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Wang X, Xu M, Shi M, Tian Y, Zhi Y, Han X, Sui H, Wan Y, Jia X, Yang H. Macrophage polarization as a novel endpoint for assessing combined risk of phthalate esters. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 190:108835. [PMID: 38908276 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Combined exposure to phthalate esters (PAEs) has garnered increasing attention due to potential synergistic effects on human health. This study aimed to develop an in vitro model using human macrophages to evaluate the combined toxicity of PAEs and explore the underlying mechanisms. A high-throughput screening system was engineered by expressing a PPRE-eGFP reporter in THP-1 monocytes to monitor macrophage polarization upon PAEs exposure. Individual PAEs exhibited varied inhibitory effects on M2 macrophage polarization, with mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) being the most potent. Isobologram analysis revealed additive interactions when MEHP was combined with other PAEs, resulting in more pronounced suppression of M2 markers compared to individual compounds. Mechanistic studies suggested PAEs may exert effects by modulating PPARγ activity to inhibit M2 polarization. Notably, an equimolar mixture of six PAEs showed additive inhibition of M2 markers. In vivo experiments corroborated the combined hepatotoxic effects, with mice exposed to a PAEs mixture exhibiting reduced liver weight, dyslipidemia, and decreased hepatic M2 macrophages compared to DEHP alone. Transcriptome analysis highlighted disruptions in PPAR signaling, and distinct pathway alterations on cholesterol metabolism in the mixture group. Collectively, these findings underscore the importance of evaluating mixture effects and provide a novel approach for hazard assessment of combined PAEs exposure with implications for environmental health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Peking Union Medical College, Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Xu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan Chengdu, China
| | - Miaoying Shi
- NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Peking Union Medical College, Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaru Tian
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Food Safety and Health Research Center, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangzhou, China; Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Zhi
- NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Han
- NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Haixia Sui
- NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wan
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xudong Jia
- NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Peking Union Medical College, Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Food Safety and Health Research Center, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangzhou, China.
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2
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Aquino AM, Fioretto MN, Alonso-Costa LG, Rocha VA, Souza PV, Magosso N, Barbisan LF, Justulin LA, Flaws JA, Scarano WR. In silico investigation of the role of miRNAs in a possible developmental origin of prostate cancer in F1 and F2 offspring of mothers exposed to a phthalate mixture. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:3523-3536. [PMID: 38465474 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
A previous study using miRNA sequencing revealed that exposure to a mixture of phthalates during pregnancy and lactation dysregulated rno-miR-184 and rno-miR-141-3p in the ventral prostate (VP) of offspring. Here, rno-miR-184 and rno-miR-141-3 expressions were obtained by RT-qPCR in the VP of F1 males as well as in F2 offspring, aiming to establish a relationship with possible oncogenic targets through in silico analyses with multigenerational approach. Additionally, some targets were measured by western blots to highlight a possible relationship between the deregulated miRNAs and some of their targets. VP samples from rats exposed to a mixture of phthalates maternally during pregnancy and lactation (GD10 to PND21-F1) and VP from offspring (F2) were examined. The phthalate mixture at both concentrations (20 μg and 200 mg/kg/day) increased the expression of both miRNAs in the F1 (PND22 and 120) and F2 (descendants of F1-treated males) prostate. Target prediction analysis revealed that both microRNAs are responsible for modulating the expression and synthesis of 40 common targets. A phthalate target association analysis and the HPA database showed an interesting relationship among these possible miRNAs modulated targets with prostate adenocarcinoma and other oncogenic processes. Western blots showed alteration in P63, P53, WNT5, and STAT3 expression, which are targeted by the miRNAs, in the VP of F1/F2 males. The data draw attention to the epigenetic modulation in the prostate of descendants exposed to phthalates and adds to one of the few currently found in the literature to point to microRNAs signature as biomarkers of exposure to plasticizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Aquino
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M N Fioretto
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L G Alonso-Costa
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - V A Rocha
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P V Souza
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - N Magosso
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L F Barbisan
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L A Justulin
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J A Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - W R Scarano
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zhu YT, Wang XJ, Liu SL, Lai JH, Li JL, Li Q, Hu KD, Liu AP, Yang Y, He L, Chen SJ, Ao XL, Zou LK. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum RS20D Alleviates Male Reproductive Toxicity Induced by Pubertal Exposure to Di-n-butyl Phthalate and Mono-n-butyl Phthalate. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024:10.1007/s12602-024-10276-6. [PMID: 38683273 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10276-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) and their metabolites, such as di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), are known to cause male reproductive damage. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum RS20D has demonstrated the ability to remove both DBP and MBP in vitro, suggesting its potential as a detoxifying agent against these compounds. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of RS20D on DBP or MBP-induced male reproductive toxicity in adolescent rats. Oral administration of RS20D significantly mitigated the histological damage to the testes caused by MBP or DBP, restored sperm concentration, morphological abnormalities, and the proliferation index in MBP-exposed rats, and partially reversed spermatogenic damage in DBP-exposed rats. Furthermore, RS20D restored serum levels of estradiol (E2) and testosterone, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in DBP-exposed rats, significantly increased testosterone levels in MBP-exposed rats, and restored copper (Cu) concentrations in the testes after exposure to DBP or MBP. Additionally, RS20D effectively modulated the intestinal microbiota in DBP-exposed rats and partially ameliorated dysbiosis induced by MBP, which may be associated with the alleviation of reproductive toxic effects induced by DBP or MBP. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that RS20D administration can alleviate male reproductive toxicity and gut dysbacteriosis induced by DBP or MBP exposure, providing a dietary strategy for the bioremediation of PAEs and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ting Zhu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Jie Wang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Liang Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing-Hui Lai
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Long Li
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Li
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-di Hu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Ping Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Yang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Li He
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Juan Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Lin Ao
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Kou Zou
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
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Mínguez-Alarcón L, Gaskins AJ, Meeker JD, Braun JM, Chavarro JE. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and male reproductive health. Fertil Steril 2023; 120:1138-1149. [PMID: 37827483 PMCID: PMC10841502 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Modifiable factors, such as environmental exposures, can impact human fertility. The objective of this review is to summarize the potential effects of exposure to important endocrine-disrupting chemicals on male reproductive health. Most experimental and animal data demonstrate strong evidence for the negative effects of exposure to phenols, phthalates, pesticides, and perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances on male reproductive health. Although evidence of negative associations in humans was overall strong for phthalates and pesticides, limited and inconclusive relationships were found for the other examined chemical biomarkers. Reasons for the discrepancies in results include but are not limited to, differences in study populations, exposure concentrations, number of samples collected, sample sizes, study design, and residual confounding. Additional studies are needed, particularly for newer phenols and perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, given the scarce literature on the topic and increasing exposures over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Mínguez-Alarcón
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Audrey J Gaskins
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Jorge E Chavarro
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
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5
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Labra-Vázquez P, Gressier M, Rioland G, Menu MJ. A review on solution- and vapor-responsive sensors for the detection of phthalates. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1282:341828. [PMID: 37923401 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters, largely referred to as phthalates, are today acknowledged as important pollutants used in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-based plastics, whose use extends to almost every aspect of modern life. The risk of exposure to phthalates is particularly relevant as high concentrations are regularly found in drinking water, food-contact materials and medical devices, motivating an immense body of research devoted to methods for their detection in liquid samples. Conversely, phthalate vapors have only recently been acknowledged as potentially important atmospheric pollutants and as early fire indicators; additionally, deposition of these vapors can pose significant problems to the proper functioning of spacecraft and diverse on-board devices, leading to major space agencies recognizing the need of developing vapor-responsive phthalate sensors. In this manuscript we present a literature survey on solution- and vapor-responsive sensors and analytical assays for the detection of phthalates, providing a detailed analysis of a vast array of analytical data to offer a clear idea on the analytical performance (limits of detection and quantification, linear range) and advantages provided by each class of sensor covered in this review (electrochemical, optical and vapor-responsive) in the context of their potential real-life applications; the manuscript also gives detailed fundamental information on the various physicochemical responses exploited by these sensors and assays that could potentially be harnessed by new researchers entering the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Labra-Vázquez
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France.
| | - Marie Gressier
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
| | - Guillaume Rioland
- Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, DTN/QE/LE, 31401, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Joëlle Menu
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France.
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Wang W, Kannan K. Leaching of Phthalates from Medical Supplies and Their Implications for Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:7675-7683. [PMID: 37154399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 72 single-use medical products, grouped into four categories, namely, creams/liquids (n = 8), medical devices (n = 46; 15 of 46 labeled "di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)-free"), first aid products (n = 13), and intravenous (IV) infusion/irrigation fluids (n = 5), were collected from an intensive care unit in a hospital in New York State in 2015 and analyzed for the migration of 10 phthalates in ethanol/water (1:1) mixture for 1 h. The total phthalate concentration (Σphthalates) leached from medical products ranged from 0.04 to 54,600 μg. DEHP was the major phthalate found in 99% of the samples analyzed, with the highest amount leached from respiratory support devices (median: 6560 μg). DEHP was also found at notable concentrations in products labeled as "DEHP-free". Direct exposure to phthalates from the use of medical devices and first aid supplies and dermal intake from the use of creams/lotions were calculated. The highest DEHP exposure dose of 730 μg/kg bw/day was determined from the use of cannula for neonates. This is the first study to document the amount of phthalates leached from various medical supplies and associated exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States
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7
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Payne-Sturges D, De Saram S, Cory-Slechta DA. Cumulative Risk Evaluation of Phthalates Under TSCA. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6403-6414. [PMID: 37043345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is currently conducting separate Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) risk evaluations for seven phthalates: dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP), di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP), and diisononyl phthalate (DINP). Phthalates are highly abundant plastic additives used primarily to soften materials and make them flexible, and biomonitoring shows widespread human exposure to a mixture of phthalates. Evidence supports biological additivity of phthalate mixture exposures, including the enhancement of toxicity affecting common biological targets. Risk estimates based on individual phthalate exposure may not be protective of public health. Thus, a cumulative risk approach is warranted. While EPA initially did not signal that it would incorporate cumulative risk assessment (CRA) as part of its current risk evaluation for the seven phthalates, the agency recently announced that it is reconsidering if CRA for phthalates would be appropriate. Based on our review of existing chemical mixtures risk assessment guidance, current TSCA scoping documents for the seven phthalates, and pertinent peer-reviewed literature, we delineate a CRA approach that EPA can easily implement for phthalates. The strategy for using CRA to inform TSCA risk evaluation for existing chemicals is based upon integrative physiology and a common adverse health outcome algorithm for identifying and grouping relevant nonchemical and chemical stressors. We recommend adjustments for how hazard indices (HIs) or margins of exposure (MOEs) based on CRA are interpreted for determining "unreasonable risk" under TSCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Payne-Sturges
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, 255 Valley Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Sulakkhana De Saram
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, 255 Valley Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Deborah A Cory-Slechta
- University of Rochester School of Medicine, Box EHSC, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
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Bello UM, Madekurozwa MC, Groenewald HB, Arukwe A, Aire TA. Changes in testicular histomorphometry and ultrastructure of Leydig cells in adult male Japanese quail exposed to di (n-butyl) phthalate (DBP) during the prepubertal period. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:55402-55413. [PMID: 36894732 PMCID: PMC10121545 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25767-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters, such as di(n-butyl) phthalate, (DBP), are synthetic chemical pollutants commonly used as plasticizers in the manufacture of plastics. In the present study, we investigated the effects of DBP in the testes of adult male quails (Coturnix cortunix japonica) exposed by oral gavage to variable doses of DBP (0 [control], 1, 10, 50, 200, and 400 mg/kgbw-d), for 30 days during the prepubertal period, using histo-morphometric and ultrastructural techniques. Generally, significant decreases in seminiferous tubular diameter (STD) and epithelial height (SEH) were observed predominantly at the highest DBP doses (200 and 400 mg/kg), as compared to medium (50 mg/kg), and lowest doses (1 and 10 mg/kg) as well as the control group. Ultrastructurally, apparent dose-specific degenerative changes were observed in the Leydig cells. The lowest DBP doses (1 and 10 mg/kg) did not produce significant effects on Leydig cell ultrastructure, whereas, at the highest doses (200 and 400 mg/kg), the Leydig cells were remarkably conspicuous in the interstitium and appeared foamy. There was a preponderance of electron-lucent lipid droplets which crowded out the normal organelles of the cell, as well as increases in the number of dense bodies in the cytoplasm. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER) was less obvious, compacted, and wedged between the abundant lipid droplets and mitochondria. Taken together, these findings indicate that pre-pubertal exposure of precocious quail birds to DBP, produced parameter-specific histometric tubular changes, as well as dose-dependent cyto-structural derangement of the Leydig cells; which consequently may lead to overt reproductive impairments in the adult bird in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar M Bello
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
| | - Mary-Cathrine Madekurozwa
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Hermanus B Groenewald
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Augustine Arukwe
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tom A Aire
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, True-Blue, St. George's, Grenada
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Hydrolysis of dibutyl phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in human liver, small intestine, kidney, and lung: An in vitro analysis using organ subcellular fractions and recombinant carboxylesterases. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 372:110353. [PMID: 36657734 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are widely used plasticizers that are primarily and rapidly metabolized to monoester phthalates in mammals. In the present study, the hydrolysis of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in the human liver, small intestine, kidney, and lung was examined by the catalytic, kinetic, and inhibition analyses using organ microsomal and cytosolic fractions and recombinant carboxylesterases (CESs). The Vmax (y-intercept) values based on the Eadie-Hofstee plots of DBP hydrolysis were liver > small intestine > kidney > lung in microsomes, and liver > small intestine > lung > kidney in cytosol, respectively. The CLint values (x-intercept) were small intestine > liver > kidney > lung in both microsomes and cytosol. The Vmax and CLint or CLmax values of DEHP hydrolysis were small intestine > liver > kidney > lung in both microsomes and cytosol. Bis(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate (BNPP) effectively inhibited the activities of DBP and DEHP hydrolysis in the microsomes and cytosol of liver, small intestine, kidney, and lung. Although physostigmine also potently inhibited DBP and DEHP hydrolysis activities in both the microsomes and cytosol of the small intestine and kidney, the inhibitory effects in the liver and lung were weak. In recombinant CESs, the Vmax values of DBP hydrolysis were CES1 (CES1b, CES1c) > CES2, whereas the CLmax values were CES2 > CES1 (CES1b, CES1c). On the other hand, the Vmax and CLmax values of DEHP hydrolysis were CES2 > CES1 (CES1b, CES1c). These results suggest an extensive organ-dependence of DBP and DEHP hydrolysis due to CES expression, and that CESs are responsible for the metabolic activation of phthalates.
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10
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New evidence for deleterious effects of environmental contaminants on the male gamete. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 246:106886. [PMID: 34774338 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The decreasing trend in human and domestic animal fertility in recent decades has resulted in the question of whether reduced sperm quality is associated with changes in global climate and the environment. Proposed causes for reduced sperm quality include environmental contaminants, which enter into the body of animals through the food chain and are transported to the reproductive tract, where contaminating agents can have effects on fertilization capacities of gametes. In this review, there is a focus on various environmental contaminants and potential effects on male fertility. Human-derived contaminants, particularly endocrine-disrupting phthalates and the pesticide atrazine, are discussed. Naturally occurring toxins are also addressed, in particular mycotoxins such as aflatoxin which can be components in food consumed by humans and animals. Mechanisms by which environmental contaminants reduce male fertility are not clearly defined; however, are apparently multifactorial (i.e., direct and indirect effects) with there being diverse modes of action. Results from studies with humans, rodents and domestic animals indicate there are deleterious effects of contaminants on male gametes at various stages of spermatogenesis (i.e., in the testis) during passage through the epididymis, and in mature spermatozoa, after ejaculation and during capacitation. Considering there is never detection of a single contaminant, this review addresses synergistic or additive effects of combinations of contaminants. There is new evidence highlighted for the long-lasting effects of environmental contaminants on spermatozoa and developing embryos. Understanding the risk associated with environmental contaminants for animal reproduction may lead to new management strategies, thereby improving reproductive processes.
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Deng YL, Yang P, Wang YX, Liu C, Luo Q, Shi T, Zeng JY, Lu TT, Chen PP, Miao Y, Zhang M, Cui FP, Lu WQ, Zeng Q. Urinary concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and phthalate metabolite mixtures in relation to semen quality among men attending an infertility clinic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:81749-81759. [PMID: 35737263 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21525-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that exposure to phthalates and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is individually associated with altered semen quality, but no human studies have evaluated their joint effects of exposure mixtures, a more real-world scenario. We aimed to explore urinary metabolite mixtures of phthalates and PAHs in associations with semen quality. Repeated spot-urine samples gathered from 695 men attending a fertility clinic were analyzed for urinary metabolites of eight phthalates and ten monohydroxylated-PAHs (OH-PAHs). Principal component analysis (PCA)-multivariable linear regression (MLR) model, quantile g-computation (qg-comp), and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were applied to estimate the associations of urinary mixtures of phthalate and OH-PAH metabolites with semen quality. The overall effects of urinary mixtures of phthalate and PAH metabolites on semen quality were not statistically significant. However, hydroxynaphthalene (OHNa) factor identified from PCA was monotonically associated with decreased total sperm count and sperm concentration, whereas di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) factor was non-monotonically related to increased progressive sperm motility and total sperm motility. Qg-comp and BKMR models confirmed these findings and identified 2-OHNa and 2-OHFlu as the primary negative contributors, whereas MEOHP and MEHP as the primary positive contributors. Our findings suggest that exposure to mixtures of naphthalene and DEHP is associated with altered semen quality. The finding is warranted to confirm in further well-designed epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ling Deng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Xin Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Luo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Shi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Yue Zeng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Ting Lu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan-Pan Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Miao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei-Peng Cui
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Qing Lu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Alhasnani MA, Loeb S, Hall SJ, Caruolo Z, Simmonds F, Solano AE, Spade DJ. Interaction between mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and retinoic acid alters Sertoli cell development during fetal mouse testis cord morphogenesis. Curr Res Toxicol 2022; 3:100087. [PMID: 36189433 PMCID: PMC9520016 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2022.100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (phthalates) are a class of industrial chemicals that cause developmental and reproductive toxicity, but there are significant gaps in knowledge of phthalate toxicity mechanisms. There is evidence that phthalates disrupt retinoic acid signaling in the fetal testis, potentially disrupting control of spatial and temporal patterns of testis development. Our goal was to determine how a phthalate would interact with retinoic acid signaling during fetal mouse testis development. We hypothesized that mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) would exacerbate the adverse effect of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on seminiferous cord development in the mouse fetal testis. To test this hypothesis, gestational day (GD) 14 C57BL/6 mouse testes were isolated and cultured on media containing MEHP, ATRA, or a combination of both compounds. Cultured testes were collected for global transcriptome analysis after one day in culture and for histology and immunofluorescent analysis of Sertoli cell differentiation after three days in culture. ATRA disrupted seminiferous cord morphogenesis and induced aberrant FOXL2 expression. MEHP alone had no significant effect on cord development, but combined exposure to MEHP and ATRA increased the number of FOXL2-positive cells, reduced seminiferous cord number, and increased testosterone levels, beyond the effect of ATRA alone. In RNA-seq analysis, ATRA treatment and MEHP treatment resulted in differential expression of genes 510 and 134 genes, respectively, including 70 common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two treatments, including genes with known roles in fetal testis development. MEHP DEGs included RAR target genes, genes involved in angiogenesis, and developmental patterning genes, including members of the homeobox superfamily. These results support the hypothesis that MEHP modulates retinoic acid signaling in the mouse fetal testis and provide insight into potential mechanisms by which phthalates disrupt seminiferous cord morphogenesis.
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Key Words
- ATRA, All-trans retinoic acid. CAS # 302-79-4
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- Fetal testis development
- GD, gestational day
- GO, Gene Ontology
- IPA, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis
- ITCN, Image-based Tool for Counting Nuclei
- MEHP, mono-(2-ethylheyxl) phthalate. CAS # 4376-20-9
- MNGs, multinucleated germ cells
- PVC, polyvinyl chloride
- Phthalate toxicity
- Retinoic acid
- Sertoli cell
- TDS, testicular dysgenesis syndrome
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha A. Alhasnani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Box G-E5, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Skylar Loeb
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Box G-E5, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Susan J. Hall
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Box G-E5, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Zachary Caruolo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Box G-E5, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Faith Simmonds
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Box G-E5, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Amanda E. Solano
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Box G-E5, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Daniel J. Spade
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Box G-E5, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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13
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Kruger L, Yue G, Mettu VS, Paquette A, Sathyanarayana S, Prasad B. Differential proteomics analysis of JEG-3 and JAR placental cell models and the effect of androgen treatment. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 222:106138. [PMID: 35690242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The placenta is a vital fetal organ that plays an important role in maintaining fetal sex hormone homeostasis. Xenobiotics can alter placental sex-steroidogenic enzymes and transporters, including enzymes such as aromatase (CYP19A1) and the hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) but studying how compounds disrupt in vivo placental metabolism is complex. Utilizing high-throughput in vitro models is critical to predict the disruption of placental sex-steroidogenic enzymes and transporters, particularly by drug candidates in the early stages of drug discovery. JAR and JEG-3 cells are the most common, simple, and cost-effective placental cell models that are capable of high-throughput screening, but how well they express the sex-steroidogenic enzymes and transporters is not well known. Here, we compared the proteomes of JAR and JEG-3 cells in the presence and absence of physiologically relevant concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA, 8 µM) and testosterone (15 nM) to aid the characterization of sex-steroidogenic enzymes and transporters in these cell models. Global proteomics analysis detected 2931 and 3449 proteins in JAR cells and JEG-3 cells, respectively. However, dramatic differences in sex-steroidogenic enzymes and transporters were observed between these cells. In particular, the basal expression of steroid sulfatase (STS), HSD17B1, and HSD17B7 were unique to JEG-3 cells. JEG-3 cells also showed significantly higher protein levels of aldo-keto reductase (AKR) 1A1 and AKR1B1, while JAR cells showed significantly higher levels of HSD17B4 and HSDB12. Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) 3A2 and HSD17B11 enzymes as well as the transporters sterol O-acyltransferase (SOAT) 1 and ATP binding cassette subfamily G2 (ABCG2) were comparable between the cell lines, whereas sulfotransferases (SULTs) were uniquely present within JAR cells. Androgen treatments significantly lowered HSD17B11, HSD17B4, HSD17B12, and ALDH3A2 levels in JAR cells. DHEA treatment significantly raised the level of HSD17B1 by 51 % in JEG-3 cells, whereas CYP19A1 was increased to significant levels in both JAR and JEG-3 cells after androgen treatments. The proteomics data were supported by a complementary targeted metabolomics analysis of culture media in the DHEA (8 µM) and testosterone (15 nM) treated groups. This study has indicated that untreated JEG-3 cells express more sex-steroidogenic enzymes and transporters. Nevertheless, JEG-3 and JAR cells are unique and their respective proteomics data can be used to select the best model depending on the hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laken Kruger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Guihua Yue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Vijaya Saradhi Mettu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Alison Paquette
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA.
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14
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Zhang TD, Ma YB, Gao M, Li HC, Wang ZM, Chong T, Zhang LD. 10−7 M genistein partially alleviates 10−7 M MEHP unfavorable effects in a new modified fetal rat testis culture system. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:987928. [PMID: 36105356 PMCID: PMC9465295 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.987928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent studies revealed that some common endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) including phthalates and phytoestrogens may exhibit low-dose effects properties. However, how low dose of these EDCs and their mixture would affect fetal rat testis development still needs further investigation. Moreover, testis organ culture system also needs further modification to provide an effective tool for ex vivo EDCs study.Methods: We firstly modified the agarose organ culture system, in which fetal rat testes were cultured for 4 days (d1 to d4) on agarose gels held by Millicell inserts. Then we used the modified agarose culture system to study the combined effects of multiple EDCs exposure. 15.5 dpc fetal rat testes were isolated and treated with vehicle, MEHP (0.1 μmol/L), GEN (0.1 μmol/L) or MEHP (0.1 μmol/L) + GEN (0.1 μmol/L). Parameters concerning testicular cell development and function were evaluated, trying to gain insight into the early molecular events after multiple EDCs exposure.Results: The development of somatic, germ cells and seminiferous tubule in 15.5 dpc fetal rat testis was better sustained in the modified agarose culture system. Based on the modified system, we found that MEHP at 0.1 μmol/L induced alterations in gonocyte markers, antioxidative enzyme activity as well as transient reduction of testosterone production, accompanied by mitochondria swelling in gonocytes and Sertoli cells. No obvious morphological and histological alterations were observed in all treated groups. However, coadministration of genistein at 0.1 μmol/L partially alleviated MEHP-induced fetal testis damage ex vivo through enhancement of antioxidative action. MEHP at low dose still showed weak endocrine disrupting properties but did not exhibit typical low-dose effects.Conclusion: Our findings indicated that the modified agarose culture system could better mimic testicular microenvironment without obvious hypoxic cell damage. Furthermore, low dose of MEHP induced mild disruption to fetal testis development, cotreatment of genistein at low dose attenuated MEHP induced fetal testis injuries in part by balancing redox state, indicating that low dose of genistein may partially protect fetal testis from phthalates induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Dian Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Andrology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Yu-Bo Ma
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Xi’an No. 4 Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - He-Cheng Li
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zi-Ming Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tie Chong
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lian-Dong Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- *Correspondence: Lian-Dong Zhang,
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15
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Ivell R, Vinggaard AM, Soyama H, Anand‐Ivell R. Influence on the adult male Leydig cell biomarker insulin‐like peptide 3 of maternal exposure to estrogenic and anti‐androgenic endocrine disrupting compound mixtures: A retrospective study. Andrologia 2022; 54:e14566. [PMID: 36054713 PMCID: PMC10078366 DOI: 10.1111/and.14566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) is a peptide biomarker secreted specifically by the mature Leydig cells of the testes. It is constitutive, has low within-individual variance, and effectively measures the functional capacity of Leydig cells to make testosterone. In young adult men there is a large 10-fold range of serum INSL3 concentration, persisting into old age, and implying that later hypogonadal status might be programmed in early life. To determine whether maternal exposure to environmental endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) influences adult serum INSL3 concentration, using a retrospective paradigm, INSL3 was measured in young adult male rats (80-90 days) from the F1 generation of females maternally exposed to varied doses of bisphenol A (BPA), butylparaben, epoxiconazole, and fludioxonil as single compounds, as well as estrogenic and anti-androgenic mixtures of BPA and butylparaben, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and procymidone respectively. A mixture of BPA and butylparaben significantly reduced circulating INSL3 concentration in adult male progeny. The remaining compounds or mixtures tested, though sufficient to induce other effects in the F1 generation were without significant effect. Maternal exposure to low concentrations of some EDCs may be a contributing factor to the variation in the Leydig cell biomarker INSL3 in young adulthood, though caution is warranted translating results from rats to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Ivell
- School of Bioscience University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington UK
| | | | - Hiroaki Soyama
- School of Bioscience University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington UK
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16
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Mínguez-Alarcón L, Burns J, Williams PL, Korrick SA, Lee MM, Bather JR, Kovalev SV, Sokolov SA, Lebedev AT, Smigulina L, Ghayda RA, Koch HM, Sergeyev O, Hauser R. Urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations during four windows spanning puberty (prepuberty through sexual maturity) and association with semen quality among young Russian men. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2022; 243:113977. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.113977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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17
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Heidari T, Batavani RA, Malekinejad H, Hobbenaghi R. Evaluation of di-n-butyl phthalate reproductive toxicity in pregnant rats and their offspring and assessment of vitamin E administration in reducing toxicity. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2022; 13:201-208. [PMID: 35919841 PMCID: PMC9340285 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2020.118147.2806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates are environmental contaminants mostly used as plasticizers and additives in different products. Having endocrine-disrupting properties, phthalates are known as potential reproductive toxicants. The present study was conducted to evaluate the reproductive toxicity of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) in pregnant rats and their offspring and also to assess the ability of vitamin E in the elimination or reducing reproductive toxicity of DBP. Sixty-six pregnant Wistar rats were exposed to 100, 500 or 1,000 mg kg-1 per day DBP or 500 mg kg-1 per day DBP along with 100 mg kg-1 per day vitamin E during gestation. After delivery, they were divided into two groups. In one group gavage was finished after litter while in the other DBP administration was continued till weaning. The results showed that DBP affected many aspects of reproductive performance in pregnant rats and their offspring. It could be suggested that vitamin E could ameliorate the adverse effects of DBP, especially in male pups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toktam Heidari
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran;
| | - Rooz Ali Batavani
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran; ,Correspondence Rooz Ali Batavani. DVM, DVSc, Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. E-mail:
| | - Hassan Malekinejad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran;
| | - Rahim Hobbenaghi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
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18
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Delbes G, Blázquez M, Fernandino JI, Grigorova P, Hales BF, Metcalfe C, Navarro-Martín L, Parent L, Robaire B, Rwigemera A, Van Der Kraak G, Wade M, Marlatt V. Effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals on gonad development: Mechanistic insights from fish and mammals. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112040. [PMID: 34509487 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the past century, evidence has emerged that endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have an impact on reproductive health. An increased frequency of reproductive disorders has been observed worldwide in both wildlife and humans that is correlated with accidental exposures to EDCs and their increased production. Epidemiological and experimental studies have highlighted the consequences of early exposures and the existence of key windows of sensitivity during development. Such early in life exposures can have an immediate impact on gonadal and reproductive tract development, as well as on long-term reproductive health in both males and females. Traditionally, EDCs were thought to exert their effects by modifying the endocrine pathways controlling reproduction. Advances in knowledge of the mechanisms regulating sex determination, differentiation and gonadal development in fish and rodents have led to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of early exposure to EDCs on reproduction. In this manuscript, we review the key developmental stages sensitive to EDCs and the state of knowledge on the mechanisms by which model EDCs affect these processes, based on the roadmap of gonad development specific to fish and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Delbes
- Centre Armand Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Laval, Canada.
| | - M Blázquez
- Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J I Fernandino
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
| | | | - B F Hales
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - C Metcalfe
- School of Environment, Trent University, Trent, Canada
| | - L Navarro-Martín
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Parent
- Université TELUQ, Montréal, Canada
| | - B Robaire
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - A Rwigemera
- Centre Armand Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Laval, Canada
| | - G Van Der Kraak
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - M Wade
- Environmental Health Science & Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - V Marlatt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
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19
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Lane MKM, Garedew M, Deary EC, Coleman CN, Ahrens-Víquez MM, Erythropel HC, Zimmerman JB, Anastas PT. What to Expect When Expecting in Lab: A Review of Unique Risks and Resources for Pregnant Researchers in the Chemical Laboratory. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:163-198. [PMID: 35130693 PMCID: PMC8864617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Pregnancy presents a unique risk
to chemical researchers due to
their occupational exposures to chemical, equipment, and physical
hazards in chemical research laboratories across science, engineering,
and technology disciplines. Understanding “risk” as
a function of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability, this review aims
to critically examine the state of the science for the risks and associated
recommendations (or lack thereof) for pregnant researchers in chemical
laboratories (labs). Commonly encountered hazards for pregnant lab
workers include chemical hazards (organic solvents, heavy metals,
engineered nanomaterials, and endocrine disruptors), radiation hazards
(ionizing radiation producing equipment and materials and nonionizing
radiation producing equipment), and other hazards related to the lab
environment (excessive noise, excessive heat, psychosocial stress,
strenuous physical work, and/or abnormal working hours). Lab relevant
doses and routes of exposure in the chemical lab environment along
with literature and governmental recommendations or resources for
exposure mitigation are critically assessed. The specific windows
of vulnerability based on stage of pregnancy are described for each
hazard, if available. Finally, policy gaps for further scientific
research are detailed to enhance future guidance to protect pregnant
lab workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Kate M Lane
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States.,Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Mahlet Garedew
- Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States.,School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Emma C Deary
- Department of Anthropology, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts 02481, United States
| | - Cherish N Coleman
- Department of Biology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan 48221, United States
| | - Melissa M Ahrens-Víquez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Hanno C Erythropel
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States.,Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Julie B Zimmerman
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States.,Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States.,School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Paul T Anastas
- Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States.,School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States.,School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States
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20
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Panner Selvam MK, Sikka SC. Role of endocrine disruptors in male infertility and impact of COVID-19 on male reproduction. REPRODUCTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022. [PMCID: PMC8864147 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-89773-0.00059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several epidemiological studies suggest strong association of endocrine disruptors (EDs) with impaired male reproduction. High levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in serum are associated with low sperm count and poor fertility. A high dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) concentration results in low serum testosterone (T) and poor semen quality. DDT stimulates estrogen production by acting as estrogen receptor agonist and potent androgen receptor antagonist. Phthalates, another group of EDs, induce seminiferous tubule degeneration with impaired spermatogenesis via disruption of gene expression that regulates cholesterol and lipid homeostasis resulting in low T. Bisphenol A, a strong exogenous estrogen with antiandrogen effect, lowers serum follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and T, resulting in impaired development of seminiferous tubules and spermatogenesis. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalates can exert their antiandrogenic action by directly inhibiting testosterone biosynthesis via cytochrome P-450 dysfunction. Since these EDs are commonly found in plastic bottles, cosmetics, pesticides, some metal food cans, etc., and accumulate in the environment, it is very important to observe caution and avoid their exposure. This updated chapter also reviews the impact of COVID-19-related infection on male reproduction.
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21
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Poitou K, Rogez-Florent T, Lecoeur M, Danel C, Regnault R, Vérité P, Monteil C, Foulon C. Analysis of Phthalates and Alternative Plasticizers in Gloves by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Liquid Chromatography-UV Detection: A Comparative Study. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9090200. [PMID: 34564351 PMCID: PMC8472278 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9090200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gloves represent an essential feature for hand protection because it is a requirement in the professional framework to comply with both hand hygiene standards and the principles of good laboratory practice. Despite their wide use, there is a knowledge gap regarding their composition, including phthalates. The purpose of the present study was to develop two orthogonal methods, GC–MS and HPLC–DAD, for the screening of plasticizers in gloves. Performances of these two methods were compared in terms of ease of use, number of analyzed plasticizers, and sample preparation. The two methods were validated and applied for the identification and quantification of plasticizers in ten gloves made with different materials (vinyl, nitrile, latex, and neoprene). Results revealed the presence of three main ones: DEHP, DEHT, and DINP. Additionally, the contents of plasticizers were extremely variable, depending on the glove material. As expected, the results point out a predominant use of plasticizers in vinyl gloves with an amount that should be of concern. While DEHP is classified as a toxic substance for reproduction 1B, it was, however, quantified in the ten different glove samples studied. This study provides new data regarding the plasticizers’ content in protective gloves, which could be useful for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Poitou
- Normandie Univ UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, ABTE, 76000 Rouen, France; (K.P.); (P.V.); (C.M.)
| | - Tiphaine Rogez-Florent
- Normandie Univ UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, ABTE, 76000 Rouen, France; (K.P.); (P.V.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-235-148-568
| | - Marie Lecoeur
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 7365-GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et Technologies Associées, 59000 Lille, France; (M.L.); (C.D.); (R.R.); (C.F.)
| | - Cécile Danel
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 7365-GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et Technologies Associées, 59000 Lille, France; (M.L.); (C.D.); (R.R.); (C.F.)
| | - Romain Regnault
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 7365-GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et Technologies Associées, 59000 Lille, France; (M.L.); (C.D.); (R.R.); (C.F.)
| | - Philippe Vérité
- Normandie Univ UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, ABTE, 76000 Rouen, France; (K.P.); (P.V.); (C.M.)
| | - Christelle Monteil
- Normandie Univ UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, ABTE, 76000 Rouen, France; (K.P.); (P.V.); (C.M.)
| | - Catherine Foulon
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 7365-GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et Technologies Associées, 59000 Lille, France; (M.L.); (C.D.); (R.R.); (C.F.)
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22
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Development of a putative adverse outcome pathway network for male rat reproductive tract abnormalities with specific considerations for the androgen sensitive window of development. Curr Res Toxicol 2021; 2:254-271. [PMID: 34401750 PMCID: PMC8350458 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Structured approaches like the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework offer great potential for depicting complex toxicological processes in a manner that can facilitate informed integration of mechanistic information in regulatory decisions. While this concept provides a structure for organizing evidence and facilitates consistency in evidence integration; the process, inputs, and manner in which AOPs and AOP networks are developed is still evolving. Following the OECD guiding principles of AOP development, we propose three AOPs for male reproductive tract abnormalities and derive a putative AOP network. The AOPs were developed using a fundamental understanding of the developmental biology of the organs of interest, paying close attention to the gestational timing of key events (KEs) to very specifically inform the domain of life stage applicability for the key event relationships (KERs). Chemical stressor data primarily from studies on low molecular weight phthalates (LMWPs) served to 'bound' the pathways of focus in this dynamic period of development and were integrated with the developmental biology data through an iterative process to define KEs and conclude on the extent of evidence in support of the KERs. The AOPs developed describe the linkage between 1) a decrease in Insl3 gene expression and cryptorchidism, 2) the sustained expression of Coup-tfII and hypospadias and 3) the sustained expression of Coup-tfII and altered Wolffian duct development/ epididymal agenesis. A putative AOP network linking AOP2 and AOP3 through decreased steroidogenic biosynthetic protein expression and converging of all AOPS at the population level impaired fertility adverse outcome is proposed. The network depiction specifies and displays the KEs aligned with their occurrence in gestational time. The pathways and network described herein are intended to catalyze collaborative initiatives for expansion into a larger network to enable effective data collection and inform alternative approaches for identifying stressors impacting this sensitive period of male reproductive tract development.
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Key Words
- AGD, Anogenital distance
- AO, Adverse Outcome
- AOP, Adverse Outcome Pathway
- Adverse outcome pathway
- Adverse outcome pathway network
- DBP, Dibutyl phthalate
- DEHP, Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
- DHT, 5α-dihydrotestosterone
- DPP, Dipentyl phthalate
- E, Embryonic day (ED1=GD1 gestational day 1)
- GD, Gestational day (GD1=ED1 embryonic day 1)
- KE, Key event
- KER, Key event relationship
- LMWP, low molecular weight phthalate straight chain length of the esterified alcohols between 3 and 6 carbon atoms
- MPW, male programming window
- Male programming window
- Phthalate
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23
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Demirtepe H, Melymuk L, Codling G, Murínová ĽP, Richterová D, Rašplová V, Trnovec T, Klánová J. Targeted and suspect screening of plasticizers in house dust to assess cumulative human exposure risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 781:146667. [PMID: 33812101 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Indoor dust is an important exposure route to anthropogenic chemicals used in consumer products. Plasticizers are common product additives and can easily leach out of the product and partition to dust. Investigations of plasticizers typically focus on a subset of phthalate esters (PEs), but there are many more PEs in use, and alternative plasticizers (APs) are seeing greater use after recognition of adverse health effects of PEs. In this study we use full scan high resolution mass spectrometry for targeted and suspect screening of PEs and APs in house dust and to assess the potential risk of human exposure. House dust samples from Eastern Slovakia were investigated and concentrations of ∑12PEs and ∑5APs ranged 12-2765 μg/g and 45-13,260 μg/g, respectively. APs were at similar levels to PEs, indicating common usage of these compounds in products in homes. Evaluation of individual compound toxicity combined with human intake via dust ingestion suggested PEs are of lower priority compared to semivolatile organic compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls due to their lower toxicity. However, cumulative risk assessment (CRA) is a more appropriate evaluation of risk, considering the presences of many PEs in dust and their similar toxic mode of action. CRA based on median toxicity reference values (TRVs) suggested acceptable risks for dust ingestion, however, the wide range of literature-derived TRVs is a large uncertainty, especially for the APs. Use of newer TRVs suggest risk from dust ingestion alone, i.e. not even considering diet, inhalation, and dermal contact. Additionally, screening of full-scan instrumental spectra identified a further 40 suspect PE compounds, suggesting the CRA based on the 12 target PEs underestimates the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hale Demirtepe
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, pavilion D29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; İzmir Institute of Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 35430, Urla, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, pavilion D29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Garry Codling
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, pavilion D29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ľubica Palkovičová Murínová
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Denisa Richterová
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimíra Rašplová
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tomáš Trnovec
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, pavilion D29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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24
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You HH, Song G. Review of endocrine disruptors on male and female reproductive systems. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 244:109002. [PMID: 33610819 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disruptors (EDs) interfere with different hormonal and metabolic processes and disrupt the development of organs and tissues, as well as the reproductive system. In toxicology research, various animal models have been utilized to compare and characterize the effects of EDs. We reviewed studies assessing the effect of ED exposure in humans, zebrafish, and mouse models and the adverse effects of EDs on male and female reproductive systems. This review outlines the distinctive morphological characteristics, as well as gene expression, factors, and mechanisms that are known to occur in response to EDs. In each animal model, disturbances in the reproductive system were associated with certain factors of apoptosis, the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, estrogen receptor pathway-induced meiotic disruption, and steroidogenesis. The effects of bisphenol A, phthalate, and 17α-ethinylestradiol have been investigated in animal models, each providing supporting outcomes and elaborating the key regulators of male and female reproductive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyekyoung Hannah You
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Zhang Q, Hao L, Hong Y. Detrimental effects induced by diisononyl phthalate on development and behavior of Drosophila larva and potential mechanisms. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 243:108967. [PMID: 33412299 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diisononyl phthalate (DINP) as one of the most commonly used phthalates, has been found in various environmental samples and is considered to have potential risks to ecosystem. Till now, DINP has no clear effect consensus on insects from development to behavior and even mechanisms. Here, Drosophila melanogaster was selected as model organisms and the toxic effects of DINP (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5% and 1.0%) (v/v) on its metamorphosis, crawling behavior, intestinal cells and cellular redox balance were investigated. During metamorphosis process, lower hatching rate, longer development time, lighter body weight and malformation were observed at high concentration groups. The crawling ability of larvae was severely inhibited by DINP and the movement distance was drastically reduced. DINP could cause severe damage to the larval intestinal cells in the dose-dependent and time-dependent manners. DINP was found to induce redox imbalance with activities of two important antioxidant enzymes (catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) increasing, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level fluctuation in larvae. Our findings provide theoretical basis and data support for scientific management of DINP to reduce ecological risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lichong Hao
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yu Hong
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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26
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Alam MS, Kurohmaru M. Di-n-butyl phthalate diminishes testicular steroidogenesis by blocking the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis: relationship with germ cell apoptosis in Japanese quail. Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 33:319-327. [PMID: 33632378 DOI: 10.1071/rd20150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) induces germ cell apoptosis, the underlying mechanism is not yet clear in quail. In this study, prepubertal quails were given a single dose of 500mg kg-1 DBP by gavage and were then killed 3, 6 and 24h after treatment. There was a significant reduction in intratesticular testosterone (ITT) concentrations and testicular steroidogenic enzyme mRNA expression and a significant increase in germ cell apoptosis in DBP-treated compared with control quails at all time points. Maximum apoptosis was detected 6h after treatment and the maximum reduction in testosterone concentrations was at 3h. To investigate whether DBP suppressed testicular steroidogenesis by affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis, we analysed pituitary LH subunit β (Lhb) mRNA expression and serum LH concentrations. At all time points, pituitary Lhb expression and serum LH concentrations were significantly decreased following DBP treatment. The present observations suggest the possibility that DBP blocked LH secretion from the hypothalamus and/or pituitary, thereby decreasing LH stimulation of Leydig cells and reducing ITT concentrations. DBP-induced decreases in ITT concentrations may cause changes to the physical structure of Sertoli cells, which, in turn, may induce germ cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shah Alam
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh; and Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; and Corresponding author.
| | - Masamichi Kurohmaru
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan; and Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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27
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Darvishi M, Shariati S, Safa F, Islamnezhad A. Surface blocking of azolla modified copper electrode for trace determination of phthalic acid esters as the molecular barricades by differential pulse voltammetry: response surface modelling optimized biosensor. RSC Adv 2021; 11:32630-32646. [PMID: 35493596 PMCID: PMC9042225 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04714k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a sensitive and efficient voltammetric biosensor was introduced for differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) determination of dibutyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and dicyclohexyl phthalate in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Darvishi
- Department of Chemistry, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Shahab Shariati
- Department of Chemistry, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Fariba Safa
- Department of Chemistry, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Akbar Islamnezhad
- Department of Chemistry, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
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28
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Weaver JA, Beverly BEJ, Keshava N, Mudipalli A, Arzuaga X, Cai C, Hotchkiss AK, Makris SL, Yost EE. Hazards of diethyl phthalate (DEP) exposure: A systematic review of animal toxicology studies. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 145:105848. [PMID: 32958228 PMCID: PMC7995140 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diethyl phthalate (DEP) is widely used in many commercially available products including plastics and personal care products. DEP has generally not been found to share the antiandrogenic mode of action that is common among other types of phthalates, but there is emerging evidence that DEP may be associated with other types of health effects. OBJECTIVE To inform chemical risk assessment, we performed a systematic review to identify and characterize outcomes within six broad hazard categories (male reproductive, female reproductive, developmental, liver, kidney, and cancer) following exposure of nonhuman mammalian animals to DEP or its primary metabolite, monoethyl phthalate (MEP). METHODS A literature search was conducted in online scientific databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Toxline, Toxcenter) and Toxic Substances Control Act Submissions, augmented by review of online regulatory sources as well as forward and backward searches. Studies were selected for inclusion using PECO (Population, Exposure, Comparator, Outcome) criteria. Studies were evaluated using criteria defined a priori for reporting quality, risk of bias, and sensitivity using a domain-based approach. Evidence was synthesized by outcome and life stage of exposure, and strength of evidence was summarized into categories of robust, moderate, slight, indeterminate, or compelling evidence of no effect, using a structured framework. RESULTS Thirty-four experimental studies in animals were included in this analysis. Although no effects on androgen-dependent male reproductive development were observed following gestational exposure to DEP, there was evidence including effects on sperm following peripubertal and adult exposures, and the overall evidence for male reproductive effects was considered moderate. There was moderate evidence that DEP exposure can lead to developmental effects, with the major effect being reduced postnatal growth following gestational or early postnatal exposure; this generally occurred at doses associated with maternal effects, consistent with the observation that DEP is not a potent developmental toxicant. The evidence for liver effects was considered moderate based on consistent changes in relative liver weight at higher dose levels; histopathological and biochemical changes indicative of hepatic effects were also observed, but primarily in studies that had significant concerns for risk of bias and sensitivity. The evidence for female reproductive effects was considered slight based on few reports of statistically significant effects on maternal body weight gain, organ weight changes, and pregnancy outcomes. Evidence for cancer and effects on kidney were judged to be indeterminate based on limited evidence (i.e., a single two-year cancer bioassay) and inconsistent findings, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that DEP exposure may induce androgen-independent male reproductive toxicity (i.e., sperm effects) as well as developmental toxicity and hepatic effects, with some evidence of female reproductive toxicity. More research is warranted to fully evaluate these outcomes and strengthen confidence in this database.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Weaver
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Brandiese E J Beverly
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Nagalakshmi Keshava
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Anuradha Mudipalli
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Xabier Arzuaga
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Christine Cai
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Andrew K Hotchkiss
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Susan L Makris
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Erin E Yost
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.
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29
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Kim D, Lim HJ, Ahn YG, Chua B, Son A. Development of non-equilibrium rapid replacement aptamer assay for ultra-fast detection of phthalic acid esters. Talanta 2020; 219:121216. [PMID: 32887117 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we developed a non-equilibrium rapid replacement aptamer (NERRA) assay that performed ultra-fast (in 30 s) quantitative detection of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) without waiting for the reaction to reach equilibrium. NERRA assay employed fluorescence PoPo3 dye intercalated in an ssDNA aptamer to selectively detect and quantify the PAEs in water. As the intercalated dye was replaced by the PAEs and quenched in the water, the rate of fluorescence change became proportional to PAEs concentration. The sensitivity of NERRA assay was first evaluated with a commercial spectrofluorometer. The selectivity for PAE mixture, individual PAEs, and non-phthalate compounds were also investigated. NERRA assay was also able to quantitatively detect the PAEs in a common plastic product (picnic mat), and the results were compared with those of gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Finally, a custom analyzer (8.5 cm × 8.5 cm × 16.5 cm) was built to demonstrate the portability of the NERRA assay. Using a commercial spectrofluorometer, NERRA assay was able to quantitatively detect a PAE mixture in 30 min with an LOQ of 0.1 μg/L. Using the portable custom analyzer, the detection time was shortened to 30 s with a tradeoff in the LOQ (1 μg/L). In both cases, the LOQs remain within the environmentally relevant PAE concentrations of 0.1-1472 μg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dabin Kim
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Lim
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Gyong Ahn
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Beelee Chua
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ahjeong Son
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.
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30
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Zhao TX, Wei YX, Wang JK, Han LD, Sun M, Wu YH, Shen LJ, Long CL, Wu SD, Wei GH. The gut-microbiota-testis axis mediated by the activation of the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway is related to prepuberal steroidogenesis disorders induced by di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:35261-35271. [PMID: 32588312 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09854-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a common plasticizer, which is known to be an environmental endocrine-disrupting chemical that can jeopardize the male reproductive system. Prepuberal exposure to DEHP leads to steroidogenesis disorders. However, the specific mechanism remains ambiguous. Therefore, Sprague Dawley (SD) rats underwent prepuberal DEHP exposure at a dose of 500 mg/kg per day through gavage. Additionally, the resulting testicular injury was evaluated to confirm the disturbed steroidogenesis. Changes in testicular histology, significant reduction of serum testosterone (P < 0.01) and luteinizing hormone (P < 0.001), and significantly decreased expressions of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (P < 0.01) and 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (P < 0.05) were found in DEHP-treated rats. DEHP exposure resulted in obvious intestinal damage and oxidative stress imbalance, primarily in the jejunum. Both the activation of the nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway and alterations of microbiota profiles were observed in all three gut specimens, but were most notable in the jejunum. We hypothesize that the gut-microbiota-testis axis, which is mediated by the activation of the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway, could be involved in the dysfunction of prepuberal steroidogenesis induced by DEHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Xin Zhao
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-Xin Wei
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Ke Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Dong Han
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
| | - Mang Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Hao Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
| | - Lian-Ju Shen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Lan Long
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-De Wu
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China.
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guang-Hui Wei
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China.
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China.
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Hlisníková H, Petrovičová I, Kolena B, Šidlovská M, Sirotkin A. Effects and Mechanisms of Phthalates' Action on Reproductive Processes and Reproductive Health: A Literature Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E6811. [PMID: 32961939 PMCID: PMC7559247 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The production of plastic products, which requires phthalate plasticizers, has resulted in the problems for human health, especially that of reproductive health. Phthalate exposure can induce reproductive disorders at various regulatory levels. The aim of this review was to compile the evidence concerning the association between phthalates and reproductive diseases, phthalates-induced reproductive disorders, and their possible endocrine and intracellular mechanisms. Phthalates may induce alterations in puberty, the development of testicular dysgenesis syndrome, cancer, and fertility disorders in both males and females. At the hormonal level, phthalates can modify the release of hypothalamic, pituitary, and peripheral hormones. At the intracellular level, phthalates can interfere with nuclear receptors, membrane receptors, intracellular signaling pathways, and modulate gene expression associated with reproduction. To understand and to treat the adverse effects of phthalates on human health, it is essential to expand the current knowledge concerning their mechanism of action in the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrieta Hlisníková
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 949 74 Nitra, Slovakia; (I.P.); (B.K.); (M.Š.); (A.S.)
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Roth Z, Komsky-Elbaz A, Kalo D. Effect of environmental contamination on female and male gametes - A lesson from bovines. Anim Reprod 2020; 17:e20200041. [PMID: 33029217 PMCID: PMC7534576 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2020-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) and foodborne contaminants are environmental pollutants that are considered reproductive toxicants due to their deleterious effects on female and male gametes. Among the EDCs, the phthalate plasticizers are of growing concern. In-vivo and in-vitro models indicate that the oocyte is highly sensitive to phthalates. This review summarizes the effects of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and its major metabolite mono(2-ethyhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) on the oocyte. MEHP reduces the proportion of oocytes that fertilize, cleave and develop to the blastocyst stage. This is associated with negative effects on meiotic progression, and disruption of cortical granules, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial reorganization. MEHP alters mitochondrial membrane polarity, increases reactive oxygen species levels and induces alterations in genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation. A carryover effect from the oocyte to the blastocyst is manifested by alterations in the transcriptomic profile of blastocysts developed from MEHP-treated oocytes. Among foodborne contaminants, the pesticide atrazine (ATZ) and the mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) are of high concern. The potential hazards associated with exposure of spermatozoa to these contaminants and their carryover effect to the blastocyst are described. AFB1 and ATZ reduce spermatozoa's viability, as reflected by a high proportion of cells with damaged plasma membrane; induce acrosome reaction, expressed as damage to the acrosomal membrane; and interfere with mitochondrial function, characterized by hyperpolarization of the membrane. ATZ and AFB1-treated spermatozoa show a high proportion of cells with fragmented DNA. Exposure of spermatozoa to AFB1 and ATZ reduces fertilization and cleavage rates, but not that of blastocyst formation. However, fertilization with AFB1- or ATZ-treated spermatozoa impairs transcript expression in the formed blastocysts, implying a carryover effect. Taken together, the review indicates the risk of exposing farm animals to environmental contaminants, and their deleterious effects on female and male gametes and the developing embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvi Roth
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alisa Komsky-Elbaz
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Dorit Kalo
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Di-n-hexyl phthalate causes Leydig cell hyperplasia in rats during puberty. Toxicol Lett 2020; 332:213-221. [PMID: 32693021 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Di-n-hexyl phthalate (DNHP) is commonly used as a plasticizer. However, whether DNHP influences Leydig cell development during puberty remains unexplored. In this study, DNHP (0, 10, 100, and 1000 mg/kg) was administered via gavage to 35-day-old male Sprague-Dawley rats for 21 days. Serum levels of testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, Leydig cell number, the expression of Leydig and Sertoli cell genes and proteins were investigated. DNHP significantly increased serum testosterone levels at 10 mg/kg but lowered its level at 1000 mg/kg. DNHP significantly increased luteinizing hormone levels at 1000 mg/kg without affecting follicle-stimulating hormone levels. DNHP increased Leydig cell number at all doses but down-regulated the expression of Lhcgr, Hsd3b1, Hsd17b3, and Hsd11b1 in Leydig cell per se at 1000 mg/kg. DNHP elevated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and GSK-3β at 10 mg/kg but decreased SIRT1 and PGC-1α levels at 1000 mg/kg. In conclusion, DNHP exposure causes Leydig cell hyperplasia possibly via stimulating phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and GSK-3β signaling pathways.
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Bell S, Zsom A, Conley J, Spade D. Automated identification of multinucleated germ cells with U-Net. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229967. [PMID: 32645012 PMCID: PMC7347116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (phthalates) are male reproductive toxicants, which exert their most potent toxicity during fetal development. In the fetal rat, exposure to phthalates reduces testosterone biosynthesis, alters the development of seminiferous cords and other male reproductive tissues, and induces the formation of abnormal multinucleated germ cells (MNGs). Identification of MNGs is a time-intensive process, and it requires specialized training to identify MNGs in histological sections. As a result, MNGs are not routinely quantified in phthalate toxicity experiments. In order to speed up and standardize this process, we have developed an improved method for automated detection of MNGs. Using hand-labeled histological section images with human-identified MNGs, we trained a convolutional neural network with a U-Net architecture to identify MNGs on unlabeled images. With unseen hand-labeled images not used in model training, we assessed the performance of the model, using five different configurations of the data. On average, the model reached near human accuracy, and in the best model, it exceeded it. The use of automated image analysis will allow data on this histopathological endpoint to be more readily collected for analysis of phthalate toxicity. Our trained model application code is available for download at github.com/brown-ccv/mngcount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bell
- Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Andras Zsom
- Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Justin Conley
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/ORD/CPHEA/PHITD/RDTB, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Daniel Spade
- Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
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van den Dries MA, Guxens M, Spaan S, Ferguson KK, Philips E, Santos S, Jaddoe VW, Ghassabian A, Trasande L, Tiemeier H, Pronk A. Phthalate and Bisphenol Exposure during Pregnancy and Offspring Nonverbal IQ. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:77009. [PMID: 32716663 PMCID: PMC7384796 DOI: 10.1289/ehp6047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposures to phthalates and bisphenols are associated with impaired brain development in animals. However, epidemiological studies investigating the association between prenatal phthalate or bisphenol exposure and cognition have produced mixed findings and mostly had modest sample sizes and measured the exposure during the third trimester. OBJECTIVE We examined the association between pregnancy maternal urinary biomarkers of phthalate or bisphenol exposure and nonverbal intelligence quotient (IQ) in children 6 years of age. METHOD The study sample consisted of 1,282 mother-child pairs participating in the Generation R Study, a population-based birth cohort in Rotterdam, Netherlands (enrollment 2002-2006). We measured maternal urinary concentrations of 18 phthalate metabolites and 8 bisphenols at < 18 , 18-25, and > 25 wks of gestation. Child nonverbal IQ was measured at 6 years of age using the Snijders-Oomen Nonverbal Intelligence Test-Revised. Linear regression models were fit for each of the three collection phases separately, the three collection phases jointly, and for the averaged prenatal exposure across pregnancy. RESULTS Higher urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites during early pregnancy were associated with lower child nonverbal IQ score [e.g., B per 10-fold increase in summed low-molecular weight phthalates = - 1.7 (95% CI: - 3.1 , - 0.3 )]. This association remained unchanged when adjusted for mid and late pregnancy exposures. We also observed an inverse association between late pregnancy di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP) exposure and nonverbal IQ. Maternal urinary concentrations of bisphenols were not associated with child nonverbal IQ. There was no effect estimate modification by sex. CONCLUSIONS We did not observe that maternal biomarkers of bisphenol exposure are associated with nonverbal IQ. We found that phthalate exposure in early pregnancy and DNOP exposure in late pregnancy are associated with lower nonverbal IQ scores in children. Our results might suggest that particularly early pregnancy is a sensitive window of phthalate exposure, but future studies are needed to replicate our findings. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6047.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel A. van den Dries
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mònica Guxens
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Suzanne Spaan
- Department of Risk Analysis for Products in Development, TNO, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Kelly K. Ferguson
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elise Philips
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Susana Santos
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vincent W.V. Jaddoe
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Akhgar Ghassabian
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- New York University Wagner School of Public Service, New York, New York, USA
- New York University College of Global Public Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Anjoeka Pronk
- Department of Risk Analysis for Products in Development, TNO, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Barlas N, Göktekin E, Karabulut G. Influence of in utero di- n-hexyl phthalate and di-cyclohexyl phthalate exposure on the endocrine glands and T3, T4, and TSH hormone levels of male and female rats: Postnatal outcomes. Toxicol Ind Health 2020; 36:399-416. [PMID: 32602421 DOI: 10.1177/0748233720931698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of di-n-hexyl phthalate (DHP) and di-cyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP) on endocrine organs in rats. Oil control, 20-, 100-, and 500 mg/kg dose groups were selected and administered to pregnant rats on gestational days 6-19 by oral gavage. The neonatal stages of rats continued until postnatal day 20 and the- juvenile stages of rats continued until postnatal day of 32. The rats were allowed to mature until the neonatal and juvenile stages and there after, they were divided into four groups corresponding to the treatment levels. Body and organ weights were recorded, serum was collected, and thyroid, pancreas, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland were removed. There was a decrease in body weights in the 20- and 500mg/kg DHP and in the 20-mg/kg DCHP dose groups in neonatal male rats. In contrast, for female rats, there was an increase in body weights in the 100-mg/kg DCHP dose group and there was a decrease in body weights in the 500-mg/kg DHP dose group. Body weights were increased at 20 and 500 mg/kg in the DHP-exposed juvenile male rats. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were increased in neonatal male rats, while they were increased in the 100-mg/kg DHP group of neonatal and juvenile female rats. Serum triiodothyronine (T3) levels were increased at the high dose of DHP for neonatal male rats and at the low and high dose levels of DCHP for female rats. Serum thyroxine (T4) levels were increased in neonatal rats for DHP. Also, some histopathological changes were observed in the thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, and pituitary gland. In conclusion, it was shown that DHP and DCHP caused negative effects on T3, T4, and TSH hormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurhayat Barlas
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, 198375Hacettepe University, Beytepe Campus, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emre Göktekin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, 198375Hacettepe University, Beytepe Campus, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gözde Karabulut
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, 52956Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey
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Low Dose of Genistein Alleviates Mono-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate-Induced Fetal Testis Disorder Based on Organ Culture Model. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:4569268. [PMID: 32566080 PMCID: PMC7275205 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4569268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) and genistein have been classified as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) which interfere with the differentiation and development of the male reproductive system. However, how these two EDCs would affect fetal rat testis development at a low dose was rarely studied. In this study, we established the organ culture system and applied it to evaluate testicular effects following multiple EDC exposure at a low dose. 15.5 days postcoitum fetal rat testes were dissected, cultured, and exposed to vehicle (control), GEN (1 μmol/L, G), MEHP (1 μmol/L, M), or GEN (1 μmol/L)+MEHP (1 μmol/L, G+M). Testicular cell markers, testosterone concentration, redox state, testicular histology, and testicular ultrastructure were evaluated. Our results showed that a low dose of MEHP suppressed the development of Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, and gonocytes by triggering oxidative injuries, which was consistent with the ultrastructural findings. However, coadministration of genistein at a low dose could partially attenuate MEHP-induced fetal testis damage through antioxidative action. Cotreatment of genistein at a low dose may have a promising future on its protecting role for attenuating other EDC-induced reproductive disorders during early life. Based on the results, it can be speculated that dietary intake of isoflavones may make the fetal testis less susceptible to phthalate-induced injury.
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Harris SM, Jin Y, Loch-Caruso R, Padilla IY, Meeker JD, Bakulski KM. Identification of environmental chemicals targeting miscarriage genes and pathways using the comparative toxicogenomics database. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 184:109259. [PMID: 32143025 PMCID: PMC7103533 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Miscarriage is a prevalent public health issue and many events occur before women are aware of their pregnancy, complicating research design. Thus, risk factors for miscarriage are critically understudied. Our goal was to identify environmental chemicals with a high number of interactions with miscarriage genes, based on known toxicogenomic responses. METHODS We used miscarriage (MeSH: D000022) and chemical gene lists from the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database in human, mouse, and rat. We assessed enrichment for gene ontology biological processes among the miscarriage genes. We prioritized chemicals (n = 25) found at Superfund sites or in the blood or urine pregnant women. For chemical-disease gene sets of sufficient size (n = 13 chemicals, n = 20 comparisons), chi-squared enrichment tests and proportional reporting ratios (PRR) were calculated. We cross-validated enrichment results. RESULTS Miscarriage was annotated with 121 genes and overrepresented in inflammatory response (q = 0.001), collagen metabolic process (q = 1 × 10-13), cell death (q = 0.02), and vasculature development (q = 0.005) pathways. The number of unique genes annotated to a chemical ranged from 2 (bromacil) to 5607 (atrazine). In humans, all chemicals tested were highly enriched for miscarriage gene overlap (all p < 0.001; parathion PRR = 7, cadmium PRR = 6.5, lead PRR = 3.9, arsenic PRR = 3.5, atrazine PRR = 2.8). In mice, highest enrichment (p < 0.001) was observed for naphthalene (PRR = 16.1), cadmium (PRR = 12.8), arsenic (PRR = 11.6), and carbon tetrachloride (PRR = 7.7). In rats, we observed highest enrichment (p < 0.001) for cadmium (PRR = 8.7), carbon tetrachloride (PRR = 8.3), and dieldrin (PRR = 5.3). Our findings were robust to 1000 permutations each of variable gene set sizes. CONCLUSION We observed chemical gene sets (parathion, cadmium, naphthalene, carbon tetrachloride, arsenic, lead, dieldrin, and atrazine) were highly enriched for miscarriage genes. Exposures to chemicals linked to miscarriage, and thus linked to decreased probability of live birth, may limit the inclusion of fetuses susceptible to adverse birth outcomes in epidemiology studies. Our findings have critical public health implications for successful pregnancies and the interpretation of adverse impacts of environmental chemical exposures on pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Harris
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yuan Jin
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rita Loch-Caruso
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ingrid Y Padilla
- Department of Civil Engineering and Surveying, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
| | - John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kelly M Bakulski
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Spade DJ, Hall SJ, Wortzel JD, Reyes G, Boekelheide K. All-trans Retinoic Acid Disrupts Development in Ex Vivo Cultured Fetal Rat Testes. II: Modulation of Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate Toxicity. Toxicol Sci 2020; 168:149-159. [PMID: 30476341 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans are universally exposed to low levels of phthalate esters (phthalates), which are used to plasticize polyvinyl chloride. Phthalates exert adverse effects on the development of seminiferous cords in the fetal testis through unknown toxicity pathways. To investigate the hypothesis that phthalates alter seminiferous cord development by disrupting retinoic acid (RA) signaling in the fetal testis, gestational day 15 fetal rat testes were exposed for 1-3 days to 10-6 M all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) alone or in combination with 10-6-10-4 M mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) in ex vivo culture. As previously reported, exogenous ATRA reduced seminiferous cord number. This effect was attenuated in a concentration-dependent fashion by MEHP co-exposure. ATRA and MEHP-exposed testes were depleted of DDX4-positive germ cells but not Sertoli cells. MEHP alone enhanced the expression of the RA receptor target Rbp1 and the ovary development-associated genes Wnt4 and Nr0b1, and suppressed expression of the Leydig cell marker, Star, and the germ cell markers, Ddx4 and Pou5f1. In co-exposures, MEHP predominantly enhanced the gene expression effects of ATRA, but the Wnt4 and Nr0b1 concentration-responses were nonlinear. Similarly, ATRA increased the number of cells expressing the granulosa cell marker FOXL2 in testis cultures, but this induction was attenuated by addition of MEHP. These results indicate that MEHP can both enhance and inhibit actions of ATRA during fetal testis development and provide evidence that RA signaling is a target for phthalate toxicity in the fetal testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Spade
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Susan J Hall
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Jeremy D Wortzel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Gerardo Reyes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912.,Division of Natural Sciences, College of Mount Saint Vincent, Riverdale, New York 10471
| | - Kim Boekelheide
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
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Zhou Y, Ma T, Yan M, Meng X, Wu J, Ding J, Han X, Li D. Exposure of DBP in gestation induces inflammation of testicular Sertoli cells in progeny by activating NLRP3 inflammasomes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:136139. [PMID: 31863983 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), as one of the environmental chemicals, can cause male reproductive decline including testicular hypoplasia and impairments of spermatogenesis. Testicular inflammation is positively related to decline in male reproductive function. However, whether exposure to DBP in utero can cause testicular inflammation in progeny has not been studied. In this study, we established an animal model and observed that DBP exposure during gestation induced testicular inflammation in progeny with the increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and CXC chemokine ligand-10 (CXCL-10), representing the activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). However, NF-κB was activated within 1 h in Sertoli cells (SCs) when exposed to MBP (a metabolite of DBP) in vitro. Meanwhile, we detected increased expression of inflammatory NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), resulting from Pellino2-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome priming. Further, we confirmed that the activation of the NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1β canonical inflammasome pathway induced secretion of inflammatory factors of SCs and immune response, and INF39 (an inhibitor of NLRP3) could inhibit the inflammation in vitro. Collectively, these findings indicated that NLRP3 inflammasomes played key roles in DBP-induced inflammation in testicular SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Tan Ma
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Minghao Yan
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Xiannan Meng
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.
| | - Dongmei Li
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.
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Mentor A, Bornehag CG, Jönsson M, Mattsson A. A suggested bisphenol A metabolite (MBP) interfered with reproductive organ development in the chicken embryo while a human-relevant mixture of phthalate monoesters had no such effects. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2020; 83:66-81. [PMID: 32077375 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1728598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalate diesters are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. While these compounds have been reported as reproductive toxicants, their effects may partially be attributed to metabolites. The aim of this study was to examine reproductive organ development in chicken embryos exposed to the BPA metabolite, 4-methyl-2,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)pent-1-ene (MBP; 100 µg/g egg) or a human-relevant mixture of 4 phthalate monoesters (85 µg/g egg). The mixture was designed within the EU project EDC-MixRisk based upon a negative association with anogenital distance in boys at 21 months of age in a Swedish pregnancy cohort. Chicken embryos were exposed in ovo from an initial stage of gonad differentiation (embryonic day 4) and dissected two days prior to anticipated hatching (embryonic day 19). No discernible effects were noted on reproductive organs in embryos exposed to the mixture. MBP-treated males exhibited retention of Müllerian ducts and feminization of the left testicle, while MBP-administered females displayed a diminished the left ovary. In the left testicle of MBP-treated males, mRNA expression of female-associated genes was upregulated while the testicular marker gene SOX9 was downregulated, corroborating a feminizing effect by MBP. Our results demonstrate that MBP, but not the phthalate monoester mixture, disrupts both male and female reproductive organ development in an avian embryo model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mentor
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Centre for Reproductive Biology in Uppsala (CRU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carl-Gustaf Bornehag
- Public Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Jönsson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Centre for Reproductive Biology in Uppsala (CRU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Mattsson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Centre for Reproductive Biology in Uppsala (CRU), Uppsala, Sweden
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Male Sexual and Reproductive Health-Does the Urologist Have a Role in Addressing Gender Inequality in Life Expectancy? Eur Urol Focus 2019; 6:791-800. [PMID: 31711931 DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite considerable public health initiatives in the past century, there remains a significant gender inequality in life expectancy. The Global Burden of Diseases study has highlighted that the life expectancy for men is 70.5years, compared with 75.6years for women. This discrepancy in mortality appears to be related to a disproportionately higher number of preventable and premature male deaths. Whilst there has been an increased focus on men's health, as evidenced by the establishment of men's health charities and governmental legislation promoting equality, a recent World Health Organization report has highlighted that there is still a prevailing misconception that the higher rate of premature mortality amongst men is a natural phenomenon. We explore the association of male sexual and reproductive health-related diseases and the potential role of a urologist in addressing gender inequality in life expectancy. PATIENT SUMMARY: In this report, we discuss the causes for the gender gap in life expectancy and highlight that men continue to have a higher rate of premature death than women, which is associated with diseases of the male reproductive system. Furthermore, this not only appears to be related to a number of metabolic and lifestyle factors, but may also be the result of the increased risk of cancer in men with sexual and reproductive health-related diseases.
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Yurdakok-Dikmen B, Stelletta C, Tekin K, Kuzukiran O, Daskin A, Filazi A. Effects of phthalates on bovine primary testicular culture and spermatozoa. Cytotechnology 2019; 71:935-947. [PMID: 31451997 PMCID: PMC6787131 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-019-00336-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Among environmental endocrine-active chemicals, phthalates, commonly known as plasticizers, disrupt the development of the male reproductive tract. In this study, the effects of phthalates (DIBP, BBP, DINP, DBP, DEP, DEHP and DMP) were evaluated on cultures of bovine primary male reproductive cells (n = 3) and spermatozoa (n = 4). Epididymal (caput and corpus epididymis), testicular (parenchymal and mediastinal/tubular) and vas deferens cells (VDC) were prepared from samples collected from slaughterhouse. Second part of caput epididymis which have fewer amount of principal cells, were found to be less affected compared to the first part except DEHP; while corpus epididymis was found to be more affected with IC50 values below 0.976 ng/mL (except for DEP at 4.97 ng/mL). In testicular parenchymal cells, IC50 ranged from 0.15 to 4.11 ng/mL and for mediastinum from 0.01 to 7.31 ng/mL; where cytotoxic effects were more evident in mediastinal section. Least cytotoxic and even proliferational effects (DEHP, DMP and DEP) were observed in VDC, the muscular tube carrying sperm from epididymis to the ejaculatory duct. Least spermiotoxic phthalate was DBP (3.928 ng/mL); while DINP (0.550 ng/mL) induced highest cytotoxic effect on bovine spermatozoa. Differences in the cellular structure and/or the androgen receptor distribution effect the toxicity of phthalates. Our preliminary findings on bovine spermatozoa indicate possible morphological and motility alterations; which challenges further investigation of the transition of phthalates on semen straws used in cryopreservation. Increase of exposure to environmental contaminants raise the issue of the requirement of a new perspective on reproductive health, species and tissue specific differences should further be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begum Yurdakok-Dikmen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Sehit Omer Halis Demir Street, 06110, Diskapi, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Calogero Stelletta
- Clinics in Reproduction, Animal Andrology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, 06110, Diskapi, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Koray Tekin
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, 06110, Diskapi, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Kuzukiran
- Veterinary Department, Eldivan Vocational School of Health Services, Cankiri Karatekin University, 18100, Cankiri, Turkey
| | - Ali Daskin
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, 06110, Diskapi, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Filazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Sehit Omer Halis Demir Street, 06110, Diskapi, Ankara, Turkey.
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44
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Radke EG, Glenn BS, Braun JM, Cooper GS. Phthalate exposure and female reproductive and developmental outcomes: a systematic review of the human epidemiological evidence. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 130:104580. [PMID: 31351310 PMCID: PMC9400136 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We performed a systematic review of the epidemiology literature to identify the female reproductive and developmental effects associated with phthalate exposure. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Six phthalates were included in the review: di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), and diethyl phthalate (DEP). The initial literature search (of PubMed, Web of Science, and Toxline) included all studies of female reproductive and developmental effects in humans, and outcomes were selected for full systematic review based on data availability. STUDY EVALUATION AND SYNTHESIS METHODS For each outcome, studies were evaluated using criteria defined a priori for risk of bias and sensitivity by two reviewers using a domain-based approach. Evidence was synthesized by outcome and phthalate and strength of evidence was summarized using a structured framework. RESULTS The primary outcomes reviewed here are (number of included/excluded studies in parentheses): pubertal development (5/13), time to pregnancy (3/4), preterm birth (8/12), and spontaneous abortion (5/0). Among these outcomes, preterm birth had moderate evidence of a positive association with phthalate exposure (specifically DEHP, DBP, and DEP). Exposure levels for BBP, DIBP, and DINP were generally lower than for the phthalates with an observed effect, which may partially explain the difference due to lower sensitivity. Other phthalate/outcome combinations were considered to have slight or indeterminate evidence of an association. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS OF KEY FINDINGS Overall, these results support that some phthalates may be associated with higher odds of preterm birth in humans, though there is some remaining inconsistency. More evidence is needed on the mechanism and relevant exposure window for this association. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the U.S. EPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Radke
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, United States.
| | - Barbara S Glenn
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, United States
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Brown University, School of Public Health, United States
| | - Glinda S Cooper
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, United States; The Innocence Project, United States
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45
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Arzuaga X, Walker T, Yost EE, Radke EG, Hotchkiss AK. Use of the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework to evaluate species concordance and human relevance of Dibutyl phthalate (DBP)-induced male reproductive toxicity. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 96:445-458. [PMID: 31260805 PMCID: PMC10067323 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a phthalate ester used as a plasticizer, and solvent. Studies using rats consistently report that DBP exposure disrupts normal development of the male reproductive system in part via inhibition of androgen synthesis. However, studies using xenograft models report that in human fetal testis DBP exposure is unlikely to impair testosterone synthesis. These results question the validity of the rat model for assessment of male reproductive effects caused by DBP. The Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework was used to evaluate the available evidence for DBP-induced toxicity to the male reproductive system. Three relevant biological elements were identified: 1) fetal rats are more sensitive than other rodents and human fetal xenografts to DBP-induced anti-androgenic effects, 2) DBP-induced androgen-independent adverse outcomes are conserved amongst different mammalian models and human fetal testis xenografts, and 3) DBP-induced anti-androgenic effects are conserved in different mammalian species when exposure occurs during postnatal life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Arzuaga
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, United States of America.
| | - Teneille Walker
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Erin E Yost
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth G Radke
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Andrew K Hotchkiss
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
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Rattan S, Beers HK, Kannan A, Ramakrishnan A, Brehm E, Bagchi I, Irudayaraj JMK, Flaws JA. Prenatal and ancestral exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate alters gene expression and DNA methylation in mouse ovaries. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 379:114629. [PMID: 31211961 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a commonly used plasticizer and known endocrine disrupting chemical, which causes transgenerational reproductive toxicity in female rodents. However, the mechanisms of action underlying the transgenerational toxicity of DEHP are not understood. Therefore, this study determined the effects of prenatal and ancestral DEHP exposure on various ovarian pathways in the F1, F2, and F3 generations of mice. Pregnant CD-1 dams were orally exposed to corn oil (vehicle control) or DEHP (20 μg/kg/day-750 mg/kg/day) from gestation day 10.5 until birth. At postnatal day 21 for all generations, ovaries were removed for gene expression analysis of various ovarian pathways and for 5-methyl cytosine (5-mC) quantification. In the F1 generation, prenatal DEHP exposure disrupted the expression of cell cycle regulators, the expression of peroxisome-proliferator activating receptors, and the percentage of 5-mC compared to control. In the F2 generation, exposure to DEHP decreased the expression of steroidogenic enzymes, apoptosis factors, and ten-eleven translocation compared to controls. It also dysregulated the expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) factors. In the F3 generation, ancestral DEHP exposure decreased the expression of steroidogenic enzymes, PI3K factors, cell cycle regulators, apoptosis factors, Esr2, DNA methylation mediators, and the percentage of 5-mC compared to controls. Overall, the data show that prenatal and ancestral DEHP exposure greatly suppress gene expression of pathways required for folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis in the ovary in a transgenerational manner and that gene expression may be influenced by DNA methylation. These results provide insight into some of the mechanisms of DEHP-mediated toxicity in the ovary across generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saniya Rattan
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Hannah K Beers
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Athilakshmi Kannan
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Anujaianthi Ramakrishnan
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Emily Brehm
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Indrani Bagchi
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Joseph M K Irudayaraj
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America.
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Sunman B, Yurdakök K, Kocer-Gumusel B, Özyüncü Ö, Akbıyık F, Balcı A, Özkemahlı G, Erkekoğlu P, Yurdakök M. Prenatal bisphenol a and phthalate exposure are risk factors for male reproductive system development and cord blood sex hormone levels. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 87:146-155. [PMID: 31170452 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates can adversely affect the fetal development. However, observational studies on the effects of these chemicals on fetal male reproductive system are still limited. A hundred of umbilical cord blood samples were analyzed for the levels of BPA, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), and sex hormones. After birth, male newborns underwent physical examination that included measurements of anogenital distance, stretched penile length (SPL), and penile width. BPA, DEHP and MEHP levels were detectable in ≈99% of cord blood samples. In covariate-adjusted models, cord blood BPA levels were inversely associated with SPL of newborns and positively associated with cord blood estradiol levels. In addition, there was a significant inverse relationship between cord blood DEHP levels and anogenital distance index of newborn males. Our results suggest that in utero BPA and DEHP exposure exerted adverse effects on fetal male reproductive development and cord blood estradiol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birce Sunman
- Department of Pediatrics, Gülhane Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Kadriye Yurdakök
- Department of Pediatrics, Social Pediatrics Unit, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Belma Kocer-Gumusel
- Department of Toxicology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Toxicology, Lokman Hekim University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özgür Özyüncü
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Filiz Akbıyık
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aylin Balcı
- Department of Toxicology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gizem Özkemahlı
- Department of Toxicology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Toxicology, Binali Yildirim University Faculty of Pharmacy, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Pınar Erkekoğlu
- Department of Toxicology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murat Yurdakök
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology Unit, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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48
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Kalo D, Vitorino Carvalho A, Archilla C, Duranthon V, Moroldo M, Levin Y, Kupervaser M, Smith Y, Roth Z. Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) induces transcriptomic alterations in oocytes and their derived blastocysts. Toxicology 2019; 421:59-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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49
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Repouskou A, Panagiotidou E, Panagopoulou L, Bisting PL, Tuck AR, Sjödin MOD, Lindberg J, Bozas E, Rüegg J, Gennings C, Bornehag CG, Damdimopoulou P, Stamatakis A, Kitraki E. Gestational exposure to an epidemiologically defined mixture of phthalates leads to gonadal dysfunction in mouse offspring of both sexes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6424. [PMID: 31015488 PMCID: PMC6478857 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42377-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing concern for the reproductive toxicity of abundantly used phthalates requires reliable tools for exposure risk assessment to mixtures of chemicals, based on real life human exposure and disorder-associated epidemiological evidence. We herein used a mixture of four phthalate monoesters (33% mono-butyl phthalate, 16% mono-benzyl phthalate, 21% mono-ethyl hexyl phthalate, and 30% mono-isononyl phthalate), detected in 1st trimester urine of 194 pregnant women and identified as bad actors for a shorter anogenital distance (AGD) in their baby boys. Mice were treated with 0, 0.26, 2.6 and 13 mg/kg/d of the mixture, corresponding to 0x, 10x, 100x, 500x levels detected in the pregnant women. Adverse outcomes detected in the reproductive system of the offspring in pre-puberty and adulthood included reduced AGD index and gonadal weight, changes in gonadal histology and altered expression of key regulators of gonadal growth and steroidogenesis. Most aberrations were apparent in both sexes, though more pronounced in males, and exhibited a non-monotonic pattern. The phthalate mixture directly affected expression of steroidogenesis as demonstrated in a relevant in vitro model. The detected adversities at exposures close to the levels detected in pregnant women, raise concern on the existing safety limits for early-life human exposures and emphasizes the need for re-evaluation of the exposure risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Repouskou
- Laboratory of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens, Greece
| | - Emily Panagiotidou
- Laboratory of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens, Greece
- Biology-Biochemistry laboratory, Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, NKUA, Athens, Greece
| | - Lydia Panagopoulou
- Laboratory of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens, Greece
| | | | - Astrud R Tuck
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicological Sciences, Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Marcus O D Sjödin
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicological Sciences, Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Johan Lindberg
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicological Sciences, Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Evangelos Bozas
- Pediatric Research laboratory, Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, NKUA, Athens, Greece
| | - Joëlle Rüegg
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicological Sciences, Södertälje, Sweden
- IMM -Institute for Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chris Gennings
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carl-Gustaf Bornehag
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Pauliina Damdimopoulou
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicological Sciences, Södertälje, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonios Stamatakis
- Biology-Biochemistry laboratory, Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, NKUA, Athens, Greece
| | - Efthymia Kitraki
- Laboratory of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens, Greece.
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Yost EE, Euling SY, Weaver JA, Beverly BEJ, Keshava N, Mudipalli A, Arzuaga X, Blessinger T, Dishaw L, Hotchkiss A, Makris SL. Hazards of diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) exposure: A systematic review of animal toxicology studies. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 125:579-594. [PMID: 30591249 PMCID: PMC8596331 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomonitoring studies indicate a trend towards increased human exposure to diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), a replacement for dibutyl phthalate (DBP). Recent reviews have found DIBP to be a male reproductive toxicant, but have not evaluated other hazards of DIBP exposure. OBJECTIVE To inform chemical risk assessment, we performed a systematic review to identify and characterize outcomes within six broad hazard categories (male reproductive, female reproductive, developmental, liver, kidney, and cancer) following exposure of nonhuman mammalian animals to DIBP or the primary metabolite, monoisobutyl phthalate (MIBP). METHODS A literature search was conducted in four online scientific databases [PubMed, Web of Science, Toxline, and Toxic Substances Control Act Test Submissions 2.0 (TSCATS2)], and augmented by review of regulatory sources as well as forward and backward searches. Studies were identified for inclusion based on defined PECO (Population, Exposure, Comparator, Outcome) criteria. Studies were evaluated using criteria defined a priori for reporting quality, risk of bias, and sensitivity using a domain-based approach. Evidence was synthesized by outcome and life stage of exposure, and strength of evidence was summarized into categories of robust, moderate, slight, indeterminate, or compelling evidence of no effect, using a structured framework. RESULTS Nineteen toxicological studies in rats or mice met the inclusion criteria. There was robust evidence that DIBP causes male reproductive toxicity. Male rats and mice exposed to DIBP during gestation had decreased testosterone and adverse effects on sperm or testicular histology, with additional phthalate syndrome effects observed in male rats. There was also evidence of androgen-dependent and -independent male reproductive effects in rats and mice following peripubertal or young adult exposure to DIBP or MIBP, but confidence was reduced because of concerns over risk of bias and sensitivity in the available studies. There was also robust evidence that DIBP causes developmental toxicity; specifically, increased post-implantation loss and decreased pre- and postnatal growth. For other hazards, evidence was limited by the small number of studies, experimental designs that were suboptimal for evaluating outcomes, and study evaluation concerns such as incomplete reporting of methods and results. There was slight evidence for female reproductive toxicity and effects on liver, and indeterminate evidence for effects on kidney and cancer. CONCLUSION Results support DIBP as a children's health concern and indicate that male reproductive and developmental toxicities are hazards of DIBP exposure, with some evidence for female reproductive and liver toxicity. Data gaps include the need for more studies on male reproductive effects following postnatal and adult exposure, and studies to characterize potential hormonal mechanisms in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Yost
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America.
| | - Susan Y Euling
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - James A Weaver
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Brandiese E J Beverly
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Nagalakshmi Keshava
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Anuradha Mudipalli
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Xabier Arzuaga
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Todd Blessinger
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Laura Dishaw
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Andrew Hotchkiss
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Susan L Makris
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, United States of America
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