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Sasaki E, Hamaguchi I, Mizukami T. Pharmacodynamic and safety considerations for influenza vaccine and adjuvant design. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:1051-1061. [PMID: 32772723 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1807936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A novel adjuvant evaluation system for safety and immunogenicity is needed. Vaccination is important for infection prevention, for example, from influenza viruses. Adjuvants are considered critical for improving the effectiveness of influenza vaccines. Adjuvant development is an important issue in influenza vaccine design. AREAS COVERED A conventional in vivo evaluation method for vaccine safety has been limited in analyzing phenotypic and pathological changes. Therefore, it is difficult to obtain information on the changes at the molecular level. This review aims to explain the recently developed genomics analysis-based vaccine adjuvant safety evaluation tools verified by AddaVaxTM and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) using 18 biomarker genes and whole-virion inactivated influenza vaccine as a toxicity control. Genomics analyzes would help provide safety and efficacy information regarding influenza vaccine design by facilitating appropriate adjuvant selection. EXPERT OPINION The efficacy and safety profiles of influenza vaccines and adjuvants using genomics technologies provide useful information regarding immunogenicity, which is related to safety and efficacy. This approach provides important information to select appropriate inoculation routes, combinations of vaccine antigens and adjuvants, and dosing amounts. The efficacy of vaccine adjuvant evaluation by genomics analysis should be verified by various studies using various vaccines in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eita Sasaki
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isao Hamaguchi
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuo Mizukami
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Barbosa J, Faria J, Garcez F, Leal S, Afonso LP, Nascimento AV, Moreira R, Queirós O, Carvalho F, Dinis-Oliveira RJ. Repeated Administration of Clinical Doses of Tramadol and Tapentadol Causes Hepato- and Nephrotoxic Effects in Wistar Rats. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13070149. [PMID: 32664348 PMCID: PMC7407499 DOI: 10.3390/ph13070149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tramadol and tapentadol are fully synthetic and extensively used analgesic opioids, presenting enhanced therapeutic and safety profiles as compared with their peers. However, reports of adverse reactions, intoxications and fatalities have been increasing. Information regarding the molecular, biochemical, and histological alterations underlying their toxicological potential is missing, particularly for tapentadol, owing to its more recent market authorization. Considering the paramount importance of liver and kidney for the metabolism and excretion of both opioids, these organs are especially susceptible to toxicological damage. In the present study, we aimed to characterize the putative hepatic and renal deleterious effects of repeated exposure to therapeutic doses of tramadol and tapentadol, using an in vivo animal model. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six experimental groups, composed of six animals each, which received daily single intraperitoneal injections of 10, 25 or 50 mg/kg tramadol or tapentadol (a low, standard analgesic dose, an intermediate dose and the maximum recommended daily dose, respectively). An additional control group was injected with normal saline. Following 14 consecutive days of administration, serum, urine and liver and kidney tissue samples were processed for biochemical, metabolic and histological analysis. Repeated administration of therapeutic doses of both opioids led to: (i) increased lipid and protein oxidation in liver and kidney, as well as to decreased total liver antioxidant capacity; (ii) decreased serum albumin, urea, butyrylcholinesterase and complement C3 and C4 levels, denoting liver synthesis impairment; (iii) elevated serum activity of liver enzymes, such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, as well as lipid profile alterations, also reflecting hepatobiliary commitment; (iv) derangement of iron metabolism, as shown through increases in serum iron, ferritin, haptoglobin and heme oxygenase-1 levels. In turn, elevated serum cystatin C, decreased urine creatinine output and increased urine microalbumin levels were detected upon exposure to tapentadol only, while increased serum amylase and urine N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activities were observed for both opioids. Collectively, these results are compatible with kidney injury. Changes were also found in the expression levels of liver- and kidney-specific toxicity biomarker genes, upon exposure to tramadol and tapentadol, correlating well with alterations in lipid profile, iron metabolism and glomerular and tubular function. Histopathological analysis evidenced sinusoidal dilatation, microsteatosis, mononuclear cell infiltrates, glomerular and tubular disorganization, and increased Bowman's spaces. Although some findings are more pronounced upon tapentadol exposure, our study shows that, when compared with acute exposure, prolonged administration of both opioids smooths the differences between their toxicological effects, and that these occur at lower doses within the therapeutic range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Barbosa
- IINFACTS—Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (J.F.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.V.N.); (R.M.); (O.Q.)
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE—Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (R.J.D.-O.); Tel.: +351-224-157-216 (J.B.); +351-224-157-216 (R.J.D.-O.)
| | - Juliana Faria
- IINFACTS—Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (J.F.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.V.N.); (R.M.); (O.Q.)
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE—Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Fernanda Garcez
- IINFACTS—Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (J.F.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.V.N.); (R.M.); (O.Q.)
| | - Sandra Leal
- IINFACTS—Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (J.F.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.V.N.); (R.M.); (O.Q.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS—Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Pedro Afonso
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Ana Vanessa Nascimento
- IINFACTS—Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (J.F.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.V.N.); (R.M.); (O.Q.)
| | - Roxana Moreira
- IINFACTS—Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (J.F.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.V.N.); (R.M.); (O.Q.)
| | - Odília Queirós
- IINFACTS—Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (J.F.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.V.N.); (R.M.); (O.Q.)
| | - Félix Carvalho
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE—Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira
- IINFACTS—Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (J.F.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.V.N.); (R.M.); (O.Q.)
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE—Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (R.J.D.-O.); Tel.: +351-224-157-216 (J.B.); +351-224-157-216 (R.J.D.-O.)
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3
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Using human in vitro transcriptome analysis to build trustworthy machine learning models for prediction of animal drug toxicity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9522. [PMID: 32533004 PMCID: PMC7293302 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66481-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
During the development of new drugs or compounds there is a requirement for preclinical trials, commonly involving animal tests, to ascertain the safety of the compound prior to human trials. Machine learning techniques could provide an in-silico alternative to animal models for assessing drug toxicity, thus reducing expensive and invasive animal testing during clinical trials, for drugs that are most likely to fail safety tests. Here we present a machine learning model to predict kidney dysfunction, as a proxy for drug induced renal toxicity, in rats. To achieve this, we use inexpensive transcriptomic profiles derived from human cell lines after chemical compound treatment to train our models combined with compound chemical structure information. Genomics data due to its sparse, high-dimensional and noisy nature presents significant challenges in building trustworthy and transparent machine learning models. Here we address these issues by judiciously building feature sets from heterogenous sources and coupling them with measures of model uncertainty achieved through Gaussian Process based Bayesian models. We combine the use of insight into the feature-wise contributions to our predictions with the use of predictive uncertainties recovered from the Gaussian Process to improve the transparency and trustworthiness of the model.
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4
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Campos G, Schmidt-Heck W, De Smedt J, Widera A, Ghallab A, Pütter L, González D, Edlund K, Cadenas C, Marchan R, Guthke R, Verfaillie C, Hetz C, Sachinidis A, Braeuning A, Schwarz M, Weiß TS, Banhart BK, Hoek J, Vadigepalli R, Willy J, Stevens JL, Hay DC, Hengstler JG, Godoy P. Inflammation-associated suppression of metabolic gene networks in acute and chronic liver disease. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:205-217. [PMID: 31919559 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02630-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation has been recognized as essential for restorative regeneration. Here, we analyzed the sequential processes during onset of liver injury and subsequent regeneration based on time-resolved transcriptional regulatory networks (TRNs) to understand the relationship between inflammation, mature organ function, and regeneration. Genome-wide expression and TRN analysis were performed time dependently in mouse liver after acute injury by CCl4 (2 h, 8 h, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 16 days), as well as lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 24 h) and compared to publicly available data after tunicamycin exposure (mouse, 6 h), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, mouse), and human chronic liver disease (non-alcoholic fatty liver, HBV infection and HCC). Spatiotemporal investigation differentiated lobular zones for signaling and transcription factor expression. Acute CCl4 intoxication induced expression of gene clusters enriched for inflammation and stress signaling that peaked between 2 and 24 h, accompanied by a decrease of mature liver functions, particularly metabolic genes. Metabolism decreased not only in pericentral hepatocytes that underwent CCl4-induced necrosis, but extended to the surviving periportal hepatocytes. Proliferation and tissue restorative TRNs occurred only later reaching a maximum at 48 h. The same upstream regulators (e.g. inhibited RXR function) were implicated in increased inflammation and suppressed metabolism. The concomitant inflammation/metabolism TRN occurred similarly after acute LPS and tunicamycin challenges, in chronic mouse models and also in human liver diseases. Downregulation of metabolic genes occurs concomitantly to induce inflammation-associated genes as an early response and appears to be initiated by similar upstream regulators in acute and chronic liver diseases in humans and mice. In the acute setting, proliferation and restorative regeneration associated TRNs peak only later when metabolism is already suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Campos
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schmidt-Heck
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology e.V., Hans-Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Agata Widera
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ahmed Ghallab
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Forensic and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Larissa Pütter
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Daniela González
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Karolina Edlund
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Cristina Cadenas
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rosemarie Marchan
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Reinhard Guthke
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology e.V., Hans-Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
- The Buck Institute for Research in Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Agapios Sachinidis
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas S Weiß
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, Center for Liver Cell Research, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin K Banhart
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jan Hoek
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rajanikanth Vadigepalli
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Willy
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 3215 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - James L Stevens
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - David C Hay
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, E16 4UU, UK
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Patricio Godoy
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
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5
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Krewski D, Andersen ME, Tyshenko MG, Krishnan K, Hartung T, Boekelheide K, Wambaugh JF, Jones D, Whelan M, Thomas R, Yauk C, Barton-Maclaren T, Cote I. Toxicity testing in the 21st century: progress in the past decade and future perspectives. Arch Toxicol 2019; 94:1-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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6
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Su R, Wu H, Xu B, Liu X, Wei L. Developing a Multi-Dose Computational Model for Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity Prediction Based on Toxicogenomics Data. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2019; 16:1231-1239. [PMID: 30040651 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2018.2858756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced hepatotoxicity may cause acute and chronic liver disease, leading to great concern for patient safety. It is also one of the main reasons for drug withdrawal from the market. Toxicogenomics data has been widely used in hepatotoxicity prediction. In our study, we proposed a multi-dose computational model to predict the drug-induced hepatotoxicity based on gene expression and toxicity data. The dose/concentration information after drug treatment is fully utilized in our study based on the dose-response curve, thus a more informative representative of the dose-response relationship is considered. We also proposed a new feature selection method, named MEMO, which is also one important aspect of our multi-dose model in our study, to deal with the high-dimensional toxicogenomics data. We validated the proposed model using the TG-GATEs, which is a large database recording toxicogenomics data from multiple views. The experimental results show that the drug-induced hepatotoxicity can be predicted with high accuracy and efficiency using the proposed predictive model.
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7
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Wang H, Liu R, Schyman P, Wallqvist A. Deep Neural Network Models for Predicting Chemically Induced Liver Toxicity Endpoints From Transcriptomic Responses. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:42. [PMID: 30804783 PMCID: PMC6370634 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving the accuracy of toxicity prediction models for liver injuries is a key element in evaluating the safety of drugs and chemicals. Mechanism-based information derived from expression (transcriptomic) data, in combination with machine-learning methods, promises to improve the accuracy and robustness of current toxicity prediction models. Deep neural networks (DNNs) have the advantage of automatically assembling the relevant features from a large number of input features. This makes them especially suitable for modeling transcriptomic data, which typically contain thousands of features. Here, we gaged gene- and pathway-level feature selection schemes using single- and multi-task DNN approaches in predicting chemically induced liver injuries (biliary hyperplasia, fibrosis, and necrosis) from whole-genome DNA microarray data. The single-task DNN models showed high predictive accuracy and endpoint specificity, with Matthews correlation coefficients for the three endpoints on 10-fold cross validation ranging from 0.56 to 0.89, with an average of 0.74 in the best feature sets. The DNN models outperformed Random Forest models in cross validation and showed better performance than Support Vector Machine models when tested in the external validation datasets. In the cross validation studies, the effect of the feature selection scheme was negligible among the studied feature sets. Further evaluation of the models on their ability to predict the injury phenotype per se for non-chemically induced injuries revealed the robust performance of the DNN models across these additional external testing datasets. Thus, the DNN models learned features specific to the injury phenotype contained in the gene expression data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Ruifeng Liu
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Patric Schyman
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Anders Wallqvist
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Frederick, MD, United States
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8
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Sasaki E, Momose H, Hiradate Y, Mizukami T, Hamaguchi I. Establishment of a novel safety assessment method for vaccine adjuvant development. Vaccine 2018; 36:7112-7118. [PMID: 30318166 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines effectively prevent infectious diseases. Many types of vaccines against various pathogens that threaten humans are currently in widespread use. Recently, adjuvant adaptation has been attempted to activate innate immunity to enhance the effectiveness of vaccines. The effectiveness of adjuvants for vaccinations has been demonstrated in many animal models and clinical trials. Although a highly potent adjuvant tends to have high effectiveness, it also has the potential to increase the risk of side effects such as pain, edema, and fever. Indeed, highly effective adjuvants, such as poly(I:C), have not been clinically applied due to their high risks of toxicity in humans. Therefore, the task in the field of adjuvant development is to clinically apply highly effective and non- or low-toxic adjuvant-containing vaccines. To resolve this issue, it is essential to ensure a low risk of side effects and the high efficacy of an adjuvant in the early developmental phases. This review summarizes the theory and history of the current safety assessment methods for adjuvants, using the inactivated influenza vaccine as a model. Our novel method was developed as a system to judge the safety of a candidate compound using biomarkers identified by genomic technology and statistical tools. A systematic safety assessment tool for adjuvants would be of great use for predicting toxicity during novel adjuvant development, screening, and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eita Sasaki
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Haruka Momose
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Yuki Hiradate
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Takuo Mizukami
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Isao Hamaguchi
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
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9
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Matsumoto H, Saito F, Takeyoshi M. Investigation of the early-response genes in chemical-induced renal carcinogenicity for the prediction of chemical carcinogenicity in rats. J Toxicol Sci 2017; 42:175-181. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.42.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Matsumoto
- Chemicals Assessment and Research Center, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute
| | - Fumiyo Saito
- Chemicals Assessment and Research Center, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute
| | - Masahiro Takeyoshi
- Chemicals Assessment and Research Center, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute
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10
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Beom J, Lee JC, Paeng JC, Han TR, Bang MS, Oh BM. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to the Unilateral Hemisphere of Rat Brain. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27805583 DOI: 10.3791/54217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous rodent models of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) adopted whole-brain stimulation instead of unilateral hemispheric rTMS, which is unlike the protocols used for human subjects. We report a successful application of rTMS to the unilateral hemisphere of rat brain. The rTMS was delivered with a low-frequency (1 Hz), high-frequency (20 Hz), or sham stimulation protocol to one side of the brain by using a small 25-mm figure-8 coil. We placed the center of the coil 1 cm lateral to the vertex on the biauricular line and angulated the coil 45° to the ground to minimize a potential direct effect of rTMS on the contralateral cortex. We also used an in-house water cooling system to enable repetitive magnetic stimulation for more than 20 min, even at a 20-Hz stimulation frequency. Increases in the transcriptions of immediate early genes (Arc, Junb, and Egr2) were greater after rTMS than after sham stimulation. After 5 consecutive days of 20-min 1-Hz rTMS, bdnf mRNA expression was significantly higher in stimulated cortex than in contralateral side. The model presented herein will elucidate the molecular mechanisms of rTMS by allowing analysis of the inter-hemispheric difference in its effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewon Beom
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine
| | - Jung Chan Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine; Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University Hospital
| | - Jin Chul Paeng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine
| | - Tai Ryoon Han
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gangwon Do Rehabilitation Hospital
| | - Moon Suk Bang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine
| | - Byung-Mo Oh
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine;
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11
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Joshi N, Ray JL, Kopec AK, Luyendyk JP. Dose-dependent effects of alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate disconnect biliary fibrosis from hepatocellular necrosis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2016; 31:1-7. [PMID: 27605088 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of rodents to the xenobiotic α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) is an established model of experimental intrahepatic bile duct injury. Administration of ANIT to mice causes neutrophil-mediated hepatocellular necrosis. Prolonged exposure of mice to ANIT also produces bile duct hyperplasia and liver fibrosis. However, the mechanistic connection between ANIT-induced hepatocellular necrosis and bile duct hyperplasia and fibrosis is not well characterized. We examined impact of two different doses of ANIT, by feeding chow containing ANIT (0.05%, 0.1%), on the severity of various liver pathologies in a model of chronic ANIT exposure. ANIT-elicited increases in liver inflammation and hepatocellular necrosis increased with dose. Remarkably, there was no connection between increased hepatocellular necrosis and bile duct hyperplasia and peribiliary fibrosis, as these pathologies increased similarly in mice exposed to either dose of ANIT. The results indicate that the severity of hepatocellular necrosis does not dictate the extent of bile duct hyperplasia/fibrosis in ANIT-exposed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jessica L Ray
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Anna K Kopec
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - James P Luyendyk
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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12
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Cherkas Y, McMillian MK, Amaratunga D, Raghavan N, Sasaki JC. ABC gene-ranking for prediction of drug-induced cholestasis in rats. Toxicol Rep 2016; 3:252-261. [PMID: 28959545 PMCID: PMC5615833 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As legacy toxicogenomics databases have become available, improved data mining approaches are now key to extracting and visualizing subtle relationships between toxicants and gene expression. In the present study, a novel “aggregating bundles of clusters” (ABC) procedure was applied to separate cholestatic from non-cholestatic drugs and model toxicants in the Johnson & Johnson (Janssen) rat liver toxicogenomics database [3]. Drug-induced cholestasis is an important issue, particularly when a new compound enters the market with this liability, with standard preclinical models often mispredicting this toxicity. Three well-characterized cholestasis-responsive genes (Cyp7a1, Mrp3 and Bsep) were chosen from a previous in-house Janssen gene expression signature; these three genes show differing, non-redundant responses across the 90+ paradigm compounds in our database. Using the ABC procedure, extraneous contributions were minimized in comparisons of compound gene responses. All genes were assigned weights proportional to their correlations with Cyp7a1, Mrp3 and Bsep, and a resampling technique was used to derive a stable measure of compound similarity. The compounds that were known to be associated with rat cholestasis generally had small values of this measure relative to each other but also had large values of this measure relative to non-cholestatic compounds. Visualization of the data with the ABC-derived signature showed a very tight, essentially identically behaving cluster of robust human cholestatic drugs and experimental cholestatic toxicants (ethinyl estradiol, LPS, ANIT and methylene dianiline, disulfiram, naltrexone, methapyrilene, phenacetin, alpha-methyl dopa, flutamide, the NSAIDs–—indomethacin, flurbiprofen, diclofenac, flufenamic acid, sulindac, and nimesulide, butylated hydroxytoluene, piperonyl butoxide, and bromobenzene), some slightly less active compounds (3′-acetamidofluorene, amsacrine, hydralazine, tannic acid), some drugs that behaved very differently, and were distinct from both non-cholestatic and cholestatic drugs (ketoconazole, dipyridamole, cyproheptadine and aniline), and many postulated human cholestatic drugs that in rat showed no evidence of cholestasis (chlorpromazine, erythromycin, niacin, captopril, dapsone, rifampicin, glibenclamide, simvastatin, furosemide, tamoxifen, and sulfamethoxazole). Most of these latter drugs were noted previously by other groups as showing cholestasis only in humans. The results of this work suggest that the ABC procedure and similar statistical approaches can be instrumental in combining data to compare toxicants across toxicogenomics databases, extract similarities among responses and reduce unexplained data varation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nandini Raghavan
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ 08540, USA
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13
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Transcriptomic analysis of untreated and drug-treated differentiated HepaRG cells over a 2-week period. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 30:27-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Matsumoto H, Saito F, Takeyoshi M. Applicability of a gene expression based prediction method to SD and Wistar rats: an example of CARCINOscreen®. J Toxicol Sci 2015; 40:805-7. [PMID: 26558461 DOI: 10.2131/jts.40.805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the development of several gene expression-based prediction methods has been attempted in the fields of toxicology. CARCINOscreen® is a gene expression-based screening method to predict carcinogenicity of chemicals which target the liver with high accuracy. In this study, we investigated the applicability of the gene expression-based screening method to SD and Wistar rats by using CARCINOscreen®, originally developed with F344 rats, with two carcinogens, 2,4-diaminotoluen and thioacetamide, and two non-carcinogens, 2,6-diaminotoluen and sodium benzoate. After the 28-day repeated dose test was conducted with each chemical in SD and Wistar rats, microarray analysis was performed using total RNA extracted from each liver. Obtained gene expression data were applied to CARCINOscreen®. Predictive scores obtained by the CARCINOscreen® for known carcinogens were > 2 in all strains of rats, while non-carcinogens gave prediction scores below 0.5. These results suggested that the gene expression based screening method, CARCINOscreen®, can be applied to SD and Wistar rats, widely used strains in toxicological studies, by setting of an appropriate boundary line of prediction score to classify the chemicals into carcinogens and non-carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Matsumoto
- Chemicals Assessment and Research Center, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan (CERI)
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15
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Crean D, Bellwon P, Aschauer L, Limonciel A, Moenks K, Hewitt P, Schmidt T, Herrgen K, Dekant W, Lukas A, Bois F, Wilmes A, Jennings P, Leonard MO. Development of an in vitro renal epithelial disease state model for xenobiotic toxicity testing. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 30:128-37. [PMID: 25536518 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing impetus to develop more accurate, predictive and relevant in vitro models of renal xenobiotic exposure. As part of the EU-FP7, Predict-IV project, a major aim was to develop models that recapitulate not only normal tissue physiology but also aspects of disease conditions that exist as predisposing risk factors for xenobiotic toxicity. Hypoxia, as a common micro-environmental alteration associated with pathophysiology in renal disease, was investigated for its effect on the toxicity profile of a panel of 14 nephrotoxins, using the human proximal tubular epithelial RPTECT/TERT1 cell line. Changes in ATP, glutathione and resazurin reduction, after 14 days of daily repeat exposure, revealed a number of compounds, including adefovir dipivoxil with enhanced toxicity in hypoxia. We observed intracellular accumulation of adefovir in hypoxia and suggest decreases in the efflux transport proteins MRP4, MRP5, NHERF1 and NHERF3 as a possible explanation. MRP5 and NHERF3 were also down-regulated upon treatment with the HIF-1 activator, dimethyloxalylglycine. Interestingly, adefovir dependent gene expression shifted from alterations in cell cycle gene expression to an inflammatory response in hypoxia. The ability to investigate aspects of disease states and their influence on renal toxin handling is a key advantage of in vitro systems developed here. They also allow for detailed investigations into mechanisms of compound toxicity of potential importance for compromised tissue exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Crean
- University College Dublin, School of Medicine and Medical Science, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patricia Bellwon
- Institut fuer Toxikologie, Universitaet Wuerzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lydia Aschauer
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Alice Limonciel
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Konrad Moenks
- Emergentec Biodevelopment GmbH, Vienna 1180, Austria
| | - Philip Hewitt
- Merck KGaA, Merck Serono, Nonclinical Safety, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
| | - Tobias Schmidt
- Institut fuer Toxikologie, Universitaet Wuerzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Karin Herrgen
- Institut fuer Toxikologie, Universitaet Wuerzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Dekant
- Institut fuer Toxikologie, Universitaet Wuerzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Arno Lukas
- Emergentec Biodevelopment GmbH, Vienna 1180, Austria
| | - Frederic Bois
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Compiègne Cedex 60205, France
| | - Anja Wilmes
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Paul Jennings
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Martin O Leonard
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0RQ, UK.
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16
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Adler M, Leich E, Ellinger-Ziegelbauer H, Hewitt P, Dekant W, Rosenwald A, Mally A. Application of RNA interference to improve mechanistic understanding of omics responses to a hepatotoxic drug in primary rat hepatocytes. Toxicology 2014; 326:86-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Stamper BD. Transcriptional profiling of reactive metabolites for elucidating toxicological mechanisms: a case study of quinoneimine-forming agents. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 47:45-55. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.978081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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18
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Driessen M, Kienhuis AS, Vitins AP, Pennings JLA, Pronk TE, van den Brandhof EJ, Roodbergen M, van de Water B, van der Ven LTM. Gene expression markers in the zebrafish embryo reflect a hepatotoxic response in animal models and humans. Toxicol Lett 2014; 230:48-56. [PMID: 25064622 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish embryo (ZFE) is a promising non-rodent model in toxicology, and initial studies suggested its applicability in detecting hepatotoxic responses. Here, we hypothesize that the detailed analysis of underlying mechanisms of hepatotoxicity in ZFE contributes to the improved identification of hepatotoxic properties of new compounds and to the reduction of rodents used for screening. ZFEs were exposed to nine reference hepatotoxicants, targeted at induction of cholestasis, steatosis and necrosis, and two non-hepatotoxic controls. Histopathology revealed various specific morphological changes in the ZFE hepatocytes indicative of cell injury. Gene expression profiles of the individual compounds were generated using microarrays. Regulation of single genes and of pathways could be linked to hepatotoxic responses in general, but phenotype-specific responses could not be distinguished. Hepatotoxicity-associated pathways included xenobiotic metabolism and oxidoreduction related pathways. Overall analysis of gene expression identified a limited set of potential biomarkers specific for a common hepatotoxicity response. This set included several cytochrome P450 genes (cyp2k19, cyp4v7, cyp2aa3), genes related to liver development (pklr) and genes important in oxidoreduction processes (zgc:163022, zgc:158614, zgc:101858 and sqrdl). In conclusion, the ZFE model allows for identification of hepatotoxicants, without discrimination into specific phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja Driessen
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Division of Toxicology, Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anne S Kienhuis
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alexa P Vitins
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L A Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa E Pronk
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Evert-Jan van den Brandhof
- Centre for Environmental Quality, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O.Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne Roodbergen
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Division of Toxicology, Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Leo T M van der Ven
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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19
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Wei X, Ai J, Deng Y, Guan X, Johnson DR, Ang CY, Zhang C, Perkins EJ. Identification of biomarkers that distinguish chemical contaminants based on gene expression profiles. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:248. [PMID: 24678894 PMCID: PMC4051169 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High throughput transcriptomics profiles such as those generated using microarrays have been useful in identifying biomarkers for different classification and toxicity prediction purposes. Here, we investigated the use of microarrays to predict chemical toxicants and their possible mechanisms of action. Results In this study, in vitro cultures of primary rat hepatocytes were exposed to 105 chemicals and vehicle controls, representing 14 compound classes. We comprehensively compared various normalization of gene expression profiles, feature selection and classification algorithms for the classification of these 105 chemicals into14 compound classes. We found that normalization had little effect on the averaged classification accuracy. Two support vector machine (SVM) methods, LibSVM and sequential minimal optimization, had better classification performance than other methods. SVM recursive feature selection (SVM-RFE) had the highest overfitting rate when an independent dataset was used for a prediction. Therefore, we developed a new feature selection algorithm called gradient method that had a relatively high training classification as well as prediction accuracy with the lowest overfitting rate of the methods tested. Analysis of biomarkers that distinguished the 14 classes of compounds identified a group of genes principally involved in cell cycle function that were significantly downregulated by metal and inflammatory compounds, but were induced by anti-microbial, cancer related drugs, pesticides, and PXR mediators. Conclusions Our results indicate that using microarrays and a supervised machine learning approach to predict chemical toxicants, their potential toxicity and mechanisms of action is practical and efficient. Choosing the right feature and classification algorithms for this multiple category classification and prediction is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Youping Deng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Cancer Center, Rush University Medical Center, Kidston House, 630 S, Hermitage Ave, Room 408, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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20
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Davoudi M, Kallijärvi J, Marjavaara S, Kotarsky H, Hansson E, Levéen P, Fellman V. A mouse model of mitochondrial complex III dysfunction induced by myxothiazol. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:1079-84. [PMID: 24661880 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Myxothiazol is a respiratory chain complex III (CIII) inhibitor that binds to the ubiquinol oxidation site Qo of CIII. It blocks electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome b and thus inhibits CIII activity. It has been utilized as a tool in studies of respiratory chain function in in vitro and cell culture models. We developed a mouse model of biochemically induced and reversible CIII inhibition using myxothiazol. We administered myxothiazol intraperitoneally at a dose of 0.56 mg/kg to C57Bl/J6 mice every 24 h and assessed CIII activity, histology, lipid content, supercomplex formation, and gene expression in the livers of the mice. A reversible CIII activity decrease to 50% of control value occurred at 2 h post-injection. At 74 h only minor histological changes in the liver were found, supercomplex formation was preserved and no significant changes in the expression of genes indicating hepatotoxicity or inflammation were found. Thus, myxothiazol-induced CIII inhibition can be induced in mice for four days in a row without overt hepatotoxicity or lethality. This model could be utilized in further studies of respiratory chain function and pharmacological approaches to mitochondrial hepatopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Davoudi
- Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Lund 22185, Sweden
| | - Jukka Kallijärvi
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Sanna Marjavaara
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Heike Kotarsky
- Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Lund 22185, Sweden
| | - Eva Hansson
- Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Lund 22185, Sweden
| | - Per Levéen
- Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Lund 22185, Sweden; Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Vineta Fellman
- Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Lund 22185, Sweden; Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland; Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00029, Finland.
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21
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Integrated systems toxicology approaches identified the possible involvement of ABC transporters pathway in erythromycin estolate-induced liver injury in rat. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 65:343-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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22
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Van den Hof WFPM, Coonen MLJ, van Herwijnen M, Brauers K, Wodzig WKWH, van Delft JHM, Kleinjans JCS. Classification of Hepatotoxicants Using HepG2 Cells: A Proof of Principle Study. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:433-42. [DOI: 10.1021/tx4004165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wim F. P. M. Van den Hof
- Department
of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Toxicogenomics
Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten L. J. Coonen
- Department
of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Toxicogenomics
Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel van Herwijnen
- Department
of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Karen Brauers
- Department
of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Will K. W. H. Wodzig
- Department
of Clinical Chemistry, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Toxicogenomics
Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost H. M. van Delft
- Department
of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Toxicogenomics
Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos C. S. Kleinjans
- Department
of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Toxicogenomics
Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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23
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Rautio JJ, Satokari R, Vehmaan-Kreula P, Serkkola E, Söderlund H. TRAC in high-content gene expression analysis: applications in microbial population studies, process biotechnology and biomedical research. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 8:379-85. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.8.4.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Matsumoto H, Saito F, Takeyoshi M. CARCINOscreen®: New short-term prediction method for hepatocarcinogenicity of chemicals based on hepatic transcript profiling in rats. J Toxicol Sci 2014; 39:725-34. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.39.725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Matsumoto
- Chemicals Assessment and Research Center, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan (CERI)
| | - Fumiyo Saito
- Chemicals Assessment and Research Center, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan (CERI)
| | - Masahiro Takeyoshi
- Chemicals Assessment and Research Center, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan (CERI)
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25
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Ramirez T, Daneshian M, Kamp H, Bois FY, Clench MR, Coen M, Donley B, Fischer SM, Ekman DR, Fabian E, Guillou C, Heuer J, Hogberg HT, Jungnickel H, Keun HC, Krennrich G, Krupp E, Luch A, Noor F, Peter E, Riefke B, Seymour M, Skinner N, Smirnova L, Verheij E, Wagner S, Hartung T, van Ravenzwaay B, Leist M. Metabolomics in toxicology and preclinical research. ALTEX-ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION 2013; 30:209-25. [PMID: 23665807 DOI: 10.14573/altex.2013.2.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics, the comprehensive analysis of metabolites in a biological system, provides detailed information about the biochemical/physiological status of a biological system, and about the changes caused by chemicals. Metabolomics analysis is used in many fields, ranging from the analysis of the physiological status of genetically modified organisms in safety science to the evaluation of human health conditions. In toxicology, metabolomics is the -omics discipline that is most closely related to classical knowledge of disturbed biochemical pathways. It allows rapid identification of the potential targets of a hazardous compound. It can give information on target organs and often can help to improve our understanding regarding the mode-of-action of a given compound. Such insights aid the discovery of biomarkers that either indicate pathophysiological conditions or help the monitoring of the efficacy of drug therapies. The first toxicological applications of metabolomics were for mechanistic research, but different ways to use the technology in a regulatory context are being explored. Ideally, further progress in that direction will position the metabolomics approach to address the challenges of toxicology of the 21st century. To address these issues, scientists from academia, industry, and regulatory bodies came together in a workshop to discuss the current status of applied metabolomics and its potential in the safety assessment of compounds. We report here on the conclusions of three working groups addressing questions regarding 1) metabolomics for in vitro studies 2) the appropriate use of metabolomics in systems toxicology, and 3) use of metabolomics in a regulatory context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzutzuy Ramirez
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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26
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Fuchs TC, Mally A, Wool A, Beiman M, Hewitt P. An Exploratory Evaluation of the Utility of Transcriptional and Urinary Kidney Injury Biomarkers for the Prediction of Aristolochic Acid–Induced Renal Injury in Male Rats. Vet Pathol 2013; 51:680-94. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985813498779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The predictive value of different urinary and transcriptional biomarkers was evaluated in a proof-of-principle toxicology study in rats using aristolochic acid (AA), a known nephrotoxic agent. Male Wistar rats were orally dosed with 0.1, 1, or 10 mg/kg for 12 days. Urine was collected on days 1, 5, and 12 over 24 hours. Gene expression analysis was also conducted using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Illumina whole-genome chips. Protein biomarkers (Kim-1, Timp-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, osteopontin, clusterin, cystatin C, calbindin D-28K, β2-microglobulin, α–glutathione S-transferase, GSTY1b, RPA-1, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin) were measured in these urine samples. Treatment with AA resulted in a slight dose- and/or time-dependent increase in urinary β2-microglobulin, lipocalin 2, and osteopontin before an increase in serum creatinine or serum urea nitrogen was observed. A strong decrease in urinary calbindin D-28K was also detected. The Compugen Ltd. prediction model scored both the 1- and 10-mg/kg AA dose groups as positive for nephrotoxicity despite the absence of renal histopathological changes. In addition, several previously described transcriptional biomarkers were identified as early predictors of renal toxicity as they were detected before morphological alterations had occurred. Altogether, these findings demonstrated the predictive values of renal biomarkers approved by the Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency, and Pharmaceuticals & Medical Devices Agency in AA-induced renal injury in rats and confirmed the utility of renal transcriptional biomarkers for detecting progression of compound-induced renal injury in rats. In addition, several transcriptional biomarkers identified in this exploratory study could present early predictors of renal tubular epithelium injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. C. Fuchs
- Merck Serono, Non-Clinical Safety, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A. Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - A. Wool
- Compugen Ltd., Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - P. Hewitt
- Merck Serono, Non-Clinical Safety, Darmstadt, Germany
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Godoy P, Hewitt NJ, Albrecht U, Andersen ME, Ansari N, Bhattacharya S, Bode JG, Bolleyn J, Borner C, Böttger J, Braeuning A, Budinsky RA, Burkhardt B, Cameron NR, Camussi G, Cho CS, Choi YJ, Craig Rowlands J, Dahmen U, Damm G, Dirsch O, Donato MT, Dong J, Dooley S, Drasdo D, Eakins R, Ferreira KS, Fonsato V, Fraczek J, Gebhardt R, Gibson A, Glanemann M, Goldring CEP, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Groothuis GMM, Gustavsson L, Guyot C, Hallifax D, Hammad S, Hayward A, Häussinger D, Hellerbrand C, Hewitt P, Hoehme S, Holzhütter HG, Houston JB, Hrach J, Ito K, Jaeschke H, Keitel V, Kelm JM, Kevin Park B, Kordes C, Kullak-Ublick GA, LeCluyse EL, Lu P, Luebke-Wheeler J, Lutz A, Maltman DJ, Matz-Soja M, McMullen P, Merfort I, Messner S, Meyer C, Mwinyi J, Naisbitt DJ, Nussler AK, Olinga P, Pampaloni F, Pi J, Pluta L, Przyborski SA, Ramachandran A, Rogiers V, Rowe C, Schelcher C, Schmich K, Schwarz M, Singh B, Stelzer EHK, Stieger B, Stöber R, Sugiyama Y, Tetta C, Thasler WE, Vanhaecke T, Vinken M, Weiss TS, Widera A, Woods CG, Xu JJ, Yarborough KM, Hengstler JG. Recent advances in 2D and 3D in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes, alternative hepatocyte sources and non-parenchymal liver cells and their use in investigating mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, cell signaling and ADME. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1315-530. [PMID: 23974980 PMCID: PMC3753504 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1062] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review encompasses the most important advances in liver functions and hepatotoxicity and analyzes which mechanisms can be studied in vitro. In a complex architecture of nested, zonated lobules, the liver consists of approximately 80 % hepatocytes and 20 % non-parenchymal cells, the latter being involved in a secondary phase that may dramatically aggravate the initial damage. Hepatotoxicity, as well as hepatic metabolism, is controlled by a set of nuclear receptors (including PXR, CAR, HNF-4α, FXR, LXR, SHP, VDR and PPAR) and signaling pathways. When isolating liver cells, some pathways are activated, e.g., the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway, whereas others are silenced (e.g. HNF-4α), resulting in up- and downregulation of hundreds of genes. An understanding of these changes is crucial for a correct interpretation of in vitro data. The possibilities and limitations of the most useful liver in vitro systems are summarized, including three-dimensional culture techniques, co-cultures with non-parenchymal cells, hepatospheres, precision cut liver slices and the isolated perfused liver. Also discussed is how closely hepatoma, stem cell and iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like-cells resemble real hepatocytes. Finally, a summary is given of the state of the art of liver in vitro and mathematical modeling systems that are currently used in the pharmaceutical industry with an emphasis on drug metabolism, prediction of clearance, drug interaction, transporter studies and hepatotoxicity. One key message is that despite our enthusiasm for in vitro systems, we must never lose sight of the in vivo situation. Although hepatocytes have been isolated for decades, the hunt for relevant alternative systems has only just begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Godoy
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Nariman Ansari
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sudin Bhattacharya
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Johannes Georg Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bolleyn
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Böttger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert A. Budinsky
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Britta Burkhardt
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - J. Craig Rowlands
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - María Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jian Dong
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- INRIA (French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control), Domaine de Voluceau-Rocquencourt, B.P. 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France
- UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 4, pl. Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Rowena Eakins
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karine Sá Ferreira
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- GRK 1104 From Cells to Organs, Molecular Mechanisms of Organogenesis, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Fonsato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Joanna Fraczek
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrew Gibson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris E. P. Goldring
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Geny M. M. Groothuis
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Gustavsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (Malmö), Center for Molecular Pathology, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christelle Guyot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Hallifax
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Adam Hayward
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Hoehme
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institut für Biochemie Abteilung Mathematische Systembiochemie, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | | | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585 Japan
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claus Kordes
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Peng Lu
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | - Anna Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Maltman
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick McMullen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jingbo Pi
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Linda Pluta
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Stefan A. Przyborski
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cliff Rowe
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Celine Schelcher
- Department of Surgery, Liver Regeneration, Core Facility, Human in Vitro Models of the Liver, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Ernst H. K. Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Stöber
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ciro Tetta
- Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Thasler
- Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agata Widera
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Courtney G. Woods
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | | | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Delineation of the key aspects in the regulation of epithelial monolayer formation. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:2535-50. [PMID: 23608536 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01435-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation, maintenance, and repair of epithelial barriers are of critical importance for whole-body homeostasis. However, the molecular events involved in epithelial tissue maturation are not fully established. To this end, we investigated the molecular processes involved in renal epithelial proximal-tubule monolayer maturation utilizing transcriptomic, metabolomic, and functional parameters. We uncovered profound dynamic alterations in transcriptional regulation, energy metabolism, and nutrient utilization over the maturation process. Proliferating cells exhibited high glycolytic rates and high transcript levels for fatty acid synthesis genes (FASN), whereas matured cells had low glycolytic rates, increased oxidative capacity, and preferentially expressed genes for beta oxidation. There were dynamic alterations in the expression and localization of several adherens (CDH1, -4, and -16) and tight junction (TJP3 and CLDN2 and -10) proteins. Genes involved in differentiated proximal-tubule function, cilium biogenesis (BBS1), and transport (ATP1A1 and ATP1B1) exhibited increased expression during epithelial maturation. Using TransAM transcription factor activity assays, we could demonstrate that p53 and FOXO1 were highly active in matured cells, whereas HIF1A and c-MYC were highly active in proliferating cells. The data presented here will be invaluable in the further delineation of the complex dynamic cellular processes involved in epithelial cell regulation.
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Corsini A, Ganey P, Ju C, Kaplowitz N, Pessayre D, Roth R, Watkins PB, Albassam M, Liu B, Stancic S, Suter L, Bortolini M. Current challenges and controversies in drug-induced liver injury. Drug Saf 2013. [PMID: 23137150 DOI: 10.2165/11632970-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Current key challenges and controversies encountered in the identification of potentially hepatotoxic drugs and the assessment of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) are covered in this article. There is substantial debate over the classification of DILI itself, including the definition and validity of terms such as 'intrinsic' and 'idiosyncratic'. So-called idiosyncratic DILI is typically rare and requires one or more susceptibility factors in individuals. Consequently, it has been difficult to reproduce in animal models, which has limited the understanding of its underlying mechanisms despite numerous hypotheses. Advances in predictive models would also help to enable preclinical elimination of drug candidates and development of novel biomarkers. A small number of liver laboratory tests have been routinely used to help identify DILI, but their interpretation can be limited and confounded by multiple factors. Improved preclinical and clinical biomarkers are therefore needed to accurately detect early signals of liver injury, distinguish drug hepatotoxicity from other forms of liver injury, and differentiate mild from clinically important liver injury. A range of potentially useful biomarkers are emerging, although so far most have only been used preclinically, with only a few validated and used in the clinic for specific circumstances. Advances in the development of genomic biomarkers will improve the prediction and detection of hepatic injury in future. Establishing a definitive clinical diagnosis of DILI can be difficult, since it is based on circumstantial evidence by excluding other aetiologies and, when possible, identifying a drug-specific signature. DILI signals based on standard liver test abnormalities may be affected by underlying diseases such as hepatitis B and C, HIV and cancer, as well as the concomitant use of hepatotoxic drugs to treat some of these conditions. Therefore, a modified approach to DILI assessment is justified in these special populations and a suggested framework is presented that takes into account underlying disease when evaluating DILI signals in individuals. Detection of idiosyncratic DILI should, in some respects, be easier in the postmarketing setting compared with the clinical development programme, since there is a much larger and more varied patient population exposure over longer timeframes. However, postmarketing safety surveillance is currently limited by the quantity and quality of information available to make an accurate diagnosis, the lack of a control group and the rarity of cases. The pooling of multiple healthcare databases, which could potentially contain different types of patient data, is advised to address some of these deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Corsini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Universit degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Application of integrated transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic profiling for the delineation of mechanisms of drug induced cell stress. J Proteomics 2013; 79:180-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Chen M, Zhang M, Borlak J, Tong W. A Decade of Toxicogenomic Research and Its Contribution to Toxicological Science. Toxicol Sci 2012; 130:217-28. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Tralau T, Luch A. Drug-mediated toxicity: illuminating the ‘bad’ in the test tube by means of cellular assays? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:353-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Sohn SH, Cho S, Ji ES, Kim SH, Shin M, Hong M, Bae H. Microarray analysis of the gene expression profile of HMC-1 mast cells following Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briquet treatment. Cell Immunol 2012; 277:58-65. [PMID: 22726350 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
It has long been believed that mast cells play a crucial role in the development of many physiological changes during immediate allergic responses. This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammation mechanism of Schizonepeta tenuifolia (ST) extract and ST purified chemicals on the PMA plus A23187-induced stimulation of HMC-1 human mast cells. ST, rosmarinic acid, pulegone, and 2α,3α,24-thrihydrooxylen-12en-28oic acid treatment of HMC-1 cells led to significant suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) in a dose dependent manner. In addition, the results of the microarray and real-time RT-PCR analyses revealed that ST regulates several pathways, including the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction (CCRI), MAPK, and the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways. ST may be useful for the treatment of inflammation disease via anti-inflammation activity that occurs through inhibition of the CCRI, MAPK, and TLR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hwa Sohn
- Department of Physiology, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Rusyn I, Sedykh A, Low Y, Guyton KZ, Tropsha A. Predictive modeling of chemical hazard by integrating numerical descriptors of chemical structures and short-term toxicity assay data. Toxicol Sci 2012; 127:1-9. [PMID: 22387746 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models are widely used for in silico prediction of in vivo toxicity of drug candidates or environmental chemicals, adding value to candidate selection in drug development or in a search for less hazardous and more sustainable alternatives for chemicals in commerce. The development of traditional QSAR models is enabled by numerical descriptors representing the inherent chemical properties that can be easily defined for any number of molecules; however, traditional QSAR models often have limited predictive power due to the lack of data and complexity of in vivo endpoints. Although it has been indeed difficult to obtain experimentally derived toxicity data on a large number of chemicals in the past, the results of quantitative in vitro screening of thousands of environmental chemicals in hundreds of experimental systems are now available and continue to accumulate. In addition, publicly accessible toxicogenomics data collected on hundreds of chemicals provide another dimension of molecular information that is potentially useful for predictive toxicity modeling. These new characteristics of molecular bioactivity arising from short-term biological assays, i.e., in vitro screening and/or in vivo toxicogenomics data can now be exploited in combination with chemical structural information to generate hybrid QSAR-like quantitative models to predict human toxicity and carcinogenicity. Using several case studies, we illustrate the benefits of a hybrid modeling approach, namely improvements in the accuracy of models, enhanced interpretation of the most predictive features, and expanded applicability domain for wider chemical space coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
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Lin WJ, Chen JJ. Biomarker classifiers for identifying susceptible subpopulations for treatment decisions. Pharmacogenomics 2011; 13:147-57. [PMID: 22188363 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.11.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM A main goal of pharmacogenomics is to develop genomic signatures to predict patients' responses to a drug or therapy for treatment decisions. Identification of patients who would have no beneficial effect or have the risk of developing adverse effects from an unnecessary treatment could save enormous cost in the healthcare system and clinical trials. This article presents an approach for developing a biomarker classifier for identifying a fraction of susceptible patients, who should be spared unnecessary treatment prior to treatment. MATERIALS & METHODS The identification of susceptible patients involves two steps. The first step is to identify biomarkers of susceptibility from a mixture of biomarkers of susceptibility and biomarkers of response; the second step is to develop a classifier using an ensemble classification algorithm, as the number of susceptible patients is generally much smaller than the number of nonsusceptible patients. RESULTS Selection of the biomarkers of susceptibility is essential to achieve good prediction accuracy. The ensemble algorithm significantly improves the prediction accuracy compared with the standard classifiers. CONCLUSION The study shows that classifiers developed based on the biomarkers obtained by comparing the genomic profiles of responders to those of nonresponders may lead to a high misclassification error rate. Classifiers to identify a small fraction of the subpopulation should take imbalanced class sizes into consideration. A large sample size may be needed in order to ensure detection of a sufficient number of biomarkers and a sufficient number of susceptible subjects for classifier development and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jiun Lin
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Yang X, Greenhaw J, Shi Q, Su Z, Qian F, Davis K, Mendrick DL, Salminen WF. Identification of urinary microRNA profiles in rats that may diagnose hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Sci 2011; 125:335-44. [PMID: 22112502 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as novel noninvasive biomarkers for several diseases and other types of tissue injury. This study tested the hypothesis that changes in the levels of urinary miRNAs correlate with liver injury induced by hepatotoxicants. Sprague-Dawley rats were administered acetaminophen (APAP) or carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) and one nonhepatotoxicant (penicillin/PCN). Urine samples were collected over a 24 h period after a single oral dose of APAP (1250 mg/kg), CCl(4) (2000 mg/kg), or PCN (2400 mg/kg). APAP and CCl(4) induced liver injury based upon increased serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferase levels and histopathological findings, including liver necrosis. APAP and CCl(4) both significantly increased the urinary levels of 44 and 28 miRNAs, respectively. In addition, 10 of the increased miRNAs were in common between APAP and CCl(4). In contrast, PCN caused a slight decrease of a different nonoverlapping set of urinary miRNAs. Cluster analysis revealed a distinct urinary miRNA pattern from the hepatotoxicant-treated groups when compared with vehicle controls and PCN. Analysis of hepatic miRNA levels suggested that the liver was the source of the increased urinary miRNAs after APAP exposure; however, the results from CCl(4) were equivocal. Computational analysis was used to predict target genes of the 10 shared hepatotoxicant-induced miRNAs. Liver gene expression profiling using whole genome microarrays identified eight putative miRNA target genes that were significantly altered in the liver of APAP- and CCl(4)-treated animals. In conclusion, the patterns of urinary miRNA may hold promise as biomarkers of hepatotoxicant-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yang
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
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Kwon JW, Shin ES, Lee JE, Kim SH, Kim SH, Jee YK, Kim YK, Park HS, Min KU, Park HW. Genetic Variations in TXNRD1 as Potential Predictors of Drug-Induced Liver Injury. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2011; 4:132-6. [PMID: 22548205 PMCID: PMC3328729 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2012.4.3.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is the most common adverse drug reaction; however, it is not easily predicted. We hypothesize that DILI has a common genetic basis. Based on the findings of previous animal studies on toxic hepatitis, we selected the thioredoxin reductase 1 gene (TXNRD1) as a candidate marker of DILI for this genetic association study. Methods Records from 118 patients with DILI were extracted from the database of the Adverse Drug Reaction Research Group in South Korea. Causative drugs included antituberculosis drugs (n=68, 57.6%), antibiotics (n=22, 18.6%), antiepileptic drugs (n=7, 5.9%), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (n=5, 4.2%), and others (n=16, 13.7%). Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TXNRD1 (rs10735393, rs4964287, rs4595619, rs10861201, rs11111997, rs4246270, and rs4246271) were scored in 118 DILI patients and in 120 drug-matched controls without liver injury. Results No differences were found between the frequencies of any of the 7 SNPs in the cases and controls; however, a significant association was found between a TTA haplotype composed of rs10735393, rs4964287, and rs4595619 and DILI using an allele model (odds ratio, 1.79; 95% confidence interval, 1.18-2.73; P=0.008; Bonferroni corrected P=0.024). Conclusions These results suggest that genetic variations in TXNRD1 favor the development of DILI, although a larger confirmative study is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Woo Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Fuchs TC, Hewitt P. Biomarkers for drug-induced renal damage and nephrotoxicity-an overview for applied toxicology. AAPS JOURNAL 2011; 13:615-31. [PMID: 21969220 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-011-9301-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The detection of acute kidney injury (AKI) and the monitoring of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is becoming more important in industrialized countries. Because of the direct relation of kidney damage to the increasing age of the population, as well as the connection to other diseases like diabetes mellitus and congestive heart failure, renal diseases/failure has increased in the last decades. In addition, drug-induced kidney injury, especially of patients in intensive care units, is very often a cause of AKI. The need for diagnostic tools to identify drug-induced nephrotoxicity has been emphasized by the ICH-regulated agencies. This has lead to multiple national and international projects focusing on the identification of novel biomarkers to enhance drug development. Several parameters related to AKI or CKD are known and have been used for several decades. Most of these markers deliver information only when renal damage is well established, as is the case for serum creatinine. The field of molecular toxicology has spawned new options of the detection of nephrotoxicity. These new developments lead to the identification of urinary protein biomarkers, including Kim-1, clusterin, osteopontin or RPA-1, and other transcriptional biomarkers which enable the earlier detection of AKI and deliver further information about the area of nephron damage or the underlying mechanism. These biomarkers were mainly identified and qualified in rat but also for humans, several biomarkers have been described and now have to be validated. This review will give an overview of traditional and novel tools for the detection of renal damage.
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Hrach J, Mueller S, Hewitt P. Development of an in vitro liver toxicity prediction model based on longer term primary rat hepatocyte culture. Toxicol Lett 2011; 206:189-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Liu J, Jolly RA, Smith AT, Searfoss GH, Goldstein KM, Uversky VN, Dunker K, Li S, Thomas CE, Wei T. Predictive Power Estimation Algorithm (PPEA)--a new algorithm to reduce overfitting for genomic biomarker discovery. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24233. [PMID: 21935387 PMCID: PMC3174148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxicogenomics promises to aid in predicting adverse effects, understanding the mechanisms of drug action or toxicity, and uncovering unexpected or secondary pharmacology. However, modeling adverse effects using high dimensional and high noise genomic data is prone to over-fitting. Models constructed from such data sets often consist of a large number of genes with no obvious functional relevance to the biological effect the model intends to predict that can make it challenging to interpret the modeling results. To address these issues, we developed a novel algorithm, Predictive Power Estimation Algorithm (PPEA), which estimates the predictive power of each individual transcript through an iterative two-way bootstrapping procedure. By repeatedly enforcing that the sample number is larger than the transcript number, in each iteration of modeling and testing, PPEA reduces the potential risk of overfitting. We show with three different cases studies that: (1) PPEA can quickly derive a reliable rank order of predictive power of individual transcripts in a relatively small number of iterations, (2) the top ranked transcripts tend to be functionally related to the phenotype they are intended to predict, (3) using only the most predictive top ranked transcripts greatly facilitates development of multiplex assay such as qRT-PCR as a biomarker, and (4) more importantly, we were able to demonstrate that a small number of genes identified from the top-ranked transcripts are highly predictive of phenotype as their expression changes distinguished adverse from nonadverse effects of compounds in completely independent tests. Thus, we believe that the PPEA model effectively addresses the over-fitting problem and can be used to facilitate genomic biomarker discovery for predictive toxicology and drug responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangang Liu
- Translational Science, Lilly Research Laboratories, a Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- School of Informatics, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Jolly
- Toxicology, Lilly Research Laboratories, a Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Aaron T. Smith
- Toxicology, Lilly Research Laboratories, a Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - George H. Searfoss
- Toxicology, Lilly Research Laboratories, a Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Keith M. Goldstein
- Toxicology, Lilly Research Laboratories, a Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Keith Dunker
- School of Informatics, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Shuyu Li
- Translational Science, Lilly Research Laboratories, a Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Craig E. Thomas
- Toxicology, Lilly Research Laboratories, a Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TW); (CET)
| | - Tao Wei
- Translational Science, Lilly Research Laboratories, a Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TW); (CET)
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Liew CY, Lim YC, Yap CW. Mixed learning algorithms and features ensemble in hepatotoxicity prediction. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2011; 25:855-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-011-9468-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Cheng F, Theodorescu D, Schulman IG, Lee JK. In vitro transcriptomic prediction of hepatotoxicity for early drug discovery. J Theor Biol 2011; 290:27-36. [PMID: 21884709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Liver toxicity (hepatotoxicity) is a critical issue in drug discovery and development. Standard preclinical evaluation of drug hepatotoxicity is generally performed using in vivo animal systems. However, only a small number of preselected compounds can be examined in vivo due to high experimental costs. A more efficient yet accurate screening technique that can identify potentially hepatotoxic compounds in the early stages of drug development would thus be valuable. Here, we develop and apply a novel genomic prediction technique for screening hepatotoxic compounds based on in vitro human liver cell tests. Using a training set of in vivo rodent experiments for drug hepatotoxicity evaluation, we discovered common biomarkers of drug-induced liver toxicity among six heterogeneous compounds. This gene set was further triaged to a subset of 32 genes that can be used as a multi-gene expression signature to predict hepatotoxicity. This multi-gene predictor was independently validated and showed consistently high prediction performance on five test sets of in vitro human liver cell and in vivo animal toxicity experiments. The predictor also demonstrated utility in evaluating different degrees of toxicity in response to drug concentrations, which may be useful not only for discerning a compound's general hepatotoxicity but also for determining its toxic concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Cheng
- Department of Biophysics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Low Y, Uehara T, Minowa Y, Yamada H, Ohno Y, Urushidani T, Sedykh A, Muratov E, Fourches D, Zhu H, Rusyn I, Tropsha A. Predicting drug-induced hepatotoxicity using QSAR and toxicogenomics approaches. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1251-62. [PMID: 21699217 PMCID: PMC4281093 DOI: 10.1021/tx200148a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling and toxicogenomics are typically used independently as predictive tools in toxicology. In this study, we evaluated the power of several statistical models for predicting drug hepatotoxicity in rats using different descriptors of drug molecules, namely, their chemical descriptors and toxicogenomics profiles. The records were taken from the Toxicogenomics Project rat liver microarray database containing information on 127 drugs ( http://toxico.nibio.go.jp/datalist.html ). The model end point was hepatotoxicity in the rat following 28 days of continuous exposure, established by liver histopathology and serum chemistry. First, we developed multiple conventional QSAR classification models using a comprehensive set of chemical descriptors and several classification methods (k nearest neighbor, support vector machines, random forests, and distance weighted discrimination). With chemical descriptors alone, external predictivity (correct classification rate, CCR) from 5-fold external cross-validation was 61%. Next, the same classification methods were employed to build models using only toxicogenomics data (24 h after a single exposure) treated as biological descriptors. The optimized models used only 85 selected toxicogenomics descriptors and had CCR as high as 76%. Finally, hybrid models combining both chemical descriptors and transcripts were developed; their CCRs were between 68 and 77%. Although the accuracy of hybrid models did not exceed that of the models based on toxicogenomics data alone, the use of both chemical and biological descriptors enriched the interpretation of the models. In addition to finding 85 transcripts that were predictive and highly relevant to the mechanisms of drug-induced liver injury, chemical structural alerts for hepatotoxicity were identified. These results suggest that concurrent exploration of the chemical features and acute treatment-induced changes in transcript levels will both enrich the mechanistic understanding of subchronic liver injury and afford models capable of accurate prediction of hepatotoxicity from chemical structure and short-term assay results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Low
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Takeki Uehara
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Toxicogenomics Informatics Project, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Asagi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yohsuke Minowa
- Toxicogenomics Informatics Project, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Asagi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamada
- Toxicogenomics Informatics Project, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Asagi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ohno
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Kamiyoga, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Urushidani
- Toxicogenomics Informatics Project, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Asagi, Osaka, Japan
- Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kodo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Alexander Sedykh
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Eugene Muratov
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- A.V. Bogatsky Physical-Chemical Institute NAS of Ukraine, Odessa, Ukraine
| | - Denis Fourches
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Hao Zhu
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Alexander Tropsha
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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Chang CW, Beland FA, Hines WM, Fuscoe JC, Han T, Chen JJ. Identification and categorization of liver toxicity markers induced by a related pair of drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:4609-24. [PMID: 21845099 PMCID: PMC3155372 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12074609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is the primary adverse event that results in the withdrawal of drugs from the market and a frequent reason for the failure of drug candidates in the pre-clinical or clinical phases of drug development. This paper presents an approach for identifying potential liver toxicity genomic biomarkers from a liver toxicity biomarker study involving the paired compounds entacapone (“non-liver toxic drug”) and tolcapone (“hepatotoxic drug”). Molecular analysis of the rat liver and plasma samples, combined with statistical analysis, revealed many similarities and differences between the in vivo biochemical effects of the two drugs. Six hundred and ninety-five genes and 61 pathways were selected based on the classification scheme. Of the 61 pathways, 5 were specific to treatment with tolcapone. Two of the 12 animals in the tolcapone group were found to have high ALT, AST, or TBIL levels. The gene Vars2 (valyl-tRNA synthetase 2) was identified in both animals and the pathway to which it belongs, the aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis pathway, was one of the three most significant tolcapone-specific pathways identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wei Chang
- Division of Personalized Nutrition and Medicine, National Center for Toxicological Research, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Frederick A. Beland
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; E-Mail:
| | | | - James C. Fuscoe
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; E-Mails: (J.C.F.); (T.H.)
| | - Tao Han
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; E-Mails: (J.C.F.); (T.H.)
| | - James J. Chen
- Division of Personalized Nutrition and Medicine, National Center for Toxicological Research, FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-870-543-7007; Fax: +1-870-543-7662
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Dadarkar SS, Fonseca LC, Mishra PB, Lobo AS, Doshi LS, Dagia NM, Rangasamy AK, Padigaru M. Phenotypic and genotypic assessment of concomitant drug-induced toxic effects in liver, kidney and blood. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 31:117-30. [PMID: 20623750 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have characterized drug-induced toxicity in liver and kidney. However, the majority of these studies have been performed with 'individual' organs in isolation. Separately, little is known about the role of whole blood as a surrogate tissue in drug-induced toxicity. Accordingly, we investigated the 'concurrent' response of liver, kidney and whole blood during a toxic assault. Rats were acutely treated with therapeutics (acetaminophen, rosiglitazone, fluconazole, isoniazid, cyclophosphamide, amphotericin B, gentamicin and cisplatin) reported for their liver and/or kidney toxicity. Changes in clinical chemistry parameters (e.g. AST, urea) and/or observed microscopic tissue damage confirmed induced hepatotoxicity and/or nephrotoxicity by all drugs. Drug-induced toxicity was not confined to an 'individual' organ. Not all drugs elicited significant alterations in phenotypic parameters of toxicity (e.g. ALT, creatinine). Accordingly, the transcriptional profile of the organs was studied using a toxicity panel of 30 genes derived from literature. Each of the test drugs generated specific gene expression patterns which were unique for all three organs. Hierarchical cluster analyses of purported hepatotoxicants and nephrotoxicants each led to characteristic 'fingerprints' (e.g. decrease in Cyp3a1 indicative of hepatotoxicity; increase in Spp1 and decrease in Gstp1 indicative of nephrotoxicity). In whole blood cells, a set of genes was derived which closely correlated with individual drug-induced concomitant changes in liver or kidney. Collectively, these data demonstrate drug-induced multi-organ toxicity. Furthermore, our findings underscore the importance of transcriptional profiling during inadequate phenotypic anchorage and suggest that whole blood may be judiciously used as a surrogate for drug-induced extra-hematological organ toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruta S Dadarkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Piramal Life Sciences Limited, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
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Anthérieu S, Rogue A, Fromenty B, Guillouzo A, Robin MA. Induction of vesicular steatosis by amiodarone and tetracycline is associated with up-regulation of lipogenic genes in HepaRG cells. Hepatology 2011; 53:1895-905. [PMID: 21391224 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Drug-induced liver injury occurs in general after several weeks and is often unpredictable. It is characterized by a large spectrum of lesions that includes steatosis and phospholipidosis. Many drugs such as amiodarone and tetracycline have been reported to cause phospholipidosis and/or steatosis. In this study, acute and chronic hepatic effects of these two drugs were investigated using well-differentiated human hepatoma HepaRG cells. Accumulation of typical lipid droplets, labeled with Oil Red O, was observed in hepatocyte-like HepaRG cells after repeat exposure to either drug. Amiodarone caused the formation of additional intracytoplasmic vesicles that did not stain in all HepaRG cells. At the electron microscopic level, these vesicles appeared as typical lamellar bodies and were associated with an increase of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. A dose-dependent induction of triglycerides (TG) was observed after repeat exposure to either amiodarone or tetracycline. Several genes known to be related to lipogenesis were induced after treatment by these two drugs. By contrast, opposite deregulation of some of these genes (FASN, SCD1, and THSRP) was observed in fat HepaRG cells induced by oleic acid overload, supporting the conclusion that different mechanisms were involved in the induction of steatosis by drugs and oleic acid. Moreover, several genes related to lipid droplet formation (ADFP, PLIN4) were up-regulated after exposure to both drugs and oleic acid. CONCLUSION Our results show that amiodarone causes phospholipidosis after short-term treatment and, like tetracycline, induces vesicular steatosis after repeat exposure in HepaRG cells. These data represent the first demonstration that drugs can induce vesicular steatosis in vitro and show a direct relationship between TG accumulation and enhanced expression of lipogenic genes.
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Chen M, Vijay V, Shi Q, Liu Z, Fang H, Tong W. FDA-approved drug labeling for the study of drug-induced liver injury. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:697-703. [PMID: 21624500 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a leading cause of drugs failing during clinical trials and being withdrawn from the market. Comparative analysis of drugs based on their DILI potential is an effective approach to discover key DILI mechanisms and risk factors. However, assessing the DILI potential of a drug is a challenge with no existing consensus methods. We proposed a systematic classification scheme using FDA-approved drug labeling to assess the DILI potential of drugs, which yielded a benchmark dataset with 287 drugs representing a wide range of therapeutic categories and daily dosage amounts. The method is transparent and reproducible with a potential to serve as a common practice to study the DILI of marketed drugs for supporting drug discovery and biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjun Chen
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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Genomic Profiling Uncovers a Molecular Pattern for Toxicological Characterization of Mutagens and Promutagens In Vitro. Toxicol Sci 2011; 122:185-97. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Lin WJ, Chen JJ. An approach to identifying preclinical biomarkers of susceptibility to drug-induced toxicity. Pharmacogenomics 2011; 12:493-501. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.10.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Drug-induced toxicity that leads to termination of candidate drugs or postmarketing removal of approved drugs can potentially be explained by the existence of susceptible subpopulations. If the susceptible subpopulations are identified in advance, the drug’s benefits could be maximized by optimal treatment decisions. This article presents a statistical model and an approach for identifying pharmacogenomic biomarkers of susceptibility to drug-induced toxicity for detecting the susceptible subpopulations. Materials & methods: Biomarkers are categorized into three disjoint sets: biomarkers of both susceptibility and exposure (A); biomarkers of susceptibility only (B); and biomarkers of exposure only (C). Set B contains the most useful biomarkers to identify susceptible subpopulations prior to drug exposure; these markers demonstrate no change in response before and after drug exposure. We present a sample size analysis to illustrate the issues and challenges facing identifying biomarker set B. Results: The required sample size increases as the proportion of the susceptible subpopulation decreases. The examples demonstrated that at least 75 subjects per group are needed for a population with a 5% susceptible subpopulation and more than 1000 are often necessary. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the biomarkers identified by common methods are a mixture of biomarkers of exposure and susceptibility (A and C), it further demonstrates that the proposed approach could be used to identify biomarkers of susceptibility (B), where a large sample size may be required for adequate power and low false-positive rate. Original submitted 14 October 2010; Revision submitted 8 December 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jiun Lin
- Division of Personalized Nutrition & Medicine, National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - James J Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biostatistics & Biostatistics Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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