Grenning A, Vermerris W, Block AK, Kim J. Metabolic link between auxin production and specialized metabolites in Sorghum bicolor. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:364-376. [PMID: 36300527 PMCID: PMC9786853 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aldoximes are amino acid derivatives that serve as intermediates for numerous specialized metabolites including cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, and auxins. Aldoxime formation is mainly catalyzed by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases of the 79 family (CYP79s) that can have broad or narrow substrate specificity. Except for SbCYP79A1, aldoxime biosynthetic enzymes in the cereal sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) have not been characterized. This study identified nine CYP79-encoding genes in the genome of sorghum. A phylogenetic analysis of CYP79 showed that SbCYP79A61 formed a subclade with maize ZmCYP79A61, previously characterized to be involved in aldoxime biosynthesis. Functional characterization of this sorghum enzyme using transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana and stable overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana revealed that SbCYP79A61 catalyzes the production of phenylacetaldoxime (PAOx) from phenylalanine but, unlike the maize enzyme, displays no detectable activity against tryptophan. Additionally, targeted metabolite analysis after stable isotope feeding assays revealed that PAOx can serve as a precursor of phenylacetic acid (PAA) in sorghum and identified benzyl cyanide as an intermediate of PAOx-derived PAA biosynthesis in both sorghum and maize. Taken together, our results demonstrate that SbCYP79A61 produces PAOx in sorghum and may serve in the biosynthesis of other nitrogen-containing phenylalanine-derived metabolites involved in mediating biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica C Perez
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Ru Dai
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Breanna Tomiczek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jorrel Mendoza
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Emily S A Wolf
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Alexander Grenning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Wilfred Vermerris
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Science, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Florida Center for Renewable Chemicals and Fuels, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Anna K Block
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Jeongim Kim
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Biotransformation of the Proteogenic Amino Acids Phenylalanine, Tyrosine and Tryptophan by Yarrowia Species: An Application to the Preparative Synthesis of Natural Phenylacetic Acid. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12121638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The biotransformation of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan originates a number of bioactive compounds. Yeasts are the most used microorganisms for the transformation of (L)-phenylalanine into the flavour phenylethanol. Here, we reported a study on the biotransformation of the proteogenic aminoacids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan by yeast strains belonging to Yarrowia genus. We found that the latter microorganisms, in high aerobic conditions, metabolise the aromatic amino acids (L)-phenylalanine and (L)-tyrosine with the almost exclusive formation of phenylacetic acid and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, respectively. Differently, the biotransformation of (L)-tryptophan with Y. lipolytica, gave anthranilic acid as the main product. As stated by the European and USA legislations concerning natural flavour production, phenylacetic acid obtained by microbial conversion of phenylalanine of natural origin can be commercialised as a natural flavour. Accordingly, our findings were exploited in a new process, based on the Yarrowia strains-mediated biotransformation of natural (L)-phenylalanine, that allows the large-scale preparation of the high-value, natural flavour, phenylacetic acid.
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Matulis P, Malys N. Nanomolar biosensor for detection of phenylacetic acid and L-phenylalanine. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Pan H, Xiao Y, Xie A, Li Z, Ding H, Yuan X, Sun R, Peng Q. The antibacterial mechanism of phenylacetic acid isolated from Bacillus megaterium L2 against Agrobacterium tumefaciens. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14304. [PMID: 36389424 PMCID: PMC9651047 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Agrobacterium tumefaciens T-37 can infect grapes and other fruit trees and cause root cancer. Given the pollution and damage of chemical agents to the environment, the use of biological control has become an important area of focus. Bacillus megaterium L2 is a beneficial biocontrol strain isolated and identified in the laboratory, which has a good antibacterial effect on a variety of plant pathogens. The antibacterial metabolites of L2 were separated and purified to obtain a bioactive compound phenylacetic acid (PAA). Methods The potential antibacterial mechanism of PAA against A. tumefaciens T-37 strain was determined by relative conductivity, leakage of nucleic acids, proteins, and soluble total sugars, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Results PAA showed good antibacterial activity against strain A. tumefaciens T-37 with IC50 of 0.8038 mg/mL. Our data suggested that after treatment with PAA, the relative conductivity, nucleic acid, protein, and total soluble sugar of T-37 were increased significantly compared with the chloramphenicol treatment group and the negative treatment group. The total protein synthesis of T-37 cells was inhibited, the consumption of phosphorus decreased with the increase of incubation time, and the content of ROS was significantly higher than that in the negative treatment group. Meanwhile, the activity of two key enzymes (MDH and SDH) involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) decreased. In addition, T-37 cells were found to be damaged by scanning electron microscopy observation. Our results showed that PAA can destroy cell membrane integrity, damage cell structures, affect cell metabolism, and inhibit protein synthesis to exert an antibacterial effect. Conclusions We concluded that the mechanism of action of the PAA against strain T-37 might be described as PAA exerting antibacterial activity by affecting cell metabolism, inhibiting protein synthesis, and destroying cell membrane integrity and cell ultrastructure. Therefore, PAA has a promising application prospect in the prevention and treatment of root cancer disease caused by A. tumefaciens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Institution of Supervision and Inspection Product Quality of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Ailin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Zhu Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Haixia Ding
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - XiaoJu Yuan
- Development Center of Planting, Huishui County of Qiannan Prefecture, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Ran Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Qiuju Peng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
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Jiao M, He W, Ouyang Z, Shi Q, Wen Y. Progress in structural and functional study of the bacterial phenylacetic acid catabolic pathway, its role in pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:964019. [PMID: 36160191 PMCID: PMC9493321 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.964019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenylacetic acid (PAA) is a central intermediate metabolite involved in bacterial degradation of aromatic components. The bacterial PAA pathway mainly contains 12 enzymes and a transcriptional regulator, which are involved in biofilm formation and antimicrobial activity. They are present in approximately 16% of the sequenced bacterial genome. In this review, we have summarized the PAA distribution in microbes, recent structural and functional study progress of the enzyme families of the bacterial PAA pathway, and their role in bacterial pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance. The enzymes of the bacterial PAA pathway have shown potential as an antimicrobial drug target for biotechnological applications in metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jiao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Center for Microbiome Research of Med-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wenbo He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Center for Microbiome Research of Med-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhenlin Ouyang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Center for Microbiome Research of Med-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qindong Shi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yurong Wen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Center for Microbiome Research of Med-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Disease of Ministry of Education Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Yurong Wen,
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26
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Dundas CM, Dinneny JR. Genetic Circuit Design in Rhizobacteria. BIODESIGN RESEARCH 2022; 2022:9858049. [PMID: 37850138 PMCID: PMC10521742 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9858049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetically engineered plants hold enormous promise for tackling global food security and agricultural sustainability challenges. However, construction of plant-based genetic circuitry is constrained by a lack of well-characterized genetic parts and circuit design rules. In contrast, advances in bacterial synthetic biology have yielded a wealth of sensors, actuators, and other tools that can be used to build bacterial circuitry. As root-colonizing bacteria (rhizobacteria) exert substantial influence over plant health and growth, genetic circuit design in these microorganisms can be used to indirectly engineer plants and accelerate the design-build-test-learn cycle. Here, we outline genetic parts and best practices for designing rhizobacterial circuits, with an emphasis on sensors, actuators, and chassis species that can be used to monitor/control rhizosphere and plant processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José R. Dinneny
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Wang J, Li M, Wang H, Huang W, Li F, Wang L, Ho CT, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Zhai X, Wan X. Decoding the Specific Roasty Aroma Wuyi Rock Tea ( Camellia sinensis: Dahongpao) by the Sensomics Approach. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:10571-10583. [PMID: 35973132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aroma extract dilution analysis was performed on volatile fractions extracted from a freshly prepared Dahongpao (DHP) tea infusion using solvent-assisted flavor evaporation, yielding 65 odor-active domains with flavor dilution factors ranging between 32 and 32,768. In addition, six aromatic substances were captured by headspace analysis. Quantitation of 54 compounds by an internal standard method and stable isotope dilution assays revealed that the concentrations of 32 odorants exceeded their respective orthonasal odor threshold values in tea infusion. The results of odor activity values (OAVs) suggested that 2-metylbutanal (malty) and γ-hexalactone (coconut-like) had the highest OAVs (248 and 154). Eight odorants including γ-hexalactone (OAV 154), methyl 2-methylbutanoate (59), phenylacetic acid (7.2), acetylpyrazine (5.7), 2-methoxyphenol (3.4), p-cresol (2.7), 2,6-diethylpyrazine (2.7), and vanillin (1.8) were newly identified as key odorants in DHP tea infusion. An aroma recombination model in a non-volatile matrix extracted from tea infusion satisfactorily mimicked the overall aroma of DHP tea infusion, thereby confirming the identification and quantitative experiments. Omission experiments verified the obvious significance of 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (OAV 91), 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine (19), 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethylfuran-3(2H)-one (13), and acetylpyrazine (5.7) as key odorants for the special roasty and caramel-like aroma of DHP tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Mengru Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Wenjing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Fang Li
- Wuyistar Tea Industrial Co., Limited, Wuyishan 354301, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Wuyistar Tea Industrial Co., Limited, Wuyishan 354301, China
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Flavor Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, Verfügungsgebäude, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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Maki Y, Soejima H, Sugiyama T, Watahiki MK, Sato T, Yamaguchi J. 3-Phenyllactic acid is converted to phenylacetic acid and induces auxin-responsive root growth in Arabidopsis plants. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2022; 39:111-117. [PMID: 35937539 PMCID: PMC9300423 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.21.1216a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Many microorganisms have been reported to produce compounds that promote plant growth and are thought to be involved in the establishment and maintenance of symbiotic relationships. 3-Phenyllactic acid (PLA) produced by lactic acid bacteria was previously shown to promote root growth in adzuki cuttings. However, the mode of action of PLA as a root-promoting substance had not been clarified. The present study therefore investigated the relationship between PLA and auxin. PLA was found to inhibit primary root elongation and to increase lateral root density in wild-type Arabidopsis, but not in an auxin signaling mutant. In addition, PLA induced IAA19 promoter fused β-glucuronidase gene expression, suggesting that PLA exhibits auxin-like activity. The inability of PLA to promote degradation of Auxin/Indole-3-Acetic Acid protein in a yeast heterologous reconstitution system indicated that PLA may not a ligand of auxin receptor. Using of a synthetic PLA labeled with stable isotope showed that exogenously applied PLA was converted to phenylacetic acid (PAA), an endogenous auxin, in both adzuki and Arabidopsis. Taken together, these results suggest that exogenous PLA promotes auxin signaling by conversion to PAA, thereby regulating root growth in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Maki
- Snow Brand Seed Co. LTD., Horonai 1066-5, Naganuma, Hokkaido 069-1464, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Soejima
- Snow Brand Seed Co. LTD., Horonai 1066-5, Naganuma, Hokkaido 069-1464, Japan
| | - Tamizi Sugiyama
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Masaaki K. Watahiki
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, N10-W8, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takeo Sato
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, N10-W8, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Junji Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, N10-W8, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
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He Z, Ma Y, Yang S, Zhang S, Liu S, Xiao J, Wang Y, Wang W, Yang H, Li S, Cao Z. Gut microbiota-derived ursodeoxycholic acid from neonatal dairy calves improves intestinal homeostasis and colitis to attenuate extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing enteroaggregative Escherichia coli infection. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:79. [PMID: 35643532 PMCID: PMC9142728 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01269-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobials are often used to prevent and treat diarrhea induced by enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) in young ruminants. However, drug overuse or misuse accelerates the spread of multidrug-resistant extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli. Thus, supplementary foods as alternatives to antibiotics are needed to prevent colibacillus diarrhea in neonatal dairy calves. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), a therapeutic bile acid, helps alleviate colitis. However, how UDCA helps alleviate ESBL-EAEC-induced clinical symptoms and colitis remains unclear. RESULTS We investigated the microbial profiles and metabolites of healthy and diarrheic neonatal calves to determine microbial and metabolite biomarkers in early-life development. Both the gut microbiota communities and their associated metabolites differed between healthy and diarrheic calves. Commensal Butyricicoccus, Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcus, Collinsella, and Coriobacterium were key microbial markers that distinguished healthy and diarrheic gut microbiomes. Random forest machine-learning algorithm and Spearman correlation results indicated that enriched UDCA, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and other prebiotics were strongly positively correlated with these five bacterial genera. We explored the effect of ursodiol on bacterial growth, cell adherence, and lipopolysaccharide-treated Caco-2 cells. Adding ursodiol induced direct antibacterial effects, suppressed proinflammatory effects, and reduced cell integrity damage. Oral ursodiol delivery to neonatal mice exhibited significant antibacterial effects and helped maintain colonic barrier integrity in mouse models of peritonitis sepsis and oral infection. UDCA supplementation attenuated colitis and recovered colonic SCFA production. To validate this, we performed fecal microbiota transplantations to inoculate ESBL-EAEC-infected neonatal mice. Microbiotas from UDCA-treated neonatal mice ameliorated colitis and hindgut commensal bacterial damage compared with that of the microbiotas from the control and placebo mice, as evidenced by colonization of abundant bacteria, including Oscillospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Clostridia_UCG-014, and upregulated SCFA production. CONCLUSIONS This study provided the first evidence that UDCA could confer diarrhea resistance in ESBL-EAEC-infected newborn dairy calves. UDCA blocked bacterial growth and invasion both in vitro and in vivo, alleviated commensal bacterial dysbiosis during ESBL-EAEC infection in neonatal mouse models of sepsis and colitis via the TGR5-NF-κB axis, and upregulated SCFA production in the hindgut digesta. Our findings provide insight into the UDCA-mediated remission of ESBL-EAEC infections and the potential role of UDCA as an antibiotic alternative. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yulin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Sirui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jianxin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yajing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongjian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Abstract
Auxin has always been at the forefront of research in plant physiology and development. Since the earliest contemplations by Julius von Sachs and Charles Darwin, more than a century-long struggle has been waged to understand its function. This largely reflects the failures, successes, and inevitable progress in the entire field of plant signaling and development. Here I present 14 stations on our long and sometimes mystical journey to understand auxin. These highlights were selected to give a flavor of the field and to show the scope and limits of our current knowledge. A special focus is put on features that make auxin unique among phytohormones, such as its dynamic, directional transport network, which integrates external and internal signals, including self-organizing feedback. Accented are persistent mysteries and controversies. The unexpected discoveries related to rapid auxin responses and growth regulation recently disturbed our contentment regarding understanding of the auxin signaling mechanism. These new revelations, along with advances in technology, usher us into a new, exciting era in auxin research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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Jez JM. Connecting primary and specialized metabolism: Amino acid conjugation of phytohormones by GRETCHEN HAGEN 3 (GH3) acyl acid amido synthetases. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 66:102194. [PMID: 35219141 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
GRETCHEN HAGEN 3 (GH3) acyl acid amido synthetases catalyze the ATP-dependent conjugation of phytohormones with amino acids. Traditionally, GH3 proteins are associated with synthesis of the bioactive jasmonate hormone (+)-7- iso -jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine (JA-Ile) and conjugation of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) with amino acids that tag the hormone for degradation and/or storage. Modifications of JA and IAA by GH3 acyl acid amido synthetases help maintain phytohormones homeostasis. Recent studies broaden the roles of GH3 proteins to include the regulation of JA biosynthesis; the modification of other auxins (i.e., phenylacetic acid and indole-3-butyric acid); the conjugation of auxinic herbicides, such as 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid, and dicamba; and the missing step in the isochorismate pathway for the biosynthesis of salicylic acid. The GH3 protein family joins the growing number of versatile enzyme families that blur the line between primary and specialized metabolism for an increasing range of biology functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Jez
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130 USA.
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32
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A soil-borne Mn(II)-oxidizing bacterium of Providencia sp. exploits a strategy of superoxide production coupled to hydrogen peroxide consumption to generate Mn oxides. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:168. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02771-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Chen Q, Xie H, Wei G, Guo X, Zhang J, Lu X, Tang Z. Metabolic differences of two constructive species in saline-alkali grassland in China. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:53. [PMID: 35081916 PMCID: PMC8790901 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03401-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salinization of soil is an urgent problem that restricts agroforestry production and environmental protection. Substantial accumulation of metal ions or highly alkaline soil alters plant metabolites and may even cause plant death. To explore the differences in the response strategies between Suaeda salsa (S. salsa) and Puccinellia tenuiflora (P. tenuiflora), two main constructive species that survive in saline-alkali soil, their metabolic differences were characterized. RESULT Metabolomics was conducted to study the role of metabolic differences between S. salsa and P. tenuiflora under saline-alkali stress. A total of 68 significantly different metabolites were identified by GC-MS, including 9 sugars, 13 amino acids, 8 alcohols, and 34 acids. A more detailed analysis indicated that P. tenuiflora utilizes sugars more effectively and may be saline-alkali tolerant via sugar consumption, while S. salsa utilizes mainly amino acids, alcohols, and acids to resist saline-alkali stress. Measurement of phenolic compounds showed that more C6C3C6-compounds accumulated in P. tenuiflora, while more C6C1-compounds, phenolic compounds that can be used as signalling molecules to defend against stress, accumulated in S. salsa. CONCLUSIONS Our observations suggest that S. salsa resists the toxicity of saline-alkali stress using aboveground organs and that P. tenuiflora eliminates this toxicity via roots. S. salsa has a stronger habitat transformation ability and can provide better habitat for other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- School of Life Sciences Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Huansong Xie
- School of Life Sciences Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Guanyun Wei
- School of Life Sciences Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaorui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Life Sciences Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xueyan Lu
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
| | - Zhonghua Tang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.
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34
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Linh NM, Scarpella E. Confocal Imaging of Developing Leaves. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e349. [PMID: 35072973 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Questions in developmental biology are most frequently addressed by using fluorescent markers of otherwise invisible cell states. In plants, such questions can be addressed most conveniently in leaves. Indeed, from the formation of stomata and trichomes within the leaf epidermis to that of vein networks deep into the leaf inner tissue, leaf cells and tissues differentiate anew during the development of each leaf. Moreover, leaves are produced in abundance and are easily accessible to visualization and perturbation. Yet a detailed procedure for the perturbation, dissection, mounting, and imaging of developing leaves has not been described. Here we address this limitation (1) by providing robust, step-by-step protocols for the local application of the plant hormone auxin to developing leaves and for the routine dissection and mounting of leaves and leaf primordia, and (2) by offering practical guidelines for the optimization of imaging parameters for confocal microscopy. We describe the procedure for the first leaves of Arabidopsis, but the same approach can be easily applied to other leaves of Arabidopsis or to leaves of other plants. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Support Protocol 1: Preparation of plant growth medium Support Protocol 2: Preparation of growth medium plates Basic Protocol 1: Seed sterilization, sowing, and germination, and seedling growth Support Protocol 3: Preparation of IAA-lanolin paste Basic Protocol 2: Application of IAA-lanolin paste to 3.5-DAG first leaves Basic Protocol 3: Dissection of 3- to 6-DAG first leaves and leaf primordia Basic Protocol 4: Dissection of 1- and 2-DAG first-leaf primordia Basic Protocol 5: Mounting of dissected leaves and leaf primordia Support Protocol 4: Quality check of mounted leaves and leaf primordia by fluorescence microscopy Basic Protocol 6: Imaging of mounted leaves and leaf primordia by confocal microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Manh Linh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Enrico Scarpella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Zhao H, Wang Y, Zhao S, Fu Y, Zhu L. HOMEOBOX PROTEIN 24 mediates the conversion of indole-3-butyric acid to indole-3-acetic acid to promote root hair elongation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:2057-2070. [PMID: 34480752 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is a predominant form of active auxin in plants. In addition to de novo biosynthesis and release from its conjugate forms, IAA can be converted from its precursor indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The IBA-derived IAA may help drive root hair elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, but how the IBA-to-IAA conversion is regulated and affects IAA function requires further investigation. In this study, HOMEOBOX PROTEIN 24 (HB24), a transcription factor in the zinc finger-homeodomain family (ZF-HD family) of proteins, was identified. With loss of HB24 function, defective growth occurred in root hairs. INDOLE-3-BUTYRIC ACID RESPONSE 1 (IBR1), which encodes an enzyme involved in the IBA-to-IAA conversion, was identified as a direct target of HB24 for the control of root hair elongation. The exogenous IAA or auxin analogue 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) both rescued the root hair growth phenotype of hb24 mutants, but IBA did not, suggesting a role for HB24 in the IBA-to-IAA conversion. Therefore, HB24 participates in root hair elongation by upregulating the expression of IBR1 and subsequently promoting the IBA-to-IAA conversion. Moreover, IAA also elevated the expression of HB24, suggesting a feedback loop is involved in IBA-to-IAA conversion-mediated root hair elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yutao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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He LH, Yao DH, Wang LY, Zhang L, Bai XL. Gut Microbiome-Mediated Alteration of Immunity, Inflammation, and Metabolism Involved in the Regulation of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:761836. [PMID: 34795655 PMCID: PMC8593644 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.761836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the leading causes of end-stage liver disease, leading to a rapidly growing global public health burden. The term “gut microbiome (GM)” refers to the approximately 100 trillion microbial cells that inhabit the host’s gastrointestinal tract. There is increasing evidence that GM is involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and may be a potential target for intervention. To explore GM-based strategies for precise diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD, great efforts have been made to develop a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the host–microbe interaction. This review evaluates this interaction critically, mainly considering the intricate regulation of the metabolism, immunity, and inflammatory status during the evolution of the disease pathogenesis, revealing roles for the GM in NAFLD by examining advances in potential mechanisms, diagnostics, and modulation strategies. Synopsis: Considering the intricate metabolic and immune/inflammatory homeostasis regulation, we evaluate the latest understanding of the host–microbe interaction and reveal roles for the gastrointestinal microbiome in NAFLD. Strategies targeting the gastrointestinal microbiome for the diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hong He
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dun-Han Yao
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ling-Yun Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xue-Li Bai
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Gomes GLB, Scortecci KC. Auxin and its role in plant development: structure, signalling, regulation and response mechanisms. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:894-904. [PMID: 34396657 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Auxins are plant hormones that play a central role in controlling plant growth and development across different environmental conditions. Even at low concentrations, auxins can regulate gene expression through specific transcription factors and proteins that are modulated to environmental responses in the signalling cascade. Auxins are synthesized in tissues with high cell division activity and distributed by specific transmembrane proteins that regulate efflux and influx. This review presents recent advances in understanding the biosynthetic pathways, both dependent and independent of tryptophan, highlighting the intermediate indole compounds (indole-3-acetamide, indole-3-acetaldoxime, indole-3-pyruvic acid and tryptamine) and the key enzymes for auxin biosynthesis, such as YUCs and TAAs. In relation to the signalling cascade, it has been shown that auxins influence gene expression regulation by the connection between synthesis and distribution. Moreover, the molecular action of the auxin response factors and auxin/indole-3-acetic acid transcription factors with the F-box TIR1/AFB auxin receptors regulates gene expression. In addition, the importance of microRNAs in the auxin signalling pathway and their influence on plant plasticity to environmental fluctuations is also demonstrated. Finally, this review describes the chemical and biological processes involving auxins in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L B Gomes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Laboratório de Transformação de Plantas e Análises em Microscopia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - K C Scortecci
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Laboratório de Transformação de Plantas e Análises em Microscopia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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Nascimento FX, Urón P, Glick BR, Giachini A, Rossi MJ. Genomic Analysis of the 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Deaminase-Producing Pseudomonas thivervalensis SC5 Reveals Its Multifaceted Roles in Soil and in Beneficial Interactions With Plants. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:752288. [PMID: 34659189 PMCID: PMC8515041 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.752288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Beneficial 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase-producing bacteria promote plant growth and stress resistance, constituting a sustainable alternative to the excessive use of chemicals in agriculture. In this work, the increased plant growth promotion activity of the ACC deaminase-producing Pseudomonas thivervalensis SC5, its ability to limit the growth of phytopathogens, and the genomics behind these important properties are described in detail. P. thivervalensis SC5 displayed several active plant growth promotion traits and significantly increased cucumber plant growth and resistance against salt stress (100mmol/L NaCl) under greenhouse conditions. Strain SC5 also limited the in vitro growth of the pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 indicating active biological control activities. Comprehensive analysis revealed that P. thivervalensis SC5 genome is rich in genetic elements involved in nutrient acquisition (N, P, S, and Fe); osmotic stress tolerance (e.g., glycine-betaine, trehalose, and ectoine biosynthesis); motility, chemotaxis and attachment to plant tissues; root exudate metabolism including the modulation of plant phenolics (e.g., hydroxycinnamic acids), lignin, and flavonoids (e.g., quercetin); resistance against plant defenses (e.g., reactive oxygens species-ROS); plant hormone modulation (e.g., ethylene, auxins, cytokinins, and salicylic acid), and bacterial and fungal phytopathogen antagonistic traits (e.g., 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol, HCN, a fragin-like non ribosomal peptide, bacteriocins, a lantipeptide, and quorum-quenching activities), bringing detailed insights into the action of this versatile plant-growth-promoting bacterium. Ultimately, the combination of both increased plant growth promotion/protection and biological control abilities makes P. thivervalensis SC5 a prime candidate for its development as a biofertilizer/biostimulant/biocontrol product. The genomic analysis of this bacterium brings new insights into the functioning of Pseudomonas and their role in beneficial plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco X Nascimento
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Laboratório de Microbiologia e Bioprocessos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Paola Urón
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Bioprocessos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Bernard R Glick
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Admir Giachini
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Bioprocessos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Márcio J Rossi
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Bioprocessos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Cartabia A, Tsiokanos E, Tsafantakis N, Lalaymia I, Termentzi A, Miguel M, Fokialakis N, Declerck S. The Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Rhizophagus irregularis MUCL 41833 Modulates Metabolites Production of Anchusa officinalis L. Under Semi-Hydroponic Cultivation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:724352. [PMID: 34539717 PMCID: PMC8443025 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.724352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Anchusa officinalis is recognized for its therapeutic properties, which are attributed to the production of different metabolites. This plant interacts with various microorganisms, including the root symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Whether these fungi play a role in the metabolism of A. officinalis is unknown. In the present study, two independent experiments, associating A. officinalis with the AMF Rhizophagus irregularis MUCL 41833, were conducted in a semi-hydroponic (S-H) cultivation system. The experiments were intended to investigate the primary and secondary metabolites (PMs and SMs, respectively) content of shoots, roots, and exudates of mycorrhized (M) and non-mycorrhized (NM) plants grown 9 (Exp. 1) or 30 (Exp. 2) days in the S-H cultivation system. Differences in the PMs and SMs were evaluated by an untargeted ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry metabolomics approach combined with multivariate data analysis. Differences in metabolite production were shown in Exp. 1. Volcano-plots analysis revealed a strong upregulation of 10 PMs and 23 SMs. Conversely, in Exp. 2, no significant differences in PMs and SMs were found in shoots or roots between M and NM plants whereas the coumarin scoparone and the furanocoumarin byakangelicin, accumulated in the exudates of the M plants. In Exp. 1, we noticed an enhanced production of PMs, including organic acids and amino acids, with the potential to act as precursors of other amino acids and as building blocks for the production of macromolecules. Similarly, SMs production was significantly affected in Exp 1. In particular, the phenolic compounds derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. Fifteen di-, tri-, and tetra-meric C6-C3 derivatives of caffeic acid were induced mainly in the roots of M plants, while four oleanane-types saponins were accumulated in the shoots of M plants. Two new salvianolic acid B derivatives and one new rosmarinic acid derivative, all presenting a common substitution pattern (methylation at C-9"' and C-9' and hydroxylation at C-8), were detected in the roots of M plants. The accumulation of diverse compounds observed in colonized plants suggested that AMF have the potential to affect specific plant biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Cartabia
- Applied Microbiology, Mycology, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Evangelia Tsiokanos
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Tsafantakis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ismahen Lalaymia
- Applied Microbiology, Mycology, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Aikaterini Termentzi
- Laboratory of Pesticides' Toxicology, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Miguel
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Nikolas Fokialakis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stéphane Declerck
- Applied Microbiology, Mycology, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Oosterbeek M, Lozano-Torres JL, Bakker J, Goverse A. Sedentary Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Alter Auxin Homeostasis via Multiple Strategies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:668548. [PMID: 34122488 PMCID: PMC8193132 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.668548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sedentary endoparasites such as cyst and root-knot nematodes infect many important food crops and are major agro-economical pests worldwide. These plant-parasitic nematodes exploit endogenous molecular and physiological pathways in the roots of their host to establish unique feeding structures. These structures function as highly active transfer cells and metabolic sinks and are essential for the parasites' growth and reproduction. Plant hormones like indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) are a fundamental component in the formation of these feeding complexes. However, their underlying molecular and biochemical mechanisms are still elusive despite recent advances in the field. This review presents a comprehensive overview of known functions of various auxins in plant-parasitic nematode infection sites, based on a systematic analysis of current literature. We evaluate multiple aspects involved in auxin homeostasis in plants, including anabolism, catabolism, transport, and signalling. From these analyses, a picture emerges that plant-parasitic nematodes have evolved multiple strategies to manipulate auxin homeostasis to establish a successful parasitic relationship with their host. Additionally, there appears to be a potential role for auxins other than IAA in plant-parasitic nematode infections that might be of interest to be further elucidated.
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41
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Casanova-Sáez R, Mateo-Bonmatí E, Ljung K. Auxin Metabolism in Plants. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:cshperspect.a039867. [PMID: 33431579 PMCID: PMC7919392 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a039867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The major natural auxin in plants, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), orchestrates a plethora of developmental responses that largely depend on the formation of auxin concentration gradients within plant tissues. Together with inter- and intracellular transport, IAA metabolism-which comprises biosynthesis, conjugation, and degradation-modulates auxin gradients and is therefore critical for plant growth. It is now very well established that IAA is mainly produced from Trp and that the IPyA pathway is a major and universally conserved biosynthetic route in plants, while other redundant pathways operate in parallel. Recent findings have shown that metabolic inactivation of IAA is also redundantly performed by oxidation and conjugation processes. An exquisite spatiotemporal expression of the genes for auxin synthesis and inactivation have been shown to drive several plant developmental processes. Moreover, a group of transcription factors and epigenetic regulators controlling the expression of auxin metabolic genes have been identified in past years, which are illuminating the road to understanding the molecular mechanisms behind the coordinated responses of local auxin metabolism to specific cues. Besides transcriptional regulation, subcellular compartmentalization of the IAA metabolism and posttranslational modifications of the metabolic enzymes are emerging as important contributors to IAA homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on (1) the pathways for IAA biosynthesis and inactivation in plants, (2) the influence of spatiotemporally regulated IAA metabolism on auxin-mediated responses, and (3) the regulatory mechanisms that modulate IAA levels in response to external and internal cues during plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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42
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Manessis G, Kalogianni AI, Lazou T, Moschovas M, Bossis I, Gelasakis AI. Plant-Derived Natural Antioxidants in Meat and Meat Products. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1215. [PMID: 33276503 PMCID: PMC7761563 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The global meat industry is constantly evolving due to changes in consumer preferences, concerns and lifestyles, as well as monetary, geographical, political, cultural and religious factors. Part of this evolution is the introduction of synthetic antioxidants to increase meat and meat products' shelf-life, and reduce meat spoilage due to lipid and protein oxidation. The public perception that natural compounds are safer and healthier per se has motivated the meat industry to replace synthetic antioxidants with plant-derived ones in meat systems. Despite several promising results from in vitro and in situ studies, the effectiveness of plant-derived antioxidants against lipid and protein oxidation has not been fully documented. Moreover, the utility, usability, marketability and potential health benefits of natural antioxidants are not yet fully proven. The present review aims to (i) describe the major chemical groups of plant-derived antioxidants and their courses of action; (ii) present the application of spices, herbs and fruits as antioxidants in meat systems; and (iii) discuss the legislative framework, future trends, challenges and limitations that are expected to shape their acceptance and mass exploitation by the meat industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Manessis
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 Str., 11855 Athens, Greece; (G.M.); (A.I.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Aphrodite I. Kalogianni
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 Str., 11855 Athens, Greece; (G.M.); (A.I.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Thomai Lazou
- Laboratory of Hygiene of Foods of Animal Origin-Veterinary Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Marios Moschovas
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 Str., 11855 Athens, Greece; (G.M.); (A.I.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Ioannis Bossis
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Athanasios I. Gelasakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 Str., 11855 Athens, Greece; (G.M.); (A.I.K.); (M.M.)
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Zlobin IE, Vankova R, Pashkovskiy PP, Dobrev P, Kartashov AV, Ivanov YV, Kuznetsov VV. Profiles of endogenous phytohormones and expression of some hormone-related genes in Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings under water deficit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 151:457-468. [PMID: 32289639 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Different plant hormones are involved in plant adaptation to water deficit. In comparison to angiosperms, little is known about the impact of drought on the pool of phytohormones in gymnosperms. Therefore, we studied the effect of polyethylene glycol-induced water deficit on the changes in content of different phytohormones in Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings, which are known for their different strategies of adaptation to water deficit. The following hormone classes were analysed: cytokinins, auxins, jasmonates, salicylic and benzoic acids, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (an ethylene precursor). No consistent reaction to water stress was observed for the content of well-known stress-related hormones - salicylic acid and jasmonates. In contrast, drought induced a dose-dependent accumulation of cytokinins in pine needles, with less profound changes in spruce needles. The most prominent changes were observed for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid content, which increased several-fold in spruce roots and pine needles under water deficit. Water-deficit-induced changes in the contents of cytokinins and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid were accompanied by the differential regulation of genes involved in the metabolism of these hormones. Possible links between changes in hormone pools and the adaptation of seedlings to water deficit are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya E Zlobin
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow, 127276, Russia.
| | - Radomira Vankova
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel P Pashkovskiy
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Petre Dobrev
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander V Kartashov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Yury V Ivanov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Kuznetsov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow, 127276, Russia
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Role of Arabidopsis INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID CARBOXYL METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 in auxin metabolism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 527:1033-1038. [PMID: 32444138 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin regulates a wide range of developmental processes in plants. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the main auxin that moves in a polar manner and forms concentration gradients, whereas phenylacetic acid (PAA), another natural auxin, does not exhibit polar movement. Although these auxins occur widely in plants, the differences between IAA and PAA metabolism remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of Arabidopsis IAA CARBOXYL METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (IAMT1) in IAA and PAA metabolism. IAMT1 proteins expressed in Escherichia coli could convert both IAA and PAA to their respective methyl esters. Overexpression of IAMT1 caused severe auxin-deficient phenotypes and reduced the levels of IAA, but not PAA, in the root tips of Arabidopsis, suggesting that IAMT1 exclusively metabolizes IAA in vivo. We generated iamt1 null mutants via CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing and found that the single knockout mutants had normal auxin levels and did not exhibit visibly altered phenotypes. These results suggest that other proteins, namely the IAMT1 homologs in the SABATH family of carboxyl methyltransferases, may also regulate IAA levels in Arabidopsis.
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Auxin perception in Agave is dependent on the species' Auxin Response Factors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3860. [PMID: 32123284 PMCID: PMC7052169 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60865-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxins are one of the most important and studied phytohormones in nature. Auxin signaling and perception take place in the cytosol, where the auxin is sensed. Then, in the nucleus, the auxin response factors (ARF) promote the expression of early-response genes. It is well known that not all plants respond to the same amount and type of auxins and that the response can be very different even among plants of the same species, as we present here. Here we investigate the behavior of ARF in response to various auxins in Agave angustifolia Haw., A. fourcroydes Lem. and A. tequilana Weber var. Azul. By screening the available database of A. tequilana genes, we have identified 32 ARF genes with high sequence identity in the conserved domains, grouped into three main clades. A phylogenetic tree was inferred from alignments of the 32 Agave ARF protein sequences and the evolutionary relationship with other species was analyzed. AteqARF 4, 15, 21, and 29 were selected as a representative diverse sample coming from each of the different subclades that comprise the two main clades of the inferred phylogenetic reconstruction. These ARFs showed differential species-specific expression patterns in the presence of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Interestingly, A. angustifolia showed different phenotypes in the presence and absence of auxins. In the absence of auxin, A. angustifolia produces roots, while shoots are developed in the presence of IAA. However, in the presence of 2,4-D, the plant meristem converts into callus. According to our results, it is likely that AteqARF15 participates in this outcome.
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Aoi Y, Tanaka K, Cook SD, Hayashi KI, Kasahara H. GH3 Auxin-Amido Synthetases Alter the Ratio of Indole-3-Acetic Acid and Phenylacetic Acid in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:596-605. [PMID: 31808940 PMCID: PMC7065595 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is the first discovered plant hormone and is essential for many aspects of plant growth and development. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the main auxin and plays pivotal roles in intercellular communication through polar auxin transport. Phenylacetic acid (PAA) is another natural auxin that does not show polar movement. Although a wide range of species have been shown to produce PAA, its biosynthesis, inactivation and physiological significance in plants are largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that overexpression of the CYP79A2 gene, which is involved in benzylglucosinolate synthesis, remarkably increased the levels of PAA and enhanced lateral root formation in Arabidopsis. This coincided with a significant reduction in the levels of IAA. The results from auxin metabolite quantification suggest that the PAA-dependent induction of GRETCHEN HAGEN 3 (GH3) genes, which encode auxin-amido synthetases, promote the inactivation of IAA. Similarly, an increase in IAA synthesis, via the indole-3-acetaldoxime pathway, significantly reduced the levels of PAA. The same adjustment of IAA and PAA levels was also observed by applying each auxin to wild-type plants. These results show that GH3 auxin-amido synthetases can alter the ratio of IAA and PAA in plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Aoi
- Department of Bioregulation and Biointeraction, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, 183-8509 Japan
| | - Keita Tanaka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen 6708 WE, the Netherlands
| | - Sam David Cook
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, 183-8509 Japan
- JSPS International Research Fellow, The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Chiyoda-ku, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Hayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, 700-0005 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kasahara
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, 183-8509 Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
- Corresponding author: E-mail, ; Fax, +81-42-360-8830
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Aoi Y, Oikawa A, Sasaki R, Huang J, Hayashi KI, Kasahara H. Arogenate dehydratases can modulate the levels of phenylacetic acid in Arabidopsis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 524:83-88. [PMID: 31980164 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phenylacetic acid (PAA) is one type of natural auxin and widely exists in plants. Previous biochemical studies demonstrate that PAA in plants is synthesized from phenylalanine (Phe) via phenylpyruvate (PPA), but the PAA biosynthetic genes and its regulation remain unknown. In this article, we show that the AROGENATE DEHYDRATASE (ADT) family, which catalyzes the conversion of arogenate to Phe, can modulate the levels of PAA in Arabidopsis. We found that overexpression of ADT4 or ADT5 remarkably increased the amounts of PAA. Due to an increase in PAA levels, ADT4ox and ADT5ox plants can partially restore the auxin-deficient phenotypes caused by treatments with an inhibitor of the biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a main auxin in plants. In contrast, the levels of PAA were significantly reduced in adt multiple knockout mutants. Moreover, the levels of PPA are substantially increased in ADT4 or ADT5 overexpression plants but reduced in adt multiple knockout mutants, suggesting that PPA is a key intermediate of PAA biosynthesis. These results provide an evidence that members of the ADT family of Arabidopsis can modulate PAA level via the PPA-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Aoi
- Department of Bioregulation and Biointeraction, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Akira Oikawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-8555, Japan; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sasaki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Jirong Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Ken-Ichiro Hayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kasahara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan; Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
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Damodaran S, Strader LC. Indole 3-Butyric Acid Metabolism and Transport in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:851. [PMID: 31333697 PMCID: PMC6616111 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a crucial phytohormone involved in multiple plant developmental processes. Spatiotemporal regulation of auxin levels is necessary to achieve development of organs in the proper place and at the proper time. These levels can be regulated by conversion of auxin [indole 3-acetic acid (IAA)] from its conjugated forms and its precursors. Indole 3-butyric acid (IBA) is an auxin precursor that is converted to IAA in a peroxisomal β-oxidation process. In Arabidopsis, altered IBA-to-IAA conversion leads to multiple plant defects, indicating that IBA contributes to auxin homeostasis in critical ways. Like IAA, IBA and its conjugates can be transported in plants, yet many IBA carriers still need to be identified. In this review, we discuss IBA transporters identified in Arabidopsis thus far, including the pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) members of the G subfamily of ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCG) family, the TRANSPORTER OF IBA1 (TOB1) member of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) family and hypothesize other potential IBA carriers involved in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Damodaran
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Lucia C. Strader
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Center for Science and Engineering Living Systems, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Center for Engineering MechanoBiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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