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Thorne D, McHugh D, Simms L, Lee KM, Fujimoto H, Moses S, Gaca M. Applying new approach methodologies to assess next-generation tobacco and nicotine products. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2024; 6:1376118. [PMID: 38938663 PMCID: PMC11208635 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2024.1376118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
In vitro toxicology research has accelerated with the use of in silico, computational approaches and human in vitro tissue systems, facilitating major improvements evaluating the safety and health risks of novel consumer products. Innovation in molecular and cellular biology has shifted testing paradigms, with less reliance on low-throughput animal data and greater use of medium- and high-throughput in vitro cellular screening approaches. These new approach methodologies (NAMs) are being implemented in other industry sectors for chemical testing, screening candidate drugs and prototype consumer products, driven by the need for reliable, human-relevant approaches. Routine toxicological methods are largely unchanged since development over 50 years ago, using high-doses and often employing in vivo testing. Several disadvantages are encountered conducting or extrapolating data from animal studies due to differences in metabolism or exposure. The last decade saw considerable advancement in the development of in vitro tools and capabilities, and the challenges of the next decade will be integrating these platforms into applied product testing and acceptance by regulatory bodies. Governmental and validation agencies have launched and applied frameworks and "roadmaps" to support agile validation and acceptance of NAMs. Next-generation tobacco and nicotine products (NGPs) have the potential to offer reduced risks to smokers compared to cigarettes. These include heated tobacco products (HTPs) that heat but do not burn tobacco; vapor products also termed electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), that heat an e-liquid to produce an inhalable aerosol; oral smokeless tobacco products (e.g., Swedish-style snus) and tobacco-free oral nicotine pouches. With the increased availability of NGPs and the requirement of scientific studies to support regulatory approval, NAMs approaches can supplement the assessment of NGPs. This review explores how NAMs can be applied to assess NGPs, highlighting key considerations, including the use of appropriate in vitro model systems, deploying screening approaches for hazard identification, and the importance of test article characterization. The importance and opportunity for fit-for-purpose testing and method standardization are discussed, highlighting the value of industry and cross-industry collaborations. Supporting the development of methods that are accepted by regulatory bodies could lead to the implementation of NAMs for tobacco and nicotine NGP testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Thorne
- BAT (Investments) Ltd., Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - Damian McHugh
- PMI R&D Philip Morris Products S. A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Liam Simms
- Imperial Brands, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - K. Monica Lee
- Altria Client Services LLC, Richmond, VA, United States
| | | | | | - Marianna Gaca
- BAT (Investments) Ltd., Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
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2
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Koziol-White C, Gebski E, Cao G, Panettieri RA. Precision cut lung slices: an integrated ex vivo model for studying lung physiology, pharmacology, disease pathogenesis and drug discovery. Respir Res 2024; 25:231. [PMID: 38824592 PMCID: PMC11144351 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02855-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Precision Cut Lung Slices (PCLS) have emerged as a sophisticated and physiologically relevant ex vivo model for studying the intricacies of lung diseases, including fibrosis, injury, repair, and host defense mechanisms. This innovative methodology presents a unique opportunity to bridge the gap between traditional in vitro cell cultures and in vivo animal models, offering researchers a more accurate representation of the intricate microenvironment of the lung. PCLS require the precise sectioning of lung tissue to maintain its structural and functional integrity. These thin slices serve as invaluable tools for various research endeavors, particularly in the realm of airway diseases. By providing a controlled microenvironment, precision-cut lung slices empower researchers to dissect and comprehend the multifaceted interactions and responses within lung tissue, thereby advancing our understanding of pulmonary pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Koziol-White
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, The State University of NJ, 08901, Rutgers, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
| | - Eric Gebski
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, The State University of NJ, 08901, Rutgers, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Gaoyaun Cao
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, The State University of NJ, 08901, Rutgers, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Reynold A Panettieri
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, The State University of NJ, 08901, Rutgers, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Lilley RJ, Taylor KD, Wildman SSP, Peppiatt-Wildman CM. Inflammatory mediators act at renal pericytes to elicit contraction of vasa recta and reduce pericyte density along the kidney medullary vascular network. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1194803. [PMID: 37362447 PMCID: PMC10288992 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1194803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Regardless of initiating cause, renal injury promotes a potent pro-inflammatory environment in the outer medulla and a concomitant sustained decrease in medullary blood flow (MBF). This decline in MBF is believed to be one of the critical events in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI), yet the precise cellular mechanism underlying this are still to be fully elucidated. MBF is regulated by contractile pericyte cells that reside on the descending vasa recta (DVR) capillaries, which are the primary source of blood flow to the medulla. Methods: Using the rat and murine live kidney slice models, we investigated the acute effects of key medullary inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-33, IL-18, C3a and C5a on vasa recta pericytes, the effect of AT1-R blocker Losartan on pro-inflammatory mediator activity at vasa recta pericytes, and the effect of 4-hour sustained exposure on immunolabelled NG2+ pericytes. Results and discussion: Exposure of rat and mouse kidney slices to TNF-α, IL-18, IL-33, and C5a demonstrated a real-time pericyte-mediated constriction of DVR. When pro-inflammatory mediators were applied in the presence of Losartan the inflammatory mediator-mediated constriction that had previously been observed was significantly attenuated. When live kidney slices were exposed to inflammatory mediators for 4-h, we noted a significant reduction in the number of NG2+ positive pericytes along vasa recta capillaries in both rat and murine kidney slices. Data collected in this study demonstrate that inflammatory mediators can dysregulate pericytes to constrict DVR diameter and reduce the density of pericytes along vasa recta vessels, further diminishing the regulatory capacity of the capillary network. We postulate that preliminary findings here suggest pericytes play a role in AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Lilley
- Division of Natural Sciences, University of Kent, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsti D. Taylor
- Division of Natural Sciences, University of Kent, Kent, United Kingdom
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Wu KZ, Adine C, Mitriashkin A, Aw BJJ, Iyer NG, Fong ELS. Making In Vitro Tumor Models Whole Again. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202279. [PMID: 36718949 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
As a reductionist approach, patient-derived in vitro tumor models are inherently still too simplistic for personalized drug testing as they do not capture many characteristics of the tumor microenvironment (TME), such as tumor architecture and stromal heterogeneity. This is especially problematic for assessing stromal-targeting drugs such as immunotherapies in which the density and distribution of immune and other stromal cells determine drug efficacy. On the other end, in vivo models are typically costly, low-throughput, and time-consuming to establish. Ex vivo patient-derived tumor explant (PDE) cultures involve the culture of resected tumor fragments that potentially retain the intact TME of the original tumor. Although developed decades ago, PDE cultures have not been widely adopted likely because of their low-throughput and poor long-term viability. However, with growing recognition of the importance of patient-specific TME in mediating drug response, especially in the field of immune-oncology, there is an urgent need to resurrect these holistic cultures. In this Review, the key limitations of patient-derived tumor explant cultures are outlined and technologies that have been developed or could be employed to address these limitations are discussed. Engineered holistic tumor explant cultures may truly realize the concept of personalized medicine for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Zhuoran Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119276, Singapore
| | - Christabella Adine
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119276, Singapore
| | - Aleksandr Mitriashkin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119276, Singapore
| | - Benjamin Jun Jie Aw
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119276, Singapore
| | - N Gopalakrishna Iyer
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Eliza Li Shan Fong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119276, Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute (CSI), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
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Tigges J, Eggerbauer F, Worek F, Thiermann H, Rauen U, Wille T. Optimization of long-term cold storage of rat precision-cut lung slices with a tissue preservation solution. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 321:L1023-L1035. [PMID: 34643087 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00076.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) are used as ex vivo model of the lung to fill the gap between in vitro and in vivo experiments. To allow optimal utilization of PCLS, possibilities to prolong slice viability via cold storage using optimized storage solutions were evaluated. Rat PCLS were cold stored in DMEM/F-12 or two different preservation solutions for up to 28 days at 4°C. After rewarming in DMEM/F-12, metabolic activity, live/dead staining, and mitochondrial membrane potential was assessed to analyze overall tissue viability. Single-cell suspensions were prepared and proportions of CD45+, EpCAM+, CD31+, and CD90+ cells were analyzed. As functional parameters, TNF-α expression was analyzed to detect inflammatory activity and bronchoconstriction was evaluated after acetylcholine stimulus. After 14 days of cold storage, viability and mitochondrial membrane potential were significantly better preserved after storage in solution 1 (potassium chloride rich) and solution 2 (potassium- and lactobionate-rich analog) compared with DMEM/F-12. Analysis of cell populations revealed efficient preservation of EpCAM+, CD31+, and CD90+ cells. Proportion of CD45+ cells decreased during cold storage but was better preserved by both modified solutions than by DMEM/F-12. PCLS stored in solution 1 responded substantially longer to inflammatory stimulation than those stored in DMEM/F-12 or solution 2. Analysis of bronchoconstriction revealed total loss of function after 14 days of storage in DMEM/F-12 but, in contrast, a good response in PCLS stored in the optimized solutions. An improved base solution with a high potassium chloride concentration optimizes cold storage of PCLS and allows shipment between laboratories and stockpiling of tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Tigges
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Eggerbauer
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Ursula Rauen
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Timo Wille
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
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Organophosphorus pesticides exhibit compound specific effects in rat precision-cut lung slices (PCLS): mechanisms involved in airway response, cytotoxicity, inflammatory activation and antioxidative defense. Arch Toxicol 2021; 96:321-334. [PMID: 34778934 PMCID: PMC8748323 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03186-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compound pesticides (OP) are widely used in pest control and might be misused for terrorist attacks. Although acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition is the predominant toxic mechanism, OP may induce pneumonia and formation of lung edema after poisoning and during clinical treatment as life-threatening complication. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, rat precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) were exposed to the OP parathion, malathion and their biotransformation products paraoxon and malaoxon (100–2000 µmol/L). Airway response, metabolic activity, release of LDH, cytokine expression and oxidative stress response were analyzed. A concentration-dependent inhibition of airway relaxation was observed after exposure with the oxon but not with the thion-OP. In contrast, cytotoxic effects were observed for both forms in higher concentrations. Increased cytokine expression was observed after exposure to parathion and paraoxon (IL-6, GM-CSF, MIP-1α) and IL-6 expression was dependent on NFκB activation. Intracellular GSH levels were significantly reduced by all four tested OP but an increase in GSSG and HO-1 expression was predominantly observed after malaoxon exposure. Pretreatment with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine reduced malaoxon but not paraoxon-induced cytotoxicity. PCLS as a 3D lung model system revealed OP-induced effects depending on the particular OP. The experimental data of this study contribute to a better understanding of OP toxicity on cellular targets and may be a possible explanation for the variety of clinical outcomes induced by different OP.
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Studentsov EP, Golovina AA, Krasikova RN, Orlovskaja VV, Vaulina DD, Krutikov VI, Ramsh SM. 2-Arylbenzothiazoles: Advances in Anti-Cancer and Diagnostic
Pharmaceuticals Discovery. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363221010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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de Hoyos-Vega JM, Gonzalez-Suarez AM, Garcia-Cordero JL. A versatile microfluidic device for multiple ex vivo/in vitro tissue assays unrestrained from tissue topography. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:40. [PMID: 34567653 PMCID: PMC8433291 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-0156-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Precision-cut tissue slices are an important in vitro system to study organ function because they preserve most of the native cellular microenvironments of organs, including complex intercellular connections. However, during sample manipulation or slicing, some of the natural surface topology and structure of these tissues is lost or damaged. Here, we introduce a microfluidic platform to perform multiple assays on the surface of a tissue section, unhindered by surface topography. The device consists of a valve on one side and eight open microchannels located on the opposite side, with the tissue section sandwiched between these two structures. When the valve is actuated, eight independent microfluidic channels are formed over a tissue section. This strategy prevents cross-contamination when performing assays and enables parallelization. Using irregular tissues such as an aorta, we conducted multiple in vitro and ex vivo assays on tissue sections, including short-term culturing, a drug toxicity assay, a fluorescence immunohistochemistry staining assay, and an immune cell assay, in which we observed the interaction of neutrophils with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated endothelium. Our microfluidic platform can be employed in other disciplines, such as tissue physiology and pathophysiology, morphogenesis, drug toxicity and efficiency, metabolism studies, and diagnostics, enabling the conduction of several assays with a single biopsy sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M. de Hoyos-Vega
- Unidad Monterrey, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Via del conocimiento 201, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, NL 66628 Mexico
| | - Alan M. Gonzalez-Suarez
- Unidad Monterrey, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Via del conocimiento 201, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, NL 66628 Mexico
| | - Jose L. Garcia-Cordero
- Unidad Monterrey, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Via del conocimiento 201, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, NL 66628 Mexico
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9
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Alsafadi HN, Uhl FE, Pineda RH, Bailey KE, Rojas M, Wagner DE, Königshoff M. Applications and Approaches for Three-Dimensional Precision-Cut Lung Slices. Disease Modeling and Drug Discovery. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 62:681-691. [PMID: 31991090 PMCID: PMC7401444 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0276tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lung diseases (CLDs), such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial lung disease, and lung cancer, are among the leading causes of morbidity globally and impose major health and financial burdens on patients and society. Effective treatments are scarce, and relevant human model systems to effectively study CLD pathomechanisms and thus discover and validate potential new targets and therapies are needed. Precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) from healthy and diseased human tissue represent one promising tool that can closely recapitulate the complexity of the lung's native environment, and recently, improved methodologies and accessibility to human tissue have led to an increased use of PCLS in CLD research. Here, we discuss approaches that use human PCLS to advance our understanding of CLD development, as well as drug discovery and validation for CLDs. PCLS enable investigators to study complex interactions among different cell types and the extracellular matrix in the native three-dimensional architecture of the lung. PCLS further allow for high-resolution (live) imaging of cellular functions in several dimensions. Importantly, PCLS can be derived from diseased lung tissue upon lung surgery or transplantation, thus allowing the study of CLDs in living human tissue. Moreover, CLDs can be modeled in PCLS derived from normal lung tissue to mimic the onset and progression of CLDs, complementing studies in end-stage diseased tissue. Altogether, PCLS are emerging as a remarkable tool to further bridge the gap between target identification and translation into clinical studies, and thus open novel avenues for future precision medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani N. Alsafadi
- Lung Bioengineering and Regeneration, Department of Experimental Medical Science
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medicine, and
- Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Lung Repair and Regeneration, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska E. Uhl
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine
- Vascular Biology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ricardo H. Pineda
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - Kolene E. Bailey
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Division of Respiratory, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, The Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Darcy E. Wagner
- Lung Bioengineering and Regeneration, Department of Experimental Medical Science
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medicine, and
- Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Lung Repair and Regeneration, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Königshoff
- Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Lung Repair and Regeneration, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado; and
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10
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Preserving Airway Smooth Muscle Contraction in Precision-Cut Lung Slices. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6480. [PMID: 32296115 PMCID: PMC7160136 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63225-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) are ideal for measuring small airway contraction. However, these measurements are currently limited to acute exposure scenarios that typically last a few minutes to a few hours. Using an insulin-supplemented culture medium, we prolong the small airway contractility in mouse PCLS for up to two weeks. Compared to conventional culture medium, insulin-supplemented culture medium provides no additional benefit in preserving cellular viability or airway structure. However, it protects the airway smooth muscle (ASM) against a loss of smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMMHC) expression. We elucidate the significance of this new culture medium for chronic disease modeling of IL-13-induced airway hyper-responsiveness.
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Giuliani ME, Sparaventi E, Lanzoni I, Pittura L, Regoli F, Gorbi S. Precision-Cut Tissue Slices (PCTS) from the digestive gland of the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis: An ex vivo approach for molecular and cellular responses in marine invertebrates. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 61:104603. [PMID: 31330176 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The precision-cut tissue slices (PCTS) represent a largely used biological model in mammalian research. This ex vivo approach offers the main advantages of in vitro systems, while maintaining the natural architecture of the tissue. The use of PCTS in toxicological research has been proposed for investigating the cellular effects of xenobiotics or bioactive compounds mostly in mammalian models. Their application is increasing also in marine organisms, but still limited to fish. This work validates the use of PCTS in an invertebrate species, the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Intact tissue slices of different thicknesses (300, 350 and 400 μm) were successfully obtained from the digestive gland. The slices maintained the histological integrity and the viability after 6 h and 24 h incubation in culture medium, with some differences depending on the thickness. The enzymatic activities and mRNA levels of catalase and glutathione S-transferase, chosen as model biological endpoints, were measured until 24 h incubation, revealing the functionality of such systems. This work demonstrates the suitability of mussel PCTS for investigating molecular and cellular responses in ecotoxicological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisa Giuliani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Erica Sparaventi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ilaria Lanzoni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lucia Pittura
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Regoli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefania Gorbi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
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Rowland LK, Campbell PS, Mavingire N, Wooten JV, McLean L, Zylstra D, Thorne G, Daly D, Boyle K, Whang S, Unternaehrer J, Brantley EJ. Putative tumor suppressor cytoglobin promotes aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand-mediated triple negative breast cancer cell death. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:6004-6014. [PMID: 30450577 PMCID: PMC6382570 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 40 000 women die annually from breast cancer in the United States. Clinically available targeted breast cancer therapy is largely ineffective in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), characterized by tumors that lack expression of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2). TNBC is associated with a poor prognosis. Previous reports show that aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) partial agonist 2-(4-amino-3-methylphenyl)-5-fluorobenzothiazole (5F 203) selectively inhibits the growth of breast cancer cells, including those of the TNBC subtype. We previously demonstrated that 5F 203 induced the expression of putative tumor suppressor gene cytoglobin (CYGB) in breast cancer cells. In the current study, we determined that 5F 203 induces apoptosis and caspase-3 activation in MDA-MB-468 TNBC cells and in T47D ER+ PR + Her2 - breast cancer cells. We also show that caspases and CYGB promote 5F 203-mediated apoptosis in MDA-MB-468 cells. 5F 203 induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and cathepsin B release in MDA-MB-468 and T47D cells. In addition, silencing CYGB attenuated the ability of 5F 203 to induce caspase-3/-7 activation, proapoptotic gene expression, LMP, and cathepsin B release in MDA-MB-468 cells. Moreover, 5F 203 induced CYGB protein expression, proapoptotic protein expression, and caspase-3 cleavage in MDA-MB-468 cells and in MDA-MB-468 xenograft tumors grown orthotopically in athymic mice. These data provide a basis for the development of AhR ligands with the potential to restore CYGB expression as a novel strategy to treat TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah K. Rowland
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Petreena S. Campbell
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Nicole Mavingire
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Jonathan V. Wooten
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Lancelot McLean
- Dental Education Services, Loma Linda University Health School of Dentistry, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Dain Zylstra
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Gabriell Thorne
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA
- Department of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Elizabeth City State University, Elizabeth City, NC, USA
| | - Devin Daly
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Kristopher Boyle
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Sonya Whang
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Juli Unternaehrer
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Eileen J. Brantley
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, CA
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Cedilak M, Banjanac M, Belamarić D, Paravić Radičević A, Faraho I, Ilić K, Čužić S, Glojnarić I, Eraković Haber V, Bosnar M. Precision-cut lung slices from bleomycin treated animals as a model for testing potential therapies for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2019; 55:75-83. [PMID: 30776489 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a complex lung disease with incompletely understood pathophysiology. Effectiveness of available medicines is limited and the need for new and improved therapies remains. Due to complexity of the disease, it is difficult to develop predictable in vitro models. In this study we have described precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) prepared from bleomycin treated mice as an in vitro model for testing of novel compounds with antifibrotic activity. We have shown that PCLS during in vitro incubation retain characteristics of bleomycin model with increased expression of fibrosis related genes ACTA2 (α-smooth muscle actin), COL1A1 (collagen 1), FN1 (fibronectin 1), MMP12 (matrix metalloproteinase 12) and TIMP1 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases). To further evaluate PCLS as an in vitro model, we have tested ALK5 inhibitor SB525334 which was previously shown to attenuate fibrosis in in vivo bleomycin model and nintedanib which is the FDA approved treatment for IPF. SB525334 and nintedanib inhibited expression of fibrosis related genes in PCLS from bleomycin treated mice. In addition, comparable activity profile of SB525334 was achieved in PCLS and in vivo model. Altogether these results suggest that PCLS may be a suitable in vitro model for compound testing during drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matea Cedilak
- Fidelta d.o.o., Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Mihailo Banjanac
- Fidelta d.o.o., Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - Ivan Faraho
- Fidelta d.o.o., Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Krunoslav Ilić
- Fidelta d.o.o., Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Snježana Čužić
- Fidelta d.o.o., Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ines Glojnarić
- Fidelta d.o.o., Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Martina Bosnar
- Fidelta d.o.o., Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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14
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siRNA-mediated protein knockdown in precision-cut lung slices. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 133:339-348. [PMID: 30414498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) can induce RNA interference, which leads to the knockdown of messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein. As a result, siRNA is often used in vitro and in vivo to unravel the function of genes and as a therapeutic agent to disrupt excessive expression of disease-related genes. However, there is a large gap between in vitro and in vivo models in terms of simplicity, flexibility, throughput, and translatability. This gap could be bridged by using precision-cut tissue slices, which represent viable explants prepared from animal or human tissue that can be cultured ex vivo. Previously, we demonstrated that self-deliverable siRNA (Accell siRNA) induced significant mRNA knockdown in lung slices. The goal of this study, however, was to investigate whether Accell siRNA also induced protein knockdown in murine lung slices. Slices were incubated for up to 96 h with no siRNA (untransfected), non-targeting siRNA (control), or gene-targeting siRNA (Gapdh, Ppib, Serpinh1, and Bcl2l1). Overall, untransfected and transfected slices remained viable during an incubation of 96 h. In addition, gene-targeting siRNAs induced not only significant and specific mRNA knockdown but also protein knockdown. Finally, protein knockdown of fibrogenesis-related targets (Ppib, Serpinh1, and Bcl2l1) was shown to influence fibrogenesis on mRNA level, thereby demonstrating this model its utility in functional genomics and translational research.
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Gilbert J, De Iuliis GN, Tarleton M, McCluskey A, Sakoff JA. ( Z)-2-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-3-(1 H-Pyrrol-2-yl)Acrylonitrile Exhibits Selective Antitumor Activity in Breast Cancer Cell Lines via the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Pathway. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 93:168-177. [PMID: 29269419 DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.109827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported the synthesis and breast cancer selectivity of (Z)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)acrylonitrile (ANI-7) in cancer cell lines. To further evaluate the selectivity of ANI-7, we have expanded upon the initial cell line panel to now include the breast cancer cell lines (MCF7, MCF7/VP16, BT474, T47D, ZR-75-1, SKBR3, MDA-MB-468, BT20, MDA-MB-231); normal breast cells (MCF-10A); and cell lines derived from colon (HT29), ovarian (A2780), lung (H460), skin (A431), neuronal (BE2C), glial (U87, SJG2), and pancreatic (MIA) cancers. We now show that ANI-7 is up to 263-fold more potent at inhibiting the growth of breast cancer cell lines (MCF7, MCF7/VP16, BT474, T47D, ZR-75-1, SKBR3, MDA-MB-468) than normal breast cells (MCF-10A) or cell lines derived from other tumor types. Measures of growth inhibition, cell cycle analysis, morphologic assessment, Western blotting, receptor binding, gene expression, small interfering RNA technology, reporter activity, and enzyme inhibition assays were exploited to define the mechanism of action of ANI-7. In this work, we report that ANI-7 mediates its effects via the activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway and the subsequent induction of CYP1-metabolizing mono-oxygenases. The metabolic conversion of ANI-7 induces DNA damage, checkpoint activation, S-phase cell cycle arrest, and cell death in sensitive breast cancer cell lines. Basal expression of AhR, the AhR nuclear translocator, and the CYP1 family members do not predict for sensitivity; however, inherent expression of the phase II-metabolizing enzyme sulfur transferase 1A1 does. For the first time, we identify (Z)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)acrylonitrile as a new AhR ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne Gilbert
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Department of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Newcastle Hospital, Waratah, New South Wales, Australia (J.G., J.A.S.); and Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Faculty of Science (G.N.D.I.), and Chemistry, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science (M.T., A.M., J.A.S.), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoffry N De Iuliis
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Department of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Newcastle Hospital, Waratah, New South Wales, Australia (J.G., J.A.S.); and Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Faculty of Science (G.N.D.I.), and Chemistry, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science (M.T., A.M., J.A.S.), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Tarleton
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Department of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Newcastle Hospital, Waratah, New South Wales, Australia (J.G., J.A.S.); and Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Faculty of Science (G.N.D.I.), and Chemistry, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science (M.T., A.M., J.A.S.), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adam McCluskey
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Department of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Newcastle Hospital, Waratah, New South Wales, Australia (J.G., J.A.S.); and Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Faculty of Science (G.N.D.I.), and Chemistry, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science (M.T., A.M., J.A.S.), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jennette A Sakoff
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Department of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Newcastle Hospital, Waratah, New South Wales, Australia (J.G., J.A.S.); and Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Faculty of Science (G.N.D.I.), and Chemistry, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science (M.T., A.M., J.A.S.), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
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16
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Ruigrok MJR, Maggan N, Willaert D, Frijlink HW, Melgert BN, Olinga P, Hinrichs WLJ. siRNA-Mediated RNA Interference in Precision-Cut Tissue Slices Prepared from Mouse Lung and Kidney. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1855-1863. [PMID: 28895093 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0136-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated RNAi interference (RNAi) is a powerful post-transcriptional gene silencing mechanism which can be used to study the function of genes in vitro (cell cultures) and in vivo (animal models). However, there is a translational gap between these models. Hence, there is a need for novel experimental models that combine the advantages of in vitro and in vivo models (e.g., simplicity, flexibility, throughput, and representability) to study the effects of siRNA. This need may be addressed by precision-cut tissue slices (PCTS), which represent an ex vivo model that mimics the structural and functional characteristics of a whole organ. The goal of this study was to investigate whether self-deliverable siRNA (Accell siRNA) can be used in precision-cut lung slices (PCLuS) and precision-cut kidney slices (PCKS) to achieve RNAi ex vivo. PCLuS and PCKS were prepared from mouse tissue, and they were subsequently incubated up to 48 h with no siRNA (untransfected), non-targeting Accell siRNA, or Gapdh-targeting Accell siRNA. Significant Gapdh mRNA silencing was achieved (PCLuS ~ 55%; PCKS ~ 40%) without compromising the viability and morphology of slices. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed that Accell siRNA diffused into PCLuS and PCKS. Spontaneous inflammation upon incubation was observed in PCLuS and PCKS as shown by a higher mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines Il1b, Il6, and Tnfa, although Accell siRNA appeared to diminish this response in PCLuS after 24 h. In conclusion, this ex vivo transfection model can be used to evaluate the effects of siRNA in relevant biological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchel J R Ruigrok
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nalinie Maggan
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Delphine Willaert
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henderik W Frijlink
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbro N Melgert
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology, and Targeting, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Olinga
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wouter L J Hinrichs
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Neuhaus V, Schaudien D, Golovina T, Temann UA, Thompson C, Lippmann T, Bersch C, Pfennig O, Jonigk D, Braubach P, Fieguth HG, Warnecke G, Yusibov V, Sewald K, Braun A. Assessment of long-term cultivated human precision-cut lung slices as an ex vivo system for evaluation of chronic cytotoxicity and functionality. J Occup Med Toxicol 2017; 12:13. [PMID: 28559920 PMCID: PMC5446749 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-017-0158-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Investigation of basic chronic inflammatory mechanisms and development of new therapeutics targeting the respiratory tract requires appropriate testing systems, including those to monitor long- persistence. Human precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) have been demonstrated to mimic the human respiratory tract and have potential of an alternative, ex-vivo system to replace or augment in-vitro testing and animal models. So far, most research on PCLS has been conducted for short cultivation periods (≤72 h), while analyses of slowly metabolized therapeutics require long-term survival of PCLS in culture. In the present study, we evaluated viability, physiology and structural integrity of PCLS cultured for up to 15 days. Methods PCLS were cultured for 15 days and various parameters were assessed at different time points. Results Structural integrity and viability of cultured PCLS remained constant for 15 days. Moreover, bronchoconstriction was inducible over the whole period of cultivation, though with decreased sensitivity (EC501d = 4 × 10−8 M vs. EC5015d = 4 × 10−6 M) and reduced maximum of initial airway area (1d = 0.5% vs. 15d = 18.7%). In contrast, even though still clearly inducible compared to medium control, LPS-induced TNF-α secretion decreased significantly from day 1 to day 15 of culture. Conclusions Overall, though long-term cultivation of PCLS need further investigation for cytokine secretion, possibly on a cellular level, PCLS are feasible for bronchoconstriction studies and toxicity assays. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12995-017-0158-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Neuhaus
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hanover, Germany
| | - Dirk Schaudien
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hanover, Germany
| | - Tatiana Golovina
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, DE USA
| | | | | | - Torsten Lippmann
- Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Hanover, Germany
| | - Claus Bersch
- Klinikum Region Hannover (KRH), Institute of Pathology, Hanover, Germany
| | - Olaf Pfennig
- Klinikum Region Hannover (KRH), Institute of Pathology, Hanover, Germany
| | - Danny Jonigk
- Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Hanover, Germany
| | - Peter Braubach
- Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Hanover, Germany
| | - Hans-Gerd Fieguth
- Klinikum Region Hannover (KRH), Division of Thoracic and Vascular surgery, Hanover, Germany
| | - Gregor Warnecke
- Division of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Hanover, Germany
| | - Vidadi Yusibov
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, DE USA
| | - Katherina Sewald
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hanover, Germany
| | - Armin Braun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hanover, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
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18
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Watson CY, Damiani F, Ram-Mohan S, Rodrigues S, de Moura Queiroz P, Donaghey TC, Rosenblum Lichtenstein JH, Brain JD, Krishnan R, Molina RM. Screening for Chemical Toxicity Using Cryopreserved Precision Cut Lung Slices. Toxicol Sci 2015; 150:225-33. [PMID: 26719368 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess chemical toxicity, current high throughput screening (HTS) assays rely primarily on in vitro measurements using cultured cells. Responses frequently differ from in vivo results due to the lack of physical and humoral interactions provided by the extracellular matrix, cell-cell interactions, and other molecular components of the native organ. To more accurately reproduce organ complexity in HTS, we developed an organotypic assay using the cryopreserved precision cut lung slice (PCLS) from rats and mice. Compared to the never-frozen PCLS, their frozen-thawed counterpart slices showed viability or metabolic activity that is decreased to an extent comparable to that observed in other cryopreserved cells and tissues, but shows no differences in further changes in cell viability, mitochondrial integrity, and glutathione activity in response to the model toxin zinc chloride (ZnCl2). Notably, these measurements were successfully miniaturized so as to establish HTS capacity in a 96-well plate format. Finally, PCLS responses correlated with common markers of lung injury measured in lavage fluid from rats intratracheally instilled with ZnCl2. In summary, we establish that the cryopreserved PCLS is a feasible approach for HTS investigations in predictive toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Y Watson
- *Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 and
| | - Flavia Damiani
- *Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 and
| | - Sumati Ram-Mohan
- *Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 and Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Sylvia Rodrigues
- *Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 and
| | - Priscila de Moura Queiroz
- *Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 and
| | - Thomas C Donaghey
- *Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 and
| | - Jamie H Rosenblum Lichtenstein
- *Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 and
| | - Joseph D Brain
- *Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 and
| | - Ramaswamy Krishnan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Ramon M Molina
- *Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 and
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19
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McLean LS, Watkins CN, Campbell P, Zylstra D, Rowland L, Amis LH, Scott L, Babb CE, Livingston WJ, Darwanto A, Davis WL, Senthil M, Sowers LC, Brantley E. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Ligand 5F 203 Induces Oxidative Stress That Triggers DNA Damage in Human Breast Cancer Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:855-71. [PMID: 25781201 DOI: 10.1021/tx500485v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Breast tumors often show profound sensitivity to exogenous oxidative stress. Investigational agent 2-(4-amino-3-methylphenyl)-5-fluorobenzothiazole (5F 203) induces aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated DNA damage in certain breast cancer cells. Since AhR agonists often elevate intracellular oxidative stress, we hypothesize that 5F 203 increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) to induce DNA damage, which thwarts breast cancer cell growth. We found that 5F 203 induced single-strand break formation. 5F 203 enhanced oxidative DNA damage that was specific to breast cancer cells sensitive to its cytotoxic actions, as it did not increase oxidative DNA damage or ROS formation in nontumorigenic MCF-10A breast epithelial cells. In contrast, AhR agonist and procarcinogen benzo[a]pyrene and its metabolite, 1,6-benzo[a]pyrene quinone, induced oxidative DNA damage and ROS formation, respectively, in MCF-10A cells. In sensitive breast cancer cells, 5F 203 activated ROS-responsive kinases: c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38). AhR antagonists (alpha-naphthoflavone, CH223191) or antioxidants (N-acetyl-l-cysteine, EUK-134) attenuated 5F 203-mediated JNK and p38 activation, depending on the cell type. Pharmacological inhibition of AhR, JNK, or p38 attenuated 5F 203-mediated increases in intracellular ROS, apoptosis, and single-strand break formation. 5F 203 induced the expression of cytoglobin, an oxidative stress-responsive gene and a putative tumor suppressor, which was diminished with AhR, JNK, or p38 inhibition. Additionally, 5F 203-mediated increases in ROS production and cytoglobin were suppressed in AHR100 cells (AhR ligand-unresponsive MCF-7 breast cancer cells). Our data demonstrate 5F 203 induces ROS-mediated DNA damage at least in part via AhR, JNK, or p38 activation and modulates the expression of oxidative stress-responsive genes such as cytoglobin to confer its anticancer action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lawrence C Sowers
- ⊥Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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Lambermont VA, Schlepütz M, Dassow C, König P, Zimmermann LJ, Uhlig S, Kramer BW, Martin C. Comparison of airway responses in sheep of different age in precision-cut lung slices (PCLS). PLoS One 2014; 9:e97610. [PMID: 25229890 PMCID: PMC4167544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Animal models should display important characteristics of the human disease. Sheep have been considered particularly useful to study allergic airway responses to common natural antigens causing human asthma. A rationale of this study was to establish a model of ovine precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) for the in vitro measurement of airway responses in newborn and adult animals. We hypothesized that differences in airway reactivity in sheep are present at different ages. Methods Lambs were delivered spontaneously at term (147d) and adult sheep lived till 18 months. Viability of PCLS was confirmed by the MTT-test. To study airway provocations cumulative concentration-response curves were performed with different allergic response mediators and biogenic amines. In addition, electric field stimulation, passive sensitization with house dust mite (HDM) and mast cells staining were evaluated. Results PCLS from sheep were viable for at least three days. PCLS of newborn and adult sheep responded equally strong to methacholine and endothelin-1. The responses to serotonin, leukotriene D4 and U46619 differed with age. No airway contraction was evoked by histamine, except after cimetidine pretreatment. In response to EFS, airways in PCLS from adult and newborn sheep strongly contracted and these contractions were atropine sensitive. Passive sensitization with HDM evoked a weak early allergic response in PCLS from adult and newborn sheep, which notably was prolonged in airways from adult sheep. Only few mast cells were found in the lungs of non-sensitized sheep at both ages. Conclusion PCLS from sheep lungs represent a useful tool to study pharmacological airway responses for at least three days. Sheep seem well suited to study mechanisms of cholinergic airway contraction. The notable differences between newborn and adult sheep demonstrate the importance of age in such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena A. Lambermont
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marco Schlepütz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Constanze Dassow
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter König
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Lübeck, Germany
| | - Luc J. Zimmermann
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Uhlig
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Boris W. Kramer
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Martin
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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21
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Sauer UG, Vogel S, Aumann A, Hess A, Kolle SN, Ma-Hock L, Wohlleben W, Dammann M, Strauss V, Treumann S, Gröters S, Wiench K, van Ravenzwaay B, Landsiedel R. Applicability of rat precision-cut lung slices in evaluating nanomaterial cytotoxicity, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 276:1-20. [PMID: 24382512 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The applicability of rat precision-cut lung slices (PCLuS) in detecting nanomaterial (NM) toxicity to the respiratory tract was investigated evaluating sixteen OECD reference NMs (TiO₂, ZnO, CeO₂, SiO₂, Ag, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)). Upon 24-hour test substance exposure, the PCLuS system was able to detect early events of NM toxicity: total protein, reduction in mitochondrial activity, caspase-3/-7 activation, glutathione depletion/increase, cytokine induction, and histopathological evaluation. Ion shedding NMS (ZnO and Ag) induced severe tissue destruction detected by the loss of total protein. Two anatase TiO₂ NMs, CeO₂ NMs, and two MWCNT caused significant (determined by trend analysis) cytotoxicity in the WST-1 assay. At non-cytotoxic concentrations, different TiO₂ NMs and one MWCNT increased GSH levels, presumably a defense response to reactive oxygen species, and these substances further induced a variety of cytokines. One of the SiO₂ NMs increased caspase-3/-7 activities at non-cytotoxic levels, and one rutile TiO₂ only induced cytokines. Investigating these effects is, however, not sufficient to predict apical effects found in vivo. Reproducibility of test substance measurements was not fully satisfactory, especially in the GSH and cytokine assays. Effects were frequently observed in negative controls pointing to tissue slice vulnerability even though prepared and handled with utmost care. Comparisons of the effects observed in the PCLuS to in vivo effects reveal some concordances for the metal oxide NMs, but less so for the MWCNT. The highest effective dosages, however, exceeded those reported for rat short-term inhalation studies. To become applicable for NM testing, the PCLuS system requires test protocol optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula G Sauer
- Scientific Consultancy - Animal Welfare, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Vogel
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany; Product Stewardship Water Solutions, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Aumann
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Annemarie Hess
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Susanne N Kolle
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Lan Ma-Hock
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany; Material Physics, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Martina Dammann
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Volker Strauss
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Silke Treumann
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Sibylle Gröters
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | | | - Robert Landsiedel
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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